DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2012-002 ® The Nimadi-speaking people of Madhya Pradesh A sociolinguistic profile Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla Mathews John Nelson Samuvel The Nimadi-speaking people of Madhya Pradesh A sociolinguistic profile Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla Mathews John Nelson Samuvel SIL International® 2012 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2012-002, January 2012 © 2012 Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla, Mathews John, Nelson Samuvel, and SIL International® All rights reserved Contents ABSTRACT PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Geography 1.2 People 1.3 Language 1.4 Purpose and goals 2 DIALECT AREAS 2.1 Lexical similarity 2.1.1 Procedures 2.1.2 Site selection 2.1.3 Results and analysis 2.1.4 Conclusions 2.2 Dialect intelligibility 2.2.1 Procedures 2.2.2 Site Selection 2.2.3 Results And Analysis 2.2.4 Conclusions 3 BILINGUALISM 3.1 Sentence Repetition Testing 3.1.1 Procedures 3.1.2 Demographic details of the area 3.1.3 Results and Analysis 3.2 Questionnaires and observation 4 LANGUAGE USE, ATTITUDES, AND VITALITY 4.1 Procedures 4.2 Results 4.2.1 Language use 4.2.2 Language attitudes 4.2.3 Language vitality 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 5.1 Dialect area study 5.2 Bilingualism study 5.3 Language use, attitudes, and vitality 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 For a Nimadi language development programme 6.2 For a Nimadi literacy programme APPENDICES Appendix A: Lexical Similarity Lexical Similarity Counting Procedures Wordlist Information and Informant Biodata International Phonetic Alphabet Wordlist Data Appendix B: Recorded Text Testing Introduction Snake Story Leopard Story Accident Story Recorded Text Testing in Awlia Recorded Text Testing in Sonipura Recorded Text Testing in Bhorwada Recorded Text Testing in Bhilkheda Recorded Text Testing in Jajamkhedi Recorded Text Testing in Sirpur Appendix C: Sentence Repetition Testing Hindi Sentence Repetition Test Sentences Hindi SRT Scoring Key Sentence Repetition Testing in Awlia 2 Sentence Repetition Testing in Sonipura Appendix D: Questionnaires Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality Questionnaire Questionnaires in Awlia Questionnaires in Sonipura Questionnaires in Bhilkheda Questionnaires in Jajamkhedi REFERENCES 3 Abstract The purpose of this sociolinguistic survey among the Nimadi-speaking people was to assess the need for mother tongue literature development and literacy work. Wordlist comparisons showed a relatively high degree of lexical similarity among the Nimadi varieties compared. Recorded Text Testing (RTT) revealed adequate comprehension of the selected Nimadi varieties in test points across the Nimad region. Responses of Nimadi speakers to sociolinguistic questionnaires indicated strong vitality of the language. Nimadi speakers have positive attitudes towards their language, but no central or prestige variety was identified. Attitudes towards Hindi are slightly positive; Hindi is seen as the language of education. Although questionnaire subjects felt they can handle basic tasks in Hindi, there are indications from Sentence Repetition Testing (SRT) that the Nimadi-speaking population as a whole is probably not adequately bilingual in Hindi to use available materials effectively. Preface This sociolinguistic survey of the Nimadi-speaking people was sponsored and carried out by the Indian Institute for Cross Cultural Communication (IICCC), which has an interest in developing mother tongue literature and promoting literacy among the language groups of India. The project fieldwork started the last week of May 1999 and continued through the first half of September 1999. We took a break of three weeks in August to review our goals as well as do data entry and some preliminary analysis. We began our work with no contacts in the area, but whenever we needed help, we met new friends in a timely way. Many people helped us, but it is not possible to thank them all. Almost all of them were strangers initially. We would like to thank our main language helper who took care of us during the research; the different block development officers and village leaders of the area who assisted us in selecting appropriate sites; and the Catholic priests who helped us complete our tasks, sometimes by providing accommodation and sometimes by introducing us to people who could assist us. We are grateful to all of the survey subjects, the experts on the 4 Nimadi language, who enabled us to achieve our goals by accepting us in their villages, patiently listening to the stories, and answering many questions. Many people contributed to different aspects of this survey such as background research, project coordination, data entry, and report writing. Every effort has been made to collect accurate information and present it clearly. The authors take responsibility for any errors. Corrections to this end would be welcome. The survey team trusts that this report reflects our brief research in the Nimadi language accurately and hopes that this work will benefit the Nimadi-speaking people and contribute to continued Nimadi language development. 5 6 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 1.1 Geography One of the biggest states located in the heart of India is Madhya Pradesh. The state ranges from the Chambal River in the north to the Godavari River in the south. The landscape of the state changes quite often and includes jungles, ravines, hilly regions, rocky regions, a highland plateau, and great arid plains. Madhya Pradesh is politically divided into districts, tahsils, blocks, and panchayats. This sociolinguistic survey was conducted in the Nimad region (Map 1), the uttermost south-western part of Madhya Pradesh. According to Ramnarayan Upadhyay (1977:52), Nimad is the joint place for north and south India where Aryans and non-Aryans were mingled with one another. ‘Nim’ means ‘half’ and perhaps ‘Ary’ refers to Aryans, which may be why the people were called ‘Nim-ary.’ Secondly, the Nimad region is further south and at a lower elevation than the Malwa region, so it was called ‘Nimnagami,’ which may mean ‘lower parts.’ Some other sources report that Nimad is derived from ‘Neem ki Ad,’ which means ‘Shade of Neem,’ since there are many neem trees in the area. Map 1. The Nimad UTTAR PRADESH RAJASTHAN BIHAR INDIA Key State boundary GUJARAT ORISSA MAHARASHT Nimad region GUJARAT Neighbouring states ANDHRA PRADESH 1.2 People 7 The Nimad region is located roughly from 21.50 to 22.40 degrees north latitude and 74.50 to 77.00 degrees east longitude, and is spread between the mountain ranges Vindhya and Satpura and the rivers Narmada and Tapi or Tapti to the north and south respectively. The regions that border Nimad are Malwa in the north, Khandesh in the south, Gujarat in the west, and Hoshangabad in the east. The Nimad is politically divided into Khandwa, Khargone, Barwani, and the southern part of Dhar districts. These four districts (Map 2) were traversed during this survey and are listed along with tahsils visited in Table 1. The present Khandwa district was formerly called East Nimad and the present Khargone and Barwani districts were formerly called West Nimad. Although the names have officially changed, these former names are still in common use. Table 1. The Nimad and its political divisions State Districts Tahsils Madhya Pradesh Khandwa Khandwa Pandhana Burhanpur Harsud Khargone Kasrawad Maheshwar Badwah Sanawad Bikhangaon Barwani Sendhwa Rajpur Kukshi Manawar Dhar Khargone Barwani Dhar Nimad is a part of the larger region called Bhilanchal or Bhil country, as some scholars refer to the tribal area of western India. A good part of this survey was in areas that are not very hilly. The medical and transport facilities are minimal in the rural areas. 1.2 People People in Nimad are of different caste groups and tribes and thus do not have a general people group name, but the Nimadi language binds them together. The Bhilala, Korku, Gond Ramcha, and Barela are Scheduled Tribes (ST). Balai is a 8 1 Introduction Scheduled Caste (SC). Other Backward Class (OBC) and General Caste (GC)1 groups are also common. Singh and Manoharan (1993:324) mention that the following people groups reportedly speak Nimadi: Nahal (ST); Dhed Bawa and Zamral (SC); and Jangada Porwal, Mavi, Newa Jain, Salvi, and Srimali Vaishya Baniya (OC). However, during this survey, the researchers could not locate Nimadi speakers from any of these groups except the Srimali Vaishya Baniya. The people in Nimad have their own traditional identity, but in recent times, because of modernisation and the influence of the media, these people are slowly adopting changes and joining the mainstream. Nimadi speakers celebrate all major Hindu festivals, but they also have their own festival called ‘Gannagoria.’ Many people are animists; some of them believe in sacrifices and still practice them. Because of the caste hierarchy, untouchability is also present among them. Illiteracy and poverty prevail among the Scheduled Castes (Singh 1993) and Scheduled Tribes (Singh 1994). The Madhya Pradesh government has introduced several development programmes to help uplift these people. The estimated literacy rate is fairly low among Nimadi speakers; it could be less than 45 per cent overall. Nevertheless, because of their better opportunities for education, the literacy rate among Nimadi speakers is generally higher than that of the other tribals in the region. Though some publications and audio-cassettes have helped Nimadi language development to some extent, it is not widely publicised. Devanagari script is used to write the language. The state government has started schools all over the region, but children face much difficulty; in the fourth and fifth standards, they often give up studies. The reason could be that the teaching is in Hindi and the teachers are often outsiders. On the other hand, those who get good education speak Hindi, the state language, fairly well. Men generally have higher literacy levels than women. 1 The terms Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Other Backward Class, and General Caste are official designations made by the government. These designations qualify members of the groups for certain types of economic and social development. 1.3 Language 9 1.3 Language Madhya Pradesh is home to many languages, one of which is Nimadi. The language name is Nimadi because it is spoken in the region of Nimad (Ramnarayan 1977:52). Though Nimadi is the mother tongue of some tribals, people from different caste groups live in this large area and also speak Nimadi, thus making it a distinguished regional language. The Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=noe, accessed 8 February 2010) gives Nimadi’s linguistic classification as Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, IndoAryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Unclassified. The Ethnologue notes alternate spellings for the language as Nemadi and Nimari, and also mentions a dialect called Bhuani. Grierson (1907:60) states, ‘Nimadi is really a form of the Malvi dialect of Rajasthani, but it has such marked peculiarities of its own that it must be considered separately. It has fallen under the influence of the neighbouring Gujarati and Bhil languages, and also of the Khandesi which lies to its south.’ Nimadi functions as the main language for intra-group and inter-group communication for Nimadi speakers. Hindi, the state language of Madhya Pradesh and a widely used language of north India, is commonly spoken across the Nimad area. Nimadi speakers use Hindi mainly in education and for communication with outsiders. Malvi is another regional language, and Gujarati, Marathi, and Rajasthani are the neighbouring state languages. In addition to the main languages, several other languages are indigenous to the Nimad. Table 2 shows the changing population of Nimadi speakers through the decades according to Census of India records. Table 2. Census figures of Nimadi speakers Year Number of speakers 1901 474,777 1911 361,217 1921 275,088 1931 398,060 1951 291,174 1961 527,091 1971 794,246 1981* 1,045,782 1991* 1,297,318 *The 1981 and 1991 population figures are projected from the census because the researchers were not able to get the exact census data. 10 1 Introduction Table 2 shows that from 1901 to 1951 the population figures for Nimadi speakers have ups and downs, but from 1951 to 1991 there is a sharp increase. This may be due to population changes and may also be affected by people’s willingness to claim Nimadi as their mother tongue. The important point is that numerically the Nimadi language does not appear to be dying out but rather is increasing. All India Radio has a daily broadcast in Nimadi from its Bhopal and Indore stations. There is a television broadcast in Nimadi from a Bhopal station. Audio-cassettes of Nimadi folk songs have been produced. Catholics working in the area produce some religious cassettes. Once a week some articles in Nimadi are printed in a Hindi newspaper called ‘Nayi Duniya.’ There is a thesis prepared about Nimadi folk songs by Father Norbat, who previously lived in Indore. ‘Log Sagithya Samagra’ is a Nimadi book by Ramnarayan Upadhyaya. Gouri Shankar compiled a Nimadi songbook entitled ‘Seva Ki Lagayar.’ Bombay University published a book by Stephen Hooks in Nimadi entitled ‘Children of Hari.’ 1.4 Purpose and goals The purpose of this sociolinguistic survey among the Nimadi-speaking people was to assess the need for mother tongue literature development and literacy work. If there was a need for a language programme, a subsequent purpose was to determine whether there was a central or standard variety of Nimadi in which language development could be carried out. To fulfil this overall purpose and to guide the course of research, the following goals for the project were devised. 1. To locate the geographical areas where Nimadi-speaking people are living. 2. To examine the differences, if any, among Nimadi speech varieties. 3. To study the lexical relationship between Nimadi and other neighbouring languages. 4. To investigate the levels of bilingualism in Hindi among Nimadi speakers. 5. To study the language use of Nimadi speakers in different domains, their attitudes towards Nimadi and Hindi, and the vitality of Nimadi. 2.1 Lexical similarity 11 2 Dialect Areas 2.1 Lexical similarity 2.1.1 Procedures One method of gauging the relationship among speech varieties is to compare the degree of similarity in their vocabularies. This is referred to as lexical similarity. Speakers of varieties that have more terms in common (thus a higher percentage of lexical similarity) generally, though not always, understand one another better than do speakers of varieties that have fewer terms in common. Since only elicited words and simple verb constructions are analysed by this method, lexical similarity comparisons alone cannot indicate how well certain speech communities understand one another. It can, however, assist in obtaining a broad perspective of the relationships among speech varieties and give support for results using more sophisticated testing methods, such as comprehension studies. The tool used for determining lexical similarity in this survey was a 210-item wordlist that has been standardised and contextualised for use in sociolinguistic surveys of this type in South Asia. The elicited words were transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) shown in Appendix . Each wordlist was compared with every other wordlist, item by item, to determine whether they were phonetically similar. Those words that were judged similar were grouped together. This process of evaluation was carried out according to standards set forth in Blair (1990:30–33). For a description of the criteria and procedures used in determining lexical similarity, refer to Appendix . 2.1.2 Site selection Eighteen wordlists from several sites (Error! Reference source not found.) were compared for this lexical similarity study. Ten wordlists were collected during this survey and eight were from previous surveys done in this area. Since Nimadi is a regional language, sites for wordlist collection were selected to represent not only different groups such as SC, ST, OBC, and GC, but also to represent urban/rural and geographical variation. 12 2 Dialect Areas Map 2. Wordlist Sites • INDORE • DHAR ٭Awlia MADHYA PRADESH ٭Jajamkhedi ⊗ Maheshwa ٭Rupkheda ٭Balekhad ٭Bhilkheda • BARWANI ٭Khajuri ٭Sonipura ٭Badgav • ⊗ KHARGONE ⊗ Bhorwad • KHANDWA ٭Sirpur ٭Kupdol a ⊗ Awlia ٭Melgav Key MAHARASHTRA State boundary District boundary • District headquarters * Wordlist from this survey ⊗ Wordlist from previous survey Three Nimadi wordlists are from previous surveys; one wordlist is from the Bhil country survey (Maggard et. al. 1998) and two are from the Bareli survey (Vinod Wilson Varkey, personal communication). Wordlists from the neighbouring languages Parya Bhilali and Malvi were also compared. Three standard wordlists from the state languages Hindi, Gujarati, and Marathi were included in the comparisons as well. From the Nimad, two wordlists were collected from Khandwa district, three from Barwani district, four from Khargone district, and two from the southern part of Dhar district. This covered several of the caste groups, most of the geographical area, and urban and rural sites. It was possible to collect many wordlists from interior places during this survey. To provide better reliability, three wordlists were checked with second mother tongue speakers in the same sites. Language Village Urban/Rural Communities Tahsil District Geographical State WL ob- 1 Nimadi Sonipura Khargone Central MP This Project Nimadi Sonipura Balai (SC), Patidar (General) Patidar (OBC) Khargone 2 Khargone Khargone Central MP This Project 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Balkhad Jajamkhedi Bhilkheda Awlia Khajuri Maheshwar Rupkheda Khargone Rural but developed Rural but developed Rural Rural/Urban Rural Rural Rural Urban Urban Urban General OBC ST-Bhilala ST-Bhilala ST-Bhilala ST-Bhilala General Not known Kasrawad Manawar Barwani Dhar Rajpur Kasarawad Sanawad Khargone Khargone Dhar Barwani Dhar Barwani Khargone Khagone Khargone Central-North North West North West Central-North East Central MP MP MP MP MP MP MP MP 11 Nimadi Awlia Balai (SC) Khandwa Khandwa East MP 12 13 14 Nimadi Nimadi Parya Bhilali Malvi Sirpur,Melgav* Kupdol,Badgav* Bhorwada Rural but developed Rural Rural/Urban Rural This Project This Project This Project This Project This Project Bareli-1999 This Project Bhil Country1998 Bareli-1999 ST-Bhilala OBC Parya-Bhilala Harsud Khargone Rajpur Khandwa Khargone Barwani East Central Central-West MP MP MP This Project This Project Bareli 1999 Indore Indore tained in 15 16 17 18 Thillor Khurd MP Bhil Country1998 Hindi Standard Gujarati Standard Marathi Standard *In Sirpur, there were two informants, one from Sirpur and one from Melgav, which is three kilometres from Sirpur. In Kupdol, there were two informants, one from Kupdol and one from Badgav, which is eight kilometres from Kupdol. 