!
The Rise and Fall of the Yugoslav-Soviet Alliance,
1945-1948 Vojin Majstoroviü, University of Toronto
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Š‹• ‡••ƒ› †‹•…—••‡• –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ˆ”‘
–Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡…‘† ‘”Ž† ƒ” —–‹Ž ‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͻͶͺǡ ™Š‡ –ƒŽ‹
‡š’‡ŽŽ‡† ‹–‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …‘—‹•– ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ Š‡
’”‹ƒ”› ˆ‘…—• ‹• ‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘•…‘™ ƒ† ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•
’‘Ž‹…‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†•Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ™Š‹…Š—–‹Ž–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆͳͻͶ͹”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†
–Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’Ǥ ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ –ƒŽ‹
…Š‘•‡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ –‘ „‡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ˆ”‘–Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ™Š‡ Š‡
–—”‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‹–‘Ǥ Š‡ †‡‹•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡– ƒŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ǡ
Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™ƒ• ‘– …ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ …‘’‡–‹–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‹–‘ ƒ†
–ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‹Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡’Žƒ…‡†‘•…‘™
‹–Š‡…‡–”‡‘ˆ‹–•ˆ‘”‡‹‰’‘Ž‹…›„›•‡‡‹‰–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ǯ•ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ
ƒ† •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ‹–• ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹•ǡ ”‡Ž‹ǯ• ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ™‡”‡
†‹…–ƒ–‡† „› …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• ˆƒ” ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ „‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ –‹‡•
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ’‘Ž‹…› ƒ‡”• „‡…ƒ‡
…‘˜‹…‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡”‹…ƒ …‘‹–‡– –‘ ‡•–‡” —”‘’‡
™ƒ•’‡”ƒ‡–‹–Š‡™ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒǡ”‡Ž‹†‡…‹†‡†
–‘–ƒŽ‹‹œ‡–Š‡ƒ•…‡–…‘—‹•–„Ž‘…Ǥ˜‹‡™‘ˆ‹–•’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›
ƒ–Š‘‡ƒ†ƒ••‡”–‹˜‡‡••ƒ„”‘ƒ†ǡ–Š‡‹–‘‹•–”‡‰‹‡™ƒ•„‘—†
–‘„‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›˜‹…–‹‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒŽ‹‹œƒ–‹‘†”‹˜‡Ǥ
Past Imperfect
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!
!"#$%&'(#)%"
Š‹• ‡••ƒ› ‡š’Ž‘”‡• –Š‡ …ƒ—•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‘Ǧ–ƒŽ‹ •’Ž‹– ‘ˆ
ͳͻͶͺ ƒ† ‹– ƒ‡• –Š”‡‡ …‡–”ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ ‘•…‘™
‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† ƒ •‘Ž˜ƒ„Ž‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ™‹–Š ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ‘˜‡” ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‹
Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ‹–‘ ƒ †‹•’—–‡ ‘˜‡” ƒ”š‹•– †‘‰ƒ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– †‹† ‘–
™ƒ––‘„‡”‡…‘…‹Ž‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‹•–ƒ”–›
‘ˆ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒȋȌǤ‹–‘Šƒ†ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡–’‘™‡”„ƒ•‡ǡ™Š‹…Š
ƒ†‡ Š‹ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ› ‹…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ ™‹–Š ”‡Ž‹Ǧ‘”†‡”‡†
–ƒŽ‹‹œƒ–‹‘†”‹˜‡‘ˆ…‘—‹•–‰‘˜‡”‡–•‘ˆƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡Ǥ
Š‡ ƒ‹ ™ƒ• –‘ ”‡’Žƒ…‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ƒ—–‘‘‘—• …‘—‹•–• ™‹–Š
…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›†‘…‹Ž‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǤŠ‡–ƒŽ‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡™ƒ•
ƒ‘˜‹‡–”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‡”‹…ƒ–Š”‡ƒ––‘‘•…‘™ǯ•
Š‡‰‡‘› ‹ ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ ŽƒǤ ‡…‘†ǡ
—–‹Ž ‘•…‘™ ‘’–‡† –‘ –ƒŽ‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ …‘—‹•– …ƒ’ǡ
–Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• –Š”‹˜‡† ƒ† ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ †‹† ‘–
™‡Ž…‘‡‘”ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ƒ‹””‡˜‘…ƒ„Ž‡„”‡ƒ™‹–Š‘•…‘™Ǥ
Š‡ ‡••ƒ› ‹• ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‹–‘ ˆ‘—” ’ƒ”–•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •‡…–‹‘
†‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’Ž‹–Ǥ – •‹–—ƒ–‡• ›
ƒ”‰—‡–• ‹ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ •…Š‘‘Ž• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •‡…‘†
’ƒ”–…‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œ‡•‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•†”‹˜‡–‘…‘–”‘ŽŽ„ƒ‹ƒ™‹–Š‹–Š‡
ƒ„‹–‹‘—• —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹…›ǡ ƒ† ‹– ‘—–Ž‹‡• –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ
‘˜‹‡– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• Ž„ƒ‹ƒ —–‹Ž –Š‡ •—‡” ‘ˆ ͳͻͶ͹Ǥ
—”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ǡ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•†”‹˜‡–‘•—„Œ—‰ƒ–‡Ž„ƒ‹ƒ‡Œ‘›‡†
‘•…‘™ǯ• •—’’‘”– ƒ† –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜• …ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› …‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡‹”
’‘Ž‹…‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡••ƒ›†‹•…—••‡•–Š‡
ƒ’‡š ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡– ƒŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’Šƒ•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡‡”‰‹‰‘Ž†ƒ”‹–Š‡•—‡”ƒ†ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆͳͻͶ͹ǤŠ‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ
Žƒ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‡† –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–•ǡ ™Š‘ ”‡•’‘†‡† „› –‹‰Š–‡‹‰ –Š‡‹”
‰”‹’‘˜‡”ƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡™‹–Š–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘‹ˆ‘”Ǥ–Š‹•
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‘……—””ƒ…‡ǡ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡’”‘˜‡†–‘„‡‘•…‘™ǯ•‘•–†‡’‡†ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†
Ž‘›ƒŽ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š •‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡••ƒ› …‘˜‡”• –Š‡ ”ƒ’‹†
†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡– –‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‡…‘† ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ
ͳͻͶ͹ǤŠ‡ˆ‘…—•‹•ƒ‰ƒ‹‘Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡƒ†–Š‡’ƒ’‡”‘—–Ž‹‡•Š‘™
‘•…‘™ •—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› †‹•’‡ŽŽ‡† ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‹ –Šƒ–
…‘—–”›Ǥ Š‡ ”‡Ž‹ ƒ„ƒ†‘‡† ‹–• ’”‡˜‹‘—• ’‘Ž‹…› ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰
—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ƒ ˆ”‡‡ Šƒ† ‹ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ ‘Ž†
ƒ”ƒ†‹–•’Žƒ•–‘–ƒŽ‹‹œ‡ƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡Ǥ
!"#$%&"%'&()*+,-*./0'%#1(23&%)('(45(6-&(5"$"%4(1"#$#
(457.2"#"%4"#$#
—‰‘•Žƒ˜ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒ …Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹ ƒŽ™ƒ›•
•‘—‰Š– –‘ •—„†—‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ†
’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…– ™ƒ• ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ‹•– —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ
™ƒ• „‘—† –‘ ”‡Œ‡…– •—…Š ƒ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’Ǥ Š‡ ™‡”‡•–ƒ—…Š…‘—‹•–•ǡ„—–ˆ”‘ͳͻͶͳǡ–Š‡›‰”‡™‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›
†‹•‹ŽŽ—•‹‘‡† ™‹–Š ‘•…‘™Ǥ ƒ”•ŠƒŽ ‹–‘ Šƒ† Šƒ† ‡‘—‰Š ‘ˆ
‘˜‹‡– ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹• „› ͳͻͶͺǡ ƒ† Š‡ †‡…‹†‡† –‘ ”‡•‹•– –ƒŽ‹ǯ•
‡…”‘ƒ…Š‡–• ‘ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ •‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›Ǥ Š‡ „ƒ•‹… ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ ™ƒ• –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ ‹–‘ǯ• –ƒŽ‹‹•– ’ƒ•–
ƒ†–‘…‘…‡ƒŽ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ•‹’‡”‹ƒŽƒ„‹–‹‘•‹–Š‡ƒŽƒ•ƒ•
ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’Ž‹–Ǥ ‹–Š ƒ”…Š‹˜‡• …Ž‘•‡† ‘ˆˆǡ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– •…Š‘Žƒ”• ‡…Š‘‡† ‹–‘‹•– ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒ ‹•‘ˆƒ” ƒ• –Š‡›
™‡”‡ˆ‘”…‡†–‘”‡Ž›‘—‰‘•Žƒ˜•‘—”…‡•ǤŽ‘•–‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡•‡
‹…Ž—†‡† †‘…—‡–• ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† „› –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ
‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‡™•’ƒ’‡” ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡ ƒ†
‡‘‹”•‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰—‰‘•Žƒ˜…‘—‹•–•Ǥ
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ŽŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •’Ž‹– ™ƒ• ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ•
‹–‘ǯ• ”‡‰‹‡ ™ƒ• –‘‘ ‹†‡’‡†‡– –‘ „‡ ”— „› ‘•…‘™ ƒ• ƒ
‡”‡ •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡Ǥ • ‡˜‹†‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡› •‡‹œ‡† —’‘ ”‡ƒŽ ‘”
‹ƒ‰‹‡† †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–• ˆ”‘ ͳͻͶͳ ƒ• ’”‘‘ˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘‘‹‰
”—’–—”‡Ǥ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ …ƒ—•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’Ž‹–ǡ ™Š‹…Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•
…‹–‡†ǡ ™‡”‡ ‡–‹”‡Ž› ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡† „› ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡Ǥ ‡Ž›‹‰ ‘
‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š ‹–‘ǡ ƒ‹Ž–‘ ”•–”‘‰ …Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– ™Š‡
–ƒŽ‹ ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘ •—’’Ž› –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ƒ”› ™‹–Š ‘†‡” ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›
Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡‹ͳͻͶ͸ǡ‹–‘•ƒ™–Š‹•ƒ•ƒ‘˜‹‡–ƒ––‡’––‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”
Š‹•ƒ”›ˆ”‘ƒ‰—‡””‹ŽŽƒˆ‘”…‡‹–‘ƒƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‡†”›Ǥͳ
—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ …ƒ‡ …Ž‘•‡ –‘ ™ƒ” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ‘˜‡” ƒ
—‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ–ƒŽ‹ƒ „‘”†‡” †‹•’—–‡ ‹ ͳͻͶͷǡ ƒ† ‹– ‹• ‹…‘…‡‹˜ƒ„Ž‡
–Šƒ–‹–‘™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡™‡Ž…‘‡†‘†‡”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‡“—‹’‡–Ǥ
”‡•– ƒŽ’‡”‹ …‘–‡†‡† –Šƒ– ‹–‘ ™ƒ• ƒ ‡ˆ–
‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‹•– ‹ ƒ •‡…”‡– ƒŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ ™‹–Š †”‡‹‹ Š†ƒ‘˜ǡ ƒ ‘˜‹‡–
’‘Ž‹–„—”‘‡„‡”ƒ†ƒ‡ˆ–‘—‹•–ǤʹƒŽ’‡”‹ǯ••…Š‡‡ǡ
–ƒŽ‹ ™ƒ• ƒ „—”‡ƒ—…”ƒ– ™Š‘ ”‡Ž‹‡† ‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ –‘ †‡ˆ‡† –Š‡
‹–‡”‡•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š’—Ž•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜
‘—‹•–• ˆ”‘ ‘‹ˆ‘” ™ƒ• ƒ †‘—„Ž‡ ˜‹…–‘”› ˆ‘” –ƒŽ‹
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‹•‡š–‡”ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒŽ‘’’‘‡–•Ǥ͵Š›ŽŽ‹•—–›ƒ”‰—‡†
–Šƒ– ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ™ƒ• ‰‡—‹‡Ž› ƒˆ”ƒ‹† –Šƒ– ‘•…‘™ ‹‰Š– –”› –‘
ƒ‡š —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǤ Š‡ Šƒ† –Š”‡‡ •‘—”…‡• ˆ‘” –Š‹• …Žƒ‹ǣ ‹–‘ǡ
†˜ƒ”† ƒ”†‡ŽŒǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‘ǯ• ‘•– –”—•–‡† †‡’—–‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ‘æƒ
‹Œƒ†‡ǡ ‹–‘ǯ• ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ –—–‘”ǤͶ Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘ ”‡ƒŽ ‡˜‹†‡…‡ ˆ‘”
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ͳƒ‹Ž–‘”•–”‘‰ǡ!"#$%&'($)"%#*ȋ‡™‘”ǣŠ‡ƒ…‹ŽŽƒ‘’ƒ›ǡ
ͳͻͷͳȌǡͷ͵Ǥ!
ʹ”•–ƒŽ’‡”‹ǡ!*+!,"-./*%&#0+,+#"12!"#$345#,-66)+76%"&4#5#%)"&
ȋ‘”–•‘—–Šǣ‡‹‡ƒǡͳͻͷͺȌǡͷʹǤ!
͵89"'ǡ͸ͲǤ!
Ͷ—–›ǡʹͻ͵Ǥ!
