Welcome to 3.091
Lecture 5
September 18, 2009
Electron Shell Model & Quantum Numbers
3.091 Periodic Table Quiz
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41
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43
44
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46
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48
49
50
51
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53
54
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72
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89
Name
Grade
/10
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Figure 6.9
Prism
Spectrograph
A.A. Ångström (1853)
spectrum of atomic H, not H 2
Electronic emission transition
Higher-Energy Orbit
e-
Photon
eLower-Energy Orbit
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom
1. Rutherford atom is correct
2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential
5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum:
L = mvr = nh/2π, n = 1, 2, 3,…
6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions:
ΔE = Ef - Ei = hν = hc/λ
c = νλ
Figure 6.11
(a) Balmer Series Transitions
n=4
n=5
(b) Electronic emission transition
n=6
n=3
410 nm
Higher-Energy Orbit
e-
434 nm
486 nm
656 nm
Photon
eLower-Energy Orbit
n=2
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Figure 6.4a
← E, ν, ν̄
λ→
Wavelength , λ (m)
10-12
10-11
Gamma
1020
10-10
(b)
10-9
10-8
X ray
1019
1018
10-7
10-6
10-5
Ultraviolet
1017
10-4
10-3
10-2
Infrared
1016 1015
1014
1013
10-1
Microwave
1012
1011
1010
109
100
101
Radio
108
Frequency , ν (Hz)
(a)
400
450
500
550
600
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Visible Spectrum
650
700
Wavelength , λ (nm)
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Figure 6.12
Lyman Series
Balmer Series
n=1
n=2
Paschen Series
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
Brackett Series
Pfund Series
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom
1. Rutherford atom is correct
2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential
5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum:
L = mvr = nh/2π, n = 1, 2, 3,…
6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions:
ΔE = Ef - Ei = hν = hc/λ
c = νλ
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
Gustav Ludwig Hertz
1/2 of the prize Germany
James Franck
1/2 of the prize Germany
Halle University
Halle, Germany
Goettingen University
Goettingen, Germany
B. 1887
D. 1975
B. 1882
D. 1964
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Figure 6.9
Prism
Spectrograph
A.A. Ångström (1853)
spectrum of atomic H, not H 2
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907
"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations
carried out with their aid"
Albert Abraham Michelson
USA
University of Chicago
Chicago, lL, USA
b. 1852
(in Strelno, then Germany)
d. 1931
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902
"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the
influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
Pieter Zeeman
1/2 of the prize
1/2 of the prize
the Netherlands
the Netherlands
Leiden University
Leiden, the Netherlands
Amsterdam University
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
b. 1853
d. 1928
b. 1865
d. 1943
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919
"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in
electric fields"
Johannes Stark
Germany
Greifswald University
Greifswald, Germany
b. 1874
d. 1957
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922
"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation
emanating from them"
Niels Henrik David Bohr
Denmark
Copenhagen University
Copenhagen, Denmark
b. 1885
d. 1962
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Arnold Sommerfeld on the occasion of his 80th birthday
Schematic representation of the Stern Gerlach experiment (1921).
Substrate
Furnace containing
molten Ag
S
µs
N
Slit
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
no magnetic field
divergent magnetic field
Z odd
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of
the magnetic moment of the proton"
Otto Stern
USA
Carnegie Institute of Technology
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
b. 1888 (in Sorau, then Germany)
d. 1969
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Hindenburg
B 747
HYDROGEN IN
TRANSPORTATION
Titanic
* built in Germany by Zeppelin (LZ129)
* 135 ft in dia. × 804 ft long
* 7 million cu ft gas
* 112 tons useful lift
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* Helium Control Act  inflated with H2
Hindenburg
* 10 transatlantic flights in 1936:
1002 passengers
* cruising speed 78 mph
* May 6, 1937 arrival of first flight to US
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* while docking at Lakehurst, NJ
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* 35 dead of 97 on board
* electrical discharge in vicinity of H2 leak
* skin of resin (finished with lacquer dope)
+ aluminum powder
+ iron oxide on inside
 sheets of SOLID ROCKET MOTOR grains
* end of rigid airships in
commercial air transportation
* US Navy airship filled with helium (1956)
* two-ply cotton envelope
could not withstand gasoline fire
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Vicki!
I - I Thought I Heard
Your Voice!
Roy Lichtenstein (1964)
enamel on steel
Photo courtesy of action datsun on Flickr.
Magnifying Glass
Roy Lichtenstein (1963)
oil on canvas
Photo courtesy of Kyle McDonald on Flickr.
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3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry
Fall 2009
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