2.1 Lexical No. similarity Table 3. Speech variety, location, and origin of wordlists 13 14 2 Dialect Areas Table 3 gives the speech variety, location, and origin of the wordlists utilised in this project. The sampling is listed according to different caste groups, urban/rural sites, and geographic locations. The table is ordered by speech variety and the state in which the wordlist site is located. Further details about each wordlist and its informant, as well as phonetic transcriptions of the wordlists, are given in Appendix . 2.1.3 Results and analysis Overall results The lexical similarity percentages for the speech varieties under consideration are shown in Table 4. As much as possible in this chart, varieties are ordered by similarity percentages, with the highest being placed nearer to the top. Table 4. Lexical similarity percentages matrix Nimadi-Sonipura-Balai-Khargone 94 Nimadi-Sonipura-Patidar-Khargone 90 88 Nimadi-Balkhad-Brahmin-Khargone 86 86 87 Nimadi-Bhilkheda-Bhilala-Barwani 87 85 86 88 Nimadi-Awlia (Dhar)-Bhilala-Dhar 86 85 88 87 83 Nimadi-Jajamkhedi-OBC-Dhar 87 85 86 82 85 81 Nimadi-Khajuri-Bhilala-Barwani 86 83 85 85 84 83 83 Nimadi-Maheshwar-Bhilala-Khargone 87 83 84 83 84 81 81 85 Nimadi-Rupkheda-Brahmin-Khargone 85 82 83 82 85 83 82 86 85 Nimadi-Khargone-General-Khargone 84 85 85 83 83 80 80 83 84 82 Nimadi-Awlia-Balai-Khandwa 84 81 84 78 79 77 77 75 78 74 80 Nimadi-Sirpur-OBC-Khandwa 84 80 83 77 75 79 76 75 79 74 74 78 Nimadi-Kupdol-Darbar, OBC-Khargone 79 78 80 80 78 79 79 78 75 78 74 73 74 Parya Bhilali-Bhorwada-Barwani 74 73 73 72 74 71 75 73 73 74 73 69 64 67 Malvi-Thillor Khurd-Indore 72 70 74 74 72 70 70 77 73 75 77 66 62 65 67 Hindi-Standard 63 63 65 63 62 62 62 64 61 64 63 60 56 57 64 66 Gujarati-Standard 55 54 58 53 54 54 53 54 56 56 56 49 51 51 52 61 60 Marathi-Standard When using the lexical similarity counting procedures put forth in Blair (1990:30– 33), it has been found, generally speaking, that speech varieties that have less than 60 per cent lexical similarity with each other are unlikely to be intelligible (Blair 1990:20). The overall lexical similarity percentages among all Nimadi wordlists ranged from 74 to 94 per cent, indicating that they may all be considered related varieties of the same language. The Nimadi varieties of Khargone district have the highest lexical similarity percentages with most of the other Nimadi varieties surveyed. 2.1 Lexical similarity 15 The Kupdol and Sirpur wordlists show percentages mostly in the 70s with the other Nimadi varieties. The researchers feel that the Kupdol wordlist is perhaps the least reliable of all the Nimadi wordlists, since it was elicited without the presence of the local language helper or the more experienced surveyor on the team. However, this percentage is included with the others since all other wordlists except three also were not rechecked. The low similarities of the Sirpur wordlist with the other Nimadi samples are likely because Sirpur is towards the eastern border of the Nimad, where the influence of other languages is stronger. The Parya Bhilali wordlist from Bhorwada village shows 73 to 80 per cent similarities with the Nimadi wordlists. The people of Bhorwada village are Parya Bhilalas who speak a form of Bhilali as their mother tongue. This form is reportedly closer to Nimadi than to the other Bhilali varieties. In this village along with Parya Bhilali, Rathwi is also spoken. Malvi is a related language and also a neighbouring regional language to Nimadi. Malvi from Thillor Khurd shows 64 to 75 per cent lexical similarity with the Nimadi varieties. Nevertheless, scholars who have done research on Malvi consider it a separate language from Nimadi. Mother tongue speakers of both Nimadi and Malvi also identify their respective languages as distinct from each other. The Nimadi varieties are also less similar to Hindi, Gujarati, and Marathi than to one another. Nimadi has slightly higher lexical similarity percentages with Hindi (62 to 77 per cent) than with Gujarati (56 to 64 per cent) and Marathi (49 to 58 per cent). Some borrowing of words from all three state languages seems to be present in these Nimadi varieties. Overlap may also be due to the fact that all are Indo-Aryan languages. The slightly stronger influence of Hindi may be because it is the state language of Madhya Pradesh. However, there does not seem to be a notable influence according to whether the Nimadi wordlist sites are urban or rural. Results within Nimadi varieties Within the Nimadi varieties, there was the possibility of influence from geographical location, caste/tribe, and urban/rural setting on the lexical similarity results. Table 5 shows the lexical similarity percentages across the districts. 16 2 Dialect Areas Table 5. Lexical similarity percentages matrix arranged by districts Nimadi-Sonipura-Balai 94 Nimadi-Sonipura-Patidar 90 88 Nimadi-Balkhad-Brahmin Khargone 86 83 85 Nimadi-Maheshwar-Bhilala 87 83 84 85 Nimadi-Rupkheda-Brahmin 85 82 83 86 85 Nimadi-Khargone-General 84 80 83 75 79 74 Nimadi-Kupdol-Darbar,OBC Barwani 86 86 87 85 83 82 77 Nimadi-Bhilkheda-Bhilala 87 85 86 83 81 82 76 82 Nimadi-Khajuri-Bhilala 87 85 86 84 84 85 75 88 85 Nimadi-Awlia(Dhar)Bhilala Dhar 86 85 88 83 81 83 79 87 81 83 Nimadi-Jajamkhedi-OBC 84 85 85 83 84 82 74 83 80 83 80 Nimadi-Awlia-Balai 84 81 84 75 78 74 78 78 77 79 77 80 Nimadi Sirpur-OBC Khandwa Within Khargone district (excluding Kupdol), the lexical similarity percentages are 82 to 94 per cent, within Khandwa district it is 80 per cent, within Barwani district it is 82 per cent, and within Dhar district it is 83 per cent. When comparing similarity percentages across the districts, the range is 74 to 88 per cent, which is not notably different from the similarities within the districts. The lexical similarity comparisons within and across the Nimadi-speaking communities, summarised in Table 6, also show no notable differences. In fact, the highest lexical similarity percentage between any two Nimadi varieties is 94 per cent. These two wordlists come from within the same village but from different castes (SC Balai and OBC Patidar). Table 6. Lexical similarity percentages matrix among castes SC ST OBC General SC 84% 80%-88% 74%-88% 82%-94% ST 80%-88% 82%-88% 74%-86% 75%-88% OBC 74%-88% 74%-86% 77%-79% 74%-88% GENERAL 82%-94% 75%-88% 74%-88% 82%-88% 2.1.4 Conclusions For the most part, comparison of these wordlists shows that the Nimadi varieties spoken in the communities listed in Table 3 appear to be quite similar, based on the fairly high lexical similarity. This is an indicator that the Nimadi varieties spoken in the region are not different enough to be considered separate languages. Geography, caste/tribe, and urban/rural location did not exert any notable influence on lexical 2.2 Dialect intelligibility 17 similarity results. The Nimadi varieties are less similar to the state languages in their respective locations. 2.2 Dialect intelligibility The researchers believe that an important factor in determining the distinction between a language and a dialect is how well speech communities can understand one another. Low intelligibility2 between two speech varieties, even if one has been classified as a dialect of the other, impedes the ability of one group to understand the other (Grimes 1996:vi). Thus comprehension testing, which allows a look into the approximate understanding of natural speech, was an important component of this research. 2.2.1 Procedures Recorded Text Testing (RTT) is one tool to help assess the degree to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another. A three- to five-minute natural, personal experience narrative is recorded from a mother tongue speaker of the speech variety in question. It then is evaluated with a group of mother tongue speakers from the same region by a procedure called Hometown Testing (HTT). This ensures that the story is representative of the speech variety in that area and is suitable to be used for testing in other sites. Mother tongue speakers from other locations and differing speech varieties then listen to the recorded stories and are asked questions, interspersed in the story, to test their comprehension. Subjects are permitted to take tests of stories from other locations only if they perform well on a hometown or control test. This ensures that the testtaking procedure is understood. Ten is considered the minimum number of subjects to be given this test, and subjects’ responses to the story questions are noted down and scored. A person’s score is 2 Intelligibility is a term that has often been used to refer to the level of understanding that exists between speech varieties. The researchers share the view of O’Leary (1994) that RTT results should be discussed as comprehension scores on texts from different dialects, not as intelligibility scores nor as measures of ‘inherent intelligibility.’ Thus the term ‘intelligibility’ has been used sparingly in this report, with the term ‘comprehension’ used more frequently. 18 2 Dialect Areas considered a reflection of his comprehension of the text, and the average score of all subjects at a test point is indicative of the community’s understanding of the speech variety represented in the story. Included with the test point’s average score is a calculation for the variation between individual subjects’ scores, known as standard deviation, which helps in interpreting how representative those scores are. After each story, subjects are asked questions such as how different they felt the speech was and how much they could understand. These subjective post-RTT responses give an additional perspective for interpreting the objective test data. If a subject’s answers to these questions are comparable with his or her score, it gives more certainty to the results. If, however, the post-RTT responses and test score show some dissimilarity, then this discrepancy can be investigated. For a fuller description of Recorded Text Testing, refer to Appendix as well as to Casad (1974). The stories and questions used in the testing also appear in Appendix , as do the demographic profiles of the subjects at each test site, the test scores, and the post-HTT/RTT responses. 2.2.2 Site Selection In order to understand the dialect intelligibility of selected Nimadi varieties, three stories were tested in different locations (Error! Reference source not found.). Out of these three, one story was from a survey of Bareli (Vinod Wilson Varkey, personal communication) and the other two were collected during this project. The testing was done in six sites located in four districts. The information about these three stories is given in Table 7. Table 7. RTT stories Story People Language Village District Snake Bharud (OBC) Nimadi Sonipura Khargone This survey Accident Parya Bhilala (ST) Balai (SC) Parya Bhilali/Nimadi Nimadi Bhorwada Barwani This survey Awlia Khandwa Bareli survey name Leopard Story obtained during 2.2 Dialect intelligibility 19 Map 3. Recorded Text Testing Sites • INDORE • DHAR MADHYA PRADESH ® Jajamkhedi ® Bhilkheda • BARWANI ♣ Sonipura • KHARGONE • KHANDWA ♣ Bhorwad a ® Sirpur ♣ Awlia Key MAHARASHTRA • ♣ ® State boundary District boundary District headquarters HTT/RTT site RTT site Sonipura This village is seven kilometres from Khargone, the district headquarters and the central part of Nimad. This village contains a mixture of higher and lower castes; Muslims also live here. The wordlist from this village has the highest lexical similarities with other Nimadi varieties. The Snake story was therefore collected from Sonipura and tested in five other sites. The Awlia Leopard story was used in Sonipura to test the comprehension of that variety. Awlia The Awlia Leopard story was collected during a survey of Bareli (Vinod Wilson Varkey, personal communication). Awlia is in Khandwa district. This story was used for comprehension testing in five other locations. The Snake story was played in this site to investigate the intelligibility of the Sonipura Nimadi speech form in Awlia. In this village Christians and Hindus are present in almost equal populations; a few Muslims also live there. People from SC, ST, and OBC groups live in this village. 20 2 Dialect Areas Bhorwada Bhorwada is 30 kilometres from Khargone. This village is near the borders of Khargone and Barwani districts. It has a large concentration of Parya Bhilalas and their lexical similarity ranges from 73 to 80 per cent with other Nimadi varieties. Since the Parya Bhilala speech form appeared to have little lexical difference from Nimadi, one story was collected from the Parya Bhilala community and all three stories were played at this site to look at the relationship between Parya Bhilali and selected Nimadi speech varieties. Bhilkheda This village is only three kilometres from Barwani town, but is in a rural setting. Bhilalas are the majority community in this village. The Snake and Leopard stories were tested among Bhilalas here. Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi was the site selected to represent Dhar district. Jajamkhedi is three kilometres from Manawar in Dhar district. Malvi is the dominant language in Dhar district but in the southern part, people speak Nimadi also. This area was beyond the official boundary of the Nimad area, formed by the Narmada River. Two stories were tested in this village. Sirpur This area represents the far eastern part of Nimad. Sirpur is 35 kilometres distant from Khandwa, the district headquarters. Christians are the majority community in this village. Comprehension testing was done among them only. The Snake and Leopard stories were played in this site to investigate the comprehension of the Sonipura and Awlia Nimadi speech forms. 2.2.3 Results And Analysis The RTT results are shown in Table 8. The rows of the table list the villages where the stories were tested and the columns list each story used for testing. 2.2 Dialect intelligibility 21 Table 8. RTT results Reference Point Test Point Sonipura- Awlia-Nimadi Bhorwada-Parya Bhilali Nimadi Leopard story (Nimadi) Snake story Sonipura Bhilkheda Jajamkhedi Awlia Sirpur Bhorwada Avg Sd No Avg Sd No Avg Sd No Avg Sd No Avg Sd No Avg Sd No 99 2 13 99 3 13 98 4 10 98 4 10 99 3 16 100 0 11 Accident story 90 8 11 95 6 12 90 9 8 98 4 10 96 5 16 90 7 11 Not tested Not tested Not tested Not tested Not tested 99 1 11 In interpreting RTT results, three pieces of information are necessary. The first is average percentage (shown as ‘Avg,’ which is the mean or average of all the participants’ individual scores on a particular story at a particular test site). Also necessary is a measure of how much individuals’ scores vary from the community average, called standard deviation (shown as ‘Sd’). The third important piece of information is the size of the sample, that is, the number of people that were tested (shown as ‘N’). In addition, to be truly representative, a sample should include people from significant demographic categories, such as men and women, younger and older, and educated and uneducated. The relationship between test averages and their standard deviation has been summarised by Blair (1990:25) and can be seen in Figure 1. 22 2 Dialect Areas Standard Deviation High Situation 1 High Many people understand the story well, but Average score Low Low Situation 2 some have difficulty. Most people understand the story. Situation 3 Situation 4 Many people cannot understand the story, but a Few people are able to few are able to answer correctly. understand the story. Figure 1. Relationship between RTT averages and standard deviations Since results of field-administered methods such as Recorded Text Testing cannot be completely isolated from potential biases, O’Leary (1994) recommends that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80 per cent or higher with accompanying low standard deviations3 are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60 per cent are interpreted to indicate inadequate comprehension. The following sections highlight the results of comprehension testing, discussed in terms of the understanding of each story. The discussion basically follows the order of how extensively stories were tested, though related speech varieties are discussed together. For all HTTs, the average scores were high and the standard deviations were low, indicating that the HTTs were valid in all sites. The post-HTT responses indicated that even for the stories used as control tests but not from the subjects’ own village, a majority of the people reported that the story is close to their speech form. Sonipura Snake story This story was tested among a total of 73 subjects in six sites. It was very well understood throughout all test points and among various communities. The story’s topic was simple, straightforward, and interesting. The average scores on this story were high in all sites. The averages were 98 to100 per cent, with low standard 3 Usually ten and below; high standard deviations are about 15 and above. 2.2 Dialect intelligibility 23 deviations. The highest average was 100 per cent in Bhorwada among the Parya Bhilala people. This is interesting in view of the fact that the lexical similarities were lower between Parya Bhilali and the Nimadi varieties than within Nimadi varieties. Since Sonipura is near Bhilkheda and Jajamkhedi, the Snake story was tested first in these locations; subjects scored an average of 99 per cent and 98 per cent respectively. Therefore this story was used as the control test for subjects from these villages. In response to post-RTT questions, many subjects from all the sites except Bhorwada said this story is from their area and that it was fully understandable to them, with little or no difference from their own speech. Eighty four per cent (of the 73 subjects) said the speech is good and 78 per cent said the speech is pure. Some educated subjects and those who travelled widely said some Hindi words were also used in this story. Awlia Leopard story This story, tested among 68 subjects in six sites, was also very well understood in all of the locations where it was tested4. The average score was 95 per cent in Bhilkheda and 90 per cent in Sonipura, Jajamkhedi, and Bhorwada. The standard deviation was low in each place. In response to the post-RTT questions, a majority of the subjects said they were able to understand the story fully, but some subjects said they understood only half. Most of the subjects said the speech form is a little different or very different from their own speech form. Most of the subjects said this story is from the Nimad area. In Sirpur, seven of the subjects said the Leopard story’s speech form is nearer to their own form, six said the Snake story was closer, and three said both stories are close to their own speech form. In Bhilkeda and Jajamkhedi, a majority of the subjects said the Sonipura Snake story’s speech variety is closer to their own speech 4 This story was tested in Awlia as a Hometown Test twice. The first was done during the Bareli survey (Vinod Wilson Varkey, personal communication). At that time the average score was 99 per cent with a standard deviation of two. During this survey, the average score was 98 per cent with a standard deviation of four. 24 3 Bilingualism form than that of the Awlia Leopard story. Some people said both speech forms are close to their own. Bhorwada Accident Story Bhorwada has a larger concentration of Parya Bhilalas and it was reported that the Parya Bhilala speech form has little difference from Nimadi. Hence Bhorwada was selected as a test point. This story was tested in no other sites because the goal was only to discover whether this community could understand the Nimadi varieties selected for testing. 2.2.4 Conclusions Comprehension testing revealed that in almost all cases the stories representing the selected varieties (Sonipura Nimadi of Khargone district and Awlia Nimadi of Khandwa district) were well understood in the test locations. Subjects from all six test points around the Nimad region consistently scored well on both stories. This suggests that Nimadi-speaking people from locations across the Nimad should be able to adequately comprehend materials based on either of these varieties. In post-RTT responses, 50 per cent of the subjects said the Sonipura Snake story is closer to their own speech form than the Awlia Leopard story, while 20 per cent of the subjects said the speech forms in both stories are close to their own varieties. The rest of the subjects favoured their respective HTTs. 3 Bilingualism Bilingualism ‘refers to the knowledge and skills acquired by individuals which enable them to use a language other than their mother tongue’ (Blair 1990:52). A second language may be acquired either formally (as in a school setting) or informally through other types of contact with speakers of the second language. Blair (1990:51) further points out, ‘The goal of a study of community bilingualism is to find out how bilingual the population of a community is. Bilingualism is not a characteristic which is uniformly distributed. In any community, different individuals or sections of the community are bilingual to different degrees. It is important to avoid characterizing an entire community as though such ability were uniformly 3.1 Sentence Repetition Testing 25 distributed. It is more accurate to describe how bilingualism is distributed throughout the community.’ Hindi is the official state language and medium for instruction in schools in Madhya Pradesh, where most of the research for this survey was carried out. Since Hindi has a great influence in this area, it was important to assess the bilingual proficiency of the Nimadi-speaking people in Hindi as part of considering the possible need for a language development programme in Nimadi. The main tool used to gauge bilingualism in Hindi was the Sentence Repetition Test (SRT). Some questions regarding self-reported bilingual ability were also included on the Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality questionnaire that was administered to subjects in four locations. 3.1 Sentence Repetition Testing 3.1.1 Procedures A Sentence Repetition Test (SRT) consists of a set of fifteen carefully selected sentences recorded on an audio-cassette. Each sentence is played once for each subject and the subject is asked to repeat the sentence exactly the same way. Each sentence is scored according to a four-point scale (0–3) for a maximum of 45 points for 15 sentences. Each subject is evaluated on his ability to repeat each sentence accurately. Any deviation from the recorded sentences is counted as an error. A subject’s ability to accurately repeat the sentences of increasing difficulty is directly correlated with the ability to speak and understand the language: the higher the score, the higher the bilingual proficiency. The SRT results are expressed as a point total out of the maximum 45 points. They are also expressed as an equivalent bilingual proficiency level or Reported Proficiency Evaluation (RPE) level.5 The RPE levels range from 0+ (very minimal proficiency) to 4+ (approaching the proficiency level of a native speaker). Table 9 shows the RPE levels equivalent to the Hindi SRT score ranges (Varenkamp 1991:9, Radloff 1991:242). It is generally believed that at a minimum, second language proficiency 5 Two sentences had recording problems in two places. If the subjects missed or pronounced the words in those sections incorrectly, they still received full credit. 26 3 Bilingualism levels of approximately RPE level of 3+ or above are necessary for persons to adequately understand and use complex written materials in a language other than the mother tongue. Table 9. Hindi SRT score ranges and corresponding RPE levels Hindi SRT score RPE level Proficiency description 44–45 38–43 32–37 26–32 20–25 14–19 08–13 04–07 00–03 4+ 4 3+ 3 2+ 2 1+ 1 0+ Near native speaker Excellent proficiency Very good general proficiency Good, general proficiency Good, basic proficiency Adequate, basic proficiency Limited, basic proficiency Minimal, limited proficiency Very minimal proficiency The Hindi SRT was developed by Varenkamp (1991). Initial construction of an SRT is time-consuming, but after it is developed, it is relatively quick and easy to administer once test administrators are trained. It is also possible with SRT to analyse a large sample in a relatively short time. When compared to RTT, SRT gives a more accurate and complete evaluation of a community’s bilingual proficiency. Since bilingual proficiency frequently correlates with independent variables such as gender, age, and education, it is important to test an adequate sample in each category. A sample of at least five people should be tested for each category of demographic factors that is selected by the researchers. Appendix shows the Hindi SRT sentences, along with the individual demographic details and scores of the test subjects. 3.1.2 Demographic details of the area In this survey, the Hindi SRT was administered in two villages of Madhya Pradesh, among two mixed communities where Nimadi is spoken, namely Sonipura and Awlia (Map 4). The researchers set gender, age, and education as the variables to investigate in relation to Hindi bilingualism. While the overall population figures were extracted from the 1991 Census of India, the adult population and education figures were estimated based on the 1995 Voters List and interviews with village leaders. In this survey, the researchers examined the variances between people who had never been through any formal education (‘Uneducated’), people who finished their primary education (‘Primary’-standards one through five), and people who 3.1 Sentence Repetition Testing 27 studied through higher education levels (‘Higher’-standard six and above). The researchers categorised subjects aged 17 to 34 years as ‘Younger’ and aged 35 years and above as ‘Older.’ Map 4. Questionnaire and Sentence Repetition Testing Sites • INDORE • DHAR MADHYA PRADESH ♦ Jajamkhedi ♦ Bhilkheda • BARWANI * Sonipura • ⊗ KHARGONE • KHANDWA * Awlia Key MAHARASHTRA • ♦ * State boundary District boundary District Headquarters Questionnaire site Questionnaire/SRT site Sonipura Sonipura is a large and prosperous village located seven kilometres north of the district headquarters, Khargone. It is situated on the state highway towards Sanawad. In this village, the majority of the people are from SC and other communities; few are from STs. There is frequent transportation available by government and private services every day. There is a school up to seventh standard in this village. Khargone is the nearest town to go to for higher studies. According to the village leader and the 1995 Voters List, the total population of Sonipura is 1200. The following groups live in this village: Balai 90 houses, Patidar 80 houses, Muslims 30 houses, Chamar 15 houses, Dhankhar ten houses, Rathod three houses, Kumar two houses, and Adivasi one house. The literacy percentages were estimated by the village leader. Since the target subjects for SRT are adults (above 17 years), the researchers considered the Voters List as a more appropriate 28 3 Bilingualism source for this information. According to the Voters List, the total number of adults in Sonipura is 736, among which the males are 332 and females are 404. The demographic information for Sonipura is summarised in Table 10. Table 10. Demographic information for Sonipura Total Total Literate Over 17 years population households Male 540 --- 85% 332 Female 660 --- 25% 404 Total 1200 241 55% 736 old The village leader estimated that 85 per cent (282) of the males are educated and 25 per cent (101) of the females are educated. At the time of this survey, the elders of the community still had little interest in sending their female children to school. Thirty per cent of the people aged 35 and above are reportedly educated; among them the majority are males. The younger generation of Nimadi speakers is more educated than the older generation. Awlia Awlia is a large village situated 30 kilometres west of Khandwa, the district headquarters. This village contains a mixture of religions and castes. Hindus, Christians, and Muslims live in this village. The castes are Bharud, Kachi, Kumbi (OBC); Balai, Chamar (SC); and Bhilala, Bhil (ST). All of the villagers are Nimadi speakers. Awlia is connected to the KhandwaKhargone state highway by a paved road. There is a mini-bus service from the village to Khandwa. According to the 1991 Census of India, the total population of Awlia is 3000. Seventy per cent of the population are Hindus, 25 per cent are Christians and five per cent are Muslims. Table 11 shows the demographic information available for Awlia village. The literacy percentages were estimated by the village leader. 3.1 Sentence Repetition Testing 29 Table 11. Demographic information for Awlia Total Total population household Literate Below 17 years Over 17 years old old Male 80% 589 Female 40% 576 Total 3000 264 67% 1835 1165 Awlia village has two primary schools (standards one through five) and one middle school (standards six through eight). There are two hospitals, one general and one for leprosy patients. Among the total population, approximately 2000 people reportedly know how to read and write Hindi and 1000 do not. The researchers found it difficult to find uneducated young subjects, either male or female, in this village. 3.1.3 Results and Analysis Sonipura A total of 48 subjects were tested in Sonipura. The researchers tried to get a sample of five in each demographic category, but not all categories were well represented in the village population. There were no older females who had studied higher than primary levels. Most of the females in Sonipura are uneducated. Because girls go to their husband’s house after marriage, most of the parents think giving them an education will be a waste of time and money. During or after primary school, the majority of female children will drop out. The SRT results here are summarised in Table 12. ‘Avg’ is average of the individual scores for that category, ‘Lvl’ is the RPE level that is equivalent to the score, ‘Sd’ is standard deviation, and ‘N’ is the number of subjects tested. 30 3 Bilingualism Table 12. SRT results in Sonipura Uneducated Young Male Female Total Avg Lvl Sd N Avg Lvl Sd N Avg Lvl Sd N 16 2 8 5 10 1+ 6 5 Old 13 1+ 8 10 15 2 11 5 9 1+ 6 5 Primary Higher Young Old Young 25 2+ 10 6 32 3+ 0 1 27 3 9 5 28 3 0 1 30 3 7 9 31 3 6 2 26 3 8 13 Total Old 25 2+ 13 4 29 3 9 15 24 2+ 10 34 16 2 11 14 In these results, it is clear that, of the three variables investigated (gender, age, and education), education in Hindi plays a noticeable role in the bilingual ability of the people. Educated subjects showed more Hindi bilingual ability than uneducated subjects. Males often show more bilingual ability than females. However, in Sonipura this only occurred between uneducated males and females, and the difference was only one-half RPE level (2 for males and 1+ for females). The researchers asked many people to take the SRT, but few females actually completed the test; most of them felt they would not be able to repeat the sentences. Because of this, it is likely that the overall SRT scores for females in Sonipura would be even lower than the results that appear in Table 12. Age did not have a notable influence on SRT results. From Table 13, we can see that only 19 per cent of the subjects in Sonipura scored at RPE level 3+ (‘good, general proficiency’) or above, while the remaining 81 per cent scored at RPE level 3 or below (from ‘good, basic proficiency’ to as low as ‘very minimal proficiency’). Although Sonipura is situated only seven kilometres from district headquarters, thus giving more opportunity for contact with outsiders, the Hindi proficiency level in this village is still relatively low. 3.1 Sentence Repetition Testing 31 Table 13. Tested levels of Hindi proficiency in Sonipura SRT scores RPE level Predicted RPE levels No. of subjects % 44–45 38–43 32–37 26–32 20–25 14–19 08–13 04–07 00–03 4+ 4 3+ 3 2+ 2 1+ 1 0+ Near native speaker Excellent proficiency Very good, general proficiency Good, general proficiency Good, basic proficiency Adequate, basic proficiency Limited, basic proficiency Minimal, limited proficiency Very minimal proficiency 0 1 8 12 6 7 8 4 2 0% 2% 17% 25% 12% 15% 17% 8% 4% From these results, we can say that for Nimadi speakers in Sonipura, education is the main factor that influences people’s bilingual ability in Hindi. These Hindi SRT results indicate that a majority of Sonipura Nimadi speakers, especially the uneducated, would be likely to benefit from a language development programme in their mother tongue. Awlia A total of 52 subjects were tested on the Hindi SRT in Awlia. Of the 12 divisions in the demographic profile, it proved possible to test a sample for each of the gender, age, and education categories. The SRT results in Awlia are summarised in Table 14. Table 14. SRT results in Awlia Uneducated Male Avg Lvl Sd Primary Higher Total Young Old Young Old Young Old 17 2 7 3 7 1 3 5 29 3 7 5 27 3 5 10 28 3 4 6 27 3 4 4 23 2+ 9 33 13 2 6 2 13 2 9 6 23 2+ 0 1 17 2 11 4 30 3 4 4 23 2+ 7 2 19 2 10 19 N Female Avg Lvl Sd N Total Avg Lvl Sd N 12 1+ 7 16 24 2+ 8 20 27 3 4 16 32 3 Bilingualism There were no notable differences based on gender or age, but it is clear from these results that education in Hindi has an influence on the performance of Awlia subjects on the Hindi SRT. The more educated subjects performed better. The difference between primary educated and higher educated subjects is only one-half RPE level, but between uneducated and educated subjects there is a difference of one to one and a half levels. Table 15 shows that only 17 per cent of the Nimadi-speaking subjects in Awlia scored at RPE level 3+ or above, with the other 83 per cent scoring at RPE level 3 or below. Even though there have been three schools in this village for the last five decades, the overall proficiency in Hindi is still relatively low. Table 15. Tested levels of Hindi proficiency in Awlia SRT scores RPE level Predicted RPE levels No. of subjects % 44–45 38–43 32–37 26–32 20–25 14–19 08–13 04–07 00–03 4+ 4 3+ 3 2+ 2 1+ 1 0+ Near native speaker Excellent proficiency Very good, general proficiency Good, general proficiency Good, basic proficiency Adequate, basic proficiency Limited, basic proficiency Minimal, limited proficiency Very minimal proficiency 0 1 8 13 13 4 8 3 2 0% 2% 15% 25% 25% 8% 15% 6% 4% Among the Nimadi speakers tested in Awlia, some (those at RPE levels of 3+ or 4) could probably understand and use complex written materials in Hindi, but the majority probably could not. These results indicate that Nimadi speakers in Awlia would also benefit from a language development programme in their mother tongue. Sonipura and Awlia combined The difference in the results from Sonipura and Awlia is relatively small. The key observation is that although a few subjects were able to score at RPE level 3+ or above on the Hindi SRT, the average scores among the subgroups of educated subjects were still only equivalent to RPE level 3 overall. This indicates ‘good, general proficiency’ in Hindi, but is probably not adequate for understanding and using complex written materials in Hindi. 3.2 Questionnaires and observation 33 3.2 Questionnaires and observation To determine self-reported Hindi bilingual ability, bilingualism questions were included on a Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality (LUAV) questionnaire. Questions were asked in Hindi, with mother tongue translation used for communication with subjects who had limited Hindi ability. Subjects were asked, ‘Can you speak Hindi?’ Out of 54 subjects from four sites, 61 per cent (33 subjects) responded that they could speak and understand Hindi. Thirty five per cent said they could not speak and understand Hindi. The remaining four per cent said they could speak a little Hindi; these three subjects were less educated and two were females. The 33 subjects who reported that they speak Hindi said that they do so with outsiders, in the market, and with government officials. Out of these, 54 per cent are younger and 46 per cent are older; 65 per cent are male and 35 per cent are female; and 86 per cent are educated and 14 per cent are uneducated. This shows that younger generation, the men, and the educated reported that they are more bilingual in Hindi than the older generation, the women, and the uneducated, respectively. Many of the subjects who were surveyed have a fairly high self-perceived ability in Hindi. This probably indicates that subjects can gain a basic understanding of Hindi in the situations where they encounter it, but more complex details may not be understood. Another way to assess bilingualism in Hindi is observation. The researchers observed that many Nimadi speakers use a simplified variety of Hindi for market purposes and basic communication with outsiders. However, the variety of Hindi used in Indian television is perceived as standard Hindi, and televisions are becoming more common in villages where Nimadi speakers live. 4 Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality A study of language use patterns attempts to describe which languages or speech varieties members of a community use in different social situations. These situations, called domains, are contexts in which the use of one language variety is considered more appropriate than another (Fasold 1984:183). A study of language attitudes generally attempts to describe people’s feelings and preferences towards their own language and other speech varieties around them, and 34 4 Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality what value they place on those languages. Ultimately, these views, whether explicit or unexpressed, will influence the results of efforts towards literacy and the acceptability of literature development. Language vitality is a key concept in sociolinguistic research. It refers to the overall strength of a language, its perceived usefulness in a wide variety of situations, and its likelihood of enduring through the coming generations. Many variables may contribute to vitality, such as social status of the language, the number of speakers, and whether it has a writing system. 4.1 Procedures In this survey, orally administered questionnaires were the primary method for assessing patterns of language use, language attitudes, and factors related to language vitality. In addition to these questionnaires, observation and informal interviews were also used. The questionnaires were asked in Hindi and/or in Nimadi. Because Hindi was used, a potential bias was added to the study since Hindi is a prestige language. The Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality (LUAV) questionnaire is found in Appendix , along with the demographic details and responses of the individual subjects. A total of 54 subjects from four different villages (Map 5) responded to the LUAV questionnaire. In order to get a broad overview, four sites from four districts were selected. These villages include members of various caste groups. The overall sample distribution is shown in Table 16. More than half of the subjects in the sample are educated; most of the older subjects are uneducated. Table 16. Sample distribution of LUAV subjects Sex Age Uneducated Primary educated Secondary educated (6+) (1–5) Male 36 Female 18 Young (17–35) 19 Old (35+) 17 Young (17–35) 9 Old (35+) 9 Total 54 4 6 9 7 5 5 5 2 2 6 2 1 22 15 17 4.2 Results 35 4.2 Results 4.2.1 Language use Nimadi, or some variety thereof, is spoken as the mother tongue by all of the subjects questioned. Approximately 61 per cent of the subjects who responded to the questionnaires reported that they could speak or understand Hindi, while 35 per cent of the subjects reported that they could not speak any other languages besides their mother tongue. A very few said they could speak other languages such as English, Bhilali, and Rathwi. According to the questionnaire results as seen in Table 17, Nimadi is definitely the language of choice in the home and with other villagers. Out of 54 subjects, virtually all reported that they use Nimadi in their home and with villagers. Though different language speakers come to the market, a majority (68 per cent) of the subjects also reported using only Nimadi in the market. However, 20 per cent responded that they speak Hindi as well as Nimadi. With government officials, Hindi is used on an equal basis with Nimadi. Even with outsiders, Nimadi is being used by a majority (59 per cent) of the subjects. Finally, for private prayer, 68 per cent of the subjects reported using Nimadi, 25 per cent Hindi, and five per cent both languages; two per cent reported using Sanskrit. Table 17. Domains of language use among LUAV subjects Domains Nimadi Hindi Both Sanskrit In home with family members 100% 0% 0% 0% Within the village with villagers 99% 1% 0% 0% In the market 68% 12% 20% 0% With government officials 44% 40% 16% 0% With outsiders 59% 25% 16% 0% In private prayer in temple/mosque/church 68% 25% 5% 2% For the most part, it appears that Nimadi is the language of choice in all domains except for those situations where Nimadi speakers are in contact with non-Nimadi speakers. Nimadi is the language of choice in the important domains of home/family, village, and religion. With outsiders and government officials, the circumstances may lead Nimadi speakers to learn and speak Hindi as well as Nimadi. 36 4 Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality In the analysis of responses according to gender, age, and education, Nimadi was strongly used by the majority of all of the subjects. In domains other than home and village, subjects with more education reported using Hindi or both Hindi and Nimadi. With government officials, the older educated female subjects reported using only Hindi. This was the only instance in which Hindi completely displaced Nimadi. The younger uneducated subjects reported exclusive use of Nimadi with outsiders. Table 18. Domains of language use according to gender, age, and education a. At home Sex Male Female Age Young Old Young Old Education NS Nimadi Hindi Both Other NA Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated 3 15 7 12 5 4 5 3 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Education NS Nimadi Hindi Both Other NA Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated 3 15 7 12 5 4 5 3 100% 100% 100% 92% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Education NS Nimadi Hindi Both Other NA Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated 3 15 7 12 5 4 5 3 66% 60% 100% 62% 100% 50% 75% 0% 0% 20% 0% 9% 0% 25% 5% 66% 34% 20% 0% 25% 0% 25% 20% 34% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% b. In the village Sex Male Female Age Young Old Young Old c. In the market Sex Male Female Age Young Old Young Old 4.2 Results 37 d. With government officials Sex Male Female Age Young Old Young Old Education NS Nimadi Hindi Both Other NA Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated 3 15 7 12 5 4 5 3 67% 28% 85% 52% 100% 25% 80% 0% 0% 66% 0% 28% 0% 50% 20% 100% 33% 0% 15% 20% 0% 25% 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Education NS Nimadi Hindi Both Other NA Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated 3 15 7 12 5 4 5 3 100% 26% 100% 34% 100% 25% 80% 34% 0% 46% 0% 33% 0% 50% 20% 33% 0% 26% 0% 25% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 25% 0% 33% 0% 2% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% Education NS Nimadi Hindi Both Other NA Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated Educated 3 15 7 12 5 4 5 3 100% 54% 82% 50% 100% 50% 80% 34% 0% 26% 16% 33% 0% 25% 20% 66% 0% 14% 2% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 25% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% e. With outsiders Sex Male Female Age Young Old Young Old f. In private prayer Sex Male Female Age Young Old Young Old Informal interviews and observations provided insights into the use of Nimadi in the educational domain. Hindi is the medium of instruction in the government schools. The researchers observed that at the primary levels (standards one through five), if the teacher was local she used primarily Nimadi to explain the lessons to the students if they did not understand them in Hindi. In middle school (standards six through eight), the students have a better grasp of Hindi, so more Hindi is used for explanations. In high school, Hindi is used the majority of the time. 4.2.2 Language attitudes Attitudes towards Nimadi varieties Table 19 summarises responses to selected language attitude questions. The vast majority of subjects expressed the opinion that young people speak Nimadi as well as old people do, and that men speak Nimadi as purely as women do. This shows that 38 4 Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality although the younger generation has more exposure to Hindi (through education and the media), they still reportedly speak Nimadi as well as the older generation. In the same way, outside contact does not appear to affect the men’s way of speaking Nimadi. Nearly all (93 per cent) of the subjects answered that young people do feel good about their mother tongue. Table 19. Selected language attitudes among Nimadi LUAV subjects Questions Yes Different NA No QNA Do young speak Nimadi as well as old? Do men speak Nimadi as purely as women? 51 43 1 4 1 1 0 5 0 1 Table 20 summarises responses to the question, ‘Where is pure Nimadi spoken (other than your village)?’ Forty three per cent of the subjects replied that pure Nimadi is found within the same district or in surrounding villages, while 39 per cent answered that pure Nimadi is found in villages throughout the Nimad. These two responses support the conclusion that many subjects have a positive attitude about Nimadi in most other locations. However, most female subjects believed that the purest form was the local variety, while a lower percentage of men believed so. This may be because men generally have more opportunities to travel and talk with outsiders, so are more likely to have been exposed to different varieties. However, women seldom leave their own villages or have opportunities to interact with outsiders, so they are less likely to be aware of other varieties. One person said Rajputs (a General Caste) may speak good Nimadi and another person said that Backward Class (BC) people might speak good Nimadi. Table 20. ‘Where is pure Nimadi spoken (other than your village)?’ Sites and number of Same district/ subjects Surrounding villages Awlia (15) Bhilkheda (12) Jajamkhedi (11) Sonipura (16) Total 5 5 4 9 23 (43%) Villages/Nimad Don’t NA/Other know 8 4 3 6 21 (39%) 1 2 3 6 (11%) 1 1 1 1 4 (7%) Attitudes towards Nimadi compared with Hindi In response to the questions, ‘Hindi and Nimadi, which one do you like? Is Nimadi as important as Hindi?’ 69 per cent of subjects said they like their mother tongue, 13 per cent said Hindi and nine per cent said both languages. A large majority of the 4.2 Results 39 subjects think Nimadi is as important as Hindi, while a few think that Nimadi is not as important as Hindi. From these responses, it is clear that Nimadi speakers interviewed on this survey have pride in their language and view it as important, even in relation to Hindi. Attitudes towards literacy and language development Responses to the question, ‘Are there any books, cassettes, radio or television programmes in Nimadi?’ indicated that many subjects were aware of some materials available in Nimadi. There was more awareness of audio materials and radio/television programmes than of books. Those who do not know about these materials are generally uneducated or do not have access to radios or televisions. When subjects were asked, ‘If there were a Nimadi medium school, would you send your children?’ 69 per cent said they would, while 19 per cent said they would not. This may be because some subjects thought the question meant that a school was needed for learning Nimadi. However, the majority were open to the possibility of mother tongue schools. Responses to questions regarding interest in mother tongue reading materials and literacy classes were strongly positive among both literate and illiterate subjects. This shows that Nimadi subjects have a positive attitude towards the usage of their existing literature and further development of Nimadi as a written form. 4.2.3 Language vitality Several questions provide insights into Nimadi language vitality. Responses to these questions are summarised and discussed in this section. ‘What language do your children learn first?’ Nearly all (89 per cent) of the subjects said that children are learning Nimadi first. Two persons said their children should learn Hindi first because Hindi influences most of the younger generation. Most of the people reasoned that Nimadi is their mother tongue, and is spoken at home and in the village, so learning another language first is not possible. ‘What the parents speak, that only the child will learn’ was their answer, and this supports the likely maintenance of the language. 40 4 Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality ‘Will you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who doesn’t know Nimadi?’ Almost half (48 per cent) of the subjects said ‘no,’ while 28 per cent said ‘yes.’ The remaining subjects (24 per cent) gave other answers, such as ‘if they are from the same caste.’ These results indicate that some Nimadi speakers seem to have a broad mind to accept speakers of other languages for marriage, on the condition that the person is from the same community. However, chances are very low that non-Nimadi speakers would be found within the same community. Overall, this pattern of responses supports continued maintenance of the Nimadi language. ‘Do you think your grandchildren will speak Nimadi (after 100 years)?’ Seventy per cent responded that Nimadi will be spoken by the coming generations, while 18 per cent felt that they could not predict what might happen after 100 years. Only six per cent said that there will be a shift to Hindi. ‘If Nimadi is not spoken by the next generation, will it be a good thing or a bad thing?’ Although subjects report strong use of Nimadi in most domains at present, responses to this question also indicate their openness to the possibility of future generations shifting to Hindi; 54 per cent said it would be a good thing, 22 per cent said it would be a bad thing, and nine per cent said they did not know. Subjects were probably thinking of Hindi as the language that could displace Nimadi. They have a high regard for Hindi and realise that Hindi offers opportunities for advancement. As discussed in sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2, subjects expressed the opinions that the younger generation speaks Nimadi as well as the older generation, and that the younger generation is proud of their mother tongue. Many subjects have a positive attitude towards Nimadi and feel that it is as important as Hindi. In the key domains of home, village, and religion, Nimadi language use is very strong among the subjects interviewed. Overall, these responses indicate that Nimadi is likely to remain vital in the foreseeable future. Attitudes towards the use of Hindi are slightly positive, but use of Hindi is mainly limited to instrumental functions; Hindi is seen as the language of education and economic advancement. It seems unlikely that Nimadi speakers will give up their mother tongue and completely shift to Hindi in coming generations. 5.1 Dialect area study 41 5 Summary of findings 5.1 Dialect area study The Nimadi-speaking people are found in the south-western part of Madhya Pradesh. Wordlist comparisons showed a relatively high degree of lexical similarity among the Nimadi varieties studied in this survey. Lexical similarity percentages of these varieties with Hindi, Gujarati, and Marathi were relatively lower. These results, taken together with the perceptions of Nimadi speakers and the findings of other scholars, indicate that Nimadi may be considered a distinct language. The high RTT scores and positive post-RTT responses of all subjects (in six selected locations) indicated that the subjects speak one and the same language and can understand the tested Nimadi varieties well. Subjects from all six test locations consistently scored well on both Nimadi stories. This suggests that Nimadi-speaking people from locations across the Nimad region should be able to adequately comprehend materials based on either of these varieties. 5.2 Bilingualism study Based on self-reported bilingual ability, many subjects felt they can handle basic tasks in Hindi. However, Hindi SRT results indicated that many Nimadi speakers, especially those with less education, are probably not sufficiently bilingual in Hindi to use available materials effectively. 5.3 Language use, attitudes, and vitality Nimadi appears to be used by a majority of Nimadi subjects in all key domains except with government officials, where Hindi is also used. With government officials, most educated Nimadi speakers use Hindi. Nimadi speakers have positive attitudes towards their language, but no central or prestige variety was identified. Attitudes towards Hindi are slightly positive. However, Hindi does not appear to be completely displacing Nimadi in any domains, although Hindi is seen as the language of education and economic advancement. The vitality of Nimadi appears strong at present. Nimadi is learned as the first language, and the people expect the language to continue being spoken for years to come. 42 6 Recommendations 6 Recommendations 6.1 For a Nimadi language development programme Though self-reported bilingualism levels are fairly good among Nimadi speakers, this appears to reflect the ability to use basic levels of Hindi, not language choices when communicating heartfelt issues. Particularly among the less educated segments of society, Hindi is unlikely to successfully communicate such things adequately. Significant segments of the population are probably not adequately bilingual in Hindi, therefore would not be able to effectively use Hindi materials. Nimadi speakers appear to have strong attitudes towards their language and indications suggest that they will continue to speak the language for years to come. They will likely be very receptive towards Nimadi language development. Based on these factors, we recommend that a language development programme be conducted in the Nimadi language. Recorded Text Testing showed that the tested Nimadi varieties were well understood in various test sites across the Nimad region; negative attitudes did not emerge towards any particular variety. The notion that no one variety stands out as a central or standard form is further substantiated by attitudes revealed during the study of language attitudes. When questioned about their preferences, the majority of the subjects named their own village or nearby villages as the place where the ‘best sounding/purest’ Nimadi is spoken. Some other places were also mentioned such as locations in Khargone and Khandwa districts. Khargone is the geographic centre for the whole Nimadi-speaking area. Furthermore, Khargone district speech varieties have the highest lexical similarities with all other Nimadi varieties and a majority of the people interviewed also expressed that the Khargone speech form is close to their own. For these reasons, we recommend that Nimadi language development be based in Khargone district. 6.2 For a Nimadi literacy programme Although Nimadi speakers have somewhat better access to education in Hindi than do other language groups in this area, the literacy rate among Nimadi speakers is still low, probably around a maximum of 40 per cent overall based on the district level 6.2 For a Nimadi literacy programme 43 census figures. Therefore we recommend that a mother tongue literacy programme be commenced for Nimadi speakers. There are some published materials available in Nimadi using Devanagari script. We recommend using Devanagari script to enable the Nimadi speakers to make use of existing Nimadi literature along with newly-developed Nimadi materials. Because of the value also placed on Hindi, using the mother tongue as a ‘bridge’ to transition into Hindi could certainly benefit a literacy programme. Diglot materials using Nimadi along with Hindi may be effective in such a programme. Since Nimadi is not generally perceived at present as a language for use in the educational domain, vernacular literacy promotion will play an important part in the literacy programme. 44 Appendices Appendices Lexical Similarity 45 Appendix A: Lexical Similarity Lexical Similarity Counting Procedures A standardised list of 210 vocabulary items was collected from speakers at key locations for each of the language varieties studied in this survey.6 In standard procedure, the 210 words are elicited from a person who has grown up in the target locality. Ideally, the list is then collected a second time from another speaker at the same site. Any differences in responses are examined in order to identify (1) inaccurate responses due to misunderstanding of the elicitation cue, (2) loan words offered in response to the language of elicitation when indigenous terms are actually still in use, and (3) terms which are at different places along the generic-specific lexical scale. Normally, a single term is recorded for each item of the wordlist. However, more than one term is recorded for a single item when more than one specific term occupies the semantic area of a more generic item on the wordlist. The wordlists are compared to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically similar if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1), and of the remaining segments at least half are rather similar (category 2). For example, if two items of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar if at least four segments are virtually the same and at least two more are rather similar. The criteria applied are as follows: Category 1 a. Contoid (consonant-like) segments which match exactly b. Vocoid (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one articulatory feature c. Phonetically similar segments (of the sort which frequently are found as allophones) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words Category 2 a. All other phonetically similar non-vocalic pairs of segments which are not supported by at least three pairs of words b. Vowels which differ by two or more articulatory features 6 This description of lexical similarity counting procedures is partially adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary (ed. 1992). 46 Appendix A Category 3 a. Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar b. A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item and position Blair (1990:32) writes, “In contextualizing these rules to specific surveys in South Asia, the following differences between two items are ignored: (a) interconsonantal [ə], (b) word initial, word final, or intervocalic [h, ɦ], (c) any deletion which is shown to be the result of a regularly occurring process in a specific environment.” The following table summarises lower threshold limits for considering words as phonetically similar with a specified length (number of segments or phones): Word Length Category One Category Two Category Three 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 Some modifications to the lexical similarity grouping procedures summarised in Blair were also applied to the wordlists compared in this study. The need for this came about for several reasons. First, the wordlists were often not checked with a second mother tongue speaker of each speech variety. Second, the wordlists could not always be consistently elicited. In addition, the field workers’ phonetic transcription ability varied with skill, experience and their own language background. 1. Root-based groupings: Wordlists were not always consistently elicited. In some cases, generic terms appear to have been given, while in other cases, more specific terms have been given. Also, verb forms were not elicited consistently with regard to person or tense. Because of these factors, it was often necessary to group words based on what appears to be a common root morpheme, rather than based on words as a whole. This applied to the following glosses: 10, 27, 39, 41, 50, 54, 56, 74, 79, 81, 107, 108, 109, 110, 122, 138, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 209. 2. Loose consonantal groupings: The field workers eliciting the words may hear and transcribe the sounds slightly differently, and probably with increasing ability to distinguish similar sounds as they gain experience. Thus, some consonant Lexical Similarity 47 correspondences have been liberally grouped as similar. Those considered category 1 include: [ɖ, ɭ] found in gloss 16 [s, ʂ, ʃ] found in glosses 32, 45,84 [s, tʃ] found in gloss 34 [r, ɾ] found in glosses 45, 75, 85 [ɭ, l] found in gloss 76 [s, ʃ] found in gloss 129 3. Metathesis: In the case of metathesis, (207) the words were grouped as similar. After pairs of items on two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar or dissimilar according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. This procedure was repeated for all linguistic varieties under consideration in the survey. The pair by pair counting procedure was greatly facilitated by use of the WordSurv computer program. It should be noted that the wordlist data as well as transcribed texts included in subsequent appendices are field transcriptions and have not undergone thorough phonological and grammatical analysis. 48 Appendix A Wordlist Information and Informant Biodata Nimadi-Awlia-Balai Symbol in WordSurv database: a Language Name: Nimadi Location: Awlia, Khandwa, Khandwa, Khandwa, MP Date: 22-09-1998 Name: VKB Sex: Male Age: 65 Education: MA, B Ed Birthplace: Awlia Brought up: Khandwa Current residence: Khandwa If moved, how long: 60 years Mother tongue: Nimadi Language at home: Hindi with children Father’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Spouse’s MT: Nimadi Lived in other place: 10 yrs in Mhow Travel outside: Travelled widely all over India Remarks: This wordlist is taken from the Bareli report Nimadi-Balkhad-Brahmin Symbol in WordSurv database: b Language Name: Nimadi Location: Balkhad, Kasarawad, Kasarawad, Khargone, MP Date: 09-06-1999 Name: AKS Sex: Male Age: 28 Education: 12 Birthplace: Balkhad Brought up: Balkhad Current residence: Balkhad If moved, how long: NA Mother tongue: Nimadi Language at home: Nimadi Father’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Spouse’s MT: NA Lived in other place: No Travel outside: Bombay, Rajpur, Pune Remarks: He is a Brahmin Lexical Similarity Nimadi-Maheshwar-Bhilala 49 Nimadi-Kupdol-Darbar Symbol in WordSurv database: c Symbol in WordSurv database: d Language Name: Nimadi Language Name: Nimadi Location: Maheshwar, Maheshwar, Location: Kupdol and Badgav, Khargone, Maheshwar, Khargone MP Khargone, MP Date: 21-09-1998 Date: 07-06-1999 Name: KSR Name: ISC, MKC Sex: Male Sex: Male, Male Age: 50 Age: 22, 20 Education: MA, LL B Education: 12, 6 Birthplace: Ashapur Birthplace: Kupdol, Badgav Brought up: Ashapur Brought up: Kupdol, Badgav Current residence: Maheshwar Current residence: Kupdol, Badgav If moved, how long: If moved, how long: NA Mother tongue: Nimadi/Hindi Mother tongue: Nimadi Language at home: Nimadi Language at home: Nimadi Father’s MT: Nimadi Father’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Spouse’s MT: Nimadi/Hindi Spouse’s MT: Nimadi, NA Lived in other place: Delhi, Haryana, Lived in other place: Gujarat and MH Punjab, UP, Rajasthan Travel outside: Widely travelled Remarks: This wordlist is taken from the Bareli report Travel outside: Gujarat, MH Remarks: Caste is Darbar Kshathrija, Kaschi 50 Appendix A Nimadi-Sonipura-Balai Nimadi-Sonipura-Patidar Symbol in WordSurv database: e Symbol in WordSurv database: f Language Name: Nimadi Language Name: Nimadi Location: Sonipura, Khargone, Location: Sonipura, Khargone, Khargone, Khargone, MP Khargone, Khargone, MP Date: 07-07-1999 Date: 07-07-1999 Name: RN Name: KP Sex: Male Sex: Male Age: 50 Age: 29 Education: 5 Education: 0 Birthplace: Sonipura Birthplace: Sonipura Brought up: Sonipura Brought up: Sonipura Current residence: Sonipura Current residence: Sonipura If moved, how long: NA If moved, how long: NA Mother tongue: Nimadi Mother tongue: Nimadi Language at home: Nimadi Language at home: Nimadi Father’s MT: Nimadi Father’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Spouse’s MT: Nimadi Spouse’s MT: NA Lived in other place: Ujjain, Vilaspur, Lived in other place: No Rajastan, MH Travel outside: Indore Travel outside: Dhar, Ratlam, Husan Remarks: He is a Patidar Gujarati-standard Symbol in WordSurv database: g This is a standard wordlist collected on a previous survey Hindi-standard Symbol in WordSurv database: h This is a standard wordlist collected on a previous survey Lexical Similarity Malvi-Thillor Khurd 51 Nimadi-Khajuri-Bhilala Symbol in WordSurv database: i Symbol in WordSurv database: j Language Name: Malvi Language Name: Nimadi Location: Thillor Khud, Indore, Indore, Location: Khajuri, Thikri, Rajpur, MP Barwani, MP Date: 13-05-1998 Date: 23-06-1999 Name: RCB, HCN Name: RC Sex: Male Sex: Female Age: 63,46 Age: 24 Education: BA,8 Education: MA Birthplace: Thillor Khurd Birthplace: Khajuri Brought up: Thillor Khurd Brought up: Khajuri Current residence: Thillor Khurd Current residence: Khajuri If moved, how long: NA If moved, how long: NA Mother tongue: Malvi Mother tongue: Nimadi Language at home: Malvi Language at home: Nimadi Father’ss MT: Malvi Father’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Malvi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Spouse’s MT: Malvi Spouse’s MT: NA Remarks: This wordlist is taken from the Remarks: She is a ST, Bhilala Bhil country of India report Nimadi-Khargone-General Symbol in WordSurv database: k Language Name: Nimadi Location: Khargone town, Khargone, MP Name: BGS, VKS Sex: Male Age: 62, 22 Education: MA, BSc Birthplace: Near Khargone Brought up: Khargone Current residence: Khargone If moved, how long: NA Mother tongue: Nimadi Language at home: Nimadi Remarks: This wordlist is taken from the Bhil country of India report 52 Appendix A Nimadi-Bhlkhedai-Bhilala Nimadi-Awlia (Dhar)-Bhilala Symbol in WordSurv database: l Symbol in WordSurv database: n Language Name: Nimadi Language Name: Nimadi Location: Bhilkheda, Barwani, Barwani Location: Awlia, Nalcha, Dhar, Dhar MP Date: 25-06-1999 Date: 24-06-1999 Name: KL Name: DK Sex: Male Sex: Male Age: 31 Age: 24 Education: 5 Education: BA 2nd year Birthplace: Awlia (Dhar) Birthplace: Bhilkheda Brought up: Awlia (Dhar) Brought up: Bhilkheda Current residence: Awlia (Dhar) Current residence: Bhilkheda If moved, how long: NA If moved, how long: NA Mother tongue: Nimadi Mother tongue: Nimadi Language at home: Mixture of Nimadi Language at home: Nimadi and Malvi Father’s MT: Nimadi Father’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Spouse’s MT: NA Spouse’s MT: Malvi and Nimadi mixing Lived in other place: No Lived in other place: No Travel outside: Baroda Travel outside: Bombay, Naroda Remarks: He is a Bhilala Marathi-standard Symbol in WordSurv database: m This is a standard wordlist collected on a previous survey (Gujarat) Remarks: Awlia 16 houses, Bhilala Thagore Lexical Similarity Nimadi-Jajamkhedi-OBC 53 Parya Bhilali-Bhorwada Symbol in WordSurv database: o Symbol in WordSurv database: p Language Name: Nimadi Language Name: Parya Bhilali Location: Jajamkhedi, Manawar, Dhar, Location: Bhorwada, Rajpur, Barwani MP MP Date: 27-08-1999 Date: 02-11-1999 Name: DR Name: PSB Sex: M Sex: Male Age: 45 Age: 40 Education: 10 Education: 8 Birthplace: Jajamkhedi Birthplace: Bhorwada Brought up: Baddha Brought up: Bhorwada Current residence: Jajamkhedi Current residence: Bhorwada (Sendhwa) If moved, how long: 30 years If moved, how long: NA Mother tongue: Nimadi Mother tongue: Bhilali Language at home: Nimadi/Hindi Language at home: Bhilali Father’s MT: Nimadi Father’s MT: Bhilali Mother’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Bhilali Spouse’s MT: Nimadi Spouse’s MT: Bhilali Lived in other place: No Lived in other place: Sendhwa Travel outside: Gujarat, Dewas Remarks: This wordlist is taken from the Remarks: This wordlist is from General Caste Bhilali/Bareli report 54 Appendix A Nimadi-Rupkheda-Brahmin Nimadi-Sirpur-OBC Symbol in WordSurv database: r Symbol in WordSurv database: s Language Name: Nimadi Language Name: Nimadi Location: Rupkheda, Barwa, Khargone Location: Sirpur, Khalwa, Harsood, MP Khandwa MP Date: 12-6-1999 Date: 02-06-1999 Name: SKB Name: SR, ST Sex: Male Sex: Male, Male Age: 21 Age: 36, 21 Education: BCom Education: 8, 12 Birthplace: Rupkheda Birthplace: Malgav, Sirpur Brought up: Rupkheda Brought up: Malgav, Sirpur Current residence: Rupkheda Current residence: Malgav, Sirpur If moved, how long: NA If moved, how long: NA, NA Mother tongue: Nimadi Mother tongue: Nimadi, Nimadi Language at home: Nimadi Language at home: Nimadi, Nimadi Father’s MT: Nimadi Father’s MT: Nimadi, Nimadi Mother’s MT: Nimadi Mother’s MT: Nimadi, Nimadi Spouse’s MT: NA Spouse’s MT: Hindi, NA Lived in other place: Khandwa Lived in other place: No, Khandwa (6 Travel outside: Bhopal years) Travel outside: Allahabad Bhopal, Indore, Sanji (MP) Lexical Similarity 55 International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants Bi- Labio- Dental Alveolar labial dental p b Plosive m ɱ Fricative ɸ β f v Affricate pɸ bβ Nasal flex t ̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ n̪ n ɳ θ ð s z t ̪s d̪z ts dz l Lateral fric. ɬ ɮ Flap ɾ ʙ Approximant w Alveo- Retro- Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn- Glottal alveolar palatal Lateral Trill Post- ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ geal c ɟ k g q ɢ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ɭ ʎ ʟ ħ ʕ H ɦ ɽ r ʋ ʔ ʀ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Consonant Diacritics ◌ʰ tʰ Aspirated Velar/ Pharyngealised ◌̴ ɫ Labialised ◌ʷ bʷ Palatalised ◌ʲ nʲ Ejective ◌' p' Unreleased ◌̚ ʈ̚ Voiced ◌̬ k̬ Voiceless ◌̥ d̥ Vowels Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Close i y Near-close ɪ ʏ Close-mid e ø ɨ ə ɛ Near-open æ Open a ɯ u ʊ Mid Open-mid ʉ œ ɤ o ʌ ɔ ɑ ɒ ɵ ɜ ɐ ɶ Wordlists and recorded text tests were transcribed using different phonetic systems, particularly in regard to vowels. For the purposes of the data in this report and its appendices, the symbols /ə/, /ɐ/, /ʌ/, and /ɑ/ are interchangeable and no phonemic distinction is assumed. Vowel Diacritics Nasalisation ◌̃ ẽ Long ◌ː iː Centralised ◌̈ ö 56 Appendix A Word List Data The following table shows the designations used in the wordlist data for the speech varieties from which wordlists were collected. Language Village Communities Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Gujarati Hindi Malvi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Marathi Nimadi Nimadi Parya Bhilali Nimadi Nimadi Awlia Balkhad Maheshwar Kupdol, Badgav Sonipura Sonipura (standard) (standard) Thillor Khurd Khajuri Khargone Bhilkheda (standard) Awlia (Dhar) Jajamkhedi Bhorwada Rupkheda Sirpur, Melgav Balai Brahmin Bhilala Darbar Balai Patidar ------Bhilala General Bhilala --Bhilala OBC Parya Bhilala Brahmin OBC WordSurv Designation used code in wordlist data a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s N-Awl-Bal N-Bal-Br N-Mah-Bhi N-Kup-Dar N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat Gujarati Hindi Malvi N-Khj-Bhi N-Khr-Gen N-Bhi-Bhi Marathi N-Dha-Bhi N-Jaj-OBC Par Bhi N-Rup-Br N-Sir-OBC Lexical Similarity 57 1. body N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 2. head 1 sʌɾir N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 ʃəɾiɾ 1 sʌɾi 4 tʃʌmədɔ N-Bal-Br 4. face 3 mɑd̪ʱɔ N-Son-Bal 3 mʊɳɖo 1 sɪɾ N-Son-Pat 3 mʊnɖɔ 3 mɑd̪ʱɔ N-Bal-Br 3 mũɖo 3 mɑt̪ʰʌ N-Jaj-OBC 5 tʃoktɔ N-Bal-Br 1 sʌɾi N-Jaj-OBC 3 mɑt̪ʰo N-Bhi-Bhi 3 munɖɑ N-Jaj-OBC 2 bɑd̪ɑn N-Bhi-Bhi 3 mɑt̪ʰɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 4 ɾup N-Bhi-Bhi 1 sʌɾi N-Dhar-Bhi 3 mɑt̪ʰɑ N-Khj-Bhi 3 munɖɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sʌɾir N-Khj-Bhi 3 mʌd̪ʰo N-Mah-Bhi 3 munɖɑ N-Khj-Bhi 2 bɑd̪ɑn N-Mah-Bhi 3 mɑt̪ʰɑ N-Rup-Br 3 munɖɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 sʌɾiɾ N-Rup-Br 3 mɑt̪ʰʌ N-Khr-Gen 3 munɖɔ N-Rup-Br 1 sʌɾi N-Khr-Gen 3 mɑt̪ʰɑ N-Awl-Bal 3 munɖʰo N-Khr-Gen 2 bɑd̪ɑn N-Awl-Bal 3 mɑt̪ʰo N-Sir-OBC 3 munɖo N-Awl-Bal 1 sʌɾiɾ N-Sir-OBC 3 mɑt̪ʰo N-Kup-Dar 3 mʊɳɖʌ N-Sir-OBC 1 sʌɾi 3 mʌd̪ʰo Par Bhi 2 tʃeʰʌɾa 4 tʃʌmədɔ N-Kup-Dar 3 mɑt̪ʰo Malvi 3 muɳɖɑ N-Kup-Dar 1 sʌɾi Par Bhi 3 mɑt̪ʰo Hindi 1 mʊkʰ Par Bhi 1 sʌɾir Malvi 3 mɑt̪ʰɑ 1 mũh Malvi 1 ʃəɾiɾ Hindi 1 sɪɾ 2 tʃɛhəɾɑ Hindi 1 ʃəɾiɾ Gujarati 3 mɑt̪ʰũ Gujarati 1 ʃəɾiɾ Marathi 2 ɖoke Marathi 1 səɾiɾ 3 ʌŋg Gujarati 1 mõh 2 tʃɛɾo 3 moɖʱũ 3. hair Marathi 2 tʃɛhəɾɑ N-Son-Bal 2 bɑl N-Son-Pat 2 bɑl N-Bal-Br 4 bɑbɾejʌ N-Son-Bal 2 ɖɔɭʌ N-Jaj-OBC 4 bɑbɾijʌ N-Son-Pat 2 ɖɔɭɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 bɑl N-Bal-Br 2 ɖɔɭɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 bɑl N-Jaj-OBC 2 ɖɔɭɔ N-Khj-Bhi 2 bɑl N-Bhi-Bhi 2 ɖoɭʌ N-Mah-Bhi 2 bɑl N-Dhar-Bhi 2 doɭə N-Rup-Br 4 bɑbɾejʌ N-Khj-Bhi 2 ɖoɭo N-Khr-Gen 2 bɑl N-Mah-Bhi 2 ɖoɭɑ N-Awl-Bal 2 bɑl N-Rup-Br 2 ɖoɭɑ N-Sir-OBC 2 bɑl N-Khr-Gen 2 ɖɔɭɔ N-Kup-Dar 4 bɑbɾijʌ N-Awl-Bal 2 ɖoɭo Par Bhi 2 bɑl N-Sir-OBC 2 ɖoɭo Malvi 2 bɑl N-Kup-Dar 2 ɖoɭʌ Hindi 2 bɑl Par Bhi 2 ɖoɭo 5. eye Gujarati 1 βɑɭ Malvi 1 ɑnkʰ Marathi 3 kes Hindi 1 ɑ̃kʰ Gujarati 1 ɔŋkʰ Marathi 2 ɖoɭɑ 58 Appendix A 6. ear 8. mouth N-Son-Pat 1 kɑn N-Son-Bal N-Bal-Br 1 kɑn N-Jaj-OBC 1 kɑnʈo N-Bhi-Bhi 10. tongue 2 mʊɳɖo N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 2 mʊnɖɔ N-Son-Pat 1 dʒib N-Bal-Br 2 mũɖo N-Bal-Br 1 dʒibə 1 kɑnʈɑ N-Jaj-OBC 2 munɖɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 dʒib N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kɑn N-Bhi-Bhi 2 muɳɖɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 dʒib N-Khj-Bhi 1 kɑnʈo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 muh N-Mah-Bhi 1 kɑn N-Khj-Bhi 2 munɖo N-Dhar-Bhi N-Rup-Br 1 kɑn N-Mah-Bhi 2 munɖɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 dʒib N-Khr-Gen 1 kɑnʈʰɑ N-Rup-Br 2 muɳɖɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 dʒibɑn N-Awl-Bal 1 kɑn N-Khr-Gen 2 munɖɔ N-Rup-Br 1 dʒib N-Sir-OBC 1 kɑn N-Awl-Bal 2 munɖɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 dʒibɑɳ N-Kup-Dar 1 kɑn N-Sir-OBC 2 munɖo N-Awl-Bal 1 dʒib Par Bhi 1 kɑnʈu N-Kup-Dar 2 mʊɳɖʌ N-Sir-OBC 1 dʒɑbɑn Malvi 1 kɑn Par Bhi 2 muɳɖɑ N-Kup-Dar 1 dʒɪbɑn Hindi 1 kɑn Malvi 1 mʊ Par Bhi 1 dʒib Gujarati 1 kɑn Hindi 1 mũh Malvi 1 dʒib Marathi 1 kɑn Gujarati 1 mõh Hindi 1 dʒibʱ Marathi 1 mukʰ Gujarati 1 dʒibʱ 3 tõ̪ ɳɖ Marathi 1 dʒibʱ 7. nose 1 dʒib 1 dʒip 1 dʒib N-Son-Bal 1 nɑk N-Son-Pat 1 nɑk N-Bal-Br 1 nɑk N-Son-Bal 1 d̪ɑt ̪ N-Son-Bal 1 peʈ N-Jaj-OBC 1 nɑk N-Son-Pat 1 d̪ɑt ̪ N-Son-Paty 1 peʈ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 nɑk N-Bal-Br 1 d̪ɑt ̪ N-Bal-Br 1 peʈ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 nɑkʰ N-Jaj-OBC 1 d̪ɑ̃t ̪ N-Jaj-OBC 1 peʈ N-Khj-Bhi 1 nɑk N-Bhi-Bhi 1 d̪ɑt ̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 peʈ N-Mah-Bhi 1 nɑk N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪ɑt ̪ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 peʈʰ N-Rup-Br 1 nɑk N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪ɑnt̪ N-Khj-Bhi 1 peʈ N-Khr-Gen 1 nɑk N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪ɑt ̪ N-Mah-Bhi 1 peʈ N-Awl-Bal 1 nɑk N-Rup-Br 1 d̪ɑt ̪ N-Rup-Br 1 peʈ N-Sir-OBC 1 nɑkʰ N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪ɑ̃t ̪ N-Khr-Gen 1 pɛʈ N-Kup-Dar 1 nɑk N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪ɑt ̪ N-Awl-Bal 1 pɛʈ Par Bhi 1 nɑk N-Sir-OBC 1 d̪ɑt ̪ N-Sir-OBC 1 peʈ Malvi 1 nɑkʰ N-Kup-Dar 1 d̪ɑt ̪ N-Kup-Dar 1 peʈlɑ Hindi 1 nɑk Par Bhi 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Par Bhi 1 peʈ Gujarati 1 nɑk Malvi 1 d̪ɑt ̪ Malvi 1 pɛʈʰ Marathi 1 nɑk Hindi 1 d̪ɑ̃t ̪ Hindi 1 pɛʈ Gujarati 1 d̪ɑnt̪ Gujarati 1 pɛʈʰ Marathi 1 d̪ɑtə̪ Marathi 1 poʈ 9. tooth 12. belly Lexical Similarity 13. arm N-Son-Bal 59 15. palm 1ct ̪ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 hɑt ̪ N-Bal-Br 1 hɑt ̪ 17. fingernail 1 hʌtə̪ ɭʌⁱ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 hʌte̪ ɭi N-Son-Pat 1 nʌkʰ N-Bal-Br 1 hʌte̪ ɭi N-Bal-Br 1 nʌkʰ 2 bɑ̃v N-Jaj-OBC 1 hɑt̪ʰeɭi N-Jaj-OBC 1 nɑkʰ N-Jaj-OBC 2 bɑ̃v N-Bhi-Bhi 1 hʌte̪ ɭi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 nʌkʰ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 bɑ̃u N-Dhar-Bhi 1 hɑt̪ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 nʌkʰ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 hɑt ̪ N-Khj-Bhi 1 hɑt̪ᵊɭɑj N-Khj-Bhi 1 nʌkʰ N-Khj-Bhi 1 hɑt ̪ N-Mah-Bhi 1 hʌte̪ li N-Mah-Bhi 1 nʌkʰun N-Mah-Bhi 2 bɑ̃j N-Rup-Br 1 hʌte̪ li N-Rup-Br 1 nɑkʰ N-Rup-Br 1 hɑt ̪ N-Khr-Gen 1 hɑt̪ᵊɭɑj N-Khr-Gen 1 nɑkʰ N-Khr-Gen 1 hɑt̪ʰ N-Awl-Bal 1 hʌte̪ li N-Awl-Bal 1 nɑkʰ N-Awl-Bal 1 hɑt̪ʰ N-Sir-OBC 1 hɑt̪ᵊɭɑj N-Sir-OBC 1 nʌkʰ 2 bʰav N-Kup-Dar 1 hʌtə̪ ɭeⁱ N-Kup-Dar 1 nʌkʰ N-Sir-OBC 1 hɑt ̪ Par Bhi 1 hɑt̪ʰeɭi Par Bhi 1 nʌkʰ N-Kup-Dar 1 hɑt ̪ Malvi 1 hʌt ̪ʰeɭi Malvi 1 nʌkʰ Par Bhi 1 hɑt ̪ Hindi 1 hʌt ̪ʰeli Hindi 1 nʌkʰ Malvi 2 bɑ̃j Gujarati 1 hʌt ̪ʰeli Hindi 1 hɑt̪ʰ Marathi 2 tʌ̪ ɭʌhɑt̪ 2 bɑ̃h 1 nʌkʰ 1 nʌkʰun Gujarati 1 nəkʰ Marathi 1 nʌkʰ Gujarati 1 hɑt̪ʰ 16. finger Marathi 1 hɑt̪ʰ N-Son-Bal 1 ʌŋgɭʌⁱ 2 bɑ̃h N-Son-Pat 1 ʌŋgɭʌⁱ N-Son-Bal 4 pɑⁱ N-Bal-Br 1 ʌŋᵊɭi N-Son-Pat 4 pɑj N-Jaj-OBC 1 ʌŋgəɭi N-Bal-Br 4 pɑj 14. elbow 18. leg N-Son-Bal 2 kɔɳi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ʌŋgəɭi N-Jaj-OBC 6 pɑ̃v N-Son-Pat 2 koⁱɳi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ʌŋəɭi N-Bhi-Bhi 4 pɑj N-Bal-Br 2 kɔɳi N-Khj-Bhi 1 ʌngəlʌi N-Dhar-Bhi 4 pɑj N-Jaj-OBC 2 koⁱni N-Mah-Bhi 1 ʌŋᵊɭi N-Khj-Bhi 2 ʈɑŋ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 koⁱni N-Rup-Br 1 ɑŋgɭi N-Mah-Bhi 2 ʈɑ̃ŋ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 kuɳi N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑŋgɭjɑ N-Rup-Br 4 pɑj N-Khj-Bhi 2 koⁱni N-Awl-Bal 1 ʌngəlʌi N-Khr-Gen 4 pɑ̃j N-Mah-Bhi 2 koɳi N-Sir-OBC 1 ʌngəlʌi N-Awl-Bal 4 pɑj N-Rup-Br 2 koⁱni N-Kup-Dar 1 ʌŋgɭeⁱ N-Sir-OBC 2 ʈɑŋ N-Khr-Gen 2 kɔiɳi Par Bhi 1 ɑngʌɭi N-Kup-Dar 4 pɑj N-Awl-Bal 2 kɔhinɪ Malvi 1 ʌngʌɭi Par Bhi 4 pɑ̃j N-Sir-OBC 2 koⁱni Hindi 1 ʌ̃gʊli Malvi 6 pɑ̃v N-Kup-Dar 2 kɔⁱɳi Gujarati 1 ɑŋgɭi Hindi 1 pəⁱɾ Par Bhi 2 kɔⁱɳi Marathi 1 ɑŋgoɖi 3 ʈɑ̃g Malvi 2 kuɳi Gujarati 5 pʌg Hindi 2 kohəni Marathi 4 pɑi Gujarati 2 kõɳi Marathi 1 kopʌɾ 60 Appendix A 19. skin N-Son-Bal 21. heart 1 tʃɑməɖi N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 tʃʌməɖo N-Bal-Br 1 tʃɑmbɖɔ N-Jaj-OBC 22. blood 2 d̪il N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 2 d̪il N-Son-Pat 1 kʰun N-Bal-Br 5 kʌlidʒɔ N-Bal-Br 1 kʰuɳ 1 tʃəməɖɑ N-Jaj-OBC 2 d̪il N-Jaj-OBC 1 kʰuɳ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃɑmɖɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 4 dʒu N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kʰuɳ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃʌmɖe N-Dhar-Bhi 2 d̪il N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kʰuɳ N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃʌməɖo N-Khj-Bhi 2 d̪il N-Khj-Bhi 1 kʰun N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃɑmɖɑ N-Mah-Bhi 2 d̪il N-Mah-Bhi 1 kʰun N-Rup-Br 1 tʃɑməɖi N-Rup-Br 5 kʌlidʒɔ N-Rup-Br 1 kʰun N-Khr-Gen 1 tʃɑmbɖɔ N-Khr-Gen 0 No entry N-Khr-Gen 1 kʰun 1 tʃɑmʌɖi N-Awl-Bal 5 kʌlədʒɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 kʰun 6 hijɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 kʰun 2 d̪il N-Kup-Dar 1 kʰun N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃɑmʌɖo N-Sir-OBC 1 kʰun 1 tʃɑmʌɖo N-Sir-OBC N-Kup-Dar 1 tʃʌməɖo N-Kup-Dar 1 ɾʌd̪ʌⁱ Par Bhi 3 lõi Par Bhi 1 tʃɑməɖi Par Bhi 4 dʒiv Malvi 3 loi Malvi 1 tʃɑmʌɖo Malvi 2 d̪il Hindi 1 kʰun Hindi 1 tʃəməɖɑ Hindi 1 hɾid̪əⁱ Gujarati 1 tʃɑməɖi Marathi 1 tʃɑmbʌɖi 2 d̪il Gujarati 1 ɾəd̪ɑⁱ 2 d̪il 20. bone Marathi 2 ɾʌkt̪ɾə Gujarati 3 ɾʌkt̪ʊ 3 lohi 3 loi Marathi 2 ɾʌkt̪ʌ 25. village N-Son-Bal 1 hʌɖəkʌ N-Son-Pat 1 hʌɖəkʌ N-Son-Bal 1 gɑũ N-Bal-Br 1 hʌɖəkɑ N-Son-Pat 1 gɑ̃v N-Jaj-OBC 1 hʌɖᵊko N-Bal-Br 1 gɑ̃v N-Bhi-Bhi 1 hʌdki N-Jaj-OBC 1 gɑũ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 hʌdki N-Bhi-Bhi 1 gɑũ N-Khj-Bhi 1 hɑɖkɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 gɑũ N-Mah-Bhi 1 hʌɖɖi N-Khj-Bhi 1 gɑ̃vɖɔ N-Rup-Br 1 hɑɖɖi N-Mah-Bhi 1 gɑ̃v N-Khr-Gen 1 hɑɖkɑ N-Rup-Br 1 gɑ̃vɖɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 hɑɖɖi N-Khr-Gen 1 gɑ̃vɖɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 hɑɖkɑ N-Awl-Bal 1 gɑ̃v N-Kup-Dar 1 hʌɖɖʌ N-Sir-OBC 3 kʰelo Par Bhi 1 hʌdki N-Kup-Dar 1 gɑv Malvi 1 hʌɖᵊko Par Bhi 1 gɑ̃v Hindi 1 həɖɖi Malvi 1 gɑ̃v Gujarati 1 hɑɖəkũ Hindi 1 gɑũ 1 hɑɖ Gujarati 2 gɑm 1 hɑɖuk Marathi 1 gɑũ Marathi Lexical Similarity 26. house N-Son-Bal 61 28. door 1 gʱʌɾ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 gʰʌr N-Bal-Br 1 gʰʌr N-Jaj-OBC 1 gʱʌɾ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 gʰʌr N-Dhar-Bhi 30. broom 3 bʌnnɔ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 3 bʌnnɔ N-Son-Pat 4 sʌrɔɳi N-Bal-Br 3 bʌnnɔ N-Bal-Br 3 bɑjɾi N-Jaj-OBC 3 bʌnnɔ N-Jaj-OBC 3 bɑjɾi 3 bɑɾɳu N-Bhi-Bhi 3 bʌⁱɾi 1 gʰʌr N-Bhi-Bhi 1 d̪ʌɾwɑdʒɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 bʌⁱɾi N-Khj-Bhi 1 gʰʌr N-Dhar-Bhi 3 bɑiɳu N-Khj-Bhi 3 bʌⁱɾi N-Mah-Bhi 1 gʱʌɾ N-Khj-Bhi 3 bɑⁱɳo N-Mah-Bhi 3 bʌⁱɾi N-Rup-Br 2 məkɑn N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪ʌɾvɑdʒɔ N-Rup-Br 3 bɑjɾi N-Khr-Gen 1 gʱɑr N-Rup-Br 1 d̪ʌɾvɑdʒɔ N-Khr-Gen 3 bɑjɾɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 gʱʌɾ N-Khr-Gen 3 bɑɾɳu N-Awl-Bal 3 bʱɑⁱɾ N-Sir-OBC 1 gʰʌr N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪ʌɾwɑdʒɑ N-Sir-OBC 3 bʱɑⁱɾi N-Kup-Dar 1 gʱʌɾ N-Sir-OBC 3 bɑɾɳu N-Kup-Dar 3 bʌⁱɾi Par Bhi 1 gʰʌr N-Kup-Dar 3 bʌnnʌ Par Bhi 3 bɑjɾi Malvi 3 ʈɑpro Par Bhi 3 bɑjɪɳu Malvi 2 sʌndʒvɑɾɪ Hindi 1 gʱʌɾ Malvi 2 kɪmɑɖ Hindi 1 dʒʱɑɖu Gujarati 1 dʒɑɾɖũ 2 məkɑn Hindi 1 d̪əɾvɑzɑ Gujarati 1 gʱʌɾ Gujarati 1 d̪əɾvɑdʒo Marathi 1 gʱʌɾ 2 məkɑn 3 bɑ̃ɾɳũ Marathi 1 d̪ʌɾwɑdʒɑ 27. roof N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 d̪ɑɾ 2 d̪ʱɑbɔ 29. firewood 3 upəɾi N-Son-Bal 1 lɑkəɖɔ 3 upəɾi N-Son-Pat 1 lʌkkʌɖ 4 mʌɭʌⁱ N-Bal-Br 1 lʌkkʌɖ 5 ʈɑpəɾo N-Jaj-OBC 1 lɑkᵊɖi N-Jaj-OBC 1 tʃʰʌt ̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 lʌkəɖʌ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃʰʌt ̪ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 lɑkʌɖɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 upcɾi N-Khj-Bhi 1 lɑkʌɖɑ N-Khj-Bhi 3 upəɾi N-Mah-Bhi 1 lʌkᵊɖi N-Mah-Bhi 3 upᵊɾi N-Rup-Br 1 lʌkᵊɖi N-Rup-Br 1 tʃʰɑt̪ N-Khr-Gen 1 lɑkᵊɖɑ N-Khr-Gen 1 tʃʰɑt̪ N-Awl-Bal 1 lʌkkʰuɖ N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃʰʌt ̪ N-Sir-OBC 1 lɑkᵊɖɑ N-Sir-OBC 2 dʰɑl N-Kup-Dar 1 lɑkʰəɖi N-Kup-Dar 3 upəɾi Par Bhi 1 lɑkʌɖɑ Par Bhi 1 tʃʰʌt ̪ Malvi 1 lɛkʌɖ Malvi 2 ɖɑɭ Hindi 1 ləkəɖi Hindi 1 tʃʰhət ̪ Gujarati 1 lɑkəɖũ Gujarati 1 tʃɑpəɾũ Marathi 1 lɑkuɖʌ Marathi 1 tʃʌpʌɾ N-Bal-Br 3 bʌⁱɾi 2 sɑvɑɾəɳi Marathi 1 dzʱɑɖu 62 Appendix A 31. mortar N-Son-Bal 32. pestle 33. hammer 2 ɔkʰʌɭə N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 6 kʰɑjɳo N-Bal-Br 2 ʊkkʌɭ N-Jaj-OBC 2 ukkʌɭ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 ukʰʌɭi N-Jaj-OBC 3 mussʌɭə 2 hɑt̪ʰoɖo N-Dhar-Bhi 2 ukəɭi N-Bhi-Bhi 3 muʃʌɭ 2 hɑt̪tʰɔɖi N-Khj-Bhi 2 ukʰɑɭ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 mʊsʌɭi 2 hɑt̪oɖʌ 2 uklʌⁱ N-Khj-Bhi 3 musɑɭ N-Mah-Bhi 2 ʊkkʰʌɭ N-Mah-Bhi 3 muʃʌɭ N-Rup-Br 2 okʰʌɖ N-Rup-Br 3 muʃʌɭ N-Bhi-Bhi N-Khr-Gen 2 ukʰɑɭ 3 musɑɭ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 hɑt̪ʰoɖi N-Awl-Bal 2 ʊkkʰʌl N-Khr-Gen 3 musɑɭ N-Khj-Bhi 2 hʌt ̪ʰɔɖi N-Sir-OBC 2 okʰəlʌⁱ N-Awl-Bal 3 mʊsʌɭ N-Mah-Bhi 2 hɑt̪ʰɔɖi N-Kup-Dar 2 ɔkʰər N-Sir-OBC 3 musʌlʌⁱ N-Rup-Br Par Bhi 2 ʊkʰɭɪja N-Kup-Dar 3 mussʌɭə Malvi 4 kʰʌɾʌɖ Par Bhi 3 mʊsʌɭ N-Khr-Gen 1 kʰəɾəl Malvi 3 musʌɭɑ N-Awl-Bal 2 hɑt̪ʰoɖi 3 mʊsʌɭi N-Sir-OBC 2 hʌtʰoɖʌⁱ 1 lõɖʱɑ N-Kup-Dar 1 gʰɑɳə 3 musəⁱ Par Bhi 2 hɑt̪ʰɛuɖo 2 kʰul Malvi 2 hʌt ̪ʰɑɖi 4 pət̪ʌɾ Hindi 1 gʱən Gujarati 2 hət ̪ʰoɖi Marathi 2 hɑt̪oɖʌ Hindi 3 muʂʌɭə N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 3 mussʌɭə N-Son-Pat N-Bal-Br 3 mussʌɭə 3 muʃʌɭ 2 okʰəɭi 2 okʰəli Gujarati 5 pət̪ʌɾo 6 kʰəⁱɳi Marathi Hindi Gujarati 2 ukʰʌɭi Marathi 1 gʱʌɳə 1 gʰʌɳ 2 hʌt ̪ʰɔɖi N-Bal-Br N-Jaj-OBC 2 hʌt ̪ʰɔɖi 2 hʌt ̪ʰɔɖi 3 ʈaki 2 hʌte̪ ɖo 2 hɑt̪ʰoɖi 2 hʌt ̪ʰɔɖi 3 musʌɭi 2 hɑt̪ʰɔɖi 2 hət ̪ʰoɖi Lexical Similarity 63 34. knife N-Son-Bal 35. axe 36. rope 2 tʃʌkku N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 2 tʃʌkku N-Bal-Br 2 tʃʌkku N-Jaj-OBC 2 tʃʌkku N-Bhi-Bhi 2 tʃʌkku N-Jaj-OBC 2 kulɑɖi N-Jaj-OBC 4 d̪ɔiɖɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 tʃʌkku N-Bhi-Bhi 2 kuɾɑɖi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ɾɑs N-Khj-Bhi 2 tʃʌkku N-Dhar-Bhi 2 kuɾɑɖi N-Dhar-Bhi 4 d̪oiɖɑ N-Mah-Bhi 2 tʃʌkku N-Khj-Bhi 2 kʊlhɑɖi N-Khj-Bhi 4 d̪oiɖɑ N-Rup-Br 2 tʃʌkku N-Mah-Bhi 2 kuɾɑɖi N-Mah-Bhi 4 d̪oiɖɑ 2 tʃɑkku N-Rup-Br 2 kuɾɑɖi N-Rup-Br 2 d̪oɾi N-Khr-Gen 2 tʃɑkku N-Khr-Gen 2 kuɾɑɖi N-Khr-Gen 4 d̪oiɖɔ N-Awl-Bal 2 tʃʌkku N-Awl-Bal 2 kʊlhɑɖi N-Awl-Bal 4 d̪ɔjɖɔ N-Sir-OBC 2 tʃʌkku N-Sir-OBC 3 tʃʌŋgio N-Sir-OBC 4 d̪oiɖi N-Kup-Dar 2 tʃʌkku N-Kup-Dar 2 kulʌɖʌ N-Kup-Dar 2 d̪oɾi Par Bhi 2 tʃʌkku Par Bhi 2 kʌɾɑɖi Par Bhi 4 d̪ɔjɖu Malvi 2 tʃʌkkʊ Malvi 2 kʊɾɑɖi Malvi 3 bɛɾʌt̪ 1 tʃʊɾi Hindi 2 kʊlhɑɖi Hindi 1 ɾəssi 2 tʃɑku Gujarati 1 koɾi Gujarati 2 ɖoɾu Hindi Gujarati N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 2 kuɾʌɖo N-Son-Pat 4 d̪ɔjɖɔ N-Bal-Br 2 kuɾɑɖi N-Bal-Br 4 d̪ɔjɖɔ 2 kʊlhɑɖi 1 tʃəɾo 1 tʃʊɾi 2 tʃəku Marathi 2 kuɾʌɖi 1 suɾi 4 d̪oiɖɔ 2 kuhɑɖi Marathi 2 kuɾɑɖʌ 4 d̪oiɖi 2 d̪oɾi Marathi 2 d̪oɾ 2 d̪oɾi 64 Appendix A 37. thread N-Son-Bal 39. cloth 1 d̪ɔɾɔ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 d̪ɔɾɔ N-Bal-Br 1 d̪oɾʌ N-Jaj-OBC 3 t̪ɑŋgɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 t̪ɑŋgo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪oɾʌ N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪ɔɾɔ N-Bhi-Bhi N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɖoɾɑ N-Rup-Br 1 d̪oɾɑ N-Khr-Gen 40. ring 1 kʌpəɖo N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 kʌpəɖo N-Son-Pat 2 mund̪i N-Bal-Br 1 kʌpəɖʌ N-Bal-Br 2 muːnd̪i 1 kʌpəɖo N-Jaj-OBC 2 mund̪i 2 mund̪i 1 kʌpəɖɔ N-Jaj-OBC 2 mund̪i 4 tʃit̪ɾɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 mund̪i 1 kʌpəɖʌ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 mund̪i N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kʌpəɖʌ N-Khj-Bhi 2 mund̪i N-Khj-Bhi 4 tʃʌt̪əɾʌ N-Mah-Bhi 2 mund̪i 1 d̪ɔɾɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 kɑpᵊɖo N-Rup-Br l N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪ɔɾɔ N-Rup-Br 1 kɑpᵊɖo N-Sir-OBC 1 ɖoɾo N-Khr-Gen 1 kɑpᵊɖo N-Khr-Gen 2 mund̪i N-Kup-Dar 3 t̪ɑŋgo N-Awl-Bal 3 onnu N-Awl-Bal 2 muːnd̪i Par Bhi 1 d̪oɾu N-Sir-OBC 3 honnɑ N-Sir-OBC 2 mund̪i Malvi 1 ɖoɾɑ N-Kup-Dar 3 vʌnnʌ N-Kup-Dar 2 muːnd̪i Hindi 1 ɖoɾɑ Malvi 2 lɛt ̪to̪ Par Bhi 2 mund̪i 2 mund̪i 2 sut ̪ Par Bhi 4 tʃʰet ̪ɾɑ Malvi 3 biʈi 3 t̪ɑgɑ Hindi 1 kəpəɖɑ Hindi 1 ʌ̃guʈʰi Gujarati 1 ɖoɾo Gujarati 1 kɑpɑɖ Marathi 1 d̪oɾɑ 2 sut ̪ Marathi 2 mʊ̃d̪əɾi 1 kopəɖũ Gujarati 3 wĩʈi 1 kɑpʌɖʌ Marathi 1 ʌŋgʌʈʰi 2 mund̪i 38. needle N-Son-Bal 1 suj N-Son-Pat 1 suj N-Bal-Br 1 suj N-Jaj-OBC 1 suⁱ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 sui N-Dhar-Bhi 1 suⁱ N-Khj-Bhi 1 sʊ̃j N-Mah-Bhi 1 suⁱ N-Rup-Br 1 sʊ̃j N-Khr-Gen 1 suⁱ N-Awl-Bal 1 suⁱ N-Sir-OBC 1 sudʒi N-Kup-Dar 1 suj Par Bhi 1 sʊ̃j Malvi 1 sʊi Hindi 1 sʊi Gujarati 1 soi Marathi 1 sui Lexical Similarity 41. sun N-Son-Bal 65 43. sky 2 d̪in N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 2 d̪in N-Son-Pat N-Bal-Br 1 surʌdʒ N-Jaj-OBC 2 d̪in N-Bal-Br N-Bhi-Bhi 2 d̪in N-Jaj-OBC N-Dhar-Bhi 2 d̪in N-Khj-Bhi 2 d̪in N-Bhi-Bhi N-Mah-Bhi 2 d̪in N-Rup-Br 2 d̪in N-Khr-Gen 44. star 4 vɑd̪əɭɔ N-Son-Bal 1 ɑkɑʃ N-Son-Pat 1 t ̪ɑɾɔ 4 vɑd̪əɭo N-Bal-Br 1 t ̪ɑɾɔ 1 ɑkɑʂ 1 t ̪ɑɾo 1 t ̪ɑɾɑ 1 ɑkɑs N-Jaj-OBC 1 t ̪ɑɾɔ 4 vɑd̪əɭɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 t ̪ɑɾɑ 4 vɑd̪ʌl N-Dhar-Bhi 1 t ̪ɑɾɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 ɑsmɑn N-Khj-Bhi 1 t ̪ɑɾo N-Khj-Bhi 2 ɑsmɑn N-Mah-Bhi 1 t ̪ɑɾɔ 2 d̪in N-Mah-Bhi 0 no entry N-Rup-Br 1 t ̪ɑɾo N-Awl-Bal 2 d̪in N-Rup-Br 2 ɑsmɑn N-Khr-Gen 1 t ̪ɑɾɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 surʌdʒ N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑkɑʃ N-Awl-Bal 1 t ̪ɑɾɑ N-Kup-Dar 1 suɾjə N-Awl-Bal 1 ɑkɑs N-Sir-OBC 1 t ̪ɑɾo Par Bhi 2 d̪in 2 ɑsmɑn N-Kup-Dar 1 t ̪ɑɾe Malvi 2 d̪ʌnbɑbo N-Sir-OBC 2 ɑsmɑn Par Bhi 1 t ̪ɑɾɑ Hindi 1 suɾədʒ N-Kup-Dar 4 vɑd̪əɭo Malvi 1 t ̪ɑɾo Gujarati Marathi 1 suɾjə Par Bhi 3 sʌɾʌg Hindi 1 t ̪ɑɾɑ 1 suɾədʒ Malvi 2 ɑsmɑn Gujarati 1 t ̪ɑɾɑ 1 suɾijʌ Hindi 1 ɑkɑʃ Gujarati 1 ɑkɑʂ Marathi 1 ɑkɑʃʌ 42. moon N-Son-Bal 1 tʃɑn̪d̪ N-Son-Pat 1 tʃɑnd̪ N-Bal-Br 1 tʃənd̪ɾəma N-Bal-Br 1 tʃɑn̪d̪ N-Jaj-OBC 1 tʃɑnd̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃɑnd̪ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃɑnd̪ N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃɑnd̪ N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃɑnd̪ N-Rup-Br 1 tʃɑnd̪ N-Khr-Gen 1 tʃɑnd̪ N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃɑnd̪ N-Sir-OBC 1 tʃɑnd̪ N-Kup-Dar 1 tʃɑnd̪ Par Bhi 1 tʃɑnd̪ Malvi 1 tʃɑnd̪ Hindi 1 tʃənd̪ɾəma 1 tʃɑ̃d̪ Gujarati 1 tʃɑnd̪o 1 tʃənd̪ɾə Marathi 1 tʃʌnd̪ɾʌ 1 t ̪ɑɾo Marathi 1 t ̪ɑɾɑ 66 Appendix A 45. rain N-Son-Bal 47. river 2 vʌrsɑt̪ N-Son-Bal 49. lightning 1 nʌd̪d̪i N-Son-Bal 2 d̪ɑd̪uɾ 4 pɑɳipʌɖiɾo N-Son-Pat 1 nʌd̪d̪i N-Son-Pat 2 d̪ɑd̪uɾ N-Son-Pat 2 vʌrsɑt̪ N-Bal-Br 1 nʌnd̪i N-Bal-Br 1 bidʒəɭi N-Bal-Br 1 bɑɾiʃ N-Jaj-OBC 1 nʌd̪i N-Jaj-OBC 4 pɑɳipʌɖɳu N-Bhi-Bhi 1 nʌd̪i N-Jaj-OBC 2 d̪ɑd̪ur N-Bhi-Bhi 2 bʌɾsʌt ̪ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 nʌd̪d̪i N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ɪdʒəɭi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bɑɾiʃ N-Khj-Bhi 1 nʌd̪d̪i N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bidʒəɭi N-Khj-Bhi 1 bɑɾiʃ N-Mah-Bhi 1 nʌd̪i N-Khj-Bhi 1 bidʒəɭi N-Mah-Bhi 1 bɑɾiʃ N-Rup-Br 1 nʌd̪i N-Mah-Bhi 1 bɪdʒəli N-Rup-Br 1 bɑɾiʃ N-Khr-Gen 1 nɑd̪i N-Rup-Br 1 bidʒəɭi 4 pɑnigiɾ N-Awl-Bal 1 nɑd̪i N-Khr-Gen 1 bidʒɑɭɑi N-Khr-Gen 5 tʃɔmɑsɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 nʌd̪i N-Awl-Bal 1 bidʒɑɭɑi N-Awl-Bal 1 bɑɾiʃ N-Kup-Dar 2 kod̪əɾo N-Sir-OBC 2 d̪ɑd̪uɾ N-Sir-OBC 2 vʌɾsɑtʰ Par Bhi 1 nʌd̪i N-Kup-Dar 1 bɪdʒəli N-Kup-Dar 4 pɑɳipʌɖir Malvi 1 nʌd̪i Par Bhi 4 pɑɳipʌɖiɾijo Hindi 1 nəd̪i Par Bhi Malvi 2 bɛrsɑt̪ Gujarati 1 nəd̪i Malvi 1 bidʒʌɭi Hindi 1 bəɾəʂ Marathi 1 nʌd̪i Hindi 1 bɪdʒəli Gujarati 1 widʒɑɭi Marathi 1 βidz 2 wəɾʂɑ Gujarati 2 vəɾsɑd̪ 48. cloud Marathi 3 pɑusʌ N-Son-Bal 1 vɑd̪əɭʌ N-Son-Pat 1 vɑd̪əɭɔ N-Bal-Br 1 vɑd̪əɭʌ 46. water N-Son-Bal 1 pɑɳi N-Son-Pat 1 pɑɳi N-Jaj-OBC 1 vɑd̪əɭʌ N-Bal-Br 1 pɑɳi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 vɑd̪əɭʌ N-Jaj-OBC 1 pɑɳi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 vɑd̪əɭʌ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 pɑɳi N-Khj-Bhi 1 vɑd̪əɭʌ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 pɑni N-Mah-Bhi 1 vɑd̪ᵊɭɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 pɑɳi N-Rup-Br 1 bʌd̪ʌɭ N-Mah-Bhi 1 pɑɳi N-Khr-Gen 1 vɑd̪ɭɑ N-Rup-Br 1 pɑɳi N-Awl-Bal 1 vɑd̪ᵊɭʌ N-Khr-Gen 1 pɑɳi N-Sir-OBC 1 vʌd̪əɭɑ N-Awl-Bal 1 pɑɳi N-Kup-Dar 1 bɑd̪əɭo N-Sir-OBC 1 pɑɳi Par Bhi 1 vɑd̪ʌɭɑ N-Kup-Dar 1 pɑni Malvi 1 bɑd̪ʌɭɑ Par Bhi 1 pɑɳi Hindi 1 bɑd̪əl Malvi 1 pɑɳi Gujarati 1 vɑd̪əɭ Hindi 1 pɑni Marathi 2 d̪ʰʌg 2 dʒəl Gujarati 1 pɑɳi Marathi 1 pɑɳi 1 bɑd̪d̪ʌl 1 bɪdʒəli kʌɖəki 1 bɪdʒʌɭi Lexical Similarity 50. rainbow N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat N-Bal-Br 67 51. wind 1 d̪ʱʌnuʃbɑɳ N-Son-Bal 2 bɑɳ 2 d̪ʱʌnuʃbɑɳ 53. path 1 hʌwʌ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 hʌwʌ N-Son-Pat 1 ɾʌsto̪ N-Bal-Br 3 pəvən N-Bal-Br 1 ɾɑst ̪o 2 bɑɳ 4 vʌhaɭ 1 ɾʌsto̪ 2 vɑʈ 1 ɪnd̪ɾɑd̪ʱənuʂ N-Jaj-OBC 1 hʌvʌ N-Jaj-OBC 1 ɾʌstɔ̪ 2 ɾɑmbɑɳ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 hɑvɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ɾʌsto̪ 1 d̪ʱʌnuʃbɑɳ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 hʌʋɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 vɑʈʰ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 bɑɳ N-Khj-Bhi 1 hʌʋɑ N-Khj-Bhi 2 vɑʈ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 bɑɳ N-Mah-Bhi 1 hʌʋɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɾɑst ̪ɔ N-Khj-Bhi 2 bɑɳ N-Rup-Br 1 hʌʋɑ N-Rup-Br 1 ɾɑst ̪o N-Mah-Bhi 2 bɑɳ N-Khr-Gen 1 hɑvɑ N-Khr-Gen 1 ɾɑst ̪ɔ N-Rup-Br 1 d̪ʌnuʃbɑɳ N-Awl-Bal 1 hɑvɑ N-Awl-Bal 1 ɾɑst ̪ɔ 2 d̪ʌnuʃbɑɳ N-Sir-OBC 5 vɑɾgo N-Sir-OBC 4 pʌgɖʌnɖi N-Khr-Gen 2 bɑɳ N-Kup-Dar 1 hʌvʌⁱ N-Kup-Dar 1 ɾʌsto̪ N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪ʌnuʃbɑɳ Par Bhi 4 vahɭᵊ Par Bhi 2 vɑʈʰ 2 d̪ʌnuʃbɑɳ Malvi 2 vɑjɪɾo Malvi 2 bɑʈ 1 d̪ʌnuʃbɑɳ Hindi 1 həvɑ Hindi 1 ɾɑst ̪ɑ 2 d̪ʌnuʃbɑɳ Gujarati 1 hɑvɑr Gujarati 1 ɾəst̪o N-Jaj-OBC N-Sir-OBC N-Kup-Dar 2 ɾɑmbɑɳ Par Bhi 2 bɑɳ Malvi 1 d̪ʌnuʃbɑɳ 2 d̪ʌnuʃbɑɳ 2 wɑiro 2 wɑʈ 3 pəvən Marathi 2 wɑɾɑ 3 keɖi Marathi 1 ɾʌstɑ̪ 2 pɑⁱwɑʈ Hindi 1 ɪnd̪ɾɑd̪ʱənuʂ 52. stone Gujarati 1 meⁱgʱ-d̪ʱɑnuʃɑ N-Son-Bal 3 d̪ʌgəɖʌ Marathi 1 ɪnd̪ɾʌ-d̪ʱʌnuʂʌ N-Son-Pat 3 d̪ʌgəɖɔ N-Bal-Br 3 d̪ʌggʌɖ N-Jaj-OBC 3 d̪ʌgəɖɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 d̪ɑgɖɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 d̪ʌggʌɖ N-Khj-Bhi 3 d̪ɑgɖɑ N-Mah-Bhi 3 d̪ʌggʌɖ N-Rup-Br 3 d̪ʌgeɖo N-Khr-Gen 3 d̪ɑgɖɑ N-Awl-Bal 3 d̪ʌgeɖo N-Sir-OBC 3 d̪ʌgeɖo N-Kup-Dar 3 d̪ʌgəɖo Par Bhi 3 d̪ɛgʌɖa Malvi 2 bʱɑʈo Hindi 1 pət̪tʰ̪ əɾ Gujarati 1 pət̪tʰ̪ əɾ Marathi 3 d̪ʌgʌɖ 68 Appendix A 54. sand N-Son-Bal 55. fire 1 ɾet̪ N-Son-Bal 56. smoke 1 ɑg N-Son-Bal 2 d̪ʊkkʌɭə N-Son-Pat 1 ɾet̪ 6 ʌŋgɑɾ N-Son-Pat 2 d̪ʱukkʌɭ N-Bal-Br 1 ɾet̪ N-Son-Pat 6 ʌŋgɑr N-Bal-Br 1 d̪ʱʊõ 2 vɑɭu N-Bal-Br 1 ɑg 2 d̪ʊkkʌɭə N-Jaj-OBC 2 bɑlu 6 ʌŋgɑɾ N-Jaj-OBC 2 d̪ʱukkʌɭ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ɾet̪ N-Jaj-OBC 5 ɑkʈi N-Bhi-Bhi 2 d̪ukkəɭo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ɾet̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 5 ɑkʈi N-Dhar-Bhi 2 d̪ʰʊkːʌɭ N-Khj-Bhi 1 ɾet̪u N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ɑg N-Khj-Bhi 2 d̪ʰʊkːʌɭ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɾet̪ N-Khj-Bhi 2 lɑj N-Mah-Bhi 3 d̪ʱuvɑɖɑ N-Rup-Br 1 ɾet̪ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɑg N-Rup-Br 1 d̪uo N-Khr-Gen 1 ɾet̪ N-Rup-Br 1 ɑg N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪ʱuɑ N-Awl-Bal 1 ɾet̪ N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑg N-Awl-Bal 2 d̪ʊkkʌɭə N-Sir-OBC 1 ɾet̪ N-Awl-Bal 6 ʌŋgɑr N-Sir-OBC 2 d̪ʰʊkːʌɭ N-Kup-Dar 1 ɾet̪i N-Sir-OBC 6 ʌŋgɑɾ N-Kup-Dar 2 d̪ʱʊkkʌl Par Bhi 1 ɾet̪ɭu N-Kup-Dar 1 ɑg Par Bhi 2 d̪ʰʊkːʌɭ Malvi 1 ɾet̪i Par Bhi 5 akʰʈi Malvi 1 d̪ʱʊ̃ Hindi 1 ɾɛt̪i Malvi 2 lɑj Hindi 1 d̪ʱuɑ̃ 2 bɑlu Hindi 1 ɑg Gujarati 3 d̪ʱumaɖo Gujarati 1 ɾɛt̪i Gujarati 1 ɑg Marathi 1 d̪ʱuɾ Marathi 1 ɾet̪i 2 wɑɭu 4 əgni Marathi 1 ɑg 57. ash 3 wist̪o N-Son-Bal 1 ɾʌkʰɔɖi 4 ɑgni N-Son-Pat 1 ɾʌkʰɔɖo N-Bal-Br 1 ɾʌkʰoɖi 1 ɾʌkʰɔɖi N-Jaj-OBC 1 ɾʌkʰəɖɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ɾɑkoɖɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ɾɑkoɖɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 ɾɑkoɖɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɾɑkʰɔɖi N-Rup-Br 1 ɾʌkʰoɖi N-Khr-Gen 1 ɾɑkʰɔɖi N-Awl-Bal 1 ɾɑkʰoɖɪ N-Sir-OBC 1 ɾɑkʰ N-Kup-Dar 1 ɾʌkʰoɖi Par Bhi 1 ɾokʰʊɖʊ Malvi 1 ɾɑkʰoɖɪ Hindi 1 ɾɑkʰ Gujarati 1 ɾɑkʰ 1 ɾəkʰjɑ Marathi 1 ɾɑkʰʌ Lexical Similarity 58. mud N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat N-Bal-Br 69 59. dust 4 gɑɾo N-Son-Bal 61. tree 1 d̪ʰuɭo N-Son-Bal 2 dʒɑɖə 1 kitʃʌɖ N-Son-Pat 1 d̪ʰuɭo N-Son-Pat 2 dʒʱɑɖə 4 gaɾɔ N-Bal-Br 1 d̪ʰuɭo N-Bal-Br 2 dʒʰɑɖ 1 kitʃɑɖ N-Jaj-OBC 1 d̪ʱuɭo N-Jaj-OBC 2 dʒʱɑɖ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 dʒʌɖəkʌ 1 kitʃtʃʌɖ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 d̪ʰuɭo N-Jaj-OBC 1 kitʃtʃʌɖ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪ʱuɭɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kitʃʌɖ N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪ʰuɭɭo N-Dhar-Bhi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kitʃtʃʌɖ N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪ʱuɭɑ N-Khj-Bhi 2 dʒʰɑɖ N-Khj-Bhi 4 gɑɾo N-Rup-Br 1 d̪ʱuɭ N-Mah-Bhi 2 dʒʱʌdkɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 kitʃʌɖ N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪ʱuɭɑ N-Rup-Br 2 dʒʰɑɖ N-Rup-Br 3 potʌ̪ 2 dʒʰɑɖ 1 kitʃʌɖ N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪ʱuɭ N-Khr-Gen 2 dʒʱɑɖ 4 gɑɾo N-Sir-OBC 1 d̪ʰuɭɭo N-Awl-Bal 2 dʒɑɖ 1 kitʃɑɖ N-Kup-Dar 3 mɑʈːi N-Sir-OBC 2 dʒɑɖ N-Awl-Bal 1 kitʃɑɖ Par Bhi 1 d̪ʰuɭu N-Kup-Dar 2 dʒʱɑɖ N-Sir-OBC 4 gɑɾo Malvi 1 d̪ʱuɭo Par Bhi 2 dʒʱɑɖko N-Kup-Dar 4 gʌɾʌ Hindi 1 d̪ʱul Malvi 2 dʒʱɑɖ Par Bhi 2 kɑd̪ɛuɖo Gujarati 1 d̪ʱul Hindi 1 pɛɖ Malvi 1 kitʃəɖ Marathi 1 d̪ʱuɭ Gujarati 2 dʒɑɖ Hindi 1 kitʃəɖ 2 pʰopʌʈɑ Marathi 2 dzʱɑɖ Gujarati 1 kitʃɑɖ N-Khr-Gen Marathi 2 kɑd̪ 60. gold 62. leaf 2 kɑd̪əv N-Son-Bal 1 sonu N-Son-Bal 3 pɑɳʈʌ 3 tʃikʰʌɭ N-Son-Pat 1 sono N-Son-Pat 3 pɑɳʈɔ N-Bal-Br 1 soɳo N-Bal-Br 3 pɑnʈɑ N-Jaj-OBC 1 sɔnu N-Jaj-OBC 3 pɑnʈɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 sonũ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 pɑɳʈʌ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sonɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 pɑnʈe N-Khj-Bhi 1 sonnu N-Khj-Bhi 3 pɑnʈɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 sonnu N-Mah-Bhi 1 pət̪t ̪i N-Rup-Br 1 soɳo N-Khr-Gen 1 sonɑ N-Rup-Br 4 pɑlo 4 pɑlɑ N-Awl-Bal 1 sonno N-Khr-Gen 1 pɑt ̪t̪ɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 sʊnno N-Awl-Bal 1 pət̪t ̪i N-Kup-Dar 1 soɳo N-Sir-OBC 3 pɑnt̪o Par Bhi 1 sonɑ N-Kup-Dar 3 pɑɳʈʌ Malvi 1 sʊnno Par Bhi 4 pɑlo Hindi 1 sonɑ Malvi 2 kɑ̃ʈoj Gujarati 1 sonũ Hindi 1 pət̪t ̪i Marathi 1 sone Gujarati 3 pɑnd̪əɖũ Marathi 3 pɑn 70 Appendix A 63. root N-Son-Bal 65. flower 1 dʒʱʌɖə N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 dʒʱʌɖə N-Bal-Br 1 dʒʌɖ N-Jaj-OBC 67. mango 1 pʰul N-Son-Bal 2 kʌⁱɾi N-Son-Pat 1 pʰul N-Son-Pat 2 kʌⁱɾi N-Bal-Br 1 pʰul N-Bal-Br 2 kɑⁱɾi 1 dʒʌɖ N-Jaj-OBC 1 pʰul N-Jaj-OBC 2 kɑⁱɾi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 dʒʌɖ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 pʰul N-Bhi-Bhi 2 keɾi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 dʒʌɖ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 pʰul N-Dhar-Bhi 2 kʌⁱɾi N-Khj-Bhi 1 dʒʌɖ N-Khj-Bhi 1 pʰul N-Khj-Bhi 2 kɑⁱɾi N-Mah-Bhi 1 dʒʱʌɖslɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 pʰul N-Mah-Bhi 2 kʌⁱɾi N-Rup-Br 1 dʒʌɖ N-Rup-Br 1 pʰul N-Rup-Br 2 kʌⁱɾi N-Khr-Gen 1 dʒʌɖ N-Khr-Gen 1 ɸul N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑmbɑ N-Awl-Bal 1 dʒʌɖ N-Awl-Bal 1 ɸul N-Awl-Bal 1 ɑmbo N-Sir-OBC 1 dʒʌɖ N-Sir-OBC 1 pʰul N-Sir-OBC 1 ɑmbo N-Kup-Dar 1 dʒʱɑɖ N-Kup-Dar 1 pʰul N-Kup-Dar 2 kɑⁱɾi 3 musəɭə Par Bhi 1 pʰul Par Bhi 2 kʌⁱɾi Par Bhi 1 dʒɛɖsʌlo Malvi 1 pʰul Malvi 2 keɾi Malvi 1 dʒɛɖ Hindi 1 ɸul Hindi 1 ɑm Hindi 1 dʒʌɖ Gujarati 1 ɸul Gujarati 2 kɛɾi Gujarati 2 muɭ Marathi 1 ɸul Marathi 1 ɑmbɑ Marathi 2 muɭ 64. thorn 66. fruit 68. banana N-Son-Bal 1 pʰʌɭ N-Son-Bal 1 keɭʌ N-Son-Bal 1 kɑʈɔ N-Son-Pat 1 pʰʌl N-Son-Pat 1 keɭo N-Son-Pat 1 kɑʈʈʌ N-Bal-Br 1 pʰʌl N-Bal-Br 1 keɭɔ N-Bal-Br 1 kɑʈɑ 1 pʰʌɭ N-Jaj-OBC 1 keɭɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 kɑʈɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 pʰʌl N-Bhi-Bhi 1 keɭo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kɑʈɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 pʰʌɭ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 keɭɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kɑʈɑ 2 bidʒ N-Khj-Bhi 1 keɭo N-Khj-Bhi 1 kɑʈɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 pʰʌɭ N-Mah-Bhi 1 keɭɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 kɑʈɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 pʰʌɭ N-Rup-Br 1 keɭɔ N-Rup-Br 1 kɑʈɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 pʰʌɭ N-Khr-Gen 1 kelɑ N-Khr-Gen 1 kɑʈɔ N-Rup-Br 1 pʰʌɭ N-Awl-Bal 1 keɭɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 kɑ̃ʈo N-Khr-Gen 1 pʰɑɭ N-Sir-OBC 1 keɭɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 kɑʈɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 pʰʌl N-Kup-Dar 1 keɭo N-Kup-Dar 1 kɑtːo N-Sir-OBC 1 pʰʌɭ Par Bhi 1 keɭᵊ Par Bhi 1 kɑʈu N-Kup-Dar 1 pʰʌl Malvi 1 keɭɑ Malvi 1 kɑ̃ʈo Par Bhi 1 pʰʌɭ Hindi 1 kelɑ Hindi 1 kɑ̃ʈɑ Malvi 1 pʰʌl Gujarati 1 keɭu Gujarati 1 kɑ̃ʈo Hindi 1 pʰʌl Marathi 1 keɭe Marathi 1 kɑ̃ʈɑ Gujarati 1 ɸʌɭ Marathi 1 ɸʌɭ 1 ɸʌɭẽ Lexical Similarity 69. wheat N-Son-Bal 71 72. potato 1 gʌũ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 gʰʌũ N-Bal-Br 1 gʰʌũ N-Jaj-OBC 74. groundnut 1 ɑlu N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 ɑlu N-Son-Pat 4 seŋəɳə N-Bal-Br 1 ɑɭu N-Bal-Br 4 seŋgəɭi 1 gʌũ N-Jaj-OBC 1 ɑlu N-Jaj-OBC 1 bʱʌjmukʰ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 gʰʌũ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ʌllu N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bʌⁱmu N-Dhar-Bhi 1 gʌũ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ʌllu N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bʌⁱmukʰ N-Khj-Bhi 1 gʌhũ N-Khj-Bhi 1 ɑɭu N-Khj-Bhi 4 seɳgɑn N-Mah-Bhi 1 gʌũ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɑlu N-Mah-Bhi 4 sengᵊɭi N-Rup-Br 1 gʰʌũ N-Rup-Br 1 ɑɭu N-Rup-Br 4 seŋgəɭi N-Khr-Gen 1 gehũ N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑlu N-Khr-Gen 1 huⁱmuŋg N-Awl-Bal 1 gʌhũ N-Awl-Bal 1 ɑlu N-Awl-Bal 4 seŋᵊɭʌⁱ N-Sir-OBC 1 gehũ N-Sir-OBC 1 ɑlu N-Sir-OBC 2 muɳgpʰʌɭi N-Kup-Dar 1 gʌᶸ N-Kup-Dar 1 ɑɭu N-Kup-Dar 4 sɪŋgɭʌⁱ Par Bhi 1 gʌvũ Par Bhi 1 ʌllu Par Bhi 1 bʱʌjmʊkʰ Malvi 1 gʌũ Malvi 1 ɑlu Malvi 2 pʰʌɭi Hindi 1 gɛhũ Hindi 1 ɑlu Hindi 2 mũgɸʌli Gujarati 1 gʱəũ Gujarati 2 bəʈɑkɑ Gujarati 2 məgɸʌɭi Marathi 1 gʱʌhu Marathi 2 bʌʈɑʈɑ Marathi 3 bwʱimu gɑtʃjɑ 71. rice 4 ʃeŋgɑ 73. eggplant N-Son-Bal 4 sɪŋgɭʌⁱ 2 bʌtʌ 75. chilli N-Son-Bal 1 tʃɔkʌ N-Son-Pat 1 tʃɔkʰʌ 4 ɾiŋgɳʌ N-Son-Bal 1 miɾi N-Bal-Br 1 tʃɔkʌ N-Son-Pat 2 bʌʈʈɔ N-Son-Pat 1 mʌrtʃʌ N-Jaj-OBC 1 tʃɔkkʌ N-Bal-Br 2 bʌʈɑ N-Bal-Br 1 mɪɾin N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃokkɑ N-Jaj-OBC 2 bʰʌʈʈɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 miɾi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃokʰɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 bʰʌʈʈɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 miɾi N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃɔkʌ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 bʱʌʈʈɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 miɾi N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃokɑ N-Khj-Bhi 2 bʰʌʈʈɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 miɾi N-Rup-Br 3 tʃʌvʌl N-Mah-Bhi 2 bʱʌʈʈɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 miɾtʃi N-Khr-Gen 1 tʃokɑ N-Rup-Br 2 bʰʌʈʈɑ N-Rup-Br 1 miɾi N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃokʰɑ N-Khr-Gen 2 bʱɑʈʈe N-Khr-Gen 1 miɾi N-Sir-OBC 1 tʃokʰɑ N-Awl-Bal 2 bʱʌʈʈɑ N-Awl-Bal 1 miɾi N-Kup-Dar 1 tʃɔkʰʌ 4 ɾiŋᵊɳɑ N-Sir-OBC 1 miɾi Par Bhi 4 sɑɭ N-Sir-OBC 2 bʰʌʈʈɑ N-Kup-Dar 1 mɪrtʃjɑ Malvi 1 tʃokkɑ N-Kup-Dar 2 bʱʌʈʈʌ Par Bhi 1 mɪɾɪ Hindi 3 tʃɑvəl Par Bhi 2 bʱʌʈʈɑ Malvi 1 miɾtʃɪ Gujarati 1 tʃokɑ Malvi 2 bʰʌʈʈɑ Hindi 1 mɪɾtsi 3 tʃɑvəl Hindi 1 bẽᶸgən Gujarati 1 məɾtʃũ 2 t ̪ɑnd̪uɭ Gujarati 4 ɾiŋgəɳə Marathi 1 mɪɾtʃi Marathi 3 wɑŋge Marathi 72 Appendix A 76. turmeric N-Son-Bal 78. onion 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Bal-Br 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Jaj-OBC 80. tomato 3 kɑn̪d̪ʌ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 3 kɑn̪d̪ʌ N-Son-Pat 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌr N-Bal-Br 3 kɑnd̪ɑ N-Bal-Br 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Jaj-OBC 3 kɑnt̪ʌ N-Jaj-OBC 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌr N-Bhi-Bhi 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 kɑnd̪ɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 kɑnd̪ɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ N-Khj-Bhi 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Khj-Bhi 3 kɑnd̪ɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ N-Mah-Bhi 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Mah-Bhi 3 kɑnd̪ɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ N-Rup-Br 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Rup-Br 3 kɑnd̪ɑ N-Rup-Br 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ N-Khr-Gen 1 hɑɭd̪i N-Khr-Gen 3 kɑnd̪ɑ N-Khr-Gen 1 tɑmɑtɑɾ N-Awl-Bal 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Awl-Bal 3 kɑnd̪ɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ N-Sir-OBC 1 hʌɭʌd̪ N-Sir-OBC 3 kɑnd̪ɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌɾ N-Kup-Dar 0 no entry N-Kup-Dar 3 kɑn̪d̪o N-Kup-Dar 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌr Par Bhi 1 hʌlɪd̪ Par Bhi 3 kɑnd̪ɑ Par Bhi 1 ʈɛmɑʈɛr Malvi 1 hʌɭʌd̪ Malvi 3 kɑnd̪ɑ Malvi 1 ʈɛmʌʈɛr Hindi 1 hʌld̪i Hindi 1 pjɑdʒ Hindi 1 ʈəmɑʈəɾ Gujarati 1 həɭɖə Gujarati 2 d̪uŋgɑɭi Gujarati 1 ʈomɛʈo Marathi 1 hʌɭʌd̪ Marathi 3 kɑnd̪ɑ Marathi 1 t ̪ʌmɑt̪e 77. garlic 79. cauliflower 81. cabbage 1 ʈʌmɑʈʌr N-Son-Bal 1 lʌsuɳə N-Son-Bal 1 gobi kʌ pʰul N-Son-Bal 1 pʌt ̪t̪ɑgobi N-Son-Pat 1 lʌsuɳə N-Son-Pat 1 gobi N-Son-Pat 1 pʌt ̪ɑgobi N-Bal-Br 1 lʌsun N-Bal-Br 1 gobi N-Bal-Br 1 gobi N-Jaj-OBC 1 lʌsuɳə N-Jaj-OBC 1 gɔbi N-Jaj-OBC 1 pʌt ̪t̪ɑgobi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 lɑsuɳ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 gobi kʌ pʰul N-Bhi-Bhi 1 pʌt ̪t̪ɑgobi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 lʌsuɳ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 gobi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 gobi N-Khj-Bhi 1 lɑsuɳ N-Khj-Bhi 1 gobipʰul N-Khj-Bhi 1 pʌt ̪ːɑgopi N-Mah-Bhi 1 lʌʃuɳ N-Mah-Bhi 1 pʰulgobi N-Mah-Bhi 1 gʌʈʈɑgobi N-Rup-Br 1 lʌsuɳ N-Rup-Br 1 gobi N-Rup-Br 1 pʌt ̪t̪ɑgobi N-Khr-Gen 1 lɑsuɳ N-Khr-Gen 1 gobʱi N-Khr-Gen 1 pɑt ̪t̪ɑgobʱi N-Awl-Bal 1 lʌsʊn N-Awl-Bal 1 ɸulkobi N-Awl-Bal 1 pʌt ̪t̪ɑgobi N-Sir-OBC 1 lɑsuɳ N-Sir-OBC 1 pʰulgobi N-Kup-Dar 1 lʌsɑngɑt N-Kup-Dar 1 gobi N-Sir-OBC 1 pʌt ̪t̪ɑgobi Par Bhi 1 lʌsuɳ Par Bhi 1 gobipʰul N-Kup-Dar 1 pʌt ̪t̪ɑgobi Malvi 1 lɛsʌɳ Malvi 1 gobi Par Bhi 1 pʌt ̪ːɑgopi 1 lʌhəsʊn Hindi 1 ɸulgobʱi Malvi 1 pʌt ̪t̪ɑgobi 1 pʰulgobʱi Hindi 1 goBhi 2 ɸlɑuwəɾ Gujarati 2 kɔbɪdʒ 1 ɸulkobi Marathi Hindi 1 lʌsʊn Gujarati 1 lʌsʌɳ Gujarati Marathi 1 lʌsun Marathi 1 gobi 2 ɸlɑwəɾ 1 bʌnd̪gobi 1 gobi 1 kobi Lexical Similarity 82. oil N-Son-Bal 73 84. meat 1 t ̪el N-Son-Bal 86. fish 1 gɔs N-Son-Bal 1 mʌtʃʰɪ N-Son-Pat 1 t ̪el 2 mɑ̃s N-Son-Pat 1 mʌtʃʰi N-Bal-Br 1 t ̪ɛl N-Son-Pat 1 gɔs N-Bal-Br 1 mʌtʃʰi N-Jaj-OBC 1 t ̪el N-Bal-Br 1 gos N-Jaj-OBC 1 mʌtʃtʃʰi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 t ̪el 2 mɑs N-Bhi-Bhi 1 mʌtʃʰi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 t ̪el N-Jaj-OBC 1 gɔs N-Dhar-Bhi 1 mʌtʃʰi N-Khj-Bhi 1 t ̪el N-Bhi-Bhi 1 gos N-Khj-Bhi 1 mʌtʃtʃi N-Mah-Bhi 1 t ̪el 3 bʱʌdʒi N-Mah-Bhi 1 mʌtʃtʃi N-Rup-Br 1 t ̪el N-Dhar-Bhi 1 gos N-Rup-Br 1 mʌtʃʰi N-Khr-Gen 1 t ̪el N-Khj-Bhi 2 mɑs N-Khr-Gen 1 mɑtʃʰi N-Awl-Bal 1 t ̪el N-Mah-Bhi 1 gos N-Awl-Bal 1 mɑtʃʰi N-Sir-OBC 1 t ̪el N-Rup-Br 2 mɑs N-Sir-OBC 1 mʌtʃʰi N-Kup-Dar 1 t ̪eɭ N-Khr-Gen 2 mɑ̃ns N-Kup-Dar 1 mɑtʃi Par Bhi 1 t ̪el N-Awl-Bal 1 goʃt ̪ Par Bhi 1 mʌtʃʰɪ Malvi 1 t ̪el N-Sir-OBC 1 gos Malvi 1 mʌtʃʰɪ Hindi 1 t ̪el N-Kup-Dar 3 bʱʌdʒi Hindi 1 mʌtʃʰli 4 ɾewɑʈʌ Gujarati 1 mɑtʃəli Gujarati 1 t ̪ɛl 1 t ̪ɛl Par Bhi 3 çɪkʰɑr Marathi 1 mɑtʃjɑ Marathi 1 t ̪el Malvi 2 mɑ̃s Hindi 1 goʃt ̪ Gujarati 1 gos 87. chicken Marathi 2 mɑ̃s N-Son-Bal 2 kʊkəɖi N-Son-Pat 2 kʊkəɖi 83. salt N-Son-Bal 2 lɔɳə N-Son-Pat 2 lɔɳ N-Bal-Br 2 lɔɳ 85. fat 2 mɑsɑ 2 kʊkɖɔ N-Jaj-OBC 2 lɔɳ N-Son-Bal 1 tʃʌrbi N-Bal-Br 2 kʊkəɖi N-Bhi-Bhi 2 loɳ N-Son-Pat 1 tʃʌrəbi N-Jaj-OBC 2 kukəɖi N-Dhar-Bhi 2 lɔɳ N-Bal-Br 1 tʃʌɾbi N-Bhi-Bhi 2 kʊkəɖi N-Khj-Bhi 2 lɔɳ N-Jaj-OBC 1 tʃʌɾbi N-Dhar-Bhi 2 kukəɖʌ N-Mah-Bhi 2 lɔɳ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃʌɾbi N-Khj-Bhi 2 kʊkəɖi N-Rup-Br 2 loɳ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃʌɾbi N-Mah-Bhi 2 kukᵊɖi N-Khr-Gen 2 lɔɳ N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃʌɾbi N-Rup-Br 1 muɾgo N-Awl-Bal 2 loɳ N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃʌɾbi N-Khr-Gen 2 kukᵊɖi N-Sir-OBC 2 loɳ N-Rup-Br 1 tʃʌɾbi N-Awl-Bal 1 mʊɾᵊgi N-Kup-Dar 2 lɔɳə N-Khr-Gen 1 tʃɑɾbi N-Sir-OBC 1 mʊrgɪ Par Bhi 2 loɳ N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃɑɾbi N-Kup-Dar 4 potʰəɭi Malvi 2 luɳ N-Sir-OBC 1 tʃʌrbi Par Bhi 2 kʊkɖo Hindi 1 nʌmək N-Kup-Dar 1 tʃʌrəbi Malvi 1 mʊrgɪ Gujarati 3 miʈʰũ Par Bhi 1 tʃʌrbi Hindi 1 mʊɾgi Marathi 3 miʈʰ Malvi 1 tʃʌrbɪ Gujarati 2 kukuɖi Hindi 1 tʃəɾbi Marathi 3 kombʌɖi Gujarati 1 tʃəɾbi Marathi 1 tʃʌɾəbi 74 Appendix A 88. egg N-Son-Bal 89. cow 1 ʌɳɖɔ N-Son-Bal 90. buffalo 1 gɑj N-Son-Bal 2 gʌᶸɖi N-Son-Pat 2 bʰʌjsi N-Son-Pat 1 ʌɳɖɔ N-Bal-Br 1 ʌnɖo N-Son-Pat 2 gʌᶸɖi 3 ɖɔbʌɖ N-Jaj-OBC 1 ʌnɖɔ N-Bal-Br 1 gɑj N-Bal-Br N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ʌnɖo 2 gʌᶸmata̪ N-Jaj-OBC 2 bʰʌjsi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ʌɳɖɑ 2 gʌᶸɖi N-Bhi-Bhi 2 bʱɑⁱsi N-Khj-Bhi 1 ɑnɖɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 gɑj N-Dhar-Bhi 2 bʱɑⁱsi N-Mah-Bhi 1 ʌnɖo 1 gɔ N-Khj-Bhi 2 bʰʌjsi N-Rup-Br 1 ʌnɖo N-Bhi-Bhi 2 gʌᶸɖi N-Mah-Bhi 2 bʱɑⁱsi N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑnɖɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 gɑvɖi N-Rup-Br 2 bʰʌjsi N-Awl-Bal 1 ɑɳɖo N-Khj-Bhi 2 gʌᶸɖi N-Khr-Gen 2 bʱɑⁱsi N-Sir-OBC 1 ʌnɖo N-Mah-Bhi 1 gai N-Awl-Bal 2 bʱʌssi N-Kup-Dar 1 aɳɖo N-Rup-Br 2 gʌᶸɖi N-Sir-OBC 2 bʰʌsi Par Bhi 1 ɑɳɖo N-Khr-Gen 1 gɑj N-Kup-Dar 2 bʰʌjsi Malvi 1 ʌnɖo N-Awl-Bal 2 gɑvɖi Par Bhi 3 ɖobɛɖ Hindi 1 ʌɳɖɑ N-Sir-OBC 2 gʌᶸɖi Malvi 2 bʱems Gujarati 1 iɳɖũ N-Kup-Dar 1 gɑj Hindi 2 bʱɑⁱsi Marathi 1 ʌɳɖe 2 gʌᶸɖi Gujarati 2 bʱẽs Par Bhi 2 gɑvɖi Marathi 1 mʱʌⁱs Malvi 1 gɑi Hindi 1 gɑi 91. milk Gujarati 1 gɑi N-Son-Bal 1 d̪ud̪ Marathi 1 gɑi N-Son-Pat 1 d̪ut ̪ N-Bal-Br 1 d̪ut ̪ 2 bʱɑⁱsi 2 bʰʌjsi N-Jaj-OBC 1 d̪ud̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 d̪ud̪ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪ud̪ N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪ud̪ N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪ud̪ʱ N-Rup-Br 1 d̪ud̪ N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪ud̪ʱ N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪ud̪ʱ N-Sir-OBC 1 d̪ud̪ʱ N-Kup-Dar 1 d̪ud̪ʱ Par Bhi 1 d̪ud̪ Malvi 1 d̪ud̪ Hindi 1 d̪ud̪ʱ Gujarati 1 d̪ud̪ʱ Marathi 1 d̪ud̪ʱ Lexical Similarity 92. horns N-Son-Bal 75 93. tail 1 siŋəɖo N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 siŋɖɔ N-Bal-Br 1 sɪŋɖo 95. dog 2 tʃʌmʈi N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 2 tʃʌmʈi N-Son-Pat 1 kʊtɾ̪ ɔ N-Bal-Br 2 tʃʌmʈi N-Bal-Br 1 kut ̪ɾɔ 1 siŋgəɖo 5 d̪umtʃi 1 kut ̪ɾɔ 1 kʊtt̪ ̪o N-Jaj-OBC 1 siŋgɖɔ N-Jaj-OBC 2 tʃʰʌmʈi N-Jaj-OBC 1 kut ̪ɾɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 siŋgəɖo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 putʃʰəɖɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kut ̪ɾɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 singᵊɖɑ 2 tʃmʈɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kʊtɾ̪ ʌ N-Khj-Bhi 1 siŋgəɖo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 pũtʃ N-Khj-Bhi 1 kut ̪ɾɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 singᵊɖɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 pũtʃ N-Mah-Bhi 1 kut ̪ᵊɾɑ N-Rup-Br 1 siŋ N-Mah-Bhi 1 putʃᵊɖi N-Rup-Br 1 kut ̪ɾɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 siɳgᵊɖɔ N-Rup-Br 1 pũtʃ N-Khr-Gen 1 kut ̪ɾɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 sɪŋɖo N-Khr-Gen 1 pũtʃ N-Awl-Bal 1 kʊtɾ̪ ɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 siŋgəɖo N-Awl-Bal 5 d̪umtʃi N-Sir-OBC 1 kʊtr̪ o N-Kup-Dar 1 siŋ N-Sir-OBC 5 d̪umtʃi N-Kup-Dar 1 kut ̪ːo 1 sɪŋɖo N-Kup-Dar 2 tʃʌmʈi Par Bhi 1 kʊtɾ̪ ʌ 1 sɪngʊɖʊ Par Bhi 2 tʃɛmʈo Malvi 1 kʊtr̪ o Malvi 1 siŋ Malvi 1 pũtʃ Hindi 1 kut ̪t̪ɑ Hindi 1 siŋ Hindi 1 pũtʃʰ Gujarati 1 kut ̪əɾ Gujarati 1 ʃiŋgɑɖɑ Gujarati 1 pũtʃɑɖi Marathi 1 kut ̪ɾɑ Marathi 0 no entry Marathi 3 ʂelpʈi Par Bhi 4 ʃepuʈ 94. goat 96. snake N-Son-Bal 1 sɑ̃p N-Son-Pat 1 sɑ̃pɭɔ 1 sɑpɭo N-Son-Bal 1 bʌkʌɾi N-Bal-Br N-Son-Pat 1 bʌkʌɾi N-Jaj-OBC 1 sɑ̃pɭɔ N-Bal-Br 1 bʌkəɾi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 sʌplʌ N-Jaj-OBC 1 bɔkəɖi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sɑp N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bokɖi N-Khj-Bhi 1 sɑ̃pɭɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bokɖi N-Mah-Bhi 1 sɑ̃pɭɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 bokəɖi N-Rup-Br 1 sɑ̃p N-Mah-Bhi 1 bɑkᵊɾi N-Khr-Gen 1 sɑ̃p N-Rup-Br 1 bʌkəɾi N-Awl-Bal 1 sɑ̃pɭɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 bɑkᵊɾi N-Sir-OBC 1 sɑpɭo N-Awl-Bal 1 bɑkᵊɾi N-Kup-Dar 1 sɑpɭo N-Sir-OBC 1 bɑkᵊɾi Par Bhi 1 sapɭu N-Kup-Dar 1 bokəɖi Malvi 1 sɑ̃p Par Bhi 1 bokʌɖi Hindi 1 sɑ̃p Malvi 1 bʌkʌɾi Gujarati 1 sɑ̃p Hindi 1 bəkeɾi Marathi 1 sɑp Gujarati 1 bəkɾo 1 bəkeɾi Marathi 1 bʌkʌɾi 76 Appendix A 97. monkey N-Son-Bal 99. ant 1 vɑnd̪ɾɔ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 vɑn̪d̪əɾɔ N-Bal-Br 1 vɑnd̪ɾɑ N-Jaj-OBC 1 vɑnd̪ɾɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 vɑnd̪əɾijɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bʌnd̪ʌɾ N-Khj-Bhi 101. name 2 kiɖi N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 2 kiɖi N-Son-Pat 1 nɑv N-Bal-Br 1 tʃɪ ̃ʈi N-Bal-Br 1 nɑv 2 kiɖi N-Jaj-OBC 1 nɑv N-Jaj-OBC 2 kiɖi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 nɑv N-Bhi-Bhi 2 kiɖi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 nɑv 1 vɑnd̪ɾɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 kiɖʌ N-Khj-Bhi 1 nɑv N-Mah-Bhi 1 vɑnd̪ᵊɾo N-Khj-Bhi 2 kiɖi N-Mah-Bhi 1 nɑv N-Rup-Br 1 vɑnd̪ɾɔ N-Mah-Bhi 2 kiɖi N-Rup-Br 1 nɑv N-Khr-Gen 1 vɑnd̪ɾɔ N-Rup-Br 2 kiɖi N-Khr-Gen 1 nɑv N-Awl-Bal 1 nɑv 1 bənd̪əɾ N-Khr-Gen 2 kiɖi N-Awl-Bal 1 nɑv 1 vɑnd̪ᵊɾo N-Awl-Bal 2 kiɖi N-Sir-OBC 1 nɑv 1 vɑnd̪ᵊɾo N-Sir-OBC 2 kiɖi N-Kup-Dar 1 nɑʋ N-Kup-Dar 1 vɑn̪d̪əɾo N-Kup-Dar 2 kiɖɪ Par Bhi 1 nɑv Par Bhi 1 vɑnd̪ɾɪjo Par Bhi 2 kiɖi Malvi 1 nɑm Malvi 1 bɑnd̪ʌɾo Malvi 2 kiɖi Hindi 1 nɑm Hindi 1 bənd̪əɾ Hindi 1 tʃɪ ̃ʈi Gujarati 1 nɑm Gujarati 1 vɑnd̪əɾũ Gujarati 2 kiɖi Marathi 1 nɑw Marathi 3 wɑnʌɾ Marathi 3 mũŋgi N-Sir-OBC 98. mosquito 100. spider 102. man N-Son-Bal 1 ɑd̪mi N-Son-Bal 1 mʌtʃʰʌɾ N-Son-Bal 1 mɑkəɖi N-Son-Pat 1 mʌtʃʰʌr N-Son-Pat 1 mɑkʰəɖi N-Son-Pat 5 lɔg N-Bal-Br 1 mʌtʃʰʌɾ N-Bal-Br 1 mɑkəɖi N-Bal-Br 1 ɑd̪mi N-Jaj-OBC 1 mʌtʃtʃʰʌr N-Jaj-OBC 1 mɑkəɖi N-Jaj-OBC 5 log N-Bhi-Bhi 1 mɪtʃʰiɾɪjɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 mɑkəɖʌ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ʌd̪mi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 mɑtʃʰʌɾ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 mɑkəɖi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ɑd̪mi N-Khj-Bhi 1 mɪtʃʰiɾɪjɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 mʌkəɖi N-Khj-Bhi 4 bʌnnʌm N-Mah-Bhi 1 mʌtʃᵊɾi N-Mah-Bhi 1 mɑkᵊɖi N-Mah-Bhi 1 ʌd̪mi N-Rup-Br 1 mɑtʃʰʌɾ N-Rup-Br 1 mɑkᵊɖi N-Rup-Br 1 ʌd̪mi N-Khr-Gen 1 mɑtʃʰʌɾ N-Khr-Gen 1 mɑkᵊɖi N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑd̪mi N-Awl-Bal 1 mɑtʃʰʌɾ N-Awl-Bal 1 mɑkᵊɖi N-Awl-Bal 1 ɑd̪ᵊmi N-Sir-OBC 1 mɑtʃʰʌɾ N-Sir-OBC 1 mɑkᵊɖi N-Sir-OBC 1 ʌd̪mi N-Kup-Dar 1 mʌtʃᵊɾi N-Kup-Dar 1 mʌkəɖi N-Kup-Dar 4 bʌnnʌm Par Bhi 1 mɪtʃʰiɾɪjɑ Par Bhi 1 mʌkʌɖʊ Par Bhi 5 log Malvi 1 mʌtʃʌr Malvi 1 mɑkʌɖi Malvi 2 mʌnʌk Hindi 1 mət ̪tʃʰəɾ Hindi 1 mʌkʌɖi Hindi 1 ɑd̪mi Gujarati 1 mətʃʰəɾə Gujarati 2 kəɾoɖio Marathi 1 mʌtʃ Marathi 3 koɭi ʌɾ 5 log 2 mənusjə 3 puɾʊʂ Gujarati 2 mɑɳəs Marathi 2 mɑnuʃ 3 puɾuʂ Lexical Similarity 103. woman N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat N-Bal-Br N-Jaj-OBC 77 104. child 3 baj N-Son-Bal 3 baj N-Son-Pat 6 bɑɭʌk 5 berəmɑs N-Bal-Br 3 lekuru N-Son-Pat 1 bʌhʌ 6 bɑɭʌk N-Bal-Br 1 bɑp 3 baj 3 baj N-Jaj-OBC 4 lugʌⁱ N-Bhi-Bhi 105. father 6 bɑɭʌk N-Son-Bal 1 bɑp 5 bʱʌⁱdʒi 4 tʃʰɔɾo N-Jaj-OBC 1 bɑp 6 bɑɭʌk N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bɑp 5 pɔɾjɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 5 bʌⁱji 3 baj N-Bhi-Bhi N-Dhar-Bhi 4 logɑj N-Dhar-Bhi 6 bɑɭɑk N-Khj-Bhi 1 bɑp N-Khj-Bhi 4 lugʌⁱ N-Khj-Bhi 4 tʃoɾo N-Mah-Bhi 1 bɑp N-Mah-Bhi 3 bɑⁱ N-Mah-Bhi 5 pɔɾjɑ N-Rup-Br 5 bʌⁱji N-Rup-Br 3 baj N-Rup-Br 1 bʌtʃtʃo N-Khr-Gen 1 bɑp N-Khr-Gen 2 ɔɾɑt̪ N-Khr-Gen 6 bɑɭɑk N-Awl-Bal 4 d̪ɑd̪o N-Awl-Bal 3 bɑⁱ N-Awl-Bal 6 bɑɭɑk N-Sir-OBC 5 bʌⁱji 4 lugʌⁱ N-Sir-OBC 3 lɛkʰɾu N-Kup-Dar 5 bʱɑⁱdʒi N-Sir-OBC 3 bɑⁱ N-Kup-Dar 3 lekuru Par Bhi 3 ɖokɾu N-Kup-Dar 3 bɑⁱ Par Bhi 5 poɾjo Malvi 1 bɑp Par Bhi 4 logɑj Malvi 4 tʃoɾɑ Hindi 1 bɑp Malvi 4 logɑj Hindi 1 bətʃtʃɑ Hindi 1 st̪ɾi Gujarati 4 tʃokɾũ 2 ɑuɾət ̪ Marathi 2 mul Gujarati 1 st̪ɾi Marathi 1 st̪ɾi 3 bɑi 3 lɛkʰɾu 2 pitɑ̪ Gujarati 1 bɑpɑ 2 pitɑ̪ Marathi 1 bɑp 2 pitɑ̪ 78 Appendix A 106. mother 108. younger brother 110. younger sister 1 mɑⁱ N-Son-Bal 1 tʃʰɔʈɔbʱɑj N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 mɑj N-Son-Pat 1 tʃʰoʈobʱɑi N-Son-Pat 1 tʃʰoʈibæɳ N-Bal-Br 1 mɑj N-Bal-Br 1 tʃoʈobʰaj N-Bal-Br 1 tʃʰoʈibʌjiɳ N-Jaj-OBC 1 mɑj N-Jaj-OBC 1 nɑnɔbʱɑⁱ N-Jaj-OBC 1 nanibeⁱɳ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 mɑj N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃoʈobʰaj N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃʰoʈibʌjiɳ N-Dhar-Bhi 5 bʰʌu N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃoʈobʱɑi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃʰoʈibʌjiɳ N-Khj-Bhi 1 mɑj N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃoʈobʰaj N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃʰoʈibʌjiɳ N-Mah-Bhi 1 mɑⁱ N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃʰoʈobʱɑi N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃʰoʈibʌjeɳ N-Rup-Br 4 bʰʌbi N-Rup-Br 1 nɑnɔbʱɑⁱ N-Rup-Br 1 tʃʰoʈibʌjiɳ N-Khr-Gen 1 mɑⁱ N-Khr-Gen 1 nɑnɔbʱɑⁱ N-Khr-Gen 1 nɑnibɑⁱɳ N-Awl-Bal 1 mɑⁱ N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃoʈobʱɑi N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃʰoʈibɛjin N-Sir-OBC 4 bʌbʌji N-Sir-OBC 1 nɑnobʱɑi N-Sir-OBC 1 tʃoʈibəhin N-Kup-Dar 1 mɑj N-Kup-Dar 3 nɑnkjo N-Kup-Dar 1 n̪ɑnkibeⁱn Par Bhi 2 mɑt̪ɑ Par Bhi 1 nɑnlubʱɑj Par Bhi 1 nɑnlibɛjin Malvi 1 mɑ Malvi 1 bʱʌji Malvi 1 tʃʰoʈibɛjin Hindi 1 mɑ Hindi 1 tʃʰoʈɑbʱɑi Hindi 1 tʃoʈibəhin Hindi 2 mɑt̪ɑ Gujarati 1 nɑnobʱɑi Gujarati 1 nɑnibɛn Gujarati 1 mɑ Marathi 2 lɑhɑnbʱɑu Marathi 1 lɑhɑn-bʰʌhiɳ Marathi 3 ɑi N-Son-Bal 107. older brother 1 tʃʰoʈibæɳ 109. older sister 111. son N-Son-Bal 2 bʌɖibæɳ N-Son-Bal 4 tʃʰɔɾɔ N-Son-Bal 1 moʈobʰɑj N-Son-Pat 2 bʌɖibæɳ N-Son-Pat 4 tʃʰoɾo N-Son-Pat 1 bʌɖobʱɑi N-Bal-Br 2 moʈibʌjiɳ N-Bal-Br 4 tʃʰɔɾɔ N-Bal-Br 1 moʈobʰɑj N-Jaj-OBC 2 mɔʈibeⁱɳ N-Jaj-OBC 4 tʃʰɔɾɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 moʈobʱɑi 2 beⁱɳ N-Bhi-Bhi 4 tʃoɾɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bʌɖobʱɑi 4 dʒidʒi N-Dhar-Bhi 4 tʃoɾɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bʌɖobʱɑi N-Bhi-Bhi 2 bʌɖibʌjeɳ N-Khj-Bhi 4 tʃoɾɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 bʌɖobʱɑi N-Dhar-Bhi 2 bʌɖibʌhin N-Mah-Bhi 4 tʃʰɔɾɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 bʌɖobʱɑi N-Khj-Bhi 2 bʌɖibʌhin N-Rup-Br 4 tʃoɾɑ N-Rup-Br 1 mɔʈɑbʱɑi N-Mah-Bhi 2 bʌɖibʌjeɳ N-Khr-Gen 4 tʃʰɔɾɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 mɔʈɑbʱɑⁱ N-Rup-Br 2 bʌɖibʌhin N-Awl-Bal 4 tʃʰɔɾɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 bʌɖobʱɑi N-Khr-Gen 2 moʈibɑⁱɳ N-Sir-OBC 1 moʈobʱɑi N-Awl-Bal 2 bʌɖibʌhin N-Sir-OBC 4 tʃʰɔɾɔ N-Kup-Dar 1 mɔʈɔ N-Sir-OBC 2 bʌɖibʌhin N-Kup-Dar 6 poɾeo Par Bhi 1 moʈlubʰɑj N-Kup-Dar 3 moʈibaj Par Bhi 6 poɾjo Malvi 3 d̪ɑd̪o Par Bhi 2 moʈlibɛjɪn Malvi 4 tʃoɾɑ Hindi 1 bəɖɑbʱɑi Malvi 3 bʌji Hindi 1 beʈɑ Gujarati 1 moʈobʱɑi Hindi 1 d̪id̪i Gujarati 2 put ̪əɾɑ Marathi 2 moʈʰbʱɑu 2 bəɖibəhɪn 4 tʃokɾo Gujarati 2 moʈibɛn 5 d̪ikəɾo Marathi 2 woɖibʌhiɳ 7 baɭak Marathi 2 put ̪ɾʌ 3 mulgɑ Lexical Similarity 112. daughter N-Son-Bal 79 113. husband 5 tʃʰɔɾi N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 5 tʃʰɔɾi N-Bal-Br 5 tʃʰɔɾi 5 tʃoɾi 114. wife 5 d̪ʰʌɳi N-Son-Bal 2 bʌⁱɾu N-Son-Pat 5 d̪ʰʌɳi N-Son-Pat 5 lɑɖi N-Bal-Br 5 d̪ʰʌɳi N-Bal-Br 2 bʌⁱɾo N-Jaj-OBC 5 d̪ʱʌɳi N-Jaj-OBC 4 lugʌⁱ N-Jaj-OBC 5 tʃʰɔɾi 5 d̪ʱʌɳi N-Bhi-Bhi 4 lugʌⁱ N-Bhi-Bhi 5 tʃoɾi N-Bhi-Bhi 5 d̪ʱʌɳi N-Dhar-Bhi 4 lugʌⁱ N-Dhar-Bhi 5 tʃoɾi N-Dhar-Bhi 5 d̪ʰʌɳi N-Khj-Bhi 2 bʌⁱɾu N-Khj-Bhi 5 tʃoɾi N-Khj-Bhi 4 gʰʌrvɑɭo N-Khj-Bhi 3 gʱʌɾvʌɭi N-Mah-Bhi 5 tʃʰɔɾi N-Mah-Bhi 4 gʰʌrvɑɭo N-Mah-Bhi 4 lugʌⁱ N-Rup-Br 5 tʃoɾi N-Rup-Br 5 d̪ʰʌɳi N-Rup-Br 3 gʱʌɾvʌɭi N-Khr-Gen 5 tʃʰɔɾi N-Khr-Gen 5 d̪ʱɑɳi N-Awl-Bal 1 beʈi N-Awl-Bal 4 gʰʌrvɑɭo N-Khr-Gen 2 bɑⁱɾu N-Sir-OBC 5 tʃoɾi 5 d̪ʱʌɳi N-Awl-Bal 3 gʱʌrvɑɭʌⁱ 4 lugʌⁱ N-Kup-Dar 7 poɾeⁱ N-Sir-OBC 2 ɭɑɖo Par Bhi 7 poɾi N-Kup-Dar 5 d̪ʰʌɳi N-Sir-OBC 4 lugʌⁱ Malvi 5 tʃoɾi Par Bhi 4 gʰʌrvɑɭo N-Kup-Dar 2 bʌⁱɾu 5 d̪ʱʌɳi Par Bhi 3 gʱʌrvɑɭi Hindi 1 beʈi 2 pʊt ̪ɾi Gujarati Marathi Malvi 2 putə̪ ɾi 4 gʱɛɾvɑlo 4 logɑj 5 d̪ʱʌɳi Malvi 3 gʱɛrvɑli Hindi 1 pət̪ni 5 tʃokɾi Hindi 1 pət̪i 6 d̪ikəɾi Gujarati 5 d̪ʱʌɳi 3 kʌnjɑ Marathi 1 put ̪i 4 mulgi 4 lugʌⁱ 4 lugʌⁱ Gujarati 1 pət̪ni Marathi 1 pʌt ̪ni 3 mulgi 4 lugʌⁱ 2 bɑiko 80 Appendix A 115. boy N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 116. girl 4 tʃʰoɾʌ N-Son-Bal 4 tʃɔɾa N-Son-Pat 5 pɔɾjɑ 118. night 4 tʃʰɔɾi N-Son-Bal 1 ɾɑt ̪ 2 poɾʌj N-Son-Pat 1 ɾɑt ̪ 4 tʃɔɾi N-Bal-Br 1 ɾɑt ̪ 2 poɾej N-Jaj-OBC 1 ɾɑt ̪ 7 dʒʱʊmkɔ N-Bal-Br N-Bal-Br 5 poɾjo N-Jaj-OBC 2 poɾi N-Jaj-OBC 1 ɾɑt ̪ N-Jaj-OBC 5 poɾjɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 4 tʃoɾ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ɾɑt ̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 4 tʃoɾɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 4 tʃoɾi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ɾɑt ̪ N-Dhar-Bhi 4 tʃoɾɑ N-Khj-Bhi 2 poɾej N-Khj-Bhi 1 ɾɑt ̪ N-Khj-Bhi 5 pɔɾjɑ N-Mah-Bhi 2 pɔɾi N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɾɑt ̪ N-Mah-Bhi 5 pɔɾjɑ N-Rup-Br 4 tʃoɾi N-Rup-Br 1 ɾɑt ̪ N-Rup-Br 4 tʃoɾɑ N-Khr-Gen 4 tʃʰɔɾi N-Khr-Gen 1 ɾɑt ̪ N-Khr-Gen 4 tʃʰɔɾɔ N-Awl-Bal 4 tʃʰɔɾi N-Awl-Bal 1 ɾɑt ̪ N-Awl-Bal 4 tʃʰɔɾɔ N-Sir-OBC 4 tʃoɾi N-Sir-OBC 1 ɾɑt ̪ 5 poɾjo N-Kup-Dar 5 nɑni N-Kup-Dar 1 ɾɑt ̪ N-Sir-OBC 4 tʃʰɔɾɔ Par Bhi 2 poɾi Par Bhi 1 ɾɑt ̪ N-Kup-Dar 6 nɑnu Malvi 4 tʃoɾi Malvi 1 ɾɑt ̪ Par Bhi 5 poɾjo Hindi 1 ləɖki Hindi 1 ɾɑt ̪ Malvi 4 tʃoɾɑ Gujarati 4 tʃokɾi Gujarati 1 ɾɑt ̪ Hindi 1 ləɖkɑ Marathi 2 poɾgi Gujarati 4 tʃokɾo Marathi 2 puɾgɑ Marathi 3 mulgɑ 3 mulgi 117. day N-Son-Bal 1 d̪in N-Son-Pat 1 d̪in N-Bal-Br 1 d̪in N-Jaj-OBC 1 d̪in 3 wɑr N-Bhi-Bhi 1 d̪in N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪in N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪in N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪in N-Rup-Br 1 d̪in N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪in N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪in N-Sir-OBC 1 d̪in N-Kup-Dar 3 wɑr Par Bhi 1 d̪in Malvi 1 d̪ʌn Hindi 1 d̪ɪn 2 d̪ivɑs Gujarati 2 d̪ivɑs Marathi 2 d̪iwʌs 1 ɾɑt ̪ɾi Marathi 1 ɾɑt ̪ɾ Lexical Similarity 81 119. morning 120. noon N-Son-Bal 4 d̪inn̪ ikʌɭe N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 4 d̪inn̪ ikʌɭe N-Son-Pat N-Bal-Br 6 ʊdʒɑɭo N-Jaj-OBC 9 bʰʌnsar N-Bal-Br 121. evening/ afternoon 1 d̪upʰɑɾ N-Son-Bal 1 sʌɲdʒʌ 1 d̪upʰar N-Son-Pat 1 sʊɲtʃʌ 4 dʒuʌɾo N-Bal-Br 1 sʌndʒɑ 1 d̪upʰɑɾi N-Jaj-OBC 1 sʌndʒɑ 8 bʌɖibʰʌdʒʌr 4 dʒuʌɾo N-Bhi-Bhi 2 sɑn N-Bhi-Bhi 7 jɑɳi 5 mad̪janə N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sɑndʒ N-Dhar-Bhi 7 jɑɳi N-Jaj-OBC 1 d̪upɑɾ N-Khj-Bhi 1 sɑndʒ N-Khj-Bhi 7 jɑɳi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 d̪upʰɑɾ N-Mah-Bhi 1 sɑndʒ N-Mah-Bhi 1 sʌbeɾɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪upʰɑɾi N-Rup-Br 4 d̪innikʌɭe N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪upʰɑɾ N-Rup-Br 1 sɑndʒ N-Khr-Gen 1 sɑveɾɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪upeɾi N-Khr-Gen 1 sɑndʒɑ N-Awl-Bal 1 subəh N-Rup-Br 1 d̪upʰɑɾi N-Awl-Bal 1 sʌndʒʱɑ 4 d̪innikʌɭe N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪upʰɑɾ N-Sir-OBC 1 sɑndʒɑ N-Sir-OBC 5 sʌnd̪ɑɾo N-Awl-Bal N-Kup-Dar 5 sʌᶸn̪d̪əɾo Par Bhi 3 ekgʊdʒ Malvi 1 səbeɾɑ Hindi 1 səbeɾɑ 1 subəh Gujarati 1 səvəɾ Marathi 2 sʌkɑɭ 1 sɑ̃dʒ 1 d̪upʰʌɾ N-Kup-Dar 1 sʌndʒʌvini 3 d̪indʰʌɭe Par Bhi 3 sɑnt ̪i N-Sir-OBC 1 d̪upʰɑɾi Malvi 1 sɑndʒ N-Kup-Dar 1 d̪upʰʌɾ Hindi 4 sə̃d̪ʱjɑ 4 dʒuʌɾo Par Bhi 5 ʃɑm 1 d̪ʊpːɑr Gujarati 5 ʃɑm 1 d̪upʰʌɾ Marathi 4 sʌnd̪ʰjɑ Malvi 1 d̪ʌpʰor 6 sɑijʌnkɑɭ Hindi 1 d̪opəhəɾ Gujarati 2 bəpoɾ 122. yesterday Marathi 1 d̪upɑɾ N-Son-Bal 1 kɑl N-Son-Pat 1 kɑl N-Bal-Br 1 kɑl N-Jaj-OBC 1 kɑl N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kɑl N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kɑl N-Khj-Bhi 1 kʌl N-Mah-Bhi 1 kɑl N-Rup-Br 1 kʌl N-Khr-Gen 1 kɑl N-Awl-Bal 1 kɑl N-Sir-OBC 2 jɑɳi N-Kup-Dar 1 kɑl Par Bhi 1 kɑl Malvi 1 kɑl Hindi 1 kʌl Gujarati 1 kɑle 1 gəikɑl Marathi 1 kɑl 82 Appendix A 123. today N-Son-Bal 125. week 1 ɑdʒ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 ɑdʒ N-Bal-Br 1 ɑdʒ N-Jaj-OBC 127. year 1 hʌptɔ̪ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 hʌptɔ̪ N-Son-Bal 2 vʌɾʌs N-Bal-Br 1 hʌptɔ̪ N-Son-Pat 1 sɑl 1 adʒidʒ N-Jaj-OBC 1 hʌptɔ̪ N-Bal-Br 2 vʌɾʌs N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ɑdʒ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 hɑpt̪o N-Jaj-OBC 1 sɑl N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ɑdʒ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 hʌptɔ̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 sɑl N-Khj-Bhi 1 ɑdʒ N-Khj-Bhi 2 haʈ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sɑl N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɑdʒ N-Mah-Bhi 1 hʌptɔ̪ N-Khj-Bhi 2 bʌɾʌs N-Rup-Br 1 ɑdʒ N-Rup-Br 1 hʌptɔ̪ N-Mah-Bhi 1 sɑl N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑdʒ N-Khr-Gen 1 hɑpt̪ɔ N-Rup-Br 1 sɑl N-Awl-Bal 1 ɑdʒ N-Awl-Bal 1 hɑpt̪o N-Khr-Gen 1 sɑl N-Sir-OBC 1 ɑdʒ N-Sir-OBC 1 hɑpt̪o N-Awl-Bal 1 sɑl N-Kup-Dar 1 ɑdʒ N-Kup-Dar 2 ɑtʰ N-Sir-OBC 2 vʌɾʌs Par Bhi 1 ɑdʒ Par Bhi 1 hɑpt̪o N-Kup-Dar 1 sɑl Malvi 1 ɑdʒ Malvi 3 sʌpt̪ɑ Par Bhi 1 sɑl Hindi 1 ɑdʒ Hindi 1 hʌpʰt ̪ɑ Malvi 2 bʌɾʌs Gujarati 1 ɑdʒeⁱ 3 səpt̪ɑh Hindi 1 sɑl Marathi 1 ɑdz 124. tomorrow Gujarati Marathi 2 ɑʈʰɑwɑɖiũ 1 sɑl 2 vəɾʂ 3 səpt̪ɑh Gujarati 2 vəɾʃ 2 ɑʈʰwʌɖɑ Marathi 1 sɑl 2 wʌɾʂʌ N-Son-Bal 1 kɑl N-Son-Pat 1 kɑl N-Bal-Br 1 kɑl N-Son-Bal 1 mʌⁱnɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 kɑl N-Son-Pat 1 mʌⁱnɔ N-Son-Bal 2 dʒunu N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kɑl N-Bal-Br 1 mʌhinɔ N-Son-Pat 2 dʒʊnɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kɑl N-Jaj-OBC 1 mʌⁱnu N-Bal-Br 2 dʒʊno N-Khj-Bhi 1 kɑl N-Bhi-Bhi 1 mʌⁱnu N-Mah-Bhi 1 kɑl N-Dhar-Bhi 1 mʌⁱnu N-Jaj-OBC 2 dʒunu N-Rup-Br 1 kɑl N-Khj-Bhi 1 mʌⁱnʌ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 dʒunu N-Khr-Gen 1 kɑl N-Mah-Bhi 1 mʌⁱno N-Dhar-Bhi 2 dʒuɳo N-Awl-Bal 1 kɑl N-Rup-Br 1 mʌjɪno N-Khj-Bhi 2 dʒʊno N-Sir-OBC 3 jɑɳi N-Khr-Gen 1 mɑⁱnɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 puɾɑɳu N-Kup-Dar 1 kaːl N-Awl-Bal 1 mɑhino N-Rup-Br 1 puɾʌɳo Par Bhi 1 kɑl N-Sir-OBC 1 mɑⁱnɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 puɾɑnɔ Malvi 1 kɑl N-Kup-Dar 1 mʌⁱnu N-Awl-Bal 1 puɾɑnɔ Hindi 1 kɑl Par Bhi 1 mʌjɪno N-Sir-OBC 2 dʒʊno Gujarati 1 kɑle Malvi 1 mʌⁱno N-Kup-Dar 2 dʒunu Marathi 2 ud̪ʱjɑ Gujarati 1 mɑ̃hino Par Bhi 2 dʒʌnlo Hindi 1 məhinɑ Malvi 1 pʊɾɑnɑ Marathi 1 mʌⁱhiɳɑ Hindi 1 pʊɾɑnɑ Gujarati 2 dʒunu Marathi 2 dzunə 126. month 128. old 2 dʒuɳo Lexical Similarity 129. new N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 83 131. bad 1 nʌvo N-Son-Bal 132. wet 3 bʊɾodʒ N-Son-Bal 1 gilo 1 nʌvo N-Son-Pat 3 buɾɔ 1 n̪ʌjʌ N-Bal-Br 3 buɾɔ N-Son-Pat 1 lilɔ 1 n̪ʌjo N-Jaj-OBC 6 bʰʌlt̪ɔ N-Bal-Br 1 giɭo N-Jaj-OBC 1 nʌjɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kʰʌɾɑb N-Jaj-OBC N-Bhi-Bhi 1 nʌjo N-Dhar-Bhi 3 buɾɔ 3 ɑlɔ 1 nʌjo N-Khj-Bhi 5 gɑnd̪ɔ 6 Bhindʒʌⁱlɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 nʌjo N-Mah-Bhi 1 kʰʌɾɑb N-Bhi-Bhi 6 bidʒʌⁱlɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 nɑvɔ N-Rup-Br 3 buɾɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 ʌɭɭʌ N-Mah-Bhi 1 nʌjo N-Khr-Gen 5 gɑnd̪ɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 6 bindʒʌⁱ N-Rup-Br 1 nʌjo N-Awl-Bal 1 kʰəɾɑb N-Khj-Bhi 1 giɭo N-Khr-Gen 1 nɑvɔ 3 bʊɾo N-Mah-Bhi 3 ʌllɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 nʌjo N-Sir-OBC 3 bʊɾo N-Rup-Br 3 ɑlo N-Sir-OBC 1 nʌvo N-Kup-Dar 3 bʊɾo N-Khr-Gen 3 ɑlɔ N-Kup-Dar 1 n̪ʌwo Par Bhi 4 bʱunɖʊdʒ N-Awl-Bal 1 gilo Par Bhi 1 nʌvlo Malvi 3 bʊɾo N-Sir-OBC 1 gilo Malvi 1 nʌvo Hindi 1 kʰəɾɑb Hindi 1 nəjɑ Gujarati 1 kʰəɾɑb 1 nəvə Marathi 1 kʰʌɾɑb Gujarati 1 nəvũ Marathi 2 wɑiʈ Marathi 1 nʌwɑ N-Bal-Br 130. good 3 ɑlo 1 gilo 6 bindʒjo N-Kup-Dar 1 gilo 3 ʌlo Par Bhi 6 bʱindʒɑjgjo Malvi 3 ɑlo Hindi 1 gilɑ Gujarati 4 pəɭɑɾəvu 5 bʱinũ N-Son-Bal 1 ʌtʃʰɔ N-Son-Pat 1 ʌtʃʰɔ N-Bal-Br 1 ʌtʃʰɔ 2 bʰʌdʒlelɑ N-Jaj-OBC 1 ʌtʃtʃo 3 olɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ʌtʃʰo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ʌtʃʰɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 ʌtʃʰo N-Mah-Bhi 1 ʌtʃtʃʰo N-Rup-Br 1 ʌtʃtʃo N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑtʃʰɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 ʌtʃtʃo N-Sir-OBC 6 ʌjʌn N-Kup-Dar 1 ʌtʃʰo Par Bhi 5 vɑrlo Malvi 1 ɑtʃʰɑ Hindi 1 ʌtʃtʃʰɑ 2 bəɽʱijɑ Gujarati 4 sɑɾəs Marathi 3 tsɑŋglɑ Marathi 2 bʰʌdʒlelɑ 84 Appendix A 133. dry N-Son-Bal 135. short 1 sʊkʰʌⁱ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 sukʰɔ N-Bal-Br 1 sukʰel N-Jaj-OBC 1 sukʰɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 sukʰo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sukʰo N-Khj-Bhi 136. hot 1 tʃʰɔʈɔ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 tʃʰɔʈɔ N-Son-Pat 4 unɔ N-Bal-Br 1 tʃʰɔʈɔ N-Bal-Br 3 t ̪ɑt ̪o 6 ʈʰiŋgəɳɔ N-Jaj-OBC 3 t ̪ɑt ̪ɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 tʃʰɔʈɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 t ̪ɑt ̪ɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃʰɔʈɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 t ̪ɑt ̪ɔ 1 sukʰo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃʰɔʈɔ N-Khj-Bhi 3 t ̪ɑt ̪o N-Mah-Bhi 1 sukʰɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃʰɔʈɔ N-Mah-Bhi 3 t ̪ɑt ̪ɔ N-Rup-Br 1 sukʰo N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃʰɔʈɔ N-Rup-Br 3 t ̪ɑt ̪o N-Khr-Gen 1 sukʰɑjgjo N-Rup-Br 1 tʃoʈo N-Khr-Gen 3 t ̪ɑt ̪ɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 sukʰɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 tʃʰɔʈɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 gʌɾʌm N-Sir-OBC 1 sukʰɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃʰɔʈɔ N-Sir-OBC 3 t ̪ɑt ̪o N-Kup-Dar 1 sukʰo N-Sir-OBC 5 nɑntʃo N-Kup-Dar 3 t ̪ɑt ̪o Par Bhi 1 sukʰɑjgjo N-Kup-Dar 5 nɑʈo Par Bhi 3 t ̪ɑt ̪o Malvi 1 sukʰo Par Bhi 1 tʃʰotu Malvi 3 t ̪ɑt ̪o Hindi 1 sukʰɑ 5 nɑnlu Hindi 1 gʌɾəm Gujarati Marathi 3 t ̪ɑt ̪o 1 sukũ Malvi 1 tʃoʈo