Past Imperfect
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–Š‡•‡ …Žƒ‹•Ǥ —–› ™ƒ• †—’‡† „› ™‡ŽŽǦ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† —‰‘•Žƒ˜
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒǤ
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ”‡ƒŽ
•‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ –‡•‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š
–Š‡› ‘ˆ–‡ ‡šƒ‰‰‡”ƒ–‡† –Š‡‹” •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ
–Š‡ •’Ž‹–Ǥ ”•–”‘‰ …Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹•’—–‡ ‘˜‡” ”‹‡•–‡
„‡–™‡‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ƒ† –ƒŽ› Ž‡† –‘ ˆ‹”•– –Š”‡ƒ– ‘ˆ –ƒŽ‹ǯ•
‡š…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‘ǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” …‘’Žƒ‹‡† ƒ„‘—–
–ƒŽ‹ǯ•Žƒ…‘ˆ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜•Ǥͷ–‹•–”—‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘˜‹‡–•
™‡”‡ †‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡† ™‹–Š —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ƒ••‡”–‹˜‡‡•• ™Š‡ ‹– …ƒ‡ –‘
”‹‡•–‡ǡ „—– –Š‡› ‡˜‡” –Š”‡ƒ–‡‡† –‘ ”‡‘—…‡ ‹–‘ ‘˜‡” –Š‡
„‘”†‡”†‹•’—–‡Ǥ͸
†ƒ Žƒ ƒ•–—–‡Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–
ƒ”†‡––ƒŽ‹‹•–•‹ƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡ǡ’‘•‹–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™‡”‡–Š”‡‡
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ …ƒ—•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…–Ǥ Š‡ ‹•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ‘˜‹‡– ƒ‹† –‘
ƒ”–‹•ƒ• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ”ǡ ‘˜‹‡– ƒ––‡’–• –‘ •—„˜‡”– –Š‡ ‹–‘‹•–
”‡‰‹‡ „› ’Žƒ–‹‰ •’‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ”› ƒ† –Š‡ ǡ ƒ†
‘˜‹‡–ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘‡†‘”•‡ƒƒŽƒ…‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ͹Š‹Ž‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Šƒ– ‘˜‹‡–• †‹† ‘– ’”‘˜‹†‡
ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡–‘–Š‡ƒ”–‹•ƒ•ǡ–Š‹•†‹†‘–’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡
…‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹ ͳͻͶͺǤ ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ ‹– ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–• –”‹‡†
’Žƒ–‹‰•’‹‡•‹—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǡ™Š‹…Š—†‘—„–‡†Ž›‹””‹–ƒ–‡†–Š‡
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ „—– ‘ •…Š‘Žƒ” ™‘”‹‰ ‹ ‡‹–Š‡” —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‘” ‘˜‹‡–
ƒ”…Š‹˜‡•Šƒ•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‹„‡–™‡‡–Š‹•ƒ†–Š‡•’Ž‹–Ǥ‡–ǡ
Žƒ™ƒ•”‹‰Š––‘ƒ••‡”––Šƒ––Š‡‹…‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ƒ†
‘•…‘™ǯ• ƒŽƒ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ •’Ž‹–Ǥ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ͷ”•–”‘‰ǡ͸ͷǤ!
͸ƒ–‹ƒƒ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒ‡†Ǥǡ!"#$"%&'()(*+,"-(+."/012'$(/&,"##))#/)/&(,/&)+"+
ȋ‘˜‘•‹„‹”•ǣ‹„”‹•‹‹Š”‘‘‰”ƒˆǡͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡ‘…—‡–ʹͶͲǡ͹ͲͶǦ͹ͳͲǤ!
͹†ƒŽƒǡ3)$")#1('.$&24"1)'5",1ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ‡™ƒ˜‡ǣƒ”˜ƒ”†
‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͷʹȌǡ͹ͳǤ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 136!
!
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ —–› …‘””‡…–Ž› ’‘‹–‡† ‘—– –Šƒ– Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ™ƒ• ”— ƒ• ƒ
—‰‘•Žƒ˜ †‡’‡†‡…› —–‹Ž ͳͻͶͺǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š •Š‡ †‹† ‘– ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡
‘Ž„ƒ‹ƒǯ•”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–Ǥͺ•–‡ƒ†ǡ•Š‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†–Š‡‘˜‹‡–
‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ’Žƒ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ—Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒ
ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’Ž‹–Ǥͻ
 …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ „› ˆ‹”Ž› ‰”‘—†‹‰ –Š‡‹” •…Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’ ‹
ƒ”…Š‹˜ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ”‡˜‹•‹‘‹•–• …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ‘ –Š‡‹”
…‡–”ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡– ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…–ǯ• ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‡› ”‡Œ‡…–‡†
–Šƒ––Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡––‹‡•™‡”‡‡…—„‡”‡†™‹–Šƒ……——Žƒ–‹‰
…”‹•‡•ˆ”‘ ͳͻͶͳǤ •–‡ƒ†ǡ”‡˜‹•‹‘‹•–•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’‡”‹‘†‹…
†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•ƒ”‹•‹‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘•‹†‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•
…Žƒ‹‡† ™‡”‡ ’”‘‘ˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’Ž‹–ǡ ™‡”‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›•
•‘Ž˜‡†ƒ‹…ƒ„Ž›ƒ††‹†‘–—†‡”‹‡–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’Ǥ
”ƒ‘ ‡–”ƒ‘˜‹© ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‹ …ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
…‘ˆŽ‹…– ™ƒ• —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ’Žƒ• ˆ‘” ƒ ƒŽƒ ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† Š‡
†‹•‹••‡† Dzƒ• ˆƒ–ƒ•›dz –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ƒ”‰—‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡
‰‡‡•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…– …‘—Ž† „‡ –”ƒ…‡† –‘ ‘”Ž† ƒ” ǤͳͲ ‡‘‹†
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹ǡ –Š‡ ‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ”‡˜‹•‹‘‹•– ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡
Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ …‘…‡†‡† –Šƒ– ”‹‡•–‡ …”‹•‹• …ƒ—•‡† –‡•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡
‹–‘ ƒ† –ƒŽ‹Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ Š‹• ˜‹‡™ǡ –Š‹• ‹••—‡ ™ƒ• •‘‘–Š‡†
‘˜‡” “—‹…Ž›Ǥͳͳ ƒ–‹ƒƒ ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒ …Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡‡–‹‰ ‹
‘•…‘™‹‡„”—ƒ”›ͳͻͶͺǡ™Š‡–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•ˆ‘”…‡†—‰‘•Žƒ˜•–‘
•‹‰ƒƒ‰”‡‡‡–•–‹’—Žƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡›™‘—Ž†…‘•—Ž–‘•…‘™‹
ˆ‘”‡‹‰’‘Ž‹…›ǡ™ƒ•‘––Š‡–—”‹‰’‘‹–‹–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ǤŠ‹•
…ƒ‡ ‘Ž› –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘–Šǡ ™Š‡ ‹ ƒ •’‡‡…Š –‘ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ͺ—–›ǡʹͻʹǤ!
ͻ!"#$ǡʹͻ͵Ǥ!
ͳͲ”ƒ‘‡–”ƒ‘˜‹©ǡ‡Ž‹ƒæ‹œƒǣ«‡–”†‡•‡–‘•ƒ%&'$(')#*+,-!./01112/34Ǧ0
ͳͳ‡‘‹†
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹ǡDzŠ‡‘˜‹‡–Ǧ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‘ˆŽ‹…–ƒ†–Š‡‘˜‹‡–Ž‘…ǡdz‹567
8'9#7:;<#'<+<$=>)'?7#<:67-'@$A+)/01BCǦ01DC/‡†•Ǥ”ƒ…‡•…ƒ
‘”‹ƒ†
‹Ž‹‘‘•ǡ‡†•Ǥǡȋ‘†‘ǣƒ…‹ŽŽƒǡͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡʹʹͷ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
!
| 137!
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‘‹––‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ ‹–‘ ‘’‡Ž› †‡ˆ‹‡† –ƒŽ‹Ǥͳʹ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ
‡”‘‹ ‡”‘˜‹© ƒ‰”‡‡† –Šƒ– ‹–‘ǯ• ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• –‘™ƒ”†• —Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒ ‹
—‰—•– ͳͻͶ͹ —’•‡– –ƒŽ‹ „‡…ƒ—•‡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘– …‘•—Ž–‡†
„‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ† ƒ„‘—–‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ„—–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•†‹†
‘–•‡”‹‘—•Ž›‹’ƒ‹”Dz–Š‡‡š–”‡‡Ž›…Ž‘•‡„‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•dzǤͳ͵
‡˜‹•‹‘‹•–•ǯ ƒ”‰—‡–• ™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž› •‹‹Žƒ”Ǥ Š‡›
•ƒ™–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡––‹‡•ˆ”‘ͳͻͶͶ–‘ͳͻͶͺƒ•˜‡”›…Ž‘•‡ǡƒ†
–Š‡› –‡†‡† –‘ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ƒ†
‘•…‘™Ǥ
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹…‘‹‡†–Š‡–‡”Ǯ…‘—‹–›‘ˆ„ƒ•‹…ƒ‹•ǯ–‘
†‡•…”‹„‡ ‘•…‘™ǯ• ƒ† ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ƒŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ǤͳͶ ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒ ƒ”‰—‡†
–Šƒ––Š‡–‹‡•™‡”‡•‘•–”‘‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ–Šƒ–™Š‡
–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‡”—’–‡†ǡ‹–…ƒ—‰Š–„‘–Š–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•ƒ†–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜•
„›•—”’”‹•‡Ǥͳͷ‡”‘˜‹©„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ‘†‡Ž
ˆ‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡”ƒ•–—”‘’‡ƒ•–ƒ–‡•‹ –Š‡‹”‹–‡”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
—–‹Ž Žƒ–‡ ͳͻͶ͹Ǥͳ͸ †‘—„–‡†Ž›ǡ ǤǤ —Šƒ”‹ ™‡– ˆ—”–Š‡•– ‹
ƒ†˜ƒ…‹‰ –Š‹• ƒ”‰—‡–ǡ „› ƒ‹‰ Š‹• ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ Dz‘ˆŽ‹–ǡ
‘–‘”‘‰‘ ‡ †‘ŽœŠ‘ „›Ž‘ „›–dz ȋ‘ˆŽ‹…– ™Š‹…Š †‹† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ –‘
Šƒ’’‡ȌǤͳ͹
Š‹• ‡••ƒ› ™‹ŽŽ ƒ”‰—‡ ˆ‘” ƒ •›–Š‡•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘
ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•Ǥ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•™‡”‡…‘””‡…––‘ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‹…‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–› „‡–™‡‡ ‹–‘ ƒ† –ƒŽ‹Ǥ Šƒ– –Š‡
•‡‹œ‡† ’‘™‡” ‘ ‹–• ‘™ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‡ ‡Œ‘›‡†
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ͳʹƒ–‹ƒƒ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒǡDz‘˜‘†‘ͷͲǦ‰‘†‹æŒ‹…‡’‘«‡–ƒ•‘˜Œ‡–•‘Ǧ
Œ—‰‘•Ž‘˜‡•‘‰‘ˆŽ‹–ƒͳͻͶͺǤ‰‘†‹‡ǡdz‹!"#$%&'()*+,-./,.0)1.23)415
6787*79()8.2,:,2*./7ǡ‡†Ǥƒ‘‡–‘˜‹©ȋ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǣ‡†Œ—ƒ”‘†ƒ‘Ž‹–‹ƒǡ
ͳͻͻͺȌǡͳ͸͵Ǥ!
ͳ͵‡”‘‹‡”‘˜‹©ǡDzŠ‡‹–‘Ǧ–ƒŽ‹’Ž‹–ǣ‡ƒ••‡••‡–‹‹‰Š–‘ˆ‡™
˜‹†‡…‡ǡ;&)'42,+)3<)+8=,4>9'8.7*‘Ž—‡ͻǡ‘Ǥʹǡȋ’”‹‰ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǣ͵͸Ǥ!
ͳͶ
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹ǡDzŠ‡‘˜‹‡–Ǧ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‘ˆŽ‹…–ƒ†–Š‡‘˜‹‡–Ž‘…ǡdzǡʹʹ͵Ǥ!
ͳͷ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒǡDz‘˜‘†‘ͷͲǦ‰‘†‹•Œ‹…‡ǡdzͳͷʹǤ!
ͳ͸‡”‘˜‹©ǡͶͲǤ!
ͳ͹ǤǤ—Šƒ”‹ǡDz‘ˆŽ‹–ǡ‘–‘”‘‰‘‡†‘ŽœŠ‘„›Ž‘„›–ǡdz?7*92.:@.2*974*9-,
.2)*94,2.A87+ǡ͸ȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
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!
™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†•—’’‘”–‹–Š‡…‘—–”›ƒ†‡–ƒŽ‹Ž‹‡Ž›–—”‘‹–‘
‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š—•ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǯ …‡–”ƒŽ ’”‡‹•‡ –Šƒ– ‘•…‘™
…‘—Ž†‘–…‘–”‘Ž‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ƒ•ƒ•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡™ƒ•…‘””‡…–ǤŠ‡Šƒ†
‹–• ‘™ ƒ„‹–‹‘•ǡ ‘•– ‘–ƒ„Ž› ‹ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹– ’—”•—‡†
†‘‰‰‡†Ž›Ǥ ‡–ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ˆƒ‹Ž‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡ ‹–‘ǯ• Ž‘›ƒŽ–› –‘
–ƒŽ‹ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ –Š‡ †‡‰”‡‡ –‘ ™Š‹…Š —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ™ƒ• †‡’‡†‡– ‘
–Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ –‘ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ ‹–• ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹…› ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡
ƒ”…Š‹˜‡• …Ž‘•‡†ǡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› –ƒ‡ ‹ „› –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒ–Šƒ–‹–‘™ƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•™ƒ”›‘ˆ‘˜‹‡–•ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡
™ƒ–‡† –‘ „—‹Ž† •‘…‹ƒŽ‹• ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž› ‘ˆ ‘•…‘™Ǥ • Ž‘‰ ƒ•
”‡Ž‹ †‹† ‘– ‘’– –‘ –ƒŽ‹‹œ‡ ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–Ǧ
—‰‘•Žƒ˜ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ ˆŽ‘—”‹•Š‡†Ǥ Š‹• ‡š’Žƒ‹• ™Š› ”‡˜‹•‹‘‹•–•
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–‡”—’–‡†ƒ„”—’–Ž›Ǥ
!"#$%&'(Ǧ)$(*+,-+&',*$.%(*%Ǧ/Ǧ(*%0&1'.*'".,*&2".+3456
Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ™ƒ• ƒ””‘‰ƒ–ǡ ƒ••‡”–‹˜‡ǡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›
‹ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–Ǥ Š‡ —‹–‡† ƒ
ˆ”ƒ…–—”‡†…‘—–”›ƒ”‘—†•—’”ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—–ŠŽƒ˜‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ
ƒ† –Š‹• ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ƒ‹ •‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ…›Ǥ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ
–Š‡ ‹–‘‹•– ”‡‰‹‡ ™ƒ• ‰‡—‹‡Ž› Ž‘›ƒŽ –‘ –ƒŽ‹ ƒ† –Š‡
‘–Š‡”Žƒ† ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ‹•ǡ –Š‡ Ǥ ‹–‘ǯ• •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‡–‹–Ž‡‡–
™ƒ• ‰”‡ƒ–ǡ „—– Š‡ •ƒ™ Š‹•‡Žˆ ƒ• –ƒŽ‹ǯ• Œ—‹‘” ’ƒ”–‡”Ǥ ŽŽ ‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ–Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’™‡”‡”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†‹
‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹…›Ǥ ‹–‘ ™ƒ• …ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž –‘ …‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡
—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ• ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ™‹–Š –ƒŽ‹ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡
ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›’—”•—‹‰Š‹•ƒ‰‡†ƒ™‹–ŠŠ‹•‰”‡ƒ–’‘™‡”’ƒ–”‘Ǥ
Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡
’‘•–™ƒ” ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹…› ™ƒ• ‹–‘ǯ• ’—”•—‹– ‘ˆ —‹ˆ‹‡† ƒŽƒ•
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 139!
