Creating an Environmental Geographic Information System for the City of Kumasi, Ghana Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 99 Creating an Environmental Geographic Information System for the City of Kumasi, Ghana Felix Engelhardt Felix Engelhardt Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences Master Thesis E, in Sustainable Development, 30 credits Printed at Department of Earth Sciences, Geotryckeriet, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2012. Master’s Thesis E, 30 credits Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 99 Creating an Environmental Geographic Information System for the City of Kumasi, Ghana Felix Engelhardt Supervisor: Cecilia Sundberg Evaluator: Tomas Thierfelder Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 2 Aim and research questions .............................................................................................................................. 2 3 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 4 Background ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 .XPDVL (QYLURQPHQWDODQGJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPV 6WDQGDUGVLQJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\ 7\SHVRIJHRJUDSKLFGDWD 6WDQGDUGWHFKQRORJ\DQGDUFKLWHFWXUH 3UHYLRXVDWWHPSWVWRHVWDEOLVKVLPLODUV\VWHPVLQ*KDQD 5 Results ................................................................................................................................................................. 9 5HTXLUHPHQWVDQDO\VLV 6RIWV\VWHPVDQDO\VLV 6WDNHKROGHUV $FWRUVDQGWKHLUUROHV &KDUDFWHULVLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQ 6XPPDU\ 6RIWZDUHGHVLJQ 'DWDVWUXFWXUHV 8VHFDVHVDQGZRUNIORZV ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ (,6ZHEDSSOLFDWLRQ *HR6HUYHU 3RVWJUH64/GDWDEDVH (QYLURQPHQWDOGDWDXVHGLQWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHVV 6 Discussion.......................................................................................................................................................... 22 7 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................................. 24 References ............................................................................................................................................................ 25 Appendix. Screenshots of the EIS prototype .................................................................................................... 27 L Creating an environmental geographic information system for the city of Kumasi, Ghana FELIX ENGELHARDT (QJHOKDUGW)&UHDWLQJDQHQYLURQPHQWDOJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPIRUWKHFLW\RI.XPDVL*KDQD Master Thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University1RSS(&76KS Abstract:7KHFLW\RI.XPDVLLQ*KDQDVWUXJJOHVZLWKDQXPEHURIHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVLQFOXGLQJH[FHVVLYH URDGWUDIILFDLUDQGZDWHUSROOXWLRQIORRGLQJDQGLQDGHTXDWHVROLGZDVWHPDQDJHPHQW,IWKHUHLVDJURXSWKDWLV GLUHFWO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHVHLVVXHVLWFHUWDLQO\LVWKHFLW\¶VSRSXODWLRQ$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHSHRSOHRI.XPDVL² ZKR DUH WKH FRQVWLWXHQWV RI WKH ORFDO DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ FDOOHG .0$²KDYH IHZ WR QRQH PHDQV RI REWDLQLQJ REMHFWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH VWDWH RI WKH XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW DQG WKHUHIRUH QR ZD\ RI KROGLQJ WKH FLW\ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQDFFRXQWDEOHFRQFHUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOO\UHOHYDQWGHFLVLRQV7KLVFDVHVWXG\DLPVWRH[SORUHWKH SRVVLELOLW\RIDOOHYLDWLQJWKLVWUDQVSDUHQF\LVVXHE\FUHDWLQJDQµHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP¶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¶VHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVWKHUHIRUHWKH(,6LVEDVHGRQJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP*,6 VRIWZDUH DQG WHFKQLTXHV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ VKRXOG EH SUHVHQWHG WR WKH SXEOLF LQ DQ HDV\WRXVH DQG HDV\WR XQGHUVWDQG ZD\ LQ RUGHU WR UHDFK WKH ODUJHVW SRVVLEOH SHUFHQWDJH RI WKH WDUJHW JURXS WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW LV DYDLODEOH DW ORFDO LQVWLWXWLRQV VXFK DV WKH ODUJHVW ORFDO XQLYHUVLW\ .1867 WKH FLW\ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ DQG WKH (QYLURQPHQWDO 3URWHFWLRQ $JHQF\ LV VFDUFH DQG VHPDQWLFDOO\ DQG V\QWDFWLFDOO\ KHWHURJHQHRXV²WKHUHIRUHWKH(,6PXVWEHDEOHWRFRQVROLGDWHVXFKLQIRUPDWLRQLQRUGHUWRSUHVHQWLWLQDQHDV\ WRXQGHUVWDQGZD\PDQ\RIWKHLQYROYHGDFWRUVKDYHQRRUOLWWOHNQRZOHGJHLQ*,6WHFKQLTXHVWKHUHIRUHWKH(,6 PXVWEHXVDEOHZLWKRXWVXFKNQRZOHGJH,QWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVKHDY\XVHZDVPDGHRIIUHHVRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV*HR6HUYHUIRUSXEOLVKLQJJHRJUDSKLFDOGDWDXVLQJ:06DQG:)63RVWJUH64/ZLWKWKH3RVW*,6 H[WHQVLRQ IRU GDWD VWRUDJH -3$+LEHUQDWH IRU VWRULQJ PHWDGDWD LQ 3RVWJUH64/ 6SULQJ 09& M4XHU\ 8, DQG PDQ\ RWKHU OLEUDULHV IRU FUHDWLQJ D XVHUIULHQGO\ ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ 2SHQ/D\HUV IRU GLVSOD\LQJ DQG HGLWLQJ JHRJUDSKLFDO GDWD LQ WKH ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ *HR7RROV IRU KDQGOLQJ JHRJUDSKLFDO GDWD RQ WKH VHUYHUVLGH 'XULQJ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DFWXDO HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ ZDV HQWHUHG LQWR WKH (,6 LQ RUGHU WR SURYLGH D UHDOLVWLF VHPDQWLFHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHDJLOHGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVV 7KH VWXG\ FRQFOXGHV WKDW²ZKLOH WKH LPSOHPHQWHG SURWRW\SH GRHV QRW LQFOXGH DOO RI WKH IHDWXUHV ZKLFK ZHUH LGHQWLILHG DV UHTXLUHG DQG ZKLOH D µIXOO¶ VRIW V\VWHPV DQDO\VLV DV RSSRVHG WR WKH µVRIW V\VWHPV SHUVSHFWLYH¶ ZKLFKZDVDSSOLHGZRXOGKDYHOHGWRDPRUHFRPSOHWHSLFWXUHRIWKHVRIWZDUH¶VRUJDQLVDWLRQDOHQYLURQPHQW² WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDQHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPIRU.XPDVLEDVHGVROHO\RQIUHHVRIWZDUHLVYLDEOH LQWKHFXUUHQWWHFKQLFDODQGRUJDQLVDWLRQDOHQYLURQPHQW .1867LVIRUHVHHQWREHDQDGHTXDWHRUJDQLVDWLRQWR PDQDJHWKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGRSHUDWLRQRIWKHV\VWHPVLQFHWKHQHFHVVDU\WHFKQLFDONQRZOHGJHLVDYDLODEOH7KH VXFFHVVIXORSHUDWLRQRIWKH(,6UHOLHVRQHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQEHLQJSURYLGHGE\GDWDSURGXFHUVVXFKDV WKH.0$WKH(3$WKH*KDQD6WDWLVWLFDO6HUYLFHDQGYDULRXVGHSDUWPHQWVDW.1867 Keywords: HQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP*KDQD.XPDVL HQYLURQPHQWDOWUDQVSDUHQF\VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW Felix Engelhardt, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden LL Creating an environmental geographic information system for the city of Kumasi, Ghana FELIX ENGELHARDT (QJHOKDUGW)&UHDWLQJDQHQYLURQPHQWDOJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPIRUWKHFLW\RI.XPDVL*KDQD Master Thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University1RSS(&76KS Summary: 7KHFLW\RI.XPDVLLQ*KDQDVWUXJJOHVZLWKDQXPEHURIHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVLQFOXGLQJH[FHVVLYH URDGWUDIILFDLUDQGZDWHUSROOXWLRQIORRGLQJDQGLQDGHTXDWHVROLGZDVWHPDQDJHPHQW,IWKHUHLVDJURXSWKDWLV DIIHFWHGGLUHFWO\E\WKHVHLVVXHVLWFHUWDLQO\LVWKHFLW\¶VSRSXODWLRQ$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHSHRSOHRI.XPDVL² ZKR DUH WKH FRQVWLWXHQWV RI WKH ORFDO DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ FDOOHG .0$²KDYH IHZ WR QRQH PHDQV RI REWDLQLQJ REMHFWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH VWDWH RI WKH XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW DQG WKHUHIRUH QR ZD\ RI KROGLQJ WKH FLW\ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQDFFRXQWDEOHFRQFHUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOO\UHOHYDQWGHFLVLRQV7KLVFDVHVWXG\DLPVWRH[SORUHWKH SRVVLELOLW\RIDOOHYLDWLQJWKLVWUDQVSDUHQF\LVVXHE\FUHDWLQJDQµHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP¶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µ$JLOH¶VRIWZDUHGHYHORSPHQWLVDGHYHORSPHQWDSSURDFKZKLFKVHHVPRVWRIWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVDQDO\VLVDVSDUWRI WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVLWVHOIDYRLGLQJWKHFUHDWLRQRIODUJHVSHFXODWLYHGRFXPHQWDWLRQEHIRUHKDQG$VSDUW RI WKH VWXG\ D SURWRW\SH RI WKH (,6 ZDV GHYHORSHG LQ RUGHU WR H[SORUH WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV HYHQ PRUH DQG WR GHWHUPLQHWKHDSSOLFDELOLW\RIFXUUHQWO\DYDLODEOHIUHHVRIWZDUH 7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVDQDO\VLVLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJREVHUYDWLRQVJHRJUDSKLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQLVHVVHQWLDO LQSUHVHQWLQJWKHFLW\¶VHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVWKHUHIRUHWKH(,6LVEDVHGRQJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP*,6 VRIWZDUH DQG WHFKQLTXHV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ VKRXOG EH SUHVHQWHG WR WKH SXEOLF LQ DQ HDV\WRXVH DQG HDV\WR XQGHUVWDQG ZD\ LQ RUGHU WR UHDFK WKH ODUJHVW SRVVLEOH SHUFHQWDJH RI WKH WDUJHW JURXS WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW LV DYDLODEOH DW ORFDO LQVWLWXWLRQV VXFK DV WKH ODUJHVW ORFDO XQLYHUVLW\ .1867 WKH FLW\ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ DQG WKH (QYLURQPHQWDO 3URWHFWLRQ $JHQF\ LV VFDUFH DQG VHPDQWLFDOO\ DQG V\QWDFWLFDOO\ KHWHURJHQHRXV²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²ZKLOH WKH LPSOHPHQWHG SURWRW\SH GRHV QRW LQFOXGH DOO RI WKH IHDWXUHV ZKLFK ZHUH LGHQWLILHG DV UHTXLUHG DQG ZKLOH D µIXOO¶ VRIW V\VWHPV DQDO\VLV DV RSSRVHG WR WKH µVRIW V\VWHPV SHUVSHFWLYH¶ ZKLFKZDVDSSOLHGZRXOGKDYHOHGWRDPRUHFRPSOHWHSLFWXUHRIWKHVRIWZDUH¶VRUJDQLVDWLRQDOHQYLURQPHQW² WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDQHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPIRU.XPDVLEDVHGVROHO\RQIUHHVRIWZDUHLVYLDEOH LQWKHFXUUHQWWHFKQLFDODQGRUJDQLVDWLRQDOHQYLURQPHQW.1867LVIRUHVHHQWREHDQDGHTXDWHRUJDQLVDWLRQWR PDQDJHWKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGRSHUDWLRQRIWKHV\VWHPVLQFHWKHQHFHVVDU\WHFKQLFDONQRZOHGJHLVDYDLODEOH7KH VXFFHVVIXORSHUDWLRQRIWKH(,6UHOLHVRQHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQEHLQJSURYLGHGE\GDWDSURGXFHUVVXFKDV WKH.0$WKH(3$WKH*KDQD6WDWLVWLFDO6HUYLFHDQGYDULRXVGHSDUWPHQWVDW.1867 Keywords: HQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP*KDQD.XPDVL HQYLURQPHQWDOWUDQVSDUHQF\VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW Felix Engelhardt, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden LLL Tables and figures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bbreviations and acronyms $MD[ $V\QFKURQRXV-DYD6FULSWDQG;0/ $3, $SSOLFDWLRQSURJUDPPLQJLQWHUIDFH &$7:2( &XVWRPHUV$FWRUV7UDQVIRUPDWLRQWeltanschauung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ntroduction ,IWKHUHLVDJURXSRILQGLYLGXDOVZKLFKLVDIIHFWHGPRVWE\WKHVWDWHRIDQXUEDQHQYLURQPHQWLWFHUWDLQO\LVWKH FLW\¶VSRSXODWLRQ7KHUHIRUHZKHQLWFRPHVWRLPSURYLQJWKHVWDWHRIDFLW\¶VHQYLURQPHQWLWVSRSXODWLRQLVDQ LPSRUWDQW VWDNHKROGHU DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ D SRWHQWLDO GULYHU RI HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSURYHPHQW ,Q RUGHU WR KDUQHVV WKLVSRWHQWLDOKRZHYHULWLVFUXFLDOWKDWREMHFWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVWDWHRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWEHPDGHDYDLODEOH WR WKH JHQHUDO SXEOLF $Q LQIRUPHG SXEOLF LV EHWWHU DEOH WR KROG D PXQLFLSDO JRYHUQPHQW DFFRXQWDEOH IRU LWV HQYLURQPHQWDOSROLF\ 7KHVWDWHRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWLQ.XPDVL*KDQD¶VVHFRQG ODUJHVW FLW\ LV DUJXDEO\ ZRUWK\ RI LPSURYHPHQW 7KH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV 6WDWLVWLFV 'LYLVLRQ REVHUYHG WKDW ZKLOH WKHUH H[LVWV VRPH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ *KDQD¶V HQYLURQPHQW PRVW RI LW LV QRW HDVLO\ DFFHVVLEOH VLQFH LW LV VFDWWHUHG DFURVV WKH YDULRXV JRYHUQPHQW LQVWLWXWLRQV 816' D $PRQJ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW SURGXFHUV RI HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ .XPDVL DUH WKH ORFDO .ZDPH1NUXPDK8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\ .1867 DQG YDULRXV GHSDUWPHQWV RI WKH FLW\ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ FDOOHG .XPDVL 0HWURSROLWDQ $VVHPEO\ .0$ )LQGLQJ D ZD\ WRJDWKHU WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG WR PDNH LW SXEOLFO\ DYDLODEOH PD\ FRQWULEXWH WR WKH Fig. 1. 7HFK-XQFWLRQDWUDGHDQGWUDQVSRUWKXELQ HPSRZHUPHQW RI .XPDVL¶V SRSXODWLRQ UHJDUGLQJ WKH .XPDVL .0$¶V HQYLURQPHQWDO SROLF\ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH LVVXH RI HPSRZHUPHQWWKHDWWLWXGHRI*KDQDLDQVWRZDUGVWKHHQYLURQPHQWSUHVHQWVDFDXVHRIHQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPV SDUWLFXODUO\ ZKHQ LW FRPHV WR WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI VROLG DQG OLTXLG ZDVWH 1\DJEHQX SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ +DYLQJ D PHDQV WR LQIRUP WKH FLW\¶V SRSXODWLRQ DERXW WKH HIIHFWV RI WKHLU EHKDYLRXU HJ RI OLWWHULQJPD\FRQWULEXWHWREULQJLQJDERXWWKHRIWHQFDOOHGIRUDWWLWXGLQDOFKDQJH 7KLVLVWKHLGHDWKDWFRQVWLWXWHVWKHPRWLYDWLRQEHKLQGWKLVFDVHVWXG\:LWKDODUJHSDUWRI.XPDVL¶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µHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP¶ (,6 LQ .XPDVL %DVHG RQ ILHOG UHVHDUFK ZKLFK ZDV GRQH ORFDOO\ LQ .XPDVL DQ (,6 ZDV GHVLJQHG DQG D SURWRW\SHLPSOHPHQWHG7KLVUHSRUWRXWOLQHVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKLVZRUN $VZLOOEHH[SODLQHGLQPRUHGHWDLODWDODWHUSRLQWLQWKLVSDSHUDODUJHIUDFWLRQRIHQYLURQPHQWDOREVHUYDWLRQV² HJ PHDVXUHPHQWV RI ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LQ D VWUHDP WKH ORFDWLRQV RI ZDVWH GXPSV RU WUDIILF OHYHOV RQ URDGV²DUH JHRJUDSKLFDOO\SRVLWLRQVµJHRUHIHUHQFHG¶,QIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPVGHVLJQHGWRKDQGOHJHRUHIHUHQFHGLQIRUPDWLRQ DUHJHQHUDOO\UHIHUUHGWRDVgeographic information systems (GIS)$V\VWHPWRVWRUHDQGGLVWULEXWHJHRJUDSKLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQLVRIWHQGHVFULEHGDVDspatial data infrastructure (SDI)0RVWLQGXVWULDOLVHGFRXQWULHVKDYHFUHDWHG national spatial data infrastructures (NSDI)ZKLFKDUHPDQDJHGRQDQDWLRQDOOHYHOWRVWRUHDQGGLVVHPLQDWHDOO NLQGV RI JHRJUDSKLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DVLGH IURP HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ WKH\ VWRUH FDGDVWUDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUDO HFRQRPLFDQGRWKHULQIRUPDWLRQ $QDWWHPSWWRHVWDEOLVKDQ16',LQ*KDQDIDLOHGLQVHHVHFWLRQ7KHUHDVRQVIRUWKHIDLOXUHLQFOXGHG WKHSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQVWLWXWLRQV¶LQDELOLW\WRDJUHHRQDFRPPRQRUJDQLVDWLRQDODQGWHFKQLFDOIUDPHZRUN'XHWRWKH IDLOXUHRIWKLVWRSGRZQDSSURDFKWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIDERWWRPXSVROXWLRQ²EHJLQQLQJDWWKH FLW\OHYHO²VXJJHVWVLWVHOIDVLWZRXOGLQYROYHDPXFKVPDOOHUQXPEHURIVWDNHKROGHUVVLPSOLI\LQJWKHSURFHVV RIHVWDEOLVKLQJSROLFLHVDQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHV:KLOHWKHVPDOO6',WKDWKDVEHHQGHVLJQHGDVSDUWRIWKLVFDVHVWXG\ LVQRWDVWKHPDWLFDOO\FRPSUHKHQVLYHDVDW\SLFDO6',²EHFDXVHLWLVIRFXVHGRQLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKSHUWDLQVWR WKHHQYLURQPHQWRQO\²LWVKRXOGHDVLO\EHSRVVLEOHWRLQWHJUDWHLWLQWRDIXWXUHODUJHUVFDOH16',EHFDXVHLWLV EDVHGRQVWDQGDUGWHFKQRORJLHVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQSURWRFROVZKLFKDUHH[SHFWHGWRHQVXUHLQWHURSHUDELOLW\IRU WKHIRUHVHHDEOHIXWXUH 7KH VWXG\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG DV SDUW RI WKH (XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ¶V IWWA (Integrated Waste Management in Western Africa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¶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im and research questions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hat are the requirements for a ‘Kumasi EIS’? $ UHTXLUHPHQW LV D VSHFLILFDWLRQ RI D GHVLUHG EHKDYLRXU RI D VRIWZDUH V\VWHP 5HTXLUHPHQWV DUH ORJLFDO FRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKHV\VWHP¶VSXUSRVHDQGRIWKHWHFKQLFDOSROLWLFDOFXOWXUDODQGRUJDQLVDWLRQDOHQYLURQPHQWLQ ZKLFK LW LV VXSSRVHG WR RSHUDWH 5HTXLUHPHQWV FDQ EH IRUPXODWHG DV VRFDOOHG XVHFDVHV $ XVHFDVH LV D GHVFULSWLRQ RI ZKDW DQ DFWRU²KXPDQ RU PDFKLQH²QHHGV WR EH DEOH WR GR ZLWK WKH VRIWZDUH DQG KRZ WKH VRIWZDUHKDVWRUHVSRQG$XVHFDVHFDQLQYROYHPRUHWKDQRQHDFWRU%DVHGRQDOLVWRIXVHFDVHVWKHVRIWZDUH DQG LWV UHTXLUHG SRLQWV RI LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH DFWRUV FDQ EH PRGHOOHG WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW DQ\ UHTXLUHPHQWV LPSRVHGE\WKHVRIWZDUH¶VSURVSHFWLYHWHFKQLFDOHQYLURQPHQW 2. How can free software be used to implement an environmental information system which satisfies the requirements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¶VVFRSHGRHVQRWH[WHQGEH\RQGWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQVWDJHRIWKHV\VWHP(VSHFLDOO\WKHTXHVWLRQ ZKHWKHUWKHLPSOHPHQWHGV\VWHPFDQEHUXQDQGPDLQWDLQHGZLWKLQWKHSURSRVHGRUJDQLVDWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHVLVQRW DQVZHUHG$OVRWKHVWXG\FRYHUVRQO\WKHSURFHVVHVIURPGDWDHQWU\WRSXEOLFDWLRQ²DQ\SURFHVVHVLQYROYHGLQ WKHFROOHFWLRQRIGDWDDUHRXWVLGHLWVVFRSH 3 Methodology 7KHDSSURDFKWKDWZDVWDNHQWRDQVZHUWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVFDQEHEURNHQGRZQLQWRWKUHHFRQVHFXWLYHSDUWV 5HTXLUHPHQWVDQDO\VLV 6RIWZDUHGHVLJQEDVHGRQWKHLGHQWLILHGUHTXLUHPHQWV ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHVRIWZDUHGHVLJQXVLQJIUHHVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQWV Requirements analysis 7KHUHTXLUHPHQWVDQDO\VLVZDVFRQGXFWHGXVLQJSoft Systems Methodology (SSM)DVGHVFULEHGE\&KHFNODQG 6FKROHV660KDVEHHQVXFFHVVIXOO\XVHGHVSHFLDOO\WRVROYHVRIWZDUHHQJLQHHULQJSUREOHPV0LQJHUV 7D\ORU&KHFNODQG6FKROHV,WKDVEHHQGHYHORSHGDVDV\VWHPDWLFDSSURDFKWRVROYLQJµPHVV\¶ SUREOHPV $Q\ SUREOHP ZKLFK LQYROYHV KXPDQ DFWRUV²RU LQ 660 WHUPLQRORJ\ human activity systems (HAS)²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µIXOO¶ VRIW V\VWHPV DQDO\VLV ZDV FRQGXFWHG ,QVWHDG WKH SUREOHP VLWXDWLRQ ZDV YLHZHG IURP D µVRIW V\VWHPVSHUVSHFWLYH¶ZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQZDVFDUULHGRXWDWDUHODWLYHO\VXSHUILFLDOOHYHORIGHWDLO ,PSRUWDQWUHVXOWVIURPWKHDQDO\VLVLQFOXGHDQVZHUVWRTXHVWLRQVVXFKDV :KRDUHWKHV\VWHP¶VSURVSHFWLYHVWDNHKROGHUV" 2QZKLFKVWDNHKROGHUVGRHVWKHV\VWHPGHSHQGLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHLWVRSHUDWLRQ" :KR ZLOO LQWHUDFW ZLWK WKH V\VWHP" :KLFK DFWRUV WDNH RQ ZKLFK UROHV LQ SURGXFLQJ SXEOLVKLQJ PDQDJLQJDQGFRQVXPLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQ" :KLFKDFWRULVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUUXQQLQJDQGPDLQWDLQLQJWKHV\VWHP" :KDWDUHWKHFDSDELOLWLHVUHTXLUHGRIHDFKDFWRUWRIXOILOKLVRUKHUUROH" 6RIW6\VWHPV0HWKRGRORJ\DSSOLHVFRQFHSWVIURPV\VWHPVWKHRU\WRPHVV\SUREOHPVLWXDWLRQVRUsoft systems 7KHDSSURDFKFRPSULVHVWZRVWUHDPVRIHQTXLU\DORJLFEDVHGDQDO\VLVDQGDFXOWXUDODQDO\VLV ,QWKHORJLFEDVHGVWUHDPRIDQDO\VLVWKHUHDOZRUOGSUREOHPVLWXDWLRQZKLFKLVWREHDGGUHVVHGLVLGHQWLILHGDQG H[SUHVVHG,WLVWKHQPRGHOOHGDVDµSXUSRVHIXO¶human activity systemZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKHLQYROYHGDFWRUVDQG WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQV DUH YLHZHG DV D V\VWHP ZKLFK KDV D FHUWDLQ SXUSRVH²LQ WKLV FDVH WKH SXUSRVH LV WR PDNH HQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQDFFHVVLEOHWRWKHSXEOLF7KHV\VWHPLVPRGHOOHGDVDVRFDOOHGroot definition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²IRUH[DPSOHDQDFWRUPD\QHHGDFHUWDLQLQFHQWLYH LQRUGHUWRIXOILODUHTXLUHGWDVNWKHUHPD\EHFRQIOLFWVRILQWHUHVWDQGH[LVWLQJSRZHUUHODWLRQVQHHGWREHWDNHQ LQWRDFFRXQW $IWHUKDYLQJPRGHOOHGWKH+$6LQWKLVZD\LWLVWKHQFRPSDUHGZLWKUHDOLW\GRHVWKHUHDOZRUOGV\VWHPPHHWWKH SXUSRVHRIWKH+$6DQGKRZHIILFLHQWLVLWLQGRLQJVR"%DVHGRQWKLVFRPSDULVRQDFKDQJHWRWKHV\VWHPLV SURSRVHGZKLFKLVERWKsystemically desirableDQGculturally feasible²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oftware design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¶VUHWUHDWLQ-XO\VRPHRIWKH DWWHQGDQWVH[SUHVVHGLGHDVZKLFKZHUHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQWKHVRIWZDUHGHVLJQ Implementation ,QWKHILQDOVWDJHRIWKHVWXG\DSURWRW\SHRIWKH(,6ZDVLPSOHPHQWHGLQRUGHUWRYHULI\WKHWHFKQLFDOIHDVLELOLW\ RI WKH GHVLJQ DQG WR GHWHUPLQH WR ZKLFK H[WHQW IUHH VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV FDQ EH XVHG WR IDFLOLWDWH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 7R GR VR DQ DJLOH VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQW DSSURDFK ZDV XVHG 7KLV PHDQV WKDW DIWHU GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH EDVLF UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH VRIWZDUH WR EH GHYHORSHG DQ\ IXUWKHU PRUH GHWDLOHG UHTXLUHPHQWV DQDO\VLV LV GRQH during WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH VRIWZDUH 7KH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ SURFHVV WKHUHIRUH EHJLQV DW D YHU\HDUO\VWDJHLQWKHSURMHFW&RPSDUHGWRWUDGLWLRQDOVRIWZDUHGHYHORSPHQWDSSURDFKHVZKLFKLQYROYHDORQJ FRQFHSWXDOGHVLJQSKDVHWKDWSUHFHGHVWKHVRIWZDUH¶VLPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQDJLOHDSSURDFKKDVWKHDGYDQWDJHWKDW UHTXLUHPHQWVFDQEHPRUHHDVLO\GLVFXVVHGZLWKWKHVWDNHKROGHUVEHFDXVHWKHGLVFXVVLRQVFDQEHEDVHGRQZKDW KDVDOUHDG\EHHQLPSOHPHQWHG7KLVDOORZVIRUUHTXLUHPHQWVWREHGHILQHGRUJDQLFDOO\DVWKHV\VWHP²DQGZLWK LWWKHYLVLRQIRUWKHV\VWHP²GHYHORSV&RKHQHWDO $ JHQHUDO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ ZDV WR WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI DYDLODEOH IUHH VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV DV PXFK DV SRVVLEOH (DFK FRPSRQHQW ZDV FKRVHQ EDVHG RQ ZKHWKHU LWV VHW RI IHDWXUHV PDWFKHV WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV LWV FRPSDWLELOLW\ ZLWK RWKHU FRPSRQHQWV LWV PDWXULW\ DQG ZKHWKHU LW LV EHLQJ XQGHU DFWLYH GHYHORSPHQW 7KH H[SHULHQFH IURP WKLV IROORZLQJ WKLV VWUDWHJ\ LV XVHG WR DQVZHU UHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQµ+RZ FDQIUHH VRIWZDUHEH XVHGWRLPSOHPHQWDQHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPZKLFKVDWLVILHVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWV"¶ )RUDQLQWURGXFWLRQWRDJLOHPHWKRGVVHH&RKHQHWDO 4 Background 7KLVVHFWLRQSURYLGHVEDFNJURXQGLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHWHFKQRORJLHVWRZKLFKWKLVUHSRUWUHIHUVDVZHOODVRQWKH VSHFLILFFRQGLWLRQVLQ.XPDVLZKLFKKDYHVKDSHGWKHSURMHFW¶VFRXUVHDQGUHVXOW 4.1 Kumasi :LWK D SRSXODWLRQ RI MXVW EHORZ WZR PLOOLRQ .XPDVL LV *KDQD¶V VHFRQGODUJHVW FLW\ 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV 3RSXODWLRQ 'LYLVLRQ DQG FDSLWDO RI WKH $VKDQWL UHJLRQ ,W LV VLWXDWHGDERXWNPQRUWKRIWKHFRDVWVHHWKHPDSLQ )LJ .XPDVL DFWV DV DQ LPSRUWDQW WUDGLQJ KXE IRU WKH UHJLRQ ZKLFK LV LOOXVWUDWHG E\ WKH IDFW WKDW LW KRVWV WKH ODUJHVW VLQJOH PDUNHW LQ :HVWHUQ $IULFD 7UDGH DQG VHUYLFHV DFFRXQW IRU RI .XPDVL¶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¶V URDGV FDQ EH H[WUHPHO\ FRQJHVWHG DW WLPHV Fig. 2. $PDSRI*KDQDZLWKLWVODUJHVWFLWLHVEDVHGRQ HVSHFLDOO\ GXULQJ UXVK KRXU FDXVLQJ KLJK OHYHOV RI DLU :LNLPHGLD&RPPRQV SROOXWLRQDQGQRLVH3XEOLFURDGWUDQVSRUWLQWKHIRUPRI WD[LV DQG PLQLEXVHV NQRZQ DV tro-tros FRQVWLWXWHV DQ LPSRUWDQW PHDQV RI WUDQVSRUW IRU PRVW RI WKH FLW\¶V LQKDELWDQWV 2SHQ VHZHUV OLQH PRVW URDGV DQG ZDWHU SROOXWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH FLW\ ERXQGDULHV LV VHYHUH 1\DJEHQX SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ(OHFWULFLW\VXSSO\LVZLGHVSUHDGWKRXJKSRZHUFXWVDUHFRPPRQ8076µ*¶ ZLUHOHVVEURDGEDQGFRYHUDJHDQGSHUIRUPDQFHLQ.XPDVLDUHJRRG 4.2 Environmental and geographic information systems ,Q WKLV UHSRUW WKH WHUP environmental information system (EIS) LV XVHG WR GHQRWH D FODVV RI VRIWZDUH ZKLFK LV DEOHWRFDSWXUHVWRUHDQGSUHVHQWHQYLURQPHQWDOO\UHOHYDQWGDWD7KHSXUSRVHRIDQHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPPD\EHGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWLILWLVDLPHGDWEHLQJXVHGE\SROLF\PDNHUVDQGSODQQHUV,WPD\DOVRVHUYHDV DQDLGWRUHVHDUFKHUVE\PDNLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQPRUHUHDGLO\DFFHVVLEOH)XUWKHUPRUHLWPD\VHUYH SXUSRVHVRISXEOLFHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDQVSDUHQF\LIVRPHRUDOORILWVGDWDDUHPDGHSXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH 7KHWHUPgeographic information system (GIS)UHIHUVWRDFODVVRIVRIWZDUHZKLFKLVGHVLJQHGWRFDSWXUHVWRUH DQDO\VHDQGSUHVHQWJHRUHIHUHQFHGGDWD:KDWWKLVPHDQVLVWKDWWKHGDWDKDQGOHGE\D*,6DUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKD JHRJUDSKLFDO SRVLWLRQ ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH GDWD FRQWDLQHG LQ D *,6 FDQ EH XVHG WR GHVFULEH JHRJUDSKLF VSDFH $SSOLFDWLRQV RI JHRJUDSKLF LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV UDQJH IURP WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI PDSV WR GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW IRU XUEDQSODQQLQJWRWKHSUHGLFWLRQRIQDWXUDOSKHQRPHQDGH%\)LJLOOXVWUDWHVZKDWDXVHUIURQWHQGRID *,6LQWKLVFDVHWKHRSHQVRXUFHQuantum GISPD\ORRNOLNH (QYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVDQDLU TXDOLW\ PHDVXUHPHQW RU WKH ORFDWLRQ DQG VKDSH RI D ZDWHU ERG\ W\SLFDOO\ KDV JHRVSDWLDO SURSHUWLHV LH LW UHODWHV WR D NQRZQ JHRJUDSKLFDO SRVLWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH JHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPVPD\EH² DQG RIWHQ DUH²XVHG DV HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV LI WKH\ VXSSRUW WKH UHTXLUHG DSSOLFDWLRQV VSHFLILFDOO\ UHJDUGLQJ WKHLU DQDO\VLV DQG SUHVHQWDWLRQ FDSDELOLWLHV $V LQGLFDWHG *,6 DUH QRW OLPLWHGWRKDQGOLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOGDWD,W LV WKHUHIRUH SRVVLEOH WR HQULFK WKH VHW RI SRVVLEOH DSSOLFDWLRQV RI D *,6EDVHG HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHP E\ LQFOXGLQJRWKHUQRWGLUHFWO\HQYLURQPHQW UHODWHGW\SHVRIJHRJUDSKLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ VXFKDVVRFLRHFRQRPLFGDWD Fig. 3. 