!
†‘‹ƒ–‡† „› —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǤ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆƒ…–‘”• •Šƒ’‡† ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•
’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ‹ ”‡‡…‡ǡ —Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒ ƒ† Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ ƒ† –ƒŽ‹ǯ• •—’’‘”– ˆ‘”
—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ• ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ˜ƒ”‹‡† ‹ –Š‡•‡ –Š”‡‡ …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ  ”‡‡…‡ǡ
‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ œ‡ƒŽ‘—•Ž› •—’’‘”–‡† –Š‡ ‘—‹•– ƒ”–› ‘ˆ ”‡‡…‡
ȋȌǯ••–”—‰‰Ž‡–‘•‡‹œ‡’‘™‡”–Š”‘—‰Š”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‡ƒ•Ǥͳͺ
—Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒǡ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› •‘—‰Š– –‘ ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ —Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒ
‹–‘–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•‹–••‡˜‡–Š…‘•–‹–—‡–”‡’—„Ž‹…Ǥͳͻ
Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–• ‡˜‡” ˆ—ŽŽ› ‡†‘”•‡† —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹• ‹
”‡‡…‡ ƒ† —Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡› ‡˜‡” ‡–‹”‡Ž› ”‡Œ‡…–‡† ‹–Ǥ
Š‡› ƒ†˜‹•‡† –‘ ƒ’’Ž› ‘”‡ ’‡ƒ…‡ˆ—Ž –ƒ…–‹…•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡›
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–Š‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡•ǤʹͲŠ‹•‡••ƒ›ˆ‘…—•‡•‘Ž„ƒ‹ƒƒ•‹–™ƒ•…‡–”ƒŽ–‘
‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• †”‹˜‡ –‘ †‘‹ƒ–‡ ‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ ƒ† „‡…ƒ—•‡
Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ‹ –Š‡ƒ–”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡– …‘ˆŽ‹…– ‹
Žƒ–‡ͳͻͶ͹Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹–™ƒ•–Š‡‘Ž›ƒŽƒ•–ƒ–‡™Š‡”‡‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•
‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ™ƒ• †‡…‹•‹˜‡ ƒ† ™Š‡”‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• •‡‡‹‰Ž›
‡Œ‘›‡†–ƒŽ‹ǯ•ˆ‹”•—’’‘”–Ǥ
 ͻ ƒ—ƒ”› ͳͻͶͷǡ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡‡–‹‰ –‘‘ ’Žƒ…‡
„‡–™‡‡ –ƒŽ‹ ƒ† †”‹Œƒ ‡„”ƒ‰ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•–Ǧ”ƒ‹‰
‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ•Ǥʹͳ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‡–‹‰ ™ƒ• ˆ‘” —‰‘•Žƒ˜• –‘
ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ†‡ƒ†•Ǥ—‰ƒ”›ǡ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ͳͺ˜‘ƒƒ…ǡDzŠ‡‹–‘Ǧ–ƒŽ‹’Ž‹–ƒ†–Š‡
”‡‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡdz‹‡†•Ǥ‘ŠǤ
ƒ–”‹†‡•ƒ†‹†ƒ”‹‰Ž‡›ǡ!"##$#%&&'#(")**")%+*,-'#(./.01%"%2+3&*
4#5%$6ȋ‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ”ǣŠ‡‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͻͷȌǡʹͷͻǤ!
ͳͻƒ–‹‘”ƒ‹‰ǡDzƒŽƒ‹‘ǫ‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡‹‘˜‹‡–‡…—”‹–›‘Ž‹…›ǡ
ͳͻͶͶǦͳͻͶͺǡdz”ƒ…‡•…ƒ
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ʹͲ‘”‘˜‹‡–‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘—‰‘•Žƒ˜‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹•‹
”‡‡…‡•‡‡ǡƒƒ…ǡDzŠ‡
‹–‘Ǧ–ƒŽ‹’Ž‹–ƒ†–Š‡
”‡‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡdzʹͷͺǦʹ͹͵ƒ††”‡™‘••‘•ǡDzŠ‡
…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ŽŽ‹‡•ǡdz-'#B):"2%0)CD)+#"2E.*&)"6͸ͻǣͳȋƒ”…Šǣͳͻͻ͹ȌǣͶʹǦ͹͸Ǣ
ˆ‘”‘˜‹‡–‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘—‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ—Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‡‡”ƒ‹‰ǡDzƒŽƒ
‹‘ǫ‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡‹‘˜‹‡–‡…—”‹–›‘Ž‹…›ǡͳͻͶͶǦͳͻͶͺdzǡͳʹ͸ǦͳͶ͵!
ʹͳ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒ‡†ǤǡF)*&)$'2%.%9/");%ǡ‘…—‡–͵͹ǡͳͳͺǦͳ͵͵Ǥ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 140!
!
–Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜• ™ƒ–‡† –Š‡ …‹–› ‘ˆ ‡…•ǡ ̈́ͻͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ™‘”–Š ‘ˆ
”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ƒ •‡ƒ– ‘ –Š‡ ŽŽ‹‡† ‘–”‘Ž ‘‹••‹‘Ǥ ”‘
‘ƒ‹ƒǡ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ•‘—‰Š––Š‡‡–‹”‡ƒƒ–”‡‰‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡…‹–›
‘ˆ‹‹•‘ƒ”ƒǡ–Š‡•‡…‘†Žƒ”‰‡•–‹‘ƒ‹ƒǤ—•–”‹ƒǡ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡
ƒ‹‡† –‘ ƒ‡š –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”‹–Š‹ƒǤ  –ƒŽ›ǡ ‡„”ƒ‰
†‡ƒ†‡† –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ •–”‹ƒǡ ™‹–Š ƒŽŽ –Š”‡‡ ƒŒ‘” …‹–‹‡• Ȃ —Žƒǡ
‹Œ‡ƒ ƒ† ”‹‡•–‡Ǥ  ”‡‡…‡ǡ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜• ™ƒ–‡† ‡‰‡ƒ
ƒ…‡†‘‹ƒ ȋ‘”–Š‡” ”‡‡…‡ȌǤ ‡„”ƒ‰ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‘—…‡† –Šƒ–
—Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡•—„‡”‰‡†‹—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǡ„›Œ‘‹‹‰–Š‡‘—–Š
Žƒ˜ ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ”‡’—„Ž‹…•Ǥ ‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”†• –‘ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ
‡„”ƒ‰ –‘Ž† –ƒŽ‹ –Šƒ– Ž„ƒ‹ƒ• ™‡”‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜•ǯ „‡•– ˆ”‹‡†•ǡ
ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•‘–Š‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ƒ†‹”ƒƒŠƒ†•‹‰‡†Š‡
”‡ƒ–›‘ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’ƒ†—–—ƒŽ••‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ
Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ™ƒ• ƒ‹‰ –‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ †‡ƒ†•
‘ ƒŽŽ •‡˜‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‡‹‰Š„‘”•ǡ ƒ† ‹– Šƒ† ’Žƒ• –‘ ƒ‡š –Š”‡‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡Ǥʹʹ –ƒŽ‹ ™ƒ• ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› ƒ‘›‡†ǡ ƒ”‰—‹‰ –Šƒ– —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ
™‘—Ž† ˆ‹† ‹–•‡Žˆ ‹ ™ƒ” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ‘
‡šƒ‰‰‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡™ƒ”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
‡”ƒ›™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ”ƒ‰‹‰ǡƒ†Šƒ†
–Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–• ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ †‡ƒ†•ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ʹʹ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ†”‘’’‡†‹–•…Žƒ‹•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘ƒ‹ƒƒ†—‰ƒ”›ǡ‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›
„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ‹•–…ƒ’ǤͳͻͶ͸ǡ–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜•™‡”‡
‘”†‡”‡†„›–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•–‘‡˜ƒ…—ƒ–‡—•–”‹ƒƒ†‹–‘…‘’Ž‹‡†Ǥ˜‘ƒƒ…ǡ!"#$
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™ƒ•‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›”‡•‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜ˆƒ˜‘—”Ǥ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†—Žƒƒ†
‹Œ‡ƒǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘Ž›”‹‡•–‡™‡––‘–ƒŽ›Ǥ‹–‘™ƒ•‡š…‡’–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡™Š‡
‹–…ƒ‡–‘•–”‹ƒǡƒ†—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ…ƒ‡–‘–Š‡„”‹‘ˆ™ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡‡”‹…ƒ•
‘˜‡”–Š‡‹••—‡Ǥ‘œ‘‘ƒ•‡˜‹…ŠǡDz—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ—”‹‰–Š‡‡…‘†‘”Ž†ƒ”ǡdz‹
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Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜”›‡’–Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ–”‘‘’•‘‹–•„‘”†‡”™‹–Š–ƒŽ›ǡƒ†‹
–Š‡•—‡”ͳͻͶͷǡ‹–•Š‘–†‘™‡”‹…ƒ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡†‹•’—–‡†
–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ—–›Š›ŽŽ‹•ǡDz—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ•–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡Žƒ–‹‘•ȋͳͻͶͷǦͳͻ͸ͷȌǡdz‹
/,(#.03,2&2745),*'&6"&-+8.(#74.&2*,1%,9"&'"*#:;3.2"0.(#ǡ‡†Ǥƒ›‡
—…‹‹…Šȋ‡”‡Ž‡›ƒ†‘•‰‡Ž‡•ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻ͸ͻȌǡͳͷͷǤ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 141!
!
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–…‘—–”‹‡•™Š‹…Š„‡Ž‘‰‡†‹–Š‡”‹–‹•Š•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ǡ
–Š‡ ”ƒ† ŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •‡”‹‘—•Ž› Œ‡‘’ƒ”†‹œ‡†Ǥ Š‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰†ƒ›ǡ–ƒŽ‹…‘ˆ‹†‡†–‘
‡‘”‰‹‹‹–”‘˜ǡ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
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‘—‹•–•ǡ
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Dz—”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ †‘ ‘– Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒ…–‹‰ǥȏ—‰‘•Žƒ˜
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ȑ ƒ”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘‘ ˆƒ”dzǤʹ͵ –ƒŽ‹ ‰ƒ˜‡ ‡˜ƒ•‹˜‡ ‘…‘‹––ƒŽ
”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ‡„”ƒ‰ǯ• †‡ƒ†• ‡š…‡’– ‹ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤʹͶ ‡
•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’”‘˜‡† ‘ˆ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ‹”ƒƒǡ
ƒ††‹‰ –Šƒ– —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ Šƒ† ƒ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ †‡ˆ‡† Ž„ƒ‹ƒ
ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ”‡ƒ– ”‹–ƒ‹Ǥʹͷ ‹–Š –Š‹•ǡ –ƒŽ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†
—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ•†‘‹ƒ…‡‘ˆŽ„ƒ‹ƒǤ
– ‹• †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž– –‘ ƒ•…‡”–ƒ‹ ’”‡…‹•‡Ž› ™Š› –ƒŽ‹ •Š‘™‡† •‘
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•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ —–—ƒŽŽ›
‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡† ”›ǡ ‡˜‡” ƒ†˜ƒ…‹‰ –Šƒ– ˆƒ” •‘—–Šǡ ™ƒ•
—ƒ„Ž‡–‘…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜™ƒ”–‹‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†‹”‡…–Ž›Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ
–Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–• ™‡”‡ ’‡”Šƒ’• …‘…‡”‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ‡•–‡” ŽŽ‹‡•
™‘—Ž†„‡ƒŽƒ”‡†„›–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡…‡ƒŽ‘‰
”‡‡…‡ǯ•‘”–Š™‡•–‡”
ˆ”‘–‹‡”Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –ƒŽ‹ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ –”—•–‡† ‹–‘ –‘ —’Š‘Ž† Š‹•
‹–‡”‡•–• ‹ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– Ž‡ƒ†‡” •ƒ™ ‘ ”‡ƒ•‘ –‘
—†‡”‹‡‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ʹ͵˜‘ƒƒ…ǡ‡†Ǥǡ!"#$%&'()*+#)',%$%-%.')/01233Ǧ1242ȋ‡™ƒ˜‡ǣƒŽ‡
‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ͵ͷ͵Ǥ!
ʹͶ‡ƒ†˜‹•‡†–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜•–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ƒ…‘‹––‡‡‘ˆƒ…‡†‘‹ƒ•‹
‘”–Š‡”
”‡‡…‡–‘Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”‡‰‡ƒƒ…‡†‘‹ƒǤ‹–Š
”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘•–”‹ƒǡ–Š‡‘˜‹‡–Ž‡ƒ†‡”Œ‘‹‰Ž›‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘†”‘™—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ•
‘’’‘‡–•‹–Š‡†”‹ƒ–‹…‡ƒǡ„—–Š‡†‹†‘–ƒ‡ƒ›ˆ‹”…‘‹–‡–•Ǥ
”‡•’‘•‡–‘‹–‘ǯ•†”‹˜‡ˆ‘”‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰—Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒ‹–‘—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǡ–ƒŽ‹–‘Ž†
‡„”ƒ‰–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘’”‘…‡‡†•Ž‘™Ž›„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡”
‘™‡”•ǯ…‘…‡”•ˆ‘”—”‡›Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡŠ‡…ƒ—–‹‘‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ
—‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†‰‘‹•–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–ƒŽ‹ǡ–Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡ƒ
’ƒ…–‘ˆ—–—ƒŽƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ…‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡—•–”‘Ǧ—‰ƒ”‹ƒ
‘†‡Žǡƒ†‘Ž›–Š‡…‘—Ž†‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ•–‡’•„‡–ƒ‡–‘™ƒ”†•…‘’Ž‡–‡
—‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒ‡†Ǥǡ5)6.)7"8&%&9/'):&0‘…—‡–͵͹ǡͳͳͺǦͳ͵͵!
ʹͷ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒǡ‡†Ǥǡ5)6.)7"8&%&9/'):&0‘…—‡–͵͹ǡͳͳͺǦͳ͵͵Ǥ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 142!
!
Š‡†‡…‹•‹˜‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž„ƒ‹ƒ…ƒ„‡–”ƒ…‡†
–‘–Š‡‡…‘†‘”Ž†ƒ”ǡ™Š‡–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜‘—‹•–•—‹ˆ‹‡†
–Š‡ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘—•‘—‹•–ƒ”–›‘ˆŽ„ƒ‹ƒȋȌǡ–—”‹‰‹–‹–‘ƒ
‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹•ƒˆ‘”…‡ǤŠ”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‘……—’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ…–‹˜‡Ž›
•—’’‘”–‡†ǡ ƒ†˜‹•‡† ƒ† ‹ •‘‡ ‹•–ƒ…‡•ǡ ‰—‹†‡† –Š‡ ǦŽ‡†
”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥˆ–‡”Ž„ƒ‹ƒǯ•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‘•‘—‰Š––‘…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡‘
Š‹•™ƒ”–‹‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡Ǥ••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡•ƒ™Ž„ƒ‹ƒƒ•‹–•‘™
•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ ˆ—–—”‡ ”‡’—„Ž‹… ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹Ž‘˜ƒ Œ‹Žƒ•ǡ ‹–‘ ‹–‡†‡† –‘ ƒ––ƒ…Š ‘•‘˜‘ ƒ†
‡–‘Š‹Œƒ –‘ –Š‡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ —‹–ǡ ‹ ‡š…Šƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” ‹”ƒƒ
”‡Ž‹“—‹•Š‹‰‹–••–ƒ–‡Š‘‘†Ǥʹ͸
 –Š‡ ’‘•–™ƒ” ›‡ƒ”•ǡ —‡”‘—• •–‡’• ‹ –Š‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ
—‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡–ƒ‡ǤŠ‡Ž„ƒ‹ƒ”›™ƒ•ˆ‹ƒ…‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡
—‰‘•Žƒ˜ ”›ǯ• „—†‰‡–Ǥ ”‘ ͳͻͶͷǦͳͻͶͺǡ ‹”ƒƒ ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ˆ”‘
‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡“—‹’‡– ™‘”–Š ͹ͲͶǡ͹ͻͳǡͶͲͲ †‹ƒ”•Ǥʹ͹
‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ†˜‹•‘”• ™‡”‡ ƒ––ƒ…Š‡† –‘ –Š‡
Ž„ƒ‹ƒ”›ǯ•‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ›ͳͻͶͺǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡͸ͲͲ—‰‘•Žƒ˜
ƒ†˜‹•‘”•‹Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡƒ†‹–—”ǡʹǡͲͲͲŽ„ƒ‹ƒ•™‡”‡”‡…‡‹˜‹‰
–”ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ† •–—†›‹‰ ‹ —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǤʹͺ  —Ž› ͳͻͶ͸ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–› ‘ˆ
…‘‘‹… ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• …‘…Ž—†‡†ǡ ƒ† ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ‰”ƒ–‡†
‹”ƒƒ ͷͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ †‹ƒ” ‹–‡”‡•–Ǧˆ”‡‡ …”‡†‹–Ǥʹͻ  ‘˜‡„‡”ǡ ƒ
ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ™ƒ• •‹‰‡†ǡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ƒ …—•–‘• —‹‘ ƒ†
”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ …‘—–”‹‡•ǯ …—””‡…‹‡•Ǥ
……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ‡’—–› ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡”ǡ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
ʹ͸‹Ž‘˜ƒŒ‹Žƒ•ǡ!"#$%&'()*+#ȋ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǣŒ‹œ‡˜‡‘˜‹‡ǡͳͻͻͳȌǡͻͳǦͻʹǤ
ʹ͹ƒ‡•Ǥǯ‘‡ŽŽǡ,-(.&+/(0,/12,")#+&#3+4156+7158(9:#ȋ‡™‘”ǣ
‘Ž—„‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͻͻȌǡʹͲǤ!
ʹͺ‹Ž‘”ƒ†‘ƒ–‹ƒǡ6+7158(4;#&<*/($"(71+$=(Ǧ,")#+$=&>4+($&ȋ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǣ
‘˜‹•‘Ǧ‹œ†ƒ˜ƒ«ƒ—•–ƒ‘˜ƒǡͳͻͻͷȌǡ͹ͶǤ!
!
ʹͻ?)&4ǡ͹͵Ǥ
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 143!
!
ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ ‹ ͳͻͶ͹ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ͷ͸Ǥ͹͵Ψ ‘ˆ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǯ• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
„—†‰‡–Ǥ͵Ͳ
–‹Ž –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡ ‘ˆ ͳͻͶ͹ǡ ƒ• •–‹’—Žƒ–‡† „› –ƒŽ‹ ƒ– –Š‡
‡‡–‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡„”ƒ‰ǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ ”‡•’‡…–‡† —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ•
•—’”‡ƒ…› ‹ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ „› ”‡ˆ—•‹‰ –‘ †‡ƒŽ †‹”‡…–Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡
Ž„ƒ‹ƒ•Ǥ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”‘ˆͳͻͶͷǡ–Š‡Ž„ƒ‹ƒ
‰‘˜‡”‡– ”‡“—‡•–‡† ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ‹† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘Ǥ
‘•…‘™ ‡ƒ…–‡† ƒ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ –‘ •‡† •Š‹’‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ”• ˜‹ƒ –Š‡
—‰‘•Žƒ˜‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ‰‹˜‹‰‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡…‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”†‹•„—”•‡‡–
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ™‡ƒ’‘”› –‘ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ•Ǥ͵ͳ Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–• ™‡”‡ ‡˜‡
•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡–Šƒ––Š‡›…‘•‹†‡”‡†Ž„ƒ‹ƒ–‘
„‡ ‹ —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ• •’Š‡”‡ ‘ˆ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡Ǥ  —‡ ͳͻͶ͸ǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–
ƒ„ƒ••ƒ†‘”‹‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǡƒ–‘Ž‹‹ƒ˜”‡–ǯ‡˜ǡ–‘Ž†˜‡”‘šŠƒǡ–Š‡
‡‡”ƒŽǦ‡…”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ –Šƒ– ‹”ƒƒ •Š‘—Ž† •–”‡‰–Š‡ ‹–•
–‹‡• ™‹–Š —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǡ •‹…‡ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‡ƒ
•–”‘‰‡””‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‘˜‹‡–‹‘Ǥ͵ʹ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ™Š‡‘šŠƒ
ƒ•‡†‘Ž‘–‘˜ˆ‘”ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡‘˜‹‡–‘”‡‹‰‹‹•–‡”–‘Ž†Š‹
–Šƒ–—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ•–‘‘†„‡–™‡‡Ž„ƒ‹ƒƒ†–Š‡Ǥ͵͵
˜‡–ƒŽ‹”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹–‘ǯ•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›™Š‡‘•…‘™Šƒ†
–‘†‡ƒŽ‹”ƒƒǤƒ›ͳͻͶ͸ǡ™Š‡–ƒŽ‹ƒ•‡†‹–‘™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡
‘˜‹‡–• •Š‘—Ž† ”‡…‡‹˜‡ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– Ž„ƒ‹ƒ †‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹–‘
”‡•’‘†‡†ǣ Dz™‡ …ƒ –ƒ‡ …ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡dzǤ –ƒŽ‹
ƒ‰”‡‡†ǡ Dz„‡––‡” ‹ˆ ™‡ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ›‘—dzǤ͵Ͷ • Žƒ–‡ ƒ• ͳ͵
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
͵Ͳǯ‘‡Žǡ!"#$%&'#(!')*ʹͲǤ!
͵ͳ‡‘‹†
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹‡†ǤǡDzŠ‡‘˜‹‡–Ž‘…ƒ†–Š‡‹–‹ƒŽ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”ǣ
”…Š‹˜ƒŽ‘…—‡–•‘–ƒŽ‹ǯ•‡‡–‹‰•™‹–Š‘—‹•–‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ
—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒƒ†—Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒǡdz"#+,-./0&1)/&.1%#&.+2%31#/45/#6)7189++)1%&:;ǡ
ͳʹ͸Ǥ!
͵ʹǤǤ‹‡‡˜ǡ<.=>%1##1?1.+%&.93@)+A0B'#3+.CD%.*???E%??2!C&.7@.+&4%
F)/%#,G=@#+#,&#%C#%&4GH:IJKǦ:IKLMȋ‘•…‘™ǣ•–‹–—–•Žƒ˜›ƒ‘˜‘†‡‹›ƒǡ
ʹͲͲʹȌǡͻͻǤ!
͵͵‘ƒ–‹ƒǡN&C)/2#,O.*Ͷ͹Ǥ!
͵Ͷ
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹‡†ǤǡDzŠ‡‘˜‹‡–Ž‘…ƒ†–Š‡‹–‹ƒŽ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”ǡdzͳʹʹǤ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 144!
!
‡…‡„‡” ͳͻͶ͹ǡ ƒ˜”‡–ǯ‡˜ …‘•—Ž–‡† ‹–‘ ‘ „‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‡
„‡–™‡‡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ǡ ‹“—‹”‹‰ ™Š‡–Š‡”
‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡™‘—Ž†„‡‘’’‘•‡†‹ˆ‘•…‘™™ƒ•–‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”ͷǡͲͲͲ–‘•
‘ˆ‘ƒ–•–‘‹”ƒƒǤ͵ͷ
!"#$%&'(%&")*+',-./Ǧ0'/$"%1"-.%$'#,23.4,&.--5-.#.#6
74".%$'#'(7'8$#('48
Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–Ǧ—‰‘•Žƒ˜ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ ‰‘– ƒ •—††‡ ƒ† –‡’‘”ƒ”›
‹’‡–—•ǡ ™Š‡ ”‡Ž‹ †‡…‹†‡† –‘ ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž› …‘ˆ”‘– –Š‡ ‹–‡†
–ƒ–‡•Ǥ – ‹• ‹ –Š‡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ•™‘”† ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǯ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ‹•–‹… —‰‘•Žƒ˜ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ˆ‘—† ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ–
…‘’Ž‡–‡ ‡ƒ•‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ‰”‡ƒ– ’‘™‡” ’ƒ–”‘Ǥ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡
‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ ™ƒ• –Š”‡ƒ–‡‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ Žƒǡ ƒ† ™Š‡ ‹–
ƒ•™‡”‡† ™‹–Š …‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ –‹‰Š–‡‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‰”‹’ ‘˜‡” –Š‡
ƒ•–‡” „Ž‘… –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ …”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‹ˆ‘”ǡ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡
’”‘˜‡† –‘ „‡ ‘•…‘™ǯ• ‘•– ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹… ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‹’Ž›ǡ ‹–‘ǯ•
”‡‰‹‡ ”‡Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ ‹–• ‘—‹•–
‘”–Š‘†‘š›ƒ†’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž‘›ƒŽ–›–‘”‡Ž‹Ǥ
ͷ—‡ͳͻͶ͹ǡ–Š‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒ™ƒ•ƒ‘—…‡†Ǥ–•ƒ‹
™ƒ•–‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‡…‘‘›ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡„›’”‡˜‡––Š‡
’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ …‘—‹•– –ƒ‡‘˜‡” ‘ˆ ‡•–‡” —”‘’‡Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ
–Š‡ ‡”‹…ƒ ’‘Ž‹…› ƒ‡”• •‘—‰Š– –‘ —†‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–
‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‹ ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ „› –›‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ› –‘
–Š‡‡•–Ǥ͵͸”‡Ž‹”‡Œ‡…–‡†’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒ‘
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
͵ͷƒ–‹ƒƒ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒǡ‡†Ǥǡ!"#$%&'(()*'%"+#,"&%"-./"(0#+"1$2344Ǧ23567
8"'9:$/%;#8#9'.%":*'.ǡ‘Ž—‡ͳǡȋ‘•…‘™ǣǦǡͳͻͻͻȌǡ‘…—‡–
ͳͺʹǡͷͳʹǦͷͳ͵Ǥ!
͵͸‹…Šƒ‡Ž‘šƒ†ƒ”‘Ž‹‡‡‡†›Ǧ‹’‡ǡ̶Š‡”ƒ‰‡†›‘ˆ‡”‹…ƒ
‹’Ž‘ƒ…›ǫ‡–Š‹‹‰–Š‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒǡ̶<"9+/*=")>"=8?*+!%98($&‘ŽǤ͹ǡ
‘ǤͳȋʹͲͲͷȌǣͳͲͻ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 145!
!
ʹ—Ž›ǡƒˆ–‡”‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ‘–Š‘ˆ…‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”–‘’ƒ”–ƒ‡
‹ –Š‡ ‡”‹…ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ͵͹ ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ Žƒ
‡ƒ– …‘–‹—‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ”–‹‡ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡•–ǡ ™Š‹…Š
’”‡…Ž—†‡† –ƒŽ‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡Ǥ –• ”‡Œ‡…–‹‘ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
‡ƒ– –Šƒ– ‘•…‘™ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ”‡‡” –‘ ‹’‘•‡ ‹–• ™‹ŽŽ ‹ –Š‡
”‡‰‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒƒ”‡†ƒ–—”‹‰’‘‹–ˆ‘”‘•…‘™‹
‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‡”‹…ƒ•Ǥ•…‘––ƒ””‹•Š‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡ
Š‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒǥ”‡•‡„Ž‡†ƒ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡ƒ––‡’––‘
—†‡”‹‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‹ ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡Ǥ Š‹•
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– …”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ —…Š ‘”‡ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ƒ‹”Ž› Ž‘‘•‡ …‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡”
–Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ Šƒ† „‡‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‘”› ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‡•–‡”
’‘™‡” †‹† ‘– •‡‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ǡ ƒ†
™Š‡ •‡Ž‡…–‹˜‡ …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡•– …‘—Ž†
†‡Ž‹˜‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–„‡‡ˆ‹–•Ǥ͵ͺ
– ‹• ’”‡…‹•‡Ž› ‹ –Š‹• –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‡˜‹”‘‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–Ǧ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ –‹‡• ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› –Š”‹˜‡†Ǥ Š‡
—‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ† ‡†‹ƒ ”‡ƒ‹‡† ‡–‹”‡Ž› —–‡ ‘ –Š‡
ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒˆ‘”–™‘™‡‡•ƒˆ–‡”‹–™ƒ•ƒ‘—…‡†Ǥ͵ͻʹ͸—‡ǡ
‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ •‡– ƒ ‘–‡ –‘ ‘†‘ǡ ƒ”‹• ƒ† ‘•…‘™ •–ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ–
Dz—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ȏ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ ŽƒȐǥ‹ˆ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ ‡ƒ•‡
‡…‘‘‹… ”‡…‘˜‡”›ǥƒ† ‹ˆ ‹– ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‹–‡† ƒ–‹‘•
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
͵͹
‡‘ˆˆ”‡›‘„‡”–•ǡDz‘•…‘™ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒǣ‘Ž‹–‹…•ǡ†‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‡
•‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”ǡͳͻͶ͹ǡdz!"#$%&Ǧ'()*+,"-)&(‘ŽǤͶ͸ǡ‘ǤͺȋͳͻͻͶȌǣͳ͵͹͸!
͵ͺ…‘––ƒ””‹•ŠǡDzŠ‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒǡ‘˜‹‡–Ǧ‡”‹…ƒ‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†–Š‡
‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ—”‘’‡ǡdz‹./&!(,*01)(/2&3,$45$22"3)(,6&7)2&()3!*(,&#3
!"#$%&89:;;Ǧ9:;:ǡ‡†Ǥ‘”ƒƒ‹ƒ”ƒ†‡‘‹†
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹ǡȋ‘—Ž†‡”ǣ
‡•–˜‹‡™”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡʹͺͷ!
͵ͻ”‹’‘˜‹©ǡDz‘«‡–ƒ‹‡•ƒŽƒ…‹Œƒ•—‘„ƒǡdzͺͷǤ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 146!
!
’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ǥdzǤͶͲ —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ™ƒ• ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› ˜‡”› ”‡Ž—…–ƒ– –‘
‡„”ƒ…‡ –Š‡ ‡”‹…ƒ ƒ‹†ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‹– †‹† ‘– ”‡Œ‡…– ‹– ‘—– ‘ˆ
Šƒ†Ǥ – –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ™ƒ• ‹ †‡•’‡”ƒ–‡ ‡‡† ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‡‹‰
ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ ƒ•–Š‡”‡‰‹‡ ™ƒ•ƒ„‘—––‘Žƒ—…Š–Š‡‹˜‡‡ƒ” Žƒǡ
ƒ† ˆ—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‘– ‡˜‡ ‘•…‘™ Šƒ† ”‡Œ‡…–‡† –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ
Žƒ ›‡–Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ”‡•’‘•‡ …ƒ „‡ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ˜‡”›
…ƒ—–‹‘—• ƒ† …‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š ”‡Ž‹ǯ• ˜‹‡™•Ǥ Š‡
—‰‘•Žƒ˜ Žƒ… ‘ˆ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• —•– Šƒ˜‡ …‘ˆ‘”–‡† –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡƒ•‘–Š‡”ƒ•–—”‘’‡ƒ…‘—–”‹‡•”‡ƒ…–‡†’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›–‘
–Š‡‡”‹…ƒ’”‘’‘•ƒŽǤͶͳ
‹–Š ‘˜‹‡–• ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ›ǡ ‡•–‡” ’‘™‡”• ‹˜‹–‡†
…‘—‹•–Ǧ†‘‹ƒ–‡† ‰‘˜‡”‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ –‘ ƒ––‡†
–Š‡ ƒ”‹• ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‘ ͳʹ —Ž›ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰
—Ž–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘‹––‡‡•™Š‹…Š™‘—Ž†ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–Š‡‹””‡“—‡•–•ˆ‘”
ƒ‹† –‘ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǤͶʹ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ ‹ ‹ƒ‰‹‘ǡ ˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ› ƒŽŽ
ƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–•”‡ƒ…–‡†’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‡š’”‡••‹‰ƒ
‹–‡”‡•––‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ”‹•‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǤͶ͵Š‡…‘—‹•–•
‘ˆƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡™‡”‡ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒ™ƒ•‡ƒ–
–‘–‹‡–Š‡‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ›–‘‡•–ǡ–Š‡”‡„›†‹‹‹•Š‹‰–Š‡‘˜‹‡–
‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ —Ž‹‡ –Š‡‹” —‰‘•Žƒ˜
…‘”ƒ†‡•ǡ –Š‡› †‹† ‘– ”‡Œ‡…– –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡” ‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ
Ž› ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹…ƒŽŽ› ”‡ˆ—•‡† –‘ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‹•
‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ ƒ‹‰•—”‡–‘ ˆ—ŽŽ›…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹””‡•’‘•‡™‹–Š
‘•…‘™Ǥ
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ͶͲ!"#$ǡͺ͸Ǥ!
Ͷͳ‘šƒ†‡‡†›Ǧ‹’‡ǡDzŠ‡”ƒ‰‡†›‘ˆ‡”‹…ƒ‹’Ž‘ƒ…›ǫǡdzͳʹʹǦ͵Ǥ
!
Ͷʹƒ‹‹ƒ‰‹‘ǡDzŠ‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒƒ†–Š‡‘—†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ˆ‘”ǡ—‡Ǧ
‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻͶ͹ǡdz‹%&'()*#'+,-#)-.-$/01)2'#-+&'3)4$5.16789Ǧ67:9ǡ
‡†Ǥ”ƒ…‡•…ƒ
‘”‹ƒ†‹Ž‹‘‘•ȋ‘†‘ǣƒ…‹ŽŽƒǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǡʹͳͲǤ!
Ͷ͵!"#$ǡʹͳͳǤ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 147!
!
Ͷ—Ž›ǡ–Š‡†ƒ›–Šƒ–‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†–Š‡‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”
–Š‡ ƒ”‹• ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‹‹•–‡” ‘ˆ ‘”‡‹‰ ˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ
–ƒ‘Œ‡ ‹‹©ǡ –‡Ž‡’Š‘‡† ƒ˜”‡–ǯ‡˜ǤͶͶ ‹‹© –‘Ž† –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–
ƒ„ƒ••ƒ†‘” –Šƒ– –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ™ƒ–‡† –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ
‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡’Ž› „—– ™‹•Š‡† –‘ …‘ˆ‹” ™‹–Š ‘•…‘™ –Š‡
…‘””‡…–‡••‘ˆ‹–••–ƒ…‡Ǥ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ǡ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡™ƒ•“—‹–‡ƒš‹‘—•Ǥ
‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•‡˜‡Šƒ†ƒ…Šƒ…‡–‘”‡•’‘†–‘‹‹©ǡƒ”†‡ŽŒǡ
ƒ ‘”‡ •‡‹‘” ‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽǡ ƒŽ•‘ ’Š‘‡† ƒ˜”‡–ǯ‡˜Ǥ ƒ”†‡ŽŒ ‹ˆ‘”‡†
Š‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ †‡…‹•‹‘ –Šƒ– Dz—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ …ƒ‘–
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘dz „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–• ‘ˆ ‰Žƒ† ƒ† ”ƒ…‡ •‘—‰Š– –‘ •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡
‡…‘‘‹‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡”…‘—–”‹‡•–‘–Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–’‘™‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‡„›
•–”‹’’‹‰–Š‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹†‡’‡†‡…‡ǤͶͷ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡƒ”†‡ŽŒ™ƒ–‡†
–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•–‘”‡•’‘†’”‘’–Ž›ǡ•‘–Šƒ–‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡…‘—Ž†’—„Ž‹•Š‹–•
”‡•’‘•‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰†ƒ›ǤŠ‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’™ƒ•‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›
„‡– ‘ ”‡Œ‡…–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ Žƒǡ „—– –Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ™ƒ–‡† –‘
…‘””‘„‘”ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” •–ƒ…‡ ™‹–Š ‘•…‘™Ǥ •—”’”‹•‹‰Ž›ǡ ”‡Ž‹
ˆ—ŽŽ› ‡†‘”•‡† ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘ ͻ —Ž›ǡ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜
‡†‹ƒ…‘‡…‡†ƒƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡…ƒ’ƒ‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‡”‹…ƒ
‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǤͶ͸
”‡Ž‹ǯ• ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ Žƒ ™ƒ• –Š‡
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ˆ‘”Ȃƒ‹•–”—‡–„›™Š‹…Š–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•
…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡‹” …‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” —”‘’‡ƒ ‘—‹•–
’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘‹ˆ‘”ǯ• ˆ‘—†‹‰ …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š „”‘—‰Š–
–‘‰‡–Š‡” ‹‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‘—‹•– ’ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ– œŽƒ”•ƒ ‘”¸„ƒ
‹‘Žƒ†ˆ”‘ʹʹǦʹͺ‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻͶ͹ǡ‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‡†ƒƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡
ƒ†…‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹…›™‹–Š–Š‡‡•–ǤŠ‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜•–ƒ…‡‘
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ͶͶ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒ‡†Ǥǡ!"#$%&'(()*'%"+ǡ‘…—‡–ͳ͸ͶǡͶͷͻǦͶ͸ͲǤ
!
Ͷͷ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒ‡†Ǥǡ,"&%"-./*(*0#+"1*ǡ‘…—‡–ʹʹͶǡ͸͸ͺǦͻǤ
Ͷ͸”‹’‘˜‹©ǡDz‘«‡–ƒ‹‡•ƒŽƒ…‹Œƒ•—‘„ƒǡdzͻ͵Ǥ
!
!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 148!
!
–Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ Žƒǡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• ‹ ˆ—ŽŽ ƒ……‘”† ™‹–Š ™‹•Š‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘˜‹‡– Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ ™ƒ• ‘– ˆ‘”‰‘––‡ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒ™ƒ”†‡† ƒ
’”‘‹‡–”‘Ž‡–‘’Žƒ›ƒ–œŽƒ”•ƒ‘”¸„ƒǤ
Š‡ ™‘Ǧƒ’ –Š‡•‹• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „› Š†ƒ‘˜ ƒ– –Š‡
‘‹ˆ‘”ǯ•ˆ‘—†‹‰…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ’”‘…Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡™‘”Ž†™ƒ•
†‹˜‹†‡†‹–™‘‘’’‘•‹‰ƒ†‹””‡…‘…‹Žƒ„Ž‡…ƒ’•ǤͶ͹‡™ƒ•–Š‡
‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–‹… ƒ† ƒ–‹Ǧ†‡‘…”ƒ–‹… ‰”‘—’‹‰ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡• Ž‡† „›
‡”‹…ƒǡƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡” ™ƒ•–Š‡‘˜‹‡–ǦŽ‡†…ƒ’ ƒ†‹–•ƒ‹ ™ƒ•
–Š‡ ‡–”‡…Š‡– ‘ˆ †‡‘…”ƒ…› ƒ† ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–• ‘ˆ
ˆƒ•…‹•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ–ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡•–‡” —”‘’‡ƒ ‘—‹•–
ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ” ˆ”‘– Šƒ† …‘‡ –‘ ƒ ‡†ǡ ƒ• Š†ƒ‘˜
‹•–”—…–‡† –Š‡ ”‡…Š ƒ† –ƒŽ‹ƒ ‘—‹•–• –‘ †‡ˆ‡† –Š‡‹”
”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ …‘—–”‹‡•ǯ ‹†‡’‡†‡…‡ „› ‘’’‘•‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ
ŽƒǤͶͺ ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ƒ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘– ‘”†‡”‡† ‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ž› –‘
‡„ƒ” —’‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹… ‘—‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •‡˜‡”‡ …”‹–‹…‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ‹•– ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š –‘
’‘™‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹•‹•–‡…‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‹””‡…‘…‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› „‡–™‡‡
…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹• ƒ† …‘—‹•ǡ ƒ†‡ ‹– …Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ‘•…‘™ ™ƒ• ‘–
™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘ƒ……‡’–ƒ›–Š‹‰Ž‡••–Šƒ…‘’Ž‡–‡…‘—‹•––ƒ‡‘˜‡”
‘ˆ ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡ —‰ƒ”‹ƒ ƒ† œ‡…Š‘•Ž‘˜ƒ
…‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘‰‘˜‡”‡–•™‡”‡‘˜‡”–Š”‘™‹–Š‡‡•—‹‰‘–Š•Ǥ
Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ǡƒ”†‡ŽŒƒ†Œ‹Žƒ•ǡ’Žƒ›‡†ƒ
…‡–”ƒŽ”‘Ž‡ƒ–œŽƒ”•ƒ‘”¸„ƒ‹•‹‰ƒŽ‹‰‘•…‘™ǯ•’‘Ž‹…›•Š‹ˆ–
–‘ ƒ…–‹˜‡ …‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǤͶͻ Š‡› Ž‡† –Š‡ „ƒ””ƒ‰‡
‘ˆ …”‹–‹…‹• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† –Š‡ ‘™Ǧƒ„ƒ†‘‡†
–ƒ…–‹…• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ” ˆ”‘– Ȃ –Š‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡…Š
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ͷ͹
”ƒ–†‹„‡‘˜ǡ‡†Ǥǡ!"#$%&'&()**(+",*)-".,(/01234012540121/6"78,$)9:
*,(9$.*(;;:ȋ‘•…‘™ǣǡͳͻͻͺȌǡ͵ͲͲǦ͵ͲͳǤ!
!
Ͷͺ<=*6ǡ͵ͲʹǤ
!
Ͷͻ<=*6!͵ʹ͵Ǧ͵ʹͶǤ
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 149!
!
‘—‹•–ƒ”–‹‡•ǤŠ‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‡ˆ‘”…‡”•‘ˆ‘—‹•–
‘”–Š‘†‘š› ˆ‹– ’‡”ˆ‡…–Ž› ‹–‘ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‘—‹•–•ǯ •‡ŽˆǦ
’‡”…‡’–‹‘ Ȃ ƒ”†‡–Ž› ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› ƒ† •‡…‘† ‘Ž› –‘ –Š‡
‘—‹•– ƒ”–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ ȋȌǤ Š‡ ‡••‡…‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡‹”…”‹–‹…‹•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡…Šƒ†–Š‡–ƒŽ‹ƒ…‘—‹•–•™ƒ•–Š‡‹”
…‡•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›ƒ†’‡ƒ…‡ˆ—Ž’ƒ–Š–‘•‘…‹ƒŽ‹•–Šƒ–
–Š‡–™‘‡•–‡”ƒ”–‹‡•’—”•—‡†Ǥ‘…—””‡–Ž›ǡŒ‹Žƒ•ƒ†ƒ”†‡ŽŒ
‡š–‘ŽŽ‡† –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–•ǡ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡›
…Žƒ‹‡† ™‡”‡ ƒ†‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ™‡”‡
‘†‡Ž‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž•Š‡˜‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Ǥ • –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ œ‡…Š
‘—‹•– Ž‡‡– ‘–™ƒŽ† ‘–‡†ǡ Dz–Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜
ƒ”–›ƒŽ™ƒ›•…”‹–‹…‹œ‡†—•ǡ–Š‡›…‘•‹†‡”‡†—•–‘„‡‘’’‘”–—‹•–•ǡ
”‹‰Š–‹•–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™‡ †‹† ‘– ƒ”‰—‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ǡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰ –Šƒ–
–Š‡›Šƒ†‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–•–Šƒ—•ǤdzͷͲ
Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡– ƒŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ ™ƒ• ƒ– ‹–• œ‡‹–Š ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡
‘‹ˆ‘”ǯ• ˆ‹”•– …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ ‡‡†Ž‡••
–‘•ƒ›ǡ™ƒ•„‡ƒ‹‰™‹–Š†‡Ž‹‰Š–Ǥˆ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡Šƒ††‘—„–•ƒ„‘—–‹–•
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š ”‡Ž‹ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜‡”
”‡Œ‡…–‡† –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ ŽƒǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜• …‘””‡…–Ž›
’‡”…‡‹˜‡† –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡ ‹ œŽƒ”•ƒ ‘”¸„ƒǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡
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˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–• ƒ† ‘•…‘™ǯ• ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
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•—‹–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰„‹Ǧ’‘Žƒ”™‘”Ž†ǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•”‹‰‹†Ž›†‹˜‹†‡†
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•ƒ†‡”‹…ƒ•Ǥ
Š‡‘˜‹‡–•ƒŽ•‘•‡‡‡†’Ž‡ƒ•‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹”—‰‘•Žƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹‡•
ƒ– –Š‹• –‹‡Ǥ Š‡ ˜‡”› ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘– ‹˜‹–‡† –‘ –Š‡
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ͷͲƒ–‹ƒƒ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒǡ!"#$%$&'()(*$)'(!)+$,+)(%Ǧ&-.$/0(,))(1$+,$2#'$)
3*0$4567899Ǧ789:;;<ȋ‘•…‘™ǣ—••‹ƒ…ƒ†‡›‘ˆ…‹‡…‡••–‹–—–‡
Žƒ˜›ƒ‘˜‡†‡‹›ƒǡͳͻͻͺȌǡͷ͹Ǥ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 150!
!
‘‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹‰ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ‘•…‘™ •–‹ŽŽ ƒ†Š‡”‡† –‘
–Š‡ ƒ‰”‡‡‡– •–”—… „‡–™‡‡ ‡„”ƒ‰ ƒ† –ƒŽ‹ ™Š‹…Š
”‡…‘‰‹œ‡† —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ…‡ ‹ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤ Ž•‘ǡ Š†ƒ‘˜
‹ˆ‘”‡†–ƒŽ‹ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡˜‡–•–Šƒ––”ƒ•’‹”‡†ƒ––Š‡…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡
ˆ”‘‘Žƒ†Ǥ˜‹†‡–Ž›ǡŠ‡™ƒ•“—‹–‡Šƒ’’›™‹–ŠŠ‘™–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜
‘—‹•–• …ƒ””‹‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ •ƒ›‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ”†‡ŽŒ ƒ† Œ‹Žƒ•
ƒ†‡ƒ˜‡”›•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‘”›‹’”‡••‹‘—’‘Š‹Ǥͷͳ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹–Š‡
…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǯ• ƒˆ–‡”ƒ–Šǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡
‹’‘”–ƒ– Œ‘—”ƒŽ !"#$%&'()ǡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ˜‡”› ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž› ‘
–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜’‘Ž‹…›Ǥͷʹ
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹ ‡’–‡„‡” ͳͻͶ͹ǡ –Š‡ ‘”‡‹‰ ‘Ž‹…›
‡’ƒ”–‡–ȋȌ‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†ƒ”‡’‘”–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”
–Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥͷ͵ Š‡ ˜‹‡™‡† —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ• ˆ‘”‡‹‰
’‘Ž‹…› „› ƒ† Žƒ”‰‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡ •–”‘‰ ƒ–‹Ǧ‡•–‡” •–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜‘—‹•–•ƒ†…Ž‘•‡ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’™‹–Šǡƒ†‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡
–‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ ™ƒ• ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”‡’‘”–Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š Šƒ˜‡‘–•‡‡–Š‡”‡’‘”–•‘‘–Š‡”…‘—‹•–’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ„‘–Š
ƒ–‹ƒƒ ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒƒ†‡‘‹†
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹…‘–‡†–Šƒ–…‘’ƒ”‡†
–‘ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ™ƒ• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† ‹ ƒ ‡–‹”‡Ž› ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡
Ž‹‰Š–ǤͷͶ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ –Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡˜‡ŽŽ‡† •‘‡ …”‹–‹…‹• ƒ– –Š‡
–‡†‡…› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘ •‡‡ ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ’ƒ”–› ‹ –Š‡
ƒŽƒ•Ǥ ‘”‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ †‹•ƒ’’”‘˜‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜
’‘•‹–‹‘‘Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ’‘‹–‹‰‘—––Šƒ–‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‰—ƒ”†‡†
‹–• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ –Š‡”‡ǡ Ž‘‘‹‰ —ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž› ƒ– –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ
„‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‹”ƒƒƒ†‘•…‘™Ǥ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ͷͳƒ˜ƒ~‹˜ƒ‘˜ǡDzœ”‘…‹‹‘•Ž‡†‹…‡—‘„ƒǡdz*+,"$#"'&-$)"Ǧ."'/&0$)(.+)"1
ͳͻͶͺǡ‡†Ǥ‡–ƒ”ƒ«ƒ˜‡†ƒǡȋ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǣ•–‹–—–œƒƒ˜”‡‡—•–‘”‹Œ—ǡͳͻͻͻȌǡʹͶǤ!
ͷʹ
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹ǡDzŠ‡‘˜‹‡–Ǧ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‘ˆŽ‹…–ƒ†–Š‡‘˜‹‡–Ž‘…ǡdzʹ͵ͳǤ!
ͷ͵‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒǡ‡†Ǥǡ2"$0"3%-4(45'6"748‘…—‡–ʹͶͲǡ͹ͲͶǦ͹ͳͲǤ!
ͷͶ
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹ǡDzŠ‡‘˜‹‡–Ȃ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‘ˆŽ‹…–ƒ†–Š‡‘˜‹‡–Ž‘…dzʹʹ͹Ǣ
‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒǡDz‘˜‘†‘ͷͲǦ‰‘†‹•Œ‹…‡ǡdzͳͷ͸Ǧ͹Ǥ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 151!
!
!"#$#%#&'(&)%'(*(+,-.(/0)1Ǧ2(1'#%!'#/)*34(56#%'%'(*
+(&708)*')
– ‹• ‹”‘‹… –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› –‡•‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ– ˆ‹”•– ‰ƒ˜‡ ƒ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž „‘‘•– –‘ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ
‘˜‹‡––‹‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒƒ†…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ˆ‘”ǡ
ƒŽ•‘ …”‡ƒ–‡† …‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‹–• ”ƒ’‹† †‡‹•‡Ǥ ‡–ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ…–
–Šƒ– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ƒ† ‘•…‘™ ™‡”‡ •‡‡‹‰Ž›
•–”‘‰ǡ ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡˜‡–• ‹ –Š‡ ƒŽƒ•ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡’‘”– Šƒ†
ˆ‘”‡•Šƒ†‘™‡†ǡ ‹””‡˜‘…ƒ„Ž› †ƒƒ‰‡† ƒ •‡‡‹‰Ž› •–”‘‰
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ǤŠ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•”ƒ’‹††‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™ƒ•
–Šƒ– ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ Žƒǡ ‘•…‘™ǯ• ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‹ ƒ•–‡”
—”‘’‡ …Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ ”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ Ž‹‹–‡† …‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š
™ƒ• ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† –Š”‘—‰Š …‘—‹•– ‰‘˜‡”‡–• ‘” …‘—‹•–
†‘‹ƒ–‡† …‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘ ‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡ ™ƒ• •—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ•
ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǯ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹—”‘’‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ǡƒ†…‘…—””‡–Ž›ǡ
ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡”‹…ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‡†ǡ
–Š‹• ™ƒ• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” –Š‡ …ƒ•‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ‡™ ‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ–ƒŽ‹†‹†‘–Šƒ˜‡…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡‹‹–‘–‘‡š‡…—–‡Š‹•
‘”†‡”•™Š‡–Š‡•–ƒ‡•™‡”‡—…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”Ǥ
Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…– „‡–™‡‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒƒ† ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ǡ‹–Š‡
‘–Š•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰—’–‘–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ”—’–—”‡ǡ’Žƒ›‡†‘—–‘˜‡”™Š‘™‘—Ž†
…‘–”‘Ž Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤ • Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘–‡†ǡ ‘•…‘™ ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡† Ž„ƒ‹ƒ
ƒ•‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•’”‘–‡…–‘”ƒ–‡Ǥ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡˆ”‘–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆͳͻͶ͹ǡ
”‡Ž‹ „‡‰ƒ –‘ —†‡”‹‡ •‡”‹‘—•Ž› ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‹
‹”ƒƒǤ Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜• ”‡•‹•–‡† ‘•…‘™ǯ• ‡…”‘ƒ…Š‡–• ‹
Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ „—– •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›ǡ –Š‡› …‘–‹—‡† –‘ •‡‡ ”‡Ž‹ǯ•
ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• —–‹Ž –Š‡ ˜‡”› ‡†ǡ ‡˜‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡›
˜‹‘Žƒ–‡† ‘•…‘™ǯ• †‹”‡…–‹˜‡•Ǥ „˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 152!
!
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•‡–‹–Ž‡†–‘†‘‹ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒŽƒ•ǡ„—–‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡
‡˜‡”ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†‹–•‘˜‹‡–ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–•ǯ ˆ‹”•– ‘˜‡ ‹ †‹•’Žƒ…‹‰ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡
‹ ‹”ƒƒ ™ƒ• –‘ ”‡…‡‹˜‡ ƒ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ †‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹ —Ž› ͳͻͶ͹ǡ
™Š‹…Š …‘’Žƒ‹‡† ƒ„‘—– —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ• ‡…‘‘‹… ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤͷͷ –ƒŽ‹ –‘Ž† ‘šŠƒ –Šƒ– Š‡ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡† ™‹–Š ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•
’‘Ž‹…‹‡• –‘™ƒ”†• Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ ƒ††‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ• ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡– …‘—–”›
Ž„ƒ‹ƒ •Š‘—Ž† ”— ‹–• ‘™ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹…›Ǥͷ͸ Š‡ –™‘ …‘—–”‹‡•
…‘…Ž—†‡† ƒ ”ƒ†‡ ‰”‡‡‡– ƒ† ‘•…‘™ •‡– ‹–• ƒ†˜‹•‘”• –‘
Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤͷ͹ ”‡Ž‹ Šƒ† ‘˜‡”Šƒ—Ž‡† ‹–• ’”‡˜‹‘—• ’‘Ž‹…› ‘ˆ †‡ƒŽ‹‰
™‹–Š‹”ƒƒ‘Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡Ǥ
Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ †‹† ‘– •Š”‹ ˆ”‘
”‡ƒ••‡”–‹‰ ‹–• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ •‘—‰Š– –‘
ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‹• –Š”‘—‰Š …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ”‡Ž‹Ǥ Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜•
™‡”‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ™ƒ• ’—”•—‹‰ ƒ ’‘Ž‹…› ‘ˆ
†‹”‡…–Ž› ƒ––ƒ…Š‹‰ ‹–•‡Žˆ –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ ƒ– —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ•
‡š’‡•‡Ǥͷͺ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ‹–‘ ’”‘–‡•–‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘•…‘™ǯ• ‡™
’‘Ž‹…› –‘ ƒ˜”‡–ǯ‡˜Ǥͷͻ Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ Ž‡ƒ†‡” –‘Ž† –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–
ƒ„ƒ••ƒ†‘”–Šƒ–ƒˆ–‡”‘šŠƒǯ•˜‹•‹––‘‘•…‘™ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽ„ƒ‹ƒ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• „‡‰ƒ ‹…‘””‡…–Ž› ƒ••‡••‹‰ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ’‘Ž‹…› –‘™ƒ”†•
‹”ƒƒǤ ‹–‘ ƒŽ•‘ •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– Š‡ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ
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‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• ‘•…‘™ǯ• ™‹•Š –‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ˆ”‘
—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǤ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ‘ͳͺ‘˜‡„‡”ǡƒ–‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•—”‰‹‰•ǡ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ͷͷ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒǡ‡†Ǥǡ!"#$"%&'()(*+,"-(ǡ‘…—‡–ʹʹͻǡ͸͹͹Ǧ͸ͺͳǤ
!
ͷ͸ǤǤŠ—˜ƒŠ‹ǡdz†‹’Ž‘ƒ–‹…Š‡•‘‹‹••‹‡‹˜Ž„ƒ‹‹ǡdz."+(/()'"+0/#&(/(
)#$",)/(Ǥ‘ǤͷͳȋͳͻͻͷȌǣͳʹʹǤ!
ͷ͹‡‘‹†
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹ǡDzŠ‡‘˜‹‡–Ǧ—‰‘•Žƒ˜’Ž‹–ƒ†–Š‡‘‹ˆ‘”ǡdz1&0
*#$(23)#&40'$"56"447')#$809)40#)'*(#$0,'*7,"-0:;<<Ǧ:;<;ǡ‡†Ǥ‘”ƒ
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‹„‹ƒ•‹‹ȋ‘—Ž†‡”ǣ‡•–˜‹‡™”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͹ȌǡʹͻͶǤ!
ͷͺ‘ƒ–‹ƒǡ*'+0,=">?(ǡ͸ͳǤ!
ͷͻ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒ‡†Ǥǡ!"#$"%&'()(*+,"-(ǡ‘…—‡–ʹ͵͵ǡ͸ͺ͹Ǧ͸ͺͺǤ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 153!
!
–Š‡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ‘Ž‹–„—”‘ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‘šŠƒǡ †‡…‹†‡† –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ͸ͲǤ
‹–‘ǯ• ’Ž‘› ™‘”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ •‡‡‹‰Ž› ’”‘Ǧ—‰‘•Žƒ˜
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹Ž„ƒ‹ƒ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‡†Ǥƒ˜‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†–Š‹•ǡ‹–‘–—”‡†
–‘ ‘˜‹‡–• –‘ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ‰ƒ‹• ‹ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤ  ͳ͵
‡…‡„‡”ǡ‹–‘ƒ•‡†ƒ˜”‡–ǯ‡˜ˆ‘”‘˜‹‡–˜‹‡™•‘—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ•
’Žƒ• –‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ‹ ‹–• ˆ‹˜‡Ǧ›‡ƒ” ’Žƒ ƒ† –‘ ‹–”‘†—…‡ ƒ
•‹‰Ž‡„—†‰‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž„ƒ‹ƒƒ†–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ͸ͳƒ†–Š‡
—‰‘•Žƒ˜’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•„‡‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ‘—–‡†–‘
ƒ‡šƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤ – ƒ ‡‡–‹‰ „‡–™‡‡ –ƒŽ‹ ƒ† Œ‹Žƒ• ‹
‘•…‘™ ‘ ͳ͹ ƒ—ƒ”› ͳͻͶͺǡ ƒ””ƒ‰‡† •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› –‘ •‡––Ž‡ –Š‡
Ž„ƒ‹ƒ“—‡•–‹‘ǡ–ƒŽ‹–‘Ž†Œ‹Žƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘†‹˜‡”‰‡…‡
„‡–™‡‡‘•…‘™ƒ†‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡‘Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤ͸ʹ
˜‹†‡–Ž›ǡ‹–‘†‹†‘––”—•––ƒŽ‹ǯ•ƒ••—”ƒ…‡•–Šƒ–‘˜‹‡–
ƒ†—‰‘•Žƒ˜’‘Ž‹…‡•–‘™ƒ”†•Ž„ƒ‹ƒ™‡”‡‹Šƒ”‘›Ǥ‹–Š‘—–
…‘•—Ž–‹‰ ‘•…‘™ǡ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† –‘ ‹”ƒƒ –Šƒ– —‰‘•Žƒ˜
‹Ž‹–ƒ”› „ƒ•‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘’‡‡† ‹ ‘—–Š‡” Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘
†‡ˆ‡† –Š‡ …‘—–”› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡‡ Ǯ‘ƒ”…Š‘Ǧˆƒ•…‹•–•ǯǤ͸͵
……‘”†‹‰–‘Œ‹Žƒ•ǡ‹–‘ǯ•—•—”’”‹•‹‰‘–‹˜‡™ƒ•–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡
‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘‹Ž„ƒ‹ƒ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•‘•…‘™Ǥ͸ͶʹͲƒ—ƒ”›ǡ
‘šŠƒƒ‰”‡‡†–‘‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•’”‘’‘•ƒŽǤŠ‡–Š‡‘˜‹‡–•ˆ‘—†‘—–
ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡‡”ƒ‰‡†Ǥ
 ʹͺ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡ ‘Ž‘–‘˜ ™”‘–‡ –‘ ‹–‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š
™‘—Ž†‹–‡”’”‡–•—…Šƒƒ…–ƒ•‘……—’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ„ƒ‹ƒǡ‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
͸Ͳ!"#$ǡ‘…—‡–ʹͷͲǡ͹͵ͷǦ͹͵͹Ǥ!
͸ͳ‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒ‡†Ǥǡ%&'()*+##,-+)&.ǡ‘…—‡–ͳͺʹǡͷͳʹǦͷͳ͵Ǥ
!
͸ʹŒ‹Žƒ•ǡ/&0'(.*-)#&0*1#)2%)-3#0ȋ‡™‘”ǣƒ”…‘—”–ǡ”ƒ…‡Ƭ‘Ž†ǡͳͻ͸ʹȌ
ͺ͹Ǥ!
͸͵
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹ǡDzŠ‡‘˜‹‡–Ǧ—‰‘•Žƒ˜’Ž‹–ƒ†–Š‡‘‹ˆ‘”dzǡʹͻ͸Ǥ!
͸ͶŒ‹Žƒ•ǡ43-*)#5&"60-ǡͳʹͷǤ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 154!
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ƒ ‡š…—•‡ –‘ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹Ž› ‹ –Šƒ– …‘—–”›Ǥ͸ͷ ‹–‘ „ƒ…‡†
†‘™ǡ –‡ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ˜”‡–ǯ‡˜ –Šƒ– ‹ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ ™‹•Š‡†ǡ
—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ™‘—Ž† ‘– •‡† ‹–• –”‘‘’• –‘ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤ ‡ ƒ††‡† Ȃ
•Š‘™‹‰ Š‹• ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‹–”ƒ•‹‰‡…‡ Ȃ Dz„—– ‹ –Š‡ ‡˜‡– –Šƒ–
”‡‡…‡‹˜ƒ†‡•‘—–Š‡”Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘•™ƒŽŽ‘™
–Š‡„‹––‡”’‹ŽŽǡ‘––Š‡‘˜‹‡–‹‘Ǥdz͸͸ͳ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ‘Ž‘–‘˜•‡–
ƒ ƒ‰”› –‡Ž‡‰”ƒ –‘ ‹–‘Ǥ ˆ–‡” ”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ Žƒ… ‘ˆ
…‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ —™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–• –‘ „‡ ’—– ‹
ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ ƒ !"#$ "%%&'()#ǡ Š‡ …‘…Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ •‡”‹‘—•
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡‹” …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ͸͹ ‘Ž‘–‘˜ǯ• Šƒ”•ŠŽ› ™‘”†‡†
Ž‡––‡”™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–†‹”‡…–‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‡†‹‰…‘ˆŽ‹…–Ǥ
‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ‘ ͳͲ ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ ƒ ‡› ‡‡–‹‰ –‘‘ ’Žƒ…‡
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–• ƒ† –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜• ‹ ‘•…‘™ǡ ‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽŽ›
’”‘’–‡† „› –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ •‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ …”‹•‹•Ǥ͸ͺ Š‡ ͳͲ
‡„”—ƒ”› ‡‡–‹‰ ™ƒ• ƒ …”—•Š‹‰ †‡ˆ‡ƒ– ˆ‘” ‹–‘ǯ• ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹•–
’‘Ž‹…‹‡•‹–Š‡ƒŽƒ•ǤŠ‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜•™‡”‡‘”†‡”‡†–‘†‡•‹•–ˆ”‘
•‡†‹‰ƒ”‡††‹˜‹•‹‘•–‘Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤ•–ƒŽ‹…‘””‡…–Ž›‘–‡†ǡDz–Š‡
—‰‘•Žƒ˜• ƒ”‡ ƒˆ”ƒ‹† –Šƒ– ™‡ ™‘—Ž† –ƒ‡ ƒ™ƒ› Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ˆ”‘
–Š‡dzǤ͸ͻ ‹–Š –Š‹•ǡ ƒ› Š‘’‡• –Šƒ– ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ •–‹ŽŽ
Šƒ”„‘”‡† ˆ‘” ƒ‡š‹‰ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ †ƒ•Š‡†ǡ ƒ• –Š‡
—‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ …‘—–”‹‡• ™ƒ• ’‘•–’‘‡† ‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›Ǥ
‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– Ž‡ƒ†‡” •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ™‘—Ž† ‡˜‡” „‡
ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡Ž„ƒ‹ƒ‹–‘—‰‘•Žƒ˜ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ
‹–•”‡’—„Ž‹…•Ǥ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
͸ͷ—”‹
‹”‡‘ǡ*$")#+Ǧ,#$&-‘•…‘™ǣœ†ƒ–‡Ž•–˜‘’‘Ž‹–‹…Š‡•‹‹ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‹ǡͳͻͻͳȌǡ
͵͵͸!
͸͸./#0ǡ͵͵͹Ǥ!
͸͹./#0ǡ͵͵͹Ǥ!
͸ͺƒƒ…‡†Ǥǡ,123#"456Ͷ͵͹ǦͶͶͶǤ!
͸ͻ./#0ǡͶͶͳǤ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 155!
!
Ž•‘ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡†ƒ ‘ ͳͲ ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ ™‡”‡ –Š‡ „‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ
”‡Žƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ‘ˆ‹ƒ ƒ† ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–• ”‡˜‡”–‡† –‘
–Š‡‹” ‘Ž† †‡ƒ† –Šƒ– —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ƒ† —Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒ •Š‘—Ž† —‹ˆ›
‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ …‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ Š‹• †‡ƒ†
Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ†‡”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›•‹…‡ͳͻͶͷǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
–‹‡ ‘”†‡”‡† ‹– ˆ‘”…‡ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ –ƒŽ‹ǯ• •‡”‹‘—•‡•• ƒ› „‡ ‹ˆ‡””‡†
ˆ”‘Š‹•”‡•’‘•‡–‘‹‹–”‘˜ǯ•‹“—‹”›ƒ„‘—–‘˜‹‡–ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡–‘
—Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒǤŠ‡‘˜‹‡–Ž‡ƒ†‡”–‘Ž†Š‹–Šƒ–‘•…‘™™‘—Ž††‡ƒŽ™‹–Š
–Šƒ–‹••—‡‘Ž›™Š‡ƒŒ‘‹–—‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ—Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–’—–‹–
ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ǥ‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘–Š‡
”‡‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ǡ–ƒŽ‹•ƒ‹†–Šƒ––Š‡
…‘—Ž† ‘– ™‹ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ‘”†‡”‡† ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ƒ† ‘ˆ‹ƒ –‘ …—”–ƒ‹Ž
–Š‡‹”ƒ‹†–‘–Š‡…‘—‹•–‹•—”‰‡–•Ǥ
‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡”‡ƒ…–‹‘™ƒ•–‘†‡ˆ›–ƒŽ‹ǯ•‘”†‡”•‘
”‡‡…‡ǡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ƒ† —Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒǤ  ʹͳ ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ ‹–‘ –‘Ž† –Š‡
‰‡‡”ƒŽ •‡…”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Šƒ– —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ™‘—Ž† …‘–‹—‡
•—’’‘”–‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡‡ ‘—‹•–•Ǥ͹Ͳ  Žƒ–‡ ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ™ƒ• ƒ‰ƒ‹ ’”‡••—”‡† „› –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜• –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ ™‹–Š
‘•…‘™ –Š‡ ‹••—‡• ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‹‘‹‰ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ –”‘‘’• ‹ ‘—–Š‡”
Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǤ͹ͳ – ƒ ’Ž‡— ‘ˆ
–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‘‹––‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘ͳƒ”…Šǡ‹–‘†‡…Žƒ”‡†ǡDz™‡
—•–ˆ‹”Ž›Š‘Ž†‘–‘Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ™‡‹˜‡•–‡†–‘‘—…Šǥ™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ
”‹‰Š– –‘ …‘–”‘Ž ™Šƒ– Ž„ƒ‹ƒ• †‘ǡ ™Šƒ– ƒ‰”‡‡‡–• –Š‡›
…‘…Ž—†‡Ǥdz͹ʹ ‹–‘ ƒŽ•‘ •’‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —Ž‰ƒ”‹ƒ ƒ”–› ƒ• ƒ Dz–”‘Œƒ
Š‘”•‡dz ˆ‘” –Š‡ ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† Š‹• ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ ƒ †—ƒŽ‹•–
ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹‰Š– †ƒ›• Žƒ–‡”ǡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ™ƒ•
•‡”‹‘—•ƒ„‘—–‹–•”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘•…‘™ǡ„ƒ‡†’ƒ”–›ƒ†
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
͹Ͳ
‹„‹ƒ•‹‹ǡDzŠ‡‘˜‹‡–Ǧ—‰‘•Žƒ˜’Ž‹–ƒ†–Š‡‘‹ˆ‘”ǡdzʹͻͺǤ
!
!
͹ͳ!"#$ǡʹͻͺǤ
͹ʹŽƒ†‹‹”‡†‹Œ‡”ǡ‡†Ǥǡ%&'#()#*&+#+,-#&.),/#012&3#4,-)&+,5#6,Ǥ‘ŽǤ͵ǡ
ȋ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǣƒ†ƒ”‰ƒ‹œƒ…‹ŒƒDzƒ†dzǡͳͻͺͶȌ͵Ͳ͵Ǧ͵ͲͺǤ!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 156!
!
•–ƒ–‡‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘‰‹˜‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‘˜‹‡–ƒ†˜‹•‘”•–Šƒ–
’‡”–ƒ‹‡†–‘—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ•‡…‘‘‹…•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ͹͵
‘•…‘™ǯ•”‡ƒ…–‹‘™ƒ•”—–ŠŽ‡••ƒ†–›’‹…ƒŽ‘ˆ–ƒŽ‹™Š‡
…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† „› ƒ •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡Ǥ  ʹ͹ ƒ”…Šǡ –ƒŽ‹ ƒ† ‘Ž‘–‘˜
•‡– ƒ Ž‡––‡” –‘ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘‹––‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ……—•‹‰ –Š‡
—‰‘•Žƒ˜ ’ƒ”–› Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ƒ–‹Ǧƒ”š‹•–Ǥ͹Ͷ  ƒ”š‹•–Ǧ
‡‹‹•–Ǧ–ƒŽ‹‹•– Œƒ”‰‘ǡ –Š‡ …Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ Ǯƒ–‹Ǧƒ”š‹•–ǯ ™ƒ•
–ƒ–ƒ‘—––‘ƒƒ……—•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”‡ƒ•‘ˆ”‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡”‡…‘—Ž†„‡
‘ ”‡†‡’–‹‘Ǥ  ‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–• ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† ƒ •‘Ž˜ƒ„Ž‡ “—ƒ””‡Ž
‘˜‡” ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒŽƒ• ‹–‘ ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–
‘˜‡” ƒ”š‹•– †‘‰ƒǤ Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ǡ ”‡…‘…‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‹–‘ ƒ†
–ƒŽ‹ ™ƒ• ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ ƒ• ‹–‘ǯ• ”‡‰‹‡ ™ƒ• ˆ‘”…‡† –‘ ˆ‹‰Š– ˆ‘”
’Š›•‹…ƒŽ•—”˜‹˜ƒŽǤ
!"#$%&'("#
”‘ Žƒ–‡ ͳͻͶͶ –‘ –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡ ‘ˆ ͳͻͶ͹ǡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜Ǧ‘˜‹‡–
”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‘•–‡•‹„Ž› •–”‘‰Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –ƒŽ‹ ‡˜‡” ˆ—ŽŽ›
‡†‘”•‡† ‹–‘ǯ• ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹• ‹ –Š‡ ƒŽƒ•ǡ ‡š…‡’– ‹ Ž„ƒ‹ƒǡ
–Š‹• †‹† ‘– —†‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘
…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ–Š‡‘˜‹‡–‹‘
”‡ƒ‹‡† –Š‡ •‘Ž‡ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ• ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •—’’‘”–ǡ
ƒ† ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ™ƒ• ‘•…‘™ǯ• ‘•– ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒŽŽ› ‹ —”‘’‡Ǥ Š‡
…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ …‘—–”‹‡• ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‡”‹…ƒ•
Žƒ—…Š‡† –Š‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ Žƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ”‘Ž‡ ƒ– –Š‡
‘‹ˆ‘”ǯ•ˆ‘—†‹‰…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ–‡•–‹ˆ›–‘Ž‘›ƒŽ–›‘ˆ–Š‡–‘
–Š‡‘˜‹‡–‹‘Ǥ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
͹͵‘Ž‘‹–‹ƒǡDz‘˜‘†‘ͷͲǦ‰‘†‹æŒ‹…‡ǡdzͳ͸ͶǤ
͹Ͷƒƒ…ǡ!"#$%#&'"(&)&"*(#+"#,ǡͶ͵Ǥ
!
!
Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 157!
!
‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡Ž‹‰‡”‹‰’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹…‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–›
‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ƒ† ‘˜‹‡– ƒŽƒ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• Šƒ† –‘ „‡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›
”‡•‘Ž˜‡†Ǥƒ‡Ž›ǡŠƒ†–ƒŽ‹–”‹‡†–‘’—”‰‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡƒ†
ƒ †‹•’—–‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ‡•…ƒŽƒ–‡† ‹–‘ ƒ …‘ˆŽ‹…–
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ …‘—–”‹‡•ǡ ‹– …ƒ””‹‡† –Š‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ”‹• ‘ˆ
ƒŽƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‹–• •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ‡•–‡” —”‘’‡ǡ
ƒ† ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‹‰ ‹ ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡–
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ „‡…ƒ‡ ”‡•‹‰‡† –‘ –Š‡ …‘…‡–”ƒ–‡† ‡”‹…ƒ
‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹—”‘’‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒ™ƒ•Žƒ—…Š‡†ǡ–Š‹•
…‡ƒ•‡†„‡‹‰ƒ…”—…‹ƒŽ…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡƒ•‘˜‹‡–”‡Žƒ–‹‘•
™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡•– •™‹ˆ–Ž› †‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ ‘Ž† ƒ”ǡ
–ƒŽ‹ …ƒ‡ –‘ ˜‹‡™ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹• ‹ –Š‡ ƒŽƒ• ƒ• ƒ
–Š”‡ƒ––‘Š‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘…‘–”‘Ž‡˜‡–•–Šƒ–”‹•‡†•Ž‹†‹‰‹–‘ƒ™ƒ”
™‹–Š ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ƒ† ‘†‘Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ™Š› –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…– „‡‰ƒ
„”‡™‹‰ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ •—‡” ‘ˆ ͳͻͶ͹ǡ ƒ† ‹– „‘‹Ž‡† ‘˜‡” ‹ ‡ƒ”Ž›
ͳͻͶͺǤ ‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” –ƒŽ‹ –‘ ”‡‹ ‹–‘ ‹ ™‡”‡ ”‹’‡Ǥ ‘™ǡ
‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡Šƒ†–‘–‘‡‘•…‘™ǯ•Ž‹‡…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›Ǣ‹–‘™‘—Ž†‘–„‡
ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘ ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ‹–‘ —‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǡ ƒ† ‹–‘ǯ•
‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‹ –Šƒ– …‘—–”› ™ƒ• –‘ „‡ ”‡’Žƒ…‡†ǡ †‡…‹•‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ™‹–Š
–ƒŽ‹ǯ•Ǥ
††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– –ƒŽ‹ ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž› „‡‰ƒ –‘ –Š‹
ƒ„‘—––ƒŽ‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡Ǥ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ
Ž‡˜‡Žǡ–ƒŽ‹‹œƒ–‹‘‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†”‡’Žƒ…‹‰–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǯ•…‘—‹•–•™‹–Š
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™Š‘•‡ ˆ‘”–—‡• …”—…‹ƒŽŽ› †‡’‡†‡† ‘ –ƒŽ‹ǡ ƒ†
™Š‘•‡•‡”˜‹Ž‹–›–‘‘•…‘™™ƒ•—“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰‹…ƒŽ
‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹œƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••ǡ ™Š‹…Š …Ž‹ƒš‡† ƒˆ–‡”
–Š‡ ‘‹ˆ‘”ǯ• ˆ‘—†‹‰ …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ ƒ• ‹– ƒ••—”‡† ‘”‡
‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡Ǥ†‹––‡†Ž›ǡ‘Ǯ•‘‹‰‰—ǯ
‡˜‹†‡…‡Šƒ•‡‡”‰‡†™Š‹…Š’‹’‘‹–•–Š‡’”‡…‹•‡‘‡–™Š‡
–ƒŽ‹‘’–‡†ˆ‘”‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‹•’‘Ž‹…›Ǥ‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡
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–ƒŽ‹‹œƒ–‹‘ †”‹˜‡ ™ƒ• ‡šƒ…–Ž› …‘…‡‹˜‡†ǡ ‹–‘ǯ• ’‘™‡” „ƒ•‡ ‹
—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ƒ†‡ Š‹ ‹…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ ™‹–Š ‹–Ǥ ‡–ǡ ’”‹‘” –‘ –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‹…‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–› „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ †‹…–ƒ–‘”• †‹† ‘–
’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ …Ž‘•‡ –‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡• ‹
‘–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹ ’Žƒ‡† ‹ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡ –Š‡
–ƒŽ‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡ƒ†–Šƒ–‹–‘™ƒ•„‘—†–‘„‡–Š‡
’”‹ƒ”› ˜‹…–‹ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’‘Ž‹…› ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹•’—–‡ ‘˜‡”
Ž„ƒ‹ƒ ™ƒ• ‘– –Š‡ …ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ „—– ‹–• •›’–‘Ǥ ˆ
–ƒŽ‹Šƒ†ˆ—ŽŽ…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡‹‹–‘ǯ•”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’Žƒ…‡ǡŠ‡
™‘—Ž† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ‘’’‘•‡† —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ…‡ ‹ –Š‡ –‹›
†”‹ƒ–‹… •–ƒ–‡Ǥ • ‹– ™ƒ•ǡ Ž„ƒ‹ƒ •‹’Ž› ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† –Š‡ ‘•–
…‘˜‡‹‡– ‹•–”—‡– ˆ‘” –ƒŽ‹ –‘ „”‹‰ ‹–‘ ‹–‘ ‘”†‡”Ǥ –ƒŽ‹ǯ•
•—††‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ǦŽ„ƒ‹ƒ
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ‹ —Ž› ͳͻͶ͹ǡ ™Š‹…Š ”‡˜‡”•‡† –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‘˜‹‡–
’‘Ž‹…›‘ˆ‰‹˜‹‰‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ƒˆ”‡‡Šƒ†‹‹”ƒƒǡƒ‡••‡•‡‘Ž›
‹–Š‹•™‹†‡”…‘–‡š–Ǥ
–‹ŽŽǡ–Š‡†‡˜‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’–‘–Š‡”‡Ž‹
•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡†‘—„–‡†‡˜‡‹–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǤŠ‡
’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜ †‡ˆ‹ƒ…‡ ‹ ‡„”—ƒ”› ƒ† ƒ”…Š ͳͻͶͺ
™ƒ• –‘ ’”‡••—”‡ –ƒŽ‹ –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ ƒ ˆ”‡‡ Šƒ† ‹ ‹–• ’‘Ž‹…›
–‘™ƒ”†• Ž„ƒ‹ƒǤ †‘—„–‡†Ž›ǡ ‹–‘ ™ƒ• ƒ™ƒ”‡ –Šƒ– Š‡ ™ƒ•
Š‡ƒ†‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ…Žƒ•Š™‹–Š–ƒŽ‹ǡ„—––Š‹•™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǯ• ˆ‹”•– …‘ˆŽ‹…– ™‹–Š ‘•…‘™Ǥ ”‡˜‹‘—• …Žƒ•Š‡• ‡˜‡”
”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡Œ‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
…‘—‹•–‘˜‡‡–Ǥ‹–‘‹•–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’…‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡’‘••‹„Ž›
…‘…‡‹˜‡†–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ”ƒ‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆŽ‹…–Ȃ—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǯ•–‘–ƒŽ
‡•–”ƒ‰‡‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ‹•– …ƒ’Ǥ 
’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ –‡”•ǡ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹–‘ •–”‘˜‡ ˆ‘” ‹ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹…›
•‹…‡ͳͻͶͶ…‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†™‹–Š‘—––ƒŽ‹ǯ•„ƒ…‹‰Ǥ
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—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‘ –Š‡ ˜‡”‰‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ǡ ƒ† ‹–‘
…‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡’‘••‹„Ž›‡š’‡…–‡†•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡“—ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ
ƒ› …ƒ•‡ǡ ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ †‹† ‘– …‘–‡’Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’”‘•’‡…– –Šƒ– –Š‡
”—’–—”‡™‹–Š‘•…‘™™‘—Ž†„‡…‘‡ •‘‰”‡ƒ––Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡
–‘ ”‡Ž› ‘ –Š‡ ‡•– ˆ‘” •—”˜‹˜ƒŽǤ ‘ •…Š‘Žƒ” Šƒ• —‡ƒ”–Š‡† ƒ›
‡˜‹†‡…‡ ˆ”‘ ‡‹–Š‡” —‰‘•Žƒ˜ ‘” ‡•–‡” ƒ”…Š‹˜‡• –Šƒ– ’”‹‘” –‘
–Š‡ •’Ž‹– –Š‡ —‰‘•Žƒ˜• Šƒ† •‘Ž‹…‹–‡† •—’’‘”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‘…‘—‹•– ™‘”Ž†Ǥ • Œ‹Žƒ• ƒ†‹––‡† ‹ ‘‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• Žƒ–‡•–
™‘”•ǡ–Š‡—‰‘•Žƒ˜ƒ”–›‡˜‡”…‘–‡’Žƒ–‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ‹•
‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‘ˆ‘•…‘™—–‹Žƒˆ–‡”–Š‡•’Ž‹–Ǥ͹ͷ
– —•– „‡ –Š‡ …‘…Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‡
…‘ˆŽ‹…–Ž‹‡•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›™‹–Š–ƒŽ‹Ǥ–†‹†‘–ƒ––‡”•‘—…Š™Šƒ–
’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ‹–‘ ’—”•—‡†ǡ „—– ™Š‘ Š‡ ™ƒ• Ȃ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ƒ’’‘‹–‡† „›
–Š‡‘‹–‡”ƒ†‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‰‡—‹‡Ž›Ž‘›ƒŽ–‘–ƒŽ‹ƒ†–Š‡
ǡ ‹–‘ ƒ–—”‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ƒ† •—……‡••ˆ—Ž
…‘—‹•–‘Š‹•‘™Ǥ‹•Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ…›•–‡‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š’Ž‘‹–•
‘ˆ–Š‡ǡƒ†Š‹•”—Ž‡™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡„”‘ƒ†•—’’‘”––Šƒ–Š‡
‡Œ‘›‡†‹—‰‘•Žƒ˜‹ƒǤ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ‹–‘ǯ•‰”ƒ†‹‘•‡ƒ„‹–‹‘•‹–Š‡
ƒŽƒ•ǡ ƒ† ƒ••‡”–‹˜‡‡•• ™‹–Š ™Š‹…Š Š‡ ’—”•—‡† Š‹• ƒ‹•ǡ
”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡† Š‹• •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‡–‹–Ž‡‡–Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…–
™‹–Š–Š‡‡•–„‡…ƒ‡ƒ†‹•–‹…–’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ–ƒŽ‹†‡…‹†‡†–‘…Ž‘•‡
”ƒ•‹–Š‡…‘—‹•–‘˜‡‡–ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š
ƒ Œ—‹‘” ’ƒ”–‡” ™Š‘ •–—„„‘”Ž› †‡ƒ†‡† Š‹• ’Žƒ…‡ ‹
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘—‹•Ǥ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
͹ͷŒ‹Žƒ•ǡ!"#$%&'()*+#ǡͳͳͷǤ!
Past Imperfect
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| 160!
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!"#$"%&'()*+
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Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 161!
!
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Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 162!
!
”ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Dz ƒŽƒ ‹‘ǫ ‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ ‹ ‘˜‹‡–
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Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 163!
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Past Imperfect
16 (2010) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487!
| 164!