6DPSOHVFUHHQVKRWRIWKH 4XDQWXP*,6 VRIWZDUHSDFNDJH 'H %\ IXUWKHUPRUH PDNHV WKH LPSRUWDQWGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQproject-basedDQGinstitutional*,6DSSOLFDWLRQV$SURMHFWEDVHG*,6DSSOLFDWLRQ KDVDFOHDUFXWSXUSRVHDQGLVW\SLFDOO\VKRUWOLYHG,WGHQRWHVWKHRQHWLPHXVDJHRI*,6WHFKQLTXHVIRUVROYLQJD VSHFLILFSUREOHP$QLQVWLWXWLRQDO*,6RQWKHRWKHUKDQGLVORQJOLYHGDQGIRFXVHVRQWKHFRQWLQXHGSURYLVLRQ DQGPDQDJHPHQWRIVSDWLDOGDWD7KHVWXG\DWKDQGLVRQO\FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOYDULHW\ )LQDOO\ LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR GHILQH ZKDW FRQVWLWXWHV DQ urban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²IRUH[DPSOHE\FLW\SODQQHUV²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tandards in geographic information technology 7KLVVHFWLRQSURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHFXUUHQWLQGXVWU\VWDQGDUGVLQJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\DQG KRZWKH\DUHW\SLFDOO\HPSOR\HGLQUHDOOLIHVFHQDULRV 4.3.1 Types of geographic data :KHQ GHDOLQJ ZLWK JHRJUDSKLF LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR GLVWLQJXLVK WKUHH SULQFLSDO W\SHV RI JHRJUDSKLFGDWDGH%\ Primary dataDUH DFWXDOYDOXHV RI PHDVXUHPHQWV XVXDOO\ UHSUHVHQWHG HLWKHUE\ DUDVWHU RU DV YHFWRUGDWD HJ FROOHFWLRQVRISRLQWVRUSRO\JRQV3ULPDU\GDWDFDQEHXVHGIRUFRPSXWDWLRQDODQDO\VHV([DPSOHVRISULPDU\ 7KHUHLVRIFRXUVHHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKLVQRWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDVSHFLILFJHRJUDSKLFDOORFDWLRQRUZKHUHWKH ORFDWLRQLVQRWLPSRUWDQWIRUH[DPSOHDFLW\¶VWRWDOFDUERQHPLVVLRQV+RZHYHULWEHFDPHDSSDUHQWGXULQJWKHFRXUVHRIWKH VWXG\WKDWPRVWRIWKHGHVLUHGDSSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHV\VWHPLQYROYHJHRJUDSKLFDOGDWDZKLFKLVZK\IXQFWLRQDOLW\IRUGDWDWKDWLV QRWJHRUHIHUHQFHGKDVEHHQWUHDWHGZLWKDORZSULRULW\DQGPD\EHOHIWIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQDWDODWHUSRLQW GDWDDUHWKHDYHUDJHDQQXDOUDLQIDOOLQPLOOLPHWUHVWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRISDUWLFXODWHPDWWHULQWKHDLUWKHORFDWLRQV RI JURXQGZDWHU ZHOOV WKH RXWOLQHV RI ZDWHU ERGLHV DQG VXUIDFH HOHYDWLRQ ,WHPV RI SULPDU\ GDWD DUH RIWHQ UHIHUUHGWRDVµIHDWXUHV¶ Maps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µOD\HUV¶ZKLFKDUHVXSHULPSRVHGWRMRLQWO\IRUPWKHPDS$OD\HULVDYLVXDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIRQHVHWRISULPDU\ GDWD)RUH[DPSOHDW\SLFDOFLW\ PDSFRQVLVWVRIRQHOD\HUZLWKURDGVRQHOD\HUZLWKEXLOGLQJVRQHZLWKEXV VWRSVHWF ,Q JHQHUDO ODQJXDJH WKH WHUP Metadata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tandard technology and architecture 7KH 2SHQ *HRVSDWLDO &RQVRUWLXP 2*& KDV GHILQHG VWDQGDUG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SURWRFROV ZKLFK HQDEOH WKH H[FKDQJHRISULPDU\GDWDPDSVDQGPHWDGDWD7KHVHSURWRFROVDUHZLGHO\DFFHSWHGDQGKDYHEHHQDGRSWHGE\ WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ,62LQWKH,62VHULHV7KH2*&VWDQGDUGVIRUVHUYLQJ UDVWHU DQG YHFWRU SULPDU\ GDWD DUH FDOOHG WCS (Web Coverage Service) DQG WFS (Web Feature Service) UHVSHFWLYHO\ 0DSV DUH VHUYHG XVLQJ WMS (Web Map Service) 0HWDGDWD LV FRPPXQLFDWHG WKURXJK CSW (Catalog Service for the Web) ,Q RUGHU WR DXWRPDWLFDOO\ FUHDWH YLVXDO PDSV IURP JHRJUDSKLFDO GDWD VRIWZDUH PXVWEHLQVWUXFWHGRQKRZWRYLVXDOLVHWKHGDWDZKLFKLVFRPPRQO\GRQHXVLQJWKHVWDQGDUGIRUPDWSLD (Styled Layer Descriptor) )LJLOOXVWUDWHVWKHLQWHUSOD\RIWKHVHWHFKQRORJLHVLQ DW\SLFDO*,6XVDJHVFHQDULR7KHGHSLFWHGZRUNIORZ LV JHQHUDOO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV publish-find-bind ,Q WKH VFHQDULR D provider RU KROGHU RI GDWD SXEOLVKHV WKHLU PHWDGDWD LQ D catalogue VHUYLFH 7KH DFWXDO SULPDU\ RU PDS GDWD LV VWRUHG ZLWK WKH SURYLGHU ZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKHSURYLGHUPDLQWDLQVFRQWURORYHU WKHLU GDWD DQG FDQ IRU H[DPSOH HQIRUFH DFFHVV UHVWULFWLRQV7KHFDWDORJXHFDQEHSDUWRIDKLHUDUFK\ RU FDVFDGH RI FDWDORJXHV LWV PHWDGDWD LV SXEOLVKHG FRSLHG XSZDUGV ZKHUH LW LV WKHQ PDGH DYDLODEOH DORQJ ZLWK PHWDGDWD IURP RWKHU FDWDORJXHV 7KLV LV WKHILUVWVWHSpublish,QWKHVHFRQGVWHSfindDGDWD consumer ORFDWHV GDWD WKH\ ZLVK WR UHWULHYH E\ DFFHVVLQJDQ\RIWKHFDWDORJXHVLQWKHFDVFDGHXVLQJ WKHLU *,6 FOLHQW VRIWZDUH RU DV LV RIWHQ WKH FDVH D GLUHFWRU\ ZHEVLWH SURYLGHG E\ WKH FDWDORJXH VHUYLFH ,QVWHSWKUHHbindWKHFRQVXPHUUHWULHYHVWKHGHVLUHG GDWDIURPWKHGDWDSURYLGHUXVLQJWKH85/FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH PHWDGDWD 7KH XVHU FDQ WKHQ XWLOLVH WKH GDWD HJ WR FUHDWH D PDS RU WR SHUIRUP D FRPSXWDWLRQDO DQDO\VLV Fig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¶VDQGWKH VRIWZDUH¶VFDSDELOLWLHV,QDGGLWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQDOXVHULQWHUIDFHVFDQEHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHVDPHGDWDVWRUHV7KHVH PD\ EH HDV\WRXVH DSSOLFDWLRQVSHFLILF ZHEEDVHG XVHU LQWHUIDFHV IRU QRQH[SHUW XVHUV LQ XUEDQ SODQQLQJ DV SURSRVHGE\&XOVKDZHWDORUDZHEEDVHGYLHZHUDSSOLFDWLRQLQWHQGHGIRUXVHE\WKHJHQHUDOSXEOLFOLNH WKH6ZHGLVKµ*HRGDWDSRUWDO¶VKRZQLQ)LJ Fig. 5. 6FUHHQVKRWRIWKH6ZHGLVK *HRGDWDSRUWDO 2Q WKH GDWDSURYLVLRQ VLGH VHYHUDOZD\V H[LVW WR FUHDWHGDWD ZKLFK FDQ WKHQ EHSXEOLVKHG 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ ZD\LVWKHXVHRIGHVNWRS*,6VRIWZDUHZKLFKDOORZVWKHFUHDWLRQRI:06:&6:)6FRPSDWLEOHGDWDEDVHGRQ XVHU HQWULHV 0RUH VSHFLDOL]HG VROXWLRQV DOORZ WKH GLUHFW HQWU\ RI GDWD WKURXJK ZHE XVHU LQWHUIDFHV RU *36 FDSDEOHPRELOHGHYLFHVVXFKDVVPDUWSKRQHV'DWDPD\DOVREHFUHDWHGXVLQJDXWRPDWHGPHDVXULQJVWDWLRQVDV WKH\DUHFRPPRQLQPHWHRURORJLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVIRULQVWDQFH 4.4 Previous attempts to establish similar systems in Ghana 8S XQWLO *KDQD¶V (QYLURQPHQWDO 3URWHFWLRQ $JHQF\ (3$ XQGHUWRRN DQ HIIRUW WR HVWDEOLVK D QDWLRQDO VSDWLDOGDWDLQIUDVWUXFWXUHFDOOHG1$)*,01DWLRQDO)UDPHZRUNIRU*HR,QIRUPDWLRQ0DQDJHPHQW+RZHYHU 1$)*,0 LV QRZ GHIXQFW .DULNDUL $\HU SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ $FFRUGLQJ WR -RKQ $\HU UHVHDUFKHUDW.1867WKHPDLQUHDVRQIRU1$)*,0¶VIDLOXUHZDVWKHODFNRIDQRUJDQLVDWLRQDOERG\WKDWZDV ERWK GHGLFDWHG WR PDQDJLQJ DQG PDLQWDLQLQJ WKH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG WKH GDWD DV ZHOO DV DGHTXDWHO\ IXQGHG ,QVWHDGWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHV\VWHPZDVZLWKWKH(3$ZKLFKLWVHOIZDVLQWHUHVWHGLQRQO\DVXEVHWRIWKH GDWDVXSSRVHGWREHPDQDJHGE\1$)*,0)RUWKHODFNRIILQDQFLDOFRPSHQVDWLRQIURP1$)*,0¶VRWKHUXVHUV WKH(3$WKHUHIRUHIHOWXQDEOHWRILQDQFHWKHV\VWHP¶VPDLQWHQDQFH,QDGGLWLRQGDWDSURGXFHUVZHUHUHOXFWDQWWR FRQWULEXWHWR1$)*,0¶VGDWDUHSRVLWRU\IRUIHDUVRIWKHLUSURSULHWDU\GDWDOHDNLQJLQWRWKHSXEOLFGRPDLQWKHUH DUHDFFRXQWVRIFRUUXSWLRQZKLFKLQYROYHGLQGLYLGXDOVZKRLOOHJDOO\VROGGDWDWRZKLFKWKH\KDGDFFHVV $\HU SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 5 Results 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH FDVH VWXG\ DUH SUHVHQWHG KHUH LQ WKUHH SDUWV 6HFWLRQ GHVFULEHV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH UHTXLUHPHQWVDQDO\VLVZKLFKZDVFRQGXFWHG%DVHGRQWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVWKH(,6ZDVGHVLJQHGLQJHQHULFWHUPV 7KH UHVXOWLQJ GHVLJQ LV H[SODLQHG LQ VHFWLRQ )LQDOO\ EDVHG RQ WKH GHVLJQ D SURWRW\SH RI WKH (,6 ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG7KHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQGHWDLOVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQVHFWLRQ 5.1 Requirements analysis 7KLV VHFWLRQ RXWOLQHV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV DQDO\VLV %DVHG RQ WKH VRIW V\VWHPV DQDO\VLV WKH VWDNHKROGHUV RI WKH SURSRVHG (,6 ZHUH LGHQWLILHG 7KHUHDIWHU DV LV GHVFULEHG LQ VHFWLRQ WKH ZD\V RI LQWHUDFWLRQRIWKHVWDNHKROGHUVZLWKWKHV\VWHPZHUHGHWHUPLQHG6LQFHLWLVQRWRQO\LPSRUWDQWIRUDFRPSOHWH UHTXLUHPHQWV DQDO\VLV who FRQYH\V LQIRUPDWLRQ WKURXJK WKH VRIWZDUH V\VWHP EXW DOVR what LQIRUPDWLRQ LV H[FKDQJHGVHFWLRQFKDUDFWHULVHVWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKFDQEHIRUHVHHQWREHKDQGOHGE\WKH (,6 5.1.1 Soft systems analysis 7KHILUVWVWHSLQFRQGXFWLQJDQDQDO\VLVXVLQJ660LVWRLGHQWLI\WKRVHKXPDQDFWLYLW\V\VWHPV+$6ZKLFKDUH UHOHYDQWWRWKHSURMHFW660GLVWLQJXLVKHVWZRNLQGVRI+$6primary-task systemsZKLFKDUHSXUSRVHIXOV\VWHPV WKDWKDYHERXQGDULHVZKLFKDUHPDQLIHVWLQWKHUHDOZRUOGHJDQRUJDQLVDWLRQDQGissue-based systemsZKLFK DUH SXUSRVHIXO V\VWHPV WKDW FDQ EH REVHUYHG EXW GR QRW KDYH LQVWLWXWLRQDO ERXQGDULHV LQ WKH UHDO ZRUOG 6LQFH WKHUHLVQRH[LVWLQJLQVWLWXWLRQWKDWKDVWKHSXUSRVHRIJDWKHULQJDQGSXEOLVKLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW .XPDVLWKHWRSOHYHO+$6WREHVHOHFWHGIRUWKHDQDO\VLVLVDQLVVXHEDVHGV\VWHPE\QHFHVVLW\+RZHYHUPDQ\ SULPDU\WDVN V\VWHPV²LH LQVWLWXWLRQV²DUH UHOHYDQW WR WKH WRSOHYHO +$6 ILUVW DQG IRUHPRVW WKRVH ZKLFK SURGXFHHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQWKRVHZKLFKZRXOGXVHµFRQVXPH¶LWDQGWKRVHZKLFKKDYHLQWHUHVWVWKDW FRQFHUQLWVSXEOLFDWLRQ ,Q RUGHU WR FOHDUO\ XQGHUVWDQG DQG VWDWH WKH SXUSRVH DQG HQYLURQPHQW RI DQ +$6 6RIW 6\VWHPV 0HWKRGRORJ\ SURSRVHVWRFUHDWHDµURRWGHILQLWLRQ¶$URRWGHILQLWLRQLVD YLHZ RQ D V\VWHP ZKLFK WUHDWV LW DV D WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVVWDNLQJDGHILQHGLQSXWHQWLW\DQGWUDQVIRUPLQJLWWR SURGXFH D FHUWDLQ RXWSXW ,Q DGGLWLRQ D URRW GHILQLWLRQ Fig. 6. 7KHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVWKDWLVWKH VSHFLILHV WKH µFXVWRPHUV¶ µDFWRUV¶ ‘Weltanschauung’ RU SXUSRVHRIWKHFKRVHQ+$6 µZRUOGYLHZ¶µRZQHUV¶DQGµHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQVWUDLQWV¶RI WKHV\VWHP,Q660WKHVHDVSHFWVDUHVXPPDULVHGE\WKHPQHPRQLFµ&$7:2(¶&KHFNODQG6FKROHV )LJ DQG 7DEOH LOOXVWUDWH WKH URRW GHILQLWLRQ ZKLFK ZDV FUHDWHG IRU WKH SUHYLRXVO\ VHOHFWHG +$6 7KH URRW GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH +$6 FDQ EH VXPPDULVHG DV µD V\VWHP RZQHG E\ .1867 WR PDNH H[LVWLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQDFFHVVLEOHWRWKHSXEOLFLQRUGHUWRVXSSRUWWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI.XPDVL¶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µVRIW¶LVWKHLQFRUSRUDWLRQRIDFXOWXUDOVWUHDPRIHQTXLU\ $VVWDWHGE\&KHFNODQG6FKROHV DOWKRXJKIDFWVDQGORJLFKDYHDSDUWWRSOD\LQKXPDQDIIDLUVWKHfeelRIWKHPWKHLUIHOWWH[WXUHGHULYHV HTXDOO\RUPRUHIURPWKHP\WKVDQGPHDQLQJVZKLFKKXPDQEHLQJVDWWULEXWHWRWKHLUSURIHVVLRQDODQG SHUVRQDOHQWDQJOHPHQWVZLWKWKHLUIHOORZEHLQJV&KHFNODQG6FKROHV Table 1. 7KHURRWGHILQLWLRQ C, customers 7KHJHQHUDOSXEOLFSURIHVVLRQDOVVWXGHQWV A, actors .1867.0$(3$RWKHUGDWDSURGXFHUV T, transformation 7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHV\VWHPLVWRPDNHH[LVWLQJHQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQDFFHVVLEOHWRWKHSXEOLFZKLFKPHDQVWKDWLW PXVWWUDQVIRUPH[LVWLQJLQIRUPDWLRQLQWRDFFHVVLEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ W, Weltanschauung (QYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQEHLQJSXEOLFZLOOEHXVHIXOWRWKH GHYHORSPHQWRIWKHFLW\ O, owners .1867 E, environmental constraints (QYLURQPHQWDOGDWDLVVFDUFH )LQDQFLDOEXGJHWLVYHU\OLPLWHG 0RVWDFWRUVGRQRWKDYH*,6NQRZOHGJH ,QYROYHGLQVWLWXWLRQVPD\KDYHFRQIOLFWLQJLQWHUHVWV 7KHFXOWXUDOVWUHDPRIHQTXLU\QRWRQO\LQFOXGHVREVHUYDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJVRFLHWDOQRUPVDQGYDOXHVEXWDOVRWKH DQDO\VLV RI SROLWLFDO V\VWHPV ZKLFK H[DPLQHV WKH LQGLYLGXDO LQWHUHVWV RI VWDNHKROGHUV DQG WKH SRZHU UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQWKHP 2QH LPSRUWDQW FXOWXUDO REVHUYDWLRQ WKDWZDV PDGH GXULQJ WKH FRXUVH RIWKLV VWXG\ LV WKDW PDQ\ GDWDSURGXFHUV PD\QRWEHRYHUO\LQWHUHVWHGLQLQYHVWLQJDQ\HIIRUWLQSURYLGLQJGDWDIRURUHQWHULQJLWLQWRWKHSURSRVHG(,6 7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOSRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVWRWKLVLVVXHVLQFHDFFRPSOLVKPHQWDQGSUHVWLJHDSSHDUWREHYHU\LPSRUWDQW YDOXHVDQGWKHUHIRUHSRWHQWLDOGULYHUVRIDFWLRQLQ*KDQDLDQVRFLHW\UDLVLQJDZDUHQHVVDPRQJGDWDSURGXFHUVRI KRZWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHLUGDWDPD\UHIOHFWWKHLUZRUNHIIRUWPD\KHOS,QWKHORQJUXQLHLIWKHUHZLOOHYHUEH D VXEVWDQWLDO EXGJHW DOORFDWHG WR WKH (,6 ILQDQFLDO LQFHQWLYHV PD\ EH JLYHQ WR GDWD SURGXFHUV ,Q DGGLWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR HDVH WKH EXUGHQ RQ WKH GDWD SURGXFHUV WR SURYLGH GDWD WKH DFWXDO GDWD HQWU\ SURFHVV PD\ SRVVLEO\ EH FDUULHGRXWDWWKH.1867'HSDUWPHQWRI*HRPDWLF(QJLQHHULQJ0HQVDKSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ)RU GDWDSURGXFHUVZKLFKDUHSDUWRI.1867WKHDFTXLVLWLRQRIVXSSRUWIURPWKHKLJKHUPDQDJHPHQWOHYHOVPD\EH XVHIXOLQRUGHUWRSURYLGHWKHGHSDUWPHQWVLQFHQWLYHVIRURUWRHQIRUFHFRRSHUDWLRQ 7KHUH DUH WZR SRWHQWLDO SROLWLFDO LVVXHV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ REVHUYHG 7KH ILUVW LV WKH LVVXH RI GDWD RZQHUVKLS LW PD\ EH GLIILFXOW IRU PDQ\ GDWD SURGXFHUVRQDOHJDOOHYHOWRSURYLGHGDWDIRUWKH(,6 GXH WR OLFHQVLQJ UHVWULFWLRQV ,Q WKHVH FDVHV .1867²EHLQJWKHLQVWLWXWLRQZKLFKZRXOGVWRUHDQG PDQDJH WKH GDWD²ZRXOG KDYH WR HQWHU LQWR QHJRWLDWLRQV ZLWK WKH GDWD SURGXFHUV LQ TXHVWLRQ ZKLFKFDQEHH[SHFWHGWREHVXFFHVVIXOLQPRVWFDVHV $\HU SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ 7KH VHFRQG SROLWLFDOLVVXHZKLFKKDVEHHQREVHUYHGKDVWRGRZLWK WKH IDFW WKDW WKH WZRSULPDULO\ WDUJHWHG LQVWLWXWLRQV² .1867 DQG .0$²DUH QRW KRPRJHQHRXV EXW LQVWHDG FRQVLVW RI YDULRXV DFWRUV ZLWK GLIIHULQJ DJHQGDV ,Q IDFW ZKHQ LQ WKLV UHSRUW WKH .0$ RU .1867 DUH PHQWLRQHG DV LI WKH\ ZHUH VLQJOH DFWRUV WKLVLVDVLPSOLILFDWLRQ:KLOHLQWKHFDVHRI.1867 WKLVPD\QRWEHDQLVVXHIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVVWXG\ WKH VLWXDWLRQ ZLWK WKH .0$ ORRNV GLIIHUHQW EHFDXVH VRPHDFWRUVZLWKLQ.0$PD\QRWEHLQWHUHVWHGLQRU HYHQ RSSRVHG WR DQ LQFUHDVHG OHYHO RI HQYLURQPHQWDO WUDQVSDUHQF\ 7KHVH FRPSOH[ SROLWLFDO UHODWLRQV DUH Fig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takeholders 7KHVWDNHKROGHUVRIWKH(,6ZKLFKKDYHEHHQLGHQWLILHGLQWKHVRIWV\VWHPVDQDO\VLVDUH The general public. 7KH SXEOLF LV WKH WDUJHW DXGLHQFH RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW LV GLVVHPLQDWHG WKURXJK WKH (,6 7KHLQIRUPDWLRQQHHGVRIWKHSXEOLFWKHUHIRUHKDYHDGHWHUPLQLQJLQIOXHQFHRQZKLFKLQIRUPDWLRQLVSXEOLVKHG DQGKRZLWLVSUHVHQWHG KNUST, various departments.%HFDXVHWKHSURMHFWKDVEHHQLQLWLDWHGDW.1867DQGEHFDXVHWKHXQLYHUVLW\LV LQWHQGHG WR EH WKH RZQHU DQG PDLQWDLQHU RI WKH V\VWHP D QXPEHU RI GHSDUWPHQWV DUH FHQWUDO VWDNHKROGHUV WHFKQLFDOPDLQWHQDQFHDQGKRVWLQJVHUYLFHVPD\EHSURYLGHGE\WKHDepartment of Computer Engineering $\HU SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQWKRXJKQRGHILQLWLYHGHFLVLRQRQWKLVKDVEHHQPDGHGXULQJWKHFRXUVHRIWKLV VWXG\ 7KH Department of Geomatic Engineering KROGV H[SHUW NQRZOHGJH RI *,6 WHFKQRORJ\ DQG LV WKHUHIRUH VXLWDEOH WR KDYH DXWKRULW\ RYHU WKH V\VWHP¶V FRQWHQW IRU H[DPSOH LQ GHILQLQJ GDWD W\SHV DQG FDWHJRULVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ LELG Other departments VXFK DV WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI &LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ DUH DPRQJ WKH PDLQ SURGXFHUV²DQG SRVVLEO\ FRQVXPHUV²RI HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ .XPDVL 0HQVDK SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ,W LV WKHUHIRUH LPSRUWDQW WR JDLQ WKHLU VXSSRUW IRU WKH (,6 LQ RUGHU WR HQVXUH WKH SURYLVLRQ RI HQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQ KMA. 7KH .XPDVL 0HWURSROLWDQ $VVHPEO\ .0$ LV D VWDNHKROGHU LQ D QXPEHU RI ZD\V ,W LV D SURGXFHU RI HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK²LQ WKH FDVH RI FRRSHUDWLRQ²ZRXOG LGHDOO\ EH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR WKH (,6 +RZHYHU VLQFH E\ LQFUHDVLQJ WUDQVSDUHQF\ WKH SURSRVHG (,6 KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR IDFLOLWDWH SXEOLF UHVLVWDQFH DJDLQVWWKH.0$¶VSROLFLHVWKH.0$PD\RSSRVHWKHSURMHFWDQGRUGHQ\FRRSHUDWLRQ<HWWKH.0$DOVRDFWV DVDFRQVXPHURIHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKLVZK\WKH.0$PD\DOVREHQHILWIURPWKH(,6 EPA (national).$PRQJRWKHUDFWLYLWLHVWKHQDWLRQDOEUDQFKRIWKH(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ$JHQF\(3$LV UHVSRQVLEOHIRUFUHDWLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOSROLF\JXLGHOLQHVZKLFKPD\EHXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQWREHSXEOLVKHGE\WKH (,6(3$JXLGHOLQHVDQGUHSRUWVDUHJHQHUDOO\SXEOLVKHGLQWKHSXEOLFGRPDLQDQGFRXOGWKHUHIRUHEHXVHGE\WKH (,61\DJEHQXSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ EPA (Ashanti Region).7KH(3$KDVVXEVLGLDULHVLQHDFKRIWKHWHQUHJLRQVRI*KDQD7KHUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIWKH UHJLRQDOVXEVLGLDULHVGLIIHUIURPWKRVHRIWKHQDWLRQDO(3$$PDLQIXQFWLRQRIWKH(3$¶V$VKDQWLEUDQFKLVWKH PRQLWRULQJ RI HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ UHOHYDQW DFWLYLWLHV RI SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV DV ZHOO DV RI WKH SXEOLF DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ HJWKH.0$7KHVHPRQLWRULQJSURFHVVHVJHQHUDWHLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKPD\SRWHQWLDOO\EHSXEOLVKHGWKURXJK WKHSURSRVHG(,6LELG Other producers of environmental information. 0DQ\ RWKHU JRYHUQPHQW LQVWLWXWLRQV SURGXFH HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK PD\ SRWHQWLDOO\ EH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH (,6 VXFK DV WKH *KDQD 6WDWLVWLFDO 6HUYLFH WKH :DWHU 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH WKH &RPPXQLW\ :DWHU DQG 6DQLWDWLRQ $JHQF\ WKH )RUHVWU\ &RPPLVVLRQ DQG WKH *KDQD 7RXULVW%RDUG816'E :KLOHWKHDERYHJURXSVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVDUHVWDNHKROGHUVRIWKHSURSRVHGHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPLQ WKDWLWVRSHUDWLRQDIIHFWVDQGFDQEHDIIHFWHGE\WKHPWKH\GRQRWQHFHVVDULO\LQWHUDFWZLWKWKH(,6GLUHFWO\7KH IROORZLQJVHFWLRQGHVFULEHVZKLFKJHQHUDOLQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKWKH(,6FDQEHIRUHVHHQ )RUDFRPSUHYHQVLYHOLVWVHH816'E 5.1.3 Actors and their roles 6WDNHKROGHUVEHFRPHµDFWRUV¶DVVRRQDVWKH\LQWHUDFWZLWKWKHSURSRVHG(,6GLUHFWO\:KHQDQDFWRULQWHUDFWV ZLWKWKHVRIWZDUHWKH\GRVRE\WDNLQJRQRQHRUPRUHUROHVZKLFKQHHGWREHGHILQHG7KHUROHVZKLFKKDYH EHHQ LGHQWLILHG DUH WHFKQLFDO PDLQWDLQHU FRQWHQW DXWKRULW\ GDWD SURGXFHU DQG GDWD FRQVXPHU 7DEOH VXPPDULVHVWKHUROHVWKHGLIIHUHQWDFWRUVPD\WDNHRQ Table 2. $FWRUVDQGWKHLUSRWHQWLDOUROHVLQUHODWLRQWRWKH(,6 Role Actors Software maintainer KNUST (Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Geomatic Engineering) System maintainer KNUST (Computer Engineering, Computer Science) System administrator KNUST (Geomatic Engineering) Content authority KNUST (Geomatic Engineering) KNUST (various departments) KMA EPA (Ashanti Region) Other institutions The public KNUST (various departments) KMA EPA (Ashanti Region) Other institutions KNUST (various departments) KMA EPA (Ashanti Region) Other institutions Data Producer Data Consumer GIS Analyst 7KHIROORZLQJSDUDJUDSKVGHVFULEHWKHZD\VLQZKLFKDFWRUVLQHDFKUROHLQWHUDFWZLWKWKHV\VWHP Software maintainer. 7KH VRIWZDUH PDLQWDLQHU LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU HQVXULQJ WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH (,6 E\ PDLQWDLQLQJLWVVRXUFHFRGH,62,(&GHVFULEHVIRXUFDWHJRULHVRIPDLQWHQDQFHDFWLYLW\ZKLFKDUH &RUUHFWLYHPDLQWHQDQFHWKHFRUUHFWLRQRIVRIWZDUHSUREOHPVDIWHUWKHLUGLVFRYHU\ $GDSWLYHPDLQWHQDQFHPDNLQJQHFHVVDU\PRGLILFDWLRQVWRWKHVRIWZDUHLQFDVHLWVHQYLURQPHQWFKDQJHV 3HUIHFWLYH PDLQWHQDQFH PDNLQJ PRGLILFDWLRQV LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH WKH VRIWZDUH¶V SHUIRUPDQFH RU PDLQWDLQDELOLW\ 3UHYHQWLYHPDLQWHQDQFHWKHFRUUHFWLRQRINQRZQVRIWZDUHSUREOHPVEHIRUHWKH\FDXVHPDOIXQFWLRQRIWKH VRIWZDUH,62 System maintainer.7KHV\VWHPPDLQWDLQHUSURYLGHVWKH(,6¶VUXQWLPHHQYLURQPHQWDQGHQVXUHVWKHRSHUDWLRQRI WKH(,67KLVLQFOXGHVWKHSURYLVLRQRIWKHKDUGZDUHRQZKLFKWKH(,6UXQVWKHµVHUYHU¶WKHPDQDJHPHQWDQG PDLQWHQDQFHRIWKHVRIWZDUHHQYLURQPHQWRQWKHVHUYHUDQGWKHPRQLWRULQJRIWKH(,6¶VRSHUDWLRQ System administrator. 7KH V\VWHP DGPLQLVWUDWRU PDQDJHV XVHUV DQG WKHLU DFFHVV SULYLOHJHV (DFK XVHU VKRXOG RQO\EHDEOHWRDFFHVVDQGPDQLSXODWHWKHGDWDWKH\DUHFRQFHUQHGZLWKGDWDSURGXFHUVFDQRQO\DFFHVVWKHLURZQ GDWDVHWVDQGWKHUXOHVWKDWGHILQHKRZGDWDLVVWRUHGDQGSXEOLVKHGFDQRQO\EHVHWE\WKHFRQWHQWDXWKRULW\7KH V\VWHPDGPLQLVWUDWRUFUHDWHVDQGPDQDJHVXVHUDFFRXQWVDQGVHWVHDFKXVHU¶VSULYLOHJHV Content authority. 7KH FRQWHQW DXWKRULW\ DGPLQLVWHUV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW LV VWRUHG LQ WKH (,6 7KHVH DGPLQLVWUDWLYHDFWLYLWLHVLQFOXGH 'HFLGLQJZKLFKLQIRUPDWLRQLVVWRUHG 'HFLGLQJKRZLQIRUPDWLRQLVVWRUHGLHGHILQLQJGDWDPRGHOV 'HFLGLQJKRZLQIRUPDWLRQLVSXEOLVKHG %HFDXVHWKHGHILQLWLRQRIGDWDPRGHOVIRUJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQUHTXLUHVVRPHDPRXQWRIH[SHUWLVHLQWKH*,6 ILHOGWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI*HRPDWLF(QJLQHHULQJDW.1867¶V&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ²ZKLFKKDVDOUHDG\EHHQD SDUWRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVRIWKH(,6²LVWKHORJLFDOFKRLFHRIDFWRUWRWDNHRQWKHUROH RIWKHFRQWHQWDXWKRULW\ Data producer.'DWDSURGXFHUVXVHWKH(,6WRVWRUHLQIRUPDWLRQLQLWVGDWDEDVH6LQFHPRVWRIWKHGDWDSURGXFLQJ LQVWLWXWLRQV GR QRW KDYH H[SHUWLVH LQ WKH *,6 ILHOG 0HQVDK SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WKH (,6 QHHGV WR SURYLGH D XVHU LQWHUIDFH ZKLFK DOORZV IRU GDWD FUHDWLRQ ZLWKRXW WKH XVH RI SURIHVVLRQDO *,6 VRIWZDUH 'DWD SURGXFHUV VKRXOG EH DEOH WR FUHDWH QHZ GDWDVHWV DQG WR PDNH FRUUHFWLRQV WR H[LVWLQJ GDWDVHWV ZKLFK WKH\ KDYH FUHDWHGWKHPVHOYHV Data consumer.'DWDFRQVXPHUVKDYHDFFHVVWRWKHLQIRUPDWLRQSXEOLVKHGRQWKHZHEE\WKH(,66LQFHWKHPDLQ WDUJHW DXGLHQFH RI WKH (,6 LV WKH JHQHUDO SXEOLF *,6 NQRZOHGJH FDQQRW EH SUHVXPHG DQG WKH SXEOLF XVHU LQWHUIDFHPXVWEHDVHDV\WRXVHDVSRVVLEOHDQG²LGHDOO\²LQOLQHZLWKZHEPDSSLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVZLWKZKLFKWKH DYHUDJHXVHULVIDPLOLDUVXFKDV*RRJOH0DSV7KH(,6VKRXOGDOVRSURYLGHVRPHVLPSOHDQDO\VLVFDSDELOLWLHV HJ IRU PHDVXULQJ JHRJUDSKLF GLVWDQFHV 0HQVDK SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ )XUWKHUPRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ VKRXOGEHHDV\DQGTXLFNWRORFDWHLQWKH(,6:LWKDUDSLGO\JURZLQJQXPEHURILQWHUQHWXVHUVLQ*KDQDDQGWKH VXFFHVVRIVRFLDOQHWZRUNVVXFKDV)DFHERRNVRFLDOEDNHUVFRPWKH(,6VKRXOGPDNHLWHDV\IRUXVHUVWR VKDUHLQIRUPDWLRQWKH\IRXQGRQWKH(,6ZLWKWKHLURQOLQHIULHQGV GIS analyst.$*,6DQDO\VWLVDQDGYDQFHGGDWDFRQVXPHUZKRUHTXLUHVGLUHFWUHDGDFFHVVWRWKHJHRJUDSKLFDO IHDWXUHV VWRUHG LQ WKH (,6 7KH (,6 PXVW WKHUHIRUH SURYLGH DQ LQWHUIDFH WR SURYLGH WKLV UHDG DFFHVV DQG WKH LQWHUIDFHVKRXOGEHXVDEOHE\FRPPRQ*,6VRIWZDUH 5.1.4 Characterising environmental information 'U )UDQFLV 1\DJEHQX UHJLRQDO RIILFHU DW WKH $VKDQWL EUDQFK RI WKH *KDQD (QYLURQPHQWDO 3URWHFWLRQ $JHQF\ (3$ UHSRUWV WKDW WKH PRVW SUHVVLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV LQ .XPDVL FRQFHUQ ZDVWH PDQDJHPHQW IORRGLQJ ZDWHU VFDUFLW\ SXEOLF VDQLWDWLRQ DLU SROOXWLRQ DQG QRLVH SROOXWLRQ 1\DJEHQX SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ )LJ LOOXVWUDWHV KRZ WKHVH LVVXHV DUH LQWHUOLQNHG 7KH UHPDLQGHU RI WKLV VHFWLRQHODERUDWHVRQWKHPRVWFHQWUDOLVVXHVDQG RQZKDWWKHLUFDXVHVDQGFRQVHTXHQFHVDUH Waste management. ,QDGHTXDFLHV LQ ZDVWH PDQDJHPHQWDSSHDUFHQWUDOWRPDQ\RIWKHFLW\¶V HQYLURQPHQWDO SUREOHPV 6LQFH SXEOLF JDUEDJH ELQV GR QRW H[LVW LQ PRVW DUHDV RI WKH FLW\ OLWWHULQJ LV FRPPRQ SUDFWLFH $ ODFN RI DZDUHQHVV RI HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV DPRQJ WKH SRSXODWLRQ DJJUDYDWHV WKLV SUREOHP 3ODVWLF SDFNDJLQJ PDWHULDOV FRQVWLWXWH D ODUJH DQG WKH PRVWSUREOHPDWLFIUDFWLRQRIWKHOLWWHUVLQFHWKH\ Fig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looding. $V LQ DQ\ XUEDQ DUHD D ODUJH SHUFHQWDJH RI .XPDVL¶V VXUIDFH DUHD LV VHDOHG E\ URDGV DQG EXLOW VWUXFWXUHV7KHVXUIDFH¶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ater scarcity.:KLOVWJOREDOFOLPDWHFKDQJHOHDGVWRKLJKHUSHDNUDLQIDOOOHYHOVLQWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQLWLVDOVR KHOGUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHWUHQGWKDWWKHUDLQ\SHULRGDVDZKROHLVEHFRPLQJVKRUWHUDQGGURXJKWVGXULQJWKHGU\ SHULRGDUHEHFRPLQJPRUHVHYHUH1\DJEHQXSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ7KLVOHDGVWRVKRUWDJHVLQZDWHU VXSSO\GXULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQ)XUWKHUPRUHLQDGHTXDWHZDVWHZDWHUVDQLWDWLRQQHJDWLYHO\DIIHFWVWKHDPRXQWRI DYDLODEOHFOHDQIUHVKZDWHULELG Public sanitation.,QDGGLWLRQWRRSHQZDVWHGXPSLQJDQGOLWWHULQJXQWUHDWHGZDVWHZDWHUIURPKRXVHKROGVDQG SXEOLFWRLOHWVILQGVLWVZD\LQWRSXEOLFSODFHVWKURXJKWKHRSHQVHZDJHV\VWHPZKLFKFDQEHVHHQLQPRVWDUHDVRI WKHFLW\7KHSUREOHPFDQEHDJJUDYDWHGGXULQJWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQZKHQIORRGLQJOHDGVWRWKHVHZHUVRYHUIORZLQJ :KHUHSXEOLFWRLOHWVDUHXQDYDLODEOHRSHQGHIHFDWLRQLVFRPPRQ$SDUWIURPEHLQJDQROIDFWRU\QXLVDQFHWRFLW\ GZHOOHUVWKHVHVDQLWDWLRQLVVXHVSUHVHQWDGDQJHUWRSXEOLFKHDOWKDVWKH\IDFLOLWDWHWKHVSUHDGRIGLVHDVHVLELG Air pollution.3ROOXWLRQRIWKHDLUZLWKSDUWLFXODWHPDWWHUFDUERQR[LGHVVXOSKXUR[LGHVDQGRWKHUVXEVWDQFHVLV PDLQO\FDXVHGE\KLJKOHYHOVRIURDGWUDIILFLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHSRRUHQYLURQPHQWDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIPRVW PRWRUYHKLFOHV2WKHUFDXVHVLQFOXGHWKHRSHQLQFLQHUDWLRQRIZDVWHDQGFDUW\UHVLQGXVWULDODFWLYLWLHVDQGWKH XVHRIZRRGIXHOLQKRXVHKROGVLELG Noise pollution. 7KH PDLQ FDXVH IRU QRLVH SROOXWLRQ LV WKH KLJK OHYHO RI URDG WUDIILF 0LQRU FDXVHV LQFOXGH DLU WUDIILFUHODWHGWR.XPDVL¶VGRPHVWLFDLUSRUWUHOLJLRXVDFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVVWUHHWSUHDFKLQJDQGQLJKWOLIHLELG 7DEOH VKRZV D OLVW RI SRWHQWLDO FDWHJRULHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK DUH UHOHYDQW WR PRQLWRULQJ WKH PDLQ HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV $V FDQ EH VHHQ PRVW RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV RU PD\ EH D JHRUHIHUHQFHG ,W LV WKHUHIRUH LPSRUWDQWWKDWDQ(,6IRU.XPDVLFDQKDQGOHJHRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQ)XUWKHUPRUHHQYLURQPHQWDOREVHUYDWLRQV DUHDOZD\VVXEMHFWWRFKDQJHZKLFKVXJJHVWVWKDWWKH(,6VKRXOGWUHDWWKHWHPSRUDOGLPHQVLRQ²LHWKHGDWHRQ ZKLFKDQREVHUYDWLRQZDVPDGH²H[SOLFLWO\VRDVWREHDEOHWRFRPSXWHWUHQGV Table 3. ([DPSOHVRIHQYLURQPHQWDOO\UHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQIRU.XPDVL Issue Relevant information Geometry Attributes Waste management Locations of collection points point size, containment, emptying frequency Locations of landfills point/polygon capacity, used capacity, fill rate Coverage of street cleaning line/polygon cleaning interval line/polygon percentage of households covered, amount of waste collected, collection interval polygon cleanliness index Coverage of door-‐to-‐door collection service Street cleanliness/incidence of open dumping Flooding Incidence/severity of flooding point/polygon flood index Water scarcity Stream water levels point yearly minimum/maximum water level Public sanitation Locations of public toilets point mode of waste water sanitation, usage frequency Air pollution Air pollution measurement point ozone, particulate matter, CO2, CO, SOx Industry CO2 emissions (non-‐geographic) amount of CO2/year Noise pollution (indirect) Road traffic level line daily minimum/maximum vehicles/hour Air traffic routes to/from Kumasi airport line average air vehicles/day Acoustic noise measurement point daily minimum/maximum sound pressure Incidence of diseases polygon incidence rates of the most common diseases Income level polygon average household income in area Water quality point water quality index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ummary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able 4. 6XPPDU\RIWKHLGHQWLILHGV\VWHPUHTXLUHPHQWV Number 1 Description System can store and present geographical data (points, lines, polygons). 2 System supports data with a temporal dimension (time of collection). 3 System is able to combine geographical data that differs in respect to semantics, geographical coverage, and time of collection. 4 System should be ready to be integrated in larger-‐scale SDIs. 5 The content authority can define data models for environmental information. 6 The content authority can determine which information is published. 7 The content authority can determine how information is presented. 8 Data producers can store geographic data without GIS knowledge. 9 Data producers can create datasets. 10 Data producers can make corrections to datasets they created. 11 Data consumers can view geographic data without GIS knowledge. 12 Data consumers can run simple analyses (e.g. measure distances). 13 Data consumers can locate information easily. 14 Data consumers can share information easily online. 5.2 Software design %DVHGRQWKHLGHQWLILHGUHTXLUHPHQWVDURXJKGHVLJQRIWKH(,6ZDVFUHDWHG7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWGHVLJQGHWDLOV DUH GHVFULEHG LQ WKLV VHFWLRQ ZKLFK EDVLF GDWD VWUXFWXUHV DUH XVHG E\ WKH V\VWHP LQWHUQDOO\ WR UHSUHVHQW HQYLURQPHQWDODQGRSHUDWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQDQGWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWXVHFDVHVDQGZRUNIORZVDVSHUFHLYHGE\WKH XVHUVRIWKHV\VWHP 5.2.1 Data structures 5HTXLUHPHQW µ6\VWHP LV DEOH WR FRPELQH JHRJUDSKLF GDWD WKDW GLIIHUV LQ UHVSHFW WR VHPDQWLFV JHRJUDSKLF FRYHUDJH DQG WLPH RI FROOHFWLRQ¶ VXJJHVWV WKDWWKHV\VWHPPXVWGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQWZRW\SHVRIJHRJUDSKLFDOGDWDGDWD WKDWKDVEHHQHQWHUHGE\DGDWDSURGXFHUDQGFRPELQHGGDWDIRUSXEOLFDWLRQ ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ WKH IRUPHU W\SH RI GDWD ZLOO EH FDOOHG D dataset ZKLOH WKH ODWWHUZLOOEHFDOOHGDcomposite layer 'DWDVHWVDUHSULPDU\GDWDZKLFKDUHWKHUHVXOWRIVXUYH\VFRQGXFWHGE\GDWD SURGXFHUV$GDWDVHWPD\XVHDGDWDPRGHOZKLFKLVVSHFLILFWRWKHGDWDVHWDQG GLIIHUV IURP WKH GDWD PRGHOV XVHG E\ RWKHU GDWDVHWV RQ WKH VDPH LVVXH HJ ZDWHUTXDOLW\ &RPSRVLWHOD\HUVGHVFULEHKRZWKHGDWDFRQWDLQHGLQRQHRUPRUHGDWDVHWVDUH SXEOLVKHG'DWDLQDFRPSRVLWHOD\HUZLOOQHFHVVDULO\KDYHWRFRPSO\ZLWKD FHUWDLQ GDWD PRGHO )LJ LOOXVWUDWHV WKLV UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ GDWDVHWV DQG FRPSRVLWHOD\HUV Fig. 9. &RPSRVLWHOD\HUVDUH FRPSRVHGRIWKHGDWDFRQWDLQHGLQ PXOWLSOHGDWDVHWV &RPSRVLWHOD\HUVQRWRQO\UHIHUWRDVHWRIGDWDVHWVZKLFKWKH\LQFOXGH EXW DOVR FRQWDLQ LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ KRZ WR SUHVHQW WKH GDWD WR WKH GDWD FRQVXPHU $V LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ FRPSRVLWH OD\HUV DQG GDWDVHWV ERWK DUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDµGDWDPRGHO¶'DWDPRGHOVGHVFULEHJHRJUDSKLFDO GDWD ERWK V\QWDFWLFDOO\ DQG VHPDQWLFDOO\ WKH\ VSHFLI\ ZKDW W\SH RI JHRPHWU\ SRLQWV OLQHV RU SRO\JRQV FDQ EH XVHG LQ D GDWDVHW RU FRPSRVLWH OD\HU ZKLFK DWWULEXWHV DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK HDFK VXFK JHRJUDSKLFDOIHDWXUHDQGSURYLGHVWH[WXDOGHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHDWWULEXWHV 6LQFHGDWDSURGXFHUVVKRXOGRQO\EHDEOHWRDFFHVVWKHLURZQGDWDVHWV HDFKGDWDVHWLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHXVHUZKRLVLWVRZQHU 5.2.2 Use-cases and workflows 7KUHH XVHU UROHV LQWHUDFW ZLWK WKH V\VWHP¶V DGPLQLVWUDWLYH LQWHUIDFH V\VWHPDGPLQLVWUDWRUFRQWHQWDXWKRULW\DQGGDWDSURGXFHU7KHFRQWHQW DXWKRULW\ PDQDJHV FRPSRVLWH OD\HUV DQG GDWD PRGHOV ZKLOH GDWD SURGXFHUV PDQDJH WKHLU GDWDVHWV 7KH V\VWHP DGPLQLVWUDWRU PDQDJHV XVHUDFFRXQWVDQGWKHLUDFFHVVSULYLOHJHV Fig. 10.6LPSOLILHG80/FODVVGLDJUDPRI WKHEDVLFHQWLWLHV From data entry to publication 7ZR XVHU UROHV DUH LQYROYHG LQ WKLV SURFHVV WKH FRQWHQW DXWKRULW\GHILQHVDGDWDPRGHOZKLFKLVWKHQXVHGE\DGDWD SURGXFHUWRFUHDWHDGDWDVHWDQGILOOLWZLWKGDWD7KHFRQWHQW DXWKRULW\FDQWKHQDGGWKHGDWDVHWHLWKHUWRDQH[LVWLQJRUD QHZFRPSRVLWHOD\HU$WWKLVSRLQWWKHGDWDIURPWKHGDWDVHW FDQ EH YLHZHG SXEOLFO\ E\ D GDWD FRQVXPHU )LJ LOOXVWUDWHVWKLVSURFHVV Combining heterogenic datasets in a composite layer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ig. 11. )URPGDWDHQWU\WRSXEOLFDWLRQDQG FRQVXPSWLRQ µ:DWHU TXDOLW\¶ ZLWK D GDWD PRGHO ZKLFK KDV D VLQJOH DWWULEXWH µ4XDOLW\ LQGH[¶ ZKLFK JHQHULFDOO\ VSHFLILHV ZDWHU TXDOLW\RQDVFDOHIURPWR,IWKLVFRPSRVLWHOD\HULVWREHXVHGWRSXEOLVKGDWDIURPYDULRXVGDWDVHWVVRPH XVLQJ WKHLU RZQ TXDOLW\ LQGLFHV VRPH VLPSO\ FRQWDLQLQJ UDZ PHDVXUHPHQWV HDFK RI WKHVH GDWDVHWV FDQ EH LQFOXGHGLQWKHFRPSRVLWHOD\HULIDWUDQVIRUPDWLRQFDQEHSURYLGHGWKDWFDOFXODWHVWKHµ4XDOLW\LQGH[¶DWWULEXWH IURPWKHGDWDVHW¶VDWWULEXWHV *HRJUDSKLFDO IHDWXUHV PD\ EH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DQ REVHUYDWLRQ GDWH DQG GDWD IURP GLIIHUHQW GDWDVHWV LQ RQH FRPSRVLWHOD\HUPD\RYHUODSJHRJUDSKLFDOO\,WKDVEHHQGHFLGHGWKDWVLQFHGDWDLVJHQHUDOO\VFDUFHWKLVLVVXH GRHVQRWQHHGWREHWDFNOHGH[SOLFLWO\DVRI\HW+RZHYHUGDWDFRQVXPHUVVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGWKHDELOLW\WRILOWHU GDWDEDVHGRQWKHLUREVHUYDWLRQGDWH Fig. 12. 7UDQVIRUPLQJGDWDWREHLQFOXGHGLQDFRPSRVLWHOD\HU 5.3 Implementation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web application 7KH(,6ZHEDSSOLFDWLRQZDVGHYHORSHGDVSDUWRIWKLVFDVHVWXG\LVEDVHGRQWKH-DYD((SODWIRUPDQGXWLOLVHV RQO\IUHHVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQWV Used free software components 2Q WKH VHUYHUVLGH WKH SRSXODU 6SULQJ )UDPHZRUN LQFOXGLQJ 6SULQJ 09& LV XVHG WR SURYLGH WKH EDVLF ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ IXQFWLRQDOLW\ +LEHUQDWH DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI -3$ -DYD 3HUVLVWHQFH $3, SURYLGHV REMHFW UHODWLRQDOPDSSLQJ250LQRUGHUWRDFFHVVWKHGDWDEDVHZKLFKKROGVJHRJUDSKLFPHWDGDWDZKLOHJHRJUDSKLFDO GDWD LV PDQDJHG XVLQJ SODLQ 64/ RYHU -'%& 7KH OLEUDU\ *HR7RROV LV XVHG IRU KDQGOLQJ JHRJUDSKLFDO GDWD LQWHUQDOO\ *HR6HUYHU IHDWXUHV DQ $3, ZKLFK DOORZV IRU WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI PRVW RI *HR6HUYHU¶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¶VJHRJUDSKLFDOGDWDE\IHWFKLQJYLD:06DQG:)6IURP*HR6HUYHU $OOXVHGVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQWVZHUHIRXQGWRKDYHDKLJKOHYHORIPDWXULW\DQH[FHSWLRQEHLQJ*HR7RROVZKLFK ZDVIRXQGWREHSRRUO\GRFXPHQWHG Fig. 13.6LPSOLILHGLOOXVWUDWLRQRIWKHLPSOHPHQWHGDUFKLWHFWXUH The public web user interface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µ/LQN 7R7KLV 0DS¶ EXWWRQZKLFKJHQHUDWHVDZHEOLQNZKLFKFDQEHXVHGWRGLVSOD\WKHH[DFWVDPHPDSDWDGLIIHUHQWWLPHRURQD GLIIHUHQWFRPSXWHUWKHUHIRUHPDNLQJLWHDV\IRUWKHGDWDFRQVXPHUWRVKDUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQOLQH$Qµ$GG/D\HUV¶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ig. 14. 6FUHHQVKRWRIWKHSXEOLFZHEXVHULQWHUIDFHRIWKH(,6 Fig. 15. 7KH $GG/D\HUV GLDORJRIWKHSXEOLFXVHULQWHUIDFH The administration user interface 7KH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ LQWHUIDFH LV DFFHVVLEOH RQO\ WR WKH V\VWHP DGPLQLVWUDWRU WKH FRQWHQW DXWKRULW\ DQG WKH GDWD SURGXFHUV 7KH FRQWHQW DXWKRULW\ PDQDJHV FRPSRVLWH OD\HUV DQG GDWD PRGHOV WKURXJK VLPSOH IRUP DQG WDEOHEDVHG XVHU LQWHUIDFHV OLNH WKH RQH VKRZQ LQ )LJ M4XHU\ 8, DQG RWKHU M4XHU\EDVHG FRPSRQHQWV OLNH 'DWD7DEOHV DUH XWLOLVHGWRSURYLGHDQHDV\WRXVHLQWHUIDFH7KHXVHULQWHUIDFHHQDEOHVWKHFRQWHQWDXWKRULW\WRH[HUFLVHDOOWKH XVHFDVHVOLVWHGLQ7DEOH Fig. 16. 6FUHHQVKRWRIWKH &RPSRVLWH/D\HUV VFUHHQ 'DWD SURGXFHUV FUHDWH DQG GHOHWH WKHLU GDWDVHWV WKURXJK D VLPLODU LQWHUIDFH ,Q RUGHU WR HGLW WKH DFWXDO JHRJUDSKLFDO GDWD RI HDFK GDWDVHW WKH\ XVH WKH HGLWRU ZKLFK LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ -XVW OLNH LQ WKH SXEOLF XVHU LQWHUIDFHWKHGDWDHGLWRUXVHV2SHQ/D\HUVWRGLVSOD\WKHJHRJUDSKLFDOGDWDRIWKHGDWDVHWDORQJZLWKDQRSWLRQDO EDFNJURXQG OD\HU IURP *RRJOH 0DSV 7KH GDWD SURGXFHU FDQ DGG JHRJUDSKLFDO IHDWXUHV²SRLQWV OLQHV RU SRO\JRQV²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ig. 17. 6FUHHQVKRWRIWKHGDWDVHWHGLWRUZKLFKLVXVHGE\GDWDSURGXFHUV 5.3.2 GeoServer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²LH WKH FRORXUVDQGJUDSKLFVXVHGWRUHQGHUJHRJUDSKLFDOGDWD$WWKHFXUUHQWVWDJHRILPSOHPHQWDWLRQ6/'VQHHGWREH HQWHUHGPDQXDOO\XVLQJ*HR6HUYHU¶VRZQZHEXVHULQWHUIDFH,WLVKRZHYHUWHFKQLFDOO\SRVVLEOHWRKDYHWKH(,6 FUHDWHWKH6/'VWKURXJK*HR6HUYHU¶V5(67$3,*HR6HUYHUEDIHDWXUHZKLFKFRXOGEHWDNHQDGYDQWDJH RILQWKHIXWXUH 5.3.3 PostgreSQL database 3RVWJUH64/LVXVHGWRVWRUHERWKPHWDGDWD²LHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWGDWDVHWVFRPSRVLWHOD\HUVGDWDPRGHOVDQG XVHUV²DQGWKHJHRJUDSKLFDOGDWDRIGDWDVHWVDQGFRPSRVLWHOD\HUV7KHGDWDEDVHIRUJHRJUDSKLFDOGDWDXVHVWKH 3RVW*,6 H[WHQVLRQ IRU 3RVWJUH64/ ZKLFK DOORZV IRU WKH TXHU\LQJ RI JHRJUDSKLFDO GDWD $OO GDWD LQ WKH WZR GDWDEDVHV LV FUHDWHG DQG PDQLSXODWHG E\ WKH (,6 ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ *HR6HUYHU ZLWK LWV FDSDELOLW\ WR TXHU\ 3RVW*,6HQDEOHGGDWDEDVHVUHDGVWKHFRPSRVLWHOD\HUGDWDIURPWKHJHRJUDSKLFDOGDWDEDVHLQRUGHUWRSXEOLVKLW XVLQJLWV:06DQG:)6LQWHUIDFHV 5.3.4 Environmental data used in the implementation process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¶V 'HSDUWPHQW RI *HRPDWLF (QJLQHHULQJ ,Q DGGLWLRQ D GDWDVHW ZDV XVHG FRQWDLQLQJ WKH ORFDWLRQV RI DOO SXEOLF WRLOHW EORFNV LQ .XPDVL EDVHG RQ D VWXG\ FRQGXFWHG DW WKH .0$ :DVWH 0DQDJHPHQW'HSDUWPHQW:0'LQ7KHORFDWLRQVDQGSURSHUWLHVRIVRPHZDVWHFROOHFWLRQSRLQWVLQWKH FLW\ZHUHGHULYHGIURPgEHUJDQGVRPHZDWHUTXDOLW\PHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKH$ERDERVWUHDPZKLFKUXQV WKURXJK WKH FLW\ ZHUH WDNHQ IURP %RDN\H 7KH XWLOLVHG GDWD ZDV IRXQG WR EH RI JRRG TXDOLW\ ZLWK WKH H[FHSWLRQRIWKHYHU\LQFRPSOHWHµ%XLOWXSDUHDV¶GDWDVHW 7DEOHVKRZVWKHGDWDVHWVXVHGIRUWKH.1867FDPSXVDUHD*RRGTXDOLW\EDVHGDWDZDVDYDLODEOHDW.1867¶V 'HSDUWPHQW RI *HRPDWLF (QJLQHHULQJ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH ORFDWLRQV DQG EDVLF DWWULEXWHV RI VRPH RI WKH ZDVWH FROOHFWLRQ SRLQWV RQ WKH FDPSXV ZHUH FROOHFWHG XVLQJ D *36FDSDEOH VPDUWSKRQH LQ RUGHU WR JHW D IHHO IRU D SRVVLEOHZD\RIGDWDFROOHFWLRQ Table 5. 'DWDVHWVXVHGIRUWKH.XPDVLDUHD Table 6. 'DWDVHWVXVHGIRUWKH.1867FDPSXVDUHD Dataset Source Dataset Source 5RDGQHWZRUN .1867*HRPDWLFV 5LYHUV %XLOWXSDUHDV 3XEOLFWRLOHWV %DQWDPDZDVWHFROOHFWLRQ SRLQWV .1867*HRPDWLFV .1867*HRPDWLFV .0$:0' gEHUJ .1867*HRPDWLFV .1867*HRPDWLFV .1867*HRPDWLFV FROOHFWHGE\DXWKRU .XPDVLDGPLQLVWUDWLYH ERXQGDU\ .1867*HRPDWLFV 5RDGQHWZRUN 5LYHUV %XLOGLQJV :DVWHFROOHFWLRQSRLQWVRQ 5LQJ5RDGVRXWKDQG 2NRGHH5RDG .1867FDPSXVERXQGDU\ :DWHUTXDOLW\RIWKH $ERDERVWUHDP %RDN\H .1867*HRPDWLFV 6 Discussion 'XULQJ WKH FRXUVH RI WKH VWXG\ D EDVLF SURWRW\SH RI DQ (,6 IRU .XPDVL KDV EHHQ LPSOHPHQWHG EDVHG RQ UHTXLUHPHQWVZKLFKZHUHFDSWXUHGE\DSSOLFDWLRQRIDVRIWV\VWHPVSHUVSHFWLYH7KHILUVWWKLQJWRQRWHLVWKDWWKH FRQGXFWHGDQDO\VLVLVE\QRPHDQVDµIXOO¶VRIWV\VWHPVDQDO\VLVEXWPRUHRIDQDQDO\VLVWKDWWDNHVDVRIWV\VWHPV SHUVSHFWLYH 7KLV LV EHFDXVH WKH DPRXQW RI WLPH DYDLODEOH² PRQWKV²WR FRQGXFW LQWHUYLHZV ZLWK WKH VWDNHKROGHUVDQGWRGHVLJQWKHV\VWHPZDVQRWVXIILFLHQWIRUWKHLQWHQVLYHDQGLQWHUDFWLYHHQTXLU\SURFHVVWKDWLV 660$PRUHGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLVZRXOGFHUWDLQO\KDYHOHGWRDPRUHDFFXUDWHOLVWRIV\VWHPUHTXLUHPHQWV2QHPD\ KRZHYHUDUJXHWKDWFRQVLGHULQJWKHVXFFHVVRIDJLOHVRIWZDUHGHYHORSPHQWPHWKRGVLQWKHLQGXVWU\WKHDQDO\VLV ZKLFK ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ SURGXFHG UHVXOWV ZKLFK DUH VXIILFLHQW IRU EHJLQQLQJ WKH DJLOH GHYHORSPHQW SURFHVVDVDJLOHPHWKRGVRQO\UHTXLUHDURXJKµYLVLRQ¶RIDVRIWZDUHV\VWHPLQRUGHUWREHJLQLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ &RKHQHWDO1HYHUWKHOHVVEHLQJWKDW²DVRIQRZ²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view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²OLNH.1867²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onclusions 7KHFDVHVWXG\KDVVKRZQWKDWWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDQHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPIRU.XPDVLEDVHG VROHO\RQIUHHVRIWZDUHLVYLDEOHLQWKHFXUUHQWWHFKQLFDODQGRUJDQLVDWLRQDOHQYLURQPHQW²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²SDUWLFXODUO\ *HR6HUYHU 2SHQ/D\HUV 3RVW*,6 DQG M4XHU\ 8,²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¶V VWDNHKROGHUV HVSHFLDOO\RI WKHGDWDSURGXFHUV ,Q DGGLWLRQ LI WKH (,6LVWREHGHSOR\HGIRUDFWXDOXVHWKHDOORFDWLRQRIDVPDOOILQDQFLDOEXGJHWIRUWKHV\VWHP¶VGHYHORSPHQWDQG PDLQWHQDQFHLQRUGHUWRJXDUDQWHHDKLJKOHYHORIUHOLDELOLW\VHHPVLQHYLWDEOH 7KH TXHVWLRQ UHPDLQV ZKHWKHU RQFH DQ HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHP LV VHW XS LW ZLOO EH DFFHSWHG DQG XWLOLVHGE\WKHWDUJHWHGGDWDFRQVXPHUV,ILWZLOOLWPD\FRQWULEXWHWRLQFUHDVHGWUDQVSDUHQF\DQGWKHUHIRUHWRWKH LPSURYHPHQWRIHQYLURQPHQWDOSROLFLHVLQ.XPDVL Acknowledgements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¶V SURJUDPPHIRUFRXQWOHVVGLVFXVVLRQVZKLFKKDYHEHHQDQLQVSLUDWLRQ References $\HU-5HVHDUFKHU*HRPDWLFV.18673HUVRQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ %RDN\H5Water quality in the Aboabo stream.ZDPH1NUXPDK8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\ GH%\5$HGPrinciples of Geographic Information SystemsQGHG(QVFKHGH,7& &KHFNODQG36FKROHV-Soft systems methodology in action&KLFKHVWHU:LOH\ &RKHQ'/LQGYDOO0&RVWD3$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRDJLOHPHWKRGVAdvances in ComputersSS± &XOVKDZ0*HWDO7KHUROHRIZHEEDVHGHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQLQXUEDQSODQQLQJ²WKH HQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPIRUSODQQHUVThe Science of the total environmentSS± 'RXJODV,HWDO8QMXVWZDWHUVFOLPDWHFKDQJHIORRGLQJDQGWKHXUEDQSRRULQ$IULFDEnvironment and UrbanizationSS±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±6RIWZDUH/LIH&\FOH3URFHVVHV±0DLQWHQDQFH ,::$+RPH$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZLZZDHX>$FFHVVHG0DUFK@ .0$(FRQRP\$YDLODEOHDWKWWSNPDJKDQDGLVWULFWVJRYJK"DUURZ DWGB VD >$FFHVVHG 0DUFK@ .DULNDUL,%*KDQD¶V/DQG$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ3URMHFW/$3DQG/DQG,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPV/,6 ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ7KH,VVXHVInternational Federation of Surveyors)HEUXDU\$YDLODEOHDW KWWSZZZILJQHWSXEPRQWKO\BDUWLFOHVIHEUXDU\BNDULNDULBIHEUXDU\BSGI>$FFHVVHG0DUFK@ .HUDLWD%,QIOXHQFHRIXUEDQZDVWHZDWHURQVWUHDPZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGDJULFXOWXUHLQDQGDURXQG.XPDVL *KDQDEnvironment and UrbanizationSS± 0HQVDK05HVHDUFKHU&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ.18673HUVRQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ 0LFKOPD\U0+XQW)3UREHUW'4XDOLW\3UDFWLFHVDQG3UREOHPVLQ)UHH6RIWZDUH3URMHFWV,Q0 6FRWWR*6XFFLHGVProceedings of the First International Conference on Open Source Systems*HQRYDSS ± 0LQJHUV-7D\ORU67KH8VHRI6RIW6\VWHPV0HWKRGRORJ\LQ3UDFWLFHThe Journal of the Operational Research SocietySS± 1\DJEHQX)5HJLRQDORIILFHU(3$$VKDQWL3HUVRQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ 2*&:HE0DS6HUYLFH,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ6SHFLILFDWLRQ$YDLODEOHDW KWWSSRUWDORSHQJHRVSDWLDORUJILOHV"DUWLIDFWBLG >$FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU@ 3LFNHWW6HWDO8UEDQHFRORJLFDOV\VWHPVOLQNLQJWHUUHVWULDOHFRORJLFDOSK\VLFDODQGVRFLRHFRQRPLF FRPSRQHQWVRIPHWURSROLWDQDUHDVAnnual Review of Ecology and SystematicsSS± 5DPDVXEUDPDQLDQ/*,6,PSOHPHQWDWLRQLQ'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV/HDUQLQJIURP2UJDQLVDWLRQDO 7KHRU\DQG5HIOHFWLYH3UDFWLFHTransactions in GISSS± 81+$%,7$7Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities/RQGRQ(DUWKVFDQ 816'DAn Assessment of the Situation of Environment Statistics in the ECOWAS Countries 816'ECountry Paper - Ghana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gEHUJ+A GIS-based Study of Sites for Decentralized Composting and Waste Sorting Stations in Kumasi, Ghana8SSVDOD8QLYHUVLW\ Appendix. Screenshots of the EIS prototype 7KLVDSSHQGL[FRQWDLQVVFUHHQVKRWVRIPRVWVFUHHQVRIWKHLPSOHPHQWHG(,6SURWRW\SH Fig. A1. 7KHSXEOLFXVHULQWHUIDFHLQLWVLQLWLDOVWDWH Fig. A2. 7KHSXEOLFXVHULQWHUIDFHZLWKVRPHOD\HUVDGGHG Fig. A3. 6HOHFWLQJIHDWXUHVLQWKHSXEOLFXVHULQWHUIDFH Fig. A4. 0HDVXULQJDGLVWDQFHLQWKHSXEOLFXVHULQWHUIDFH Fig. A5. /RJJLQJLQWRWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQDUHD Fig. A6.7KHKRPHVFUHHQRIWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQDUHD Fig. A7.$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDUHDWKHOLVWRIGDWDPRGHOV Fig. A8. $GPLQLVWUDWLRQDUHDFUHDWLQJDGDWDPRGHO Fig. A9. $GPLQLVWUDWLRQDUHDWKHOLVWRIGDWDVHWV Fig. A10. $GPLQLVWUDWLRQDUHDFUHDWLQJDGDWDVHW Fig. A11. $GPLQLVWUDWLRQDUHDHGLWLQJDGDWDVHW VJHRJUDSKLFDOGDWD Fig. A12. $GPLQLVWUDWLRQDUHDWKHOLVWRIFRPSRVLWHOD\HUV Fig. A13. $GPLQLVWUDWLRQDUHDFUHDWLQJDFRPSRVLWHOD\HU Fig. A14. $GPLQLVWUDWLRQDUHDXVHUPDQDJHPHQW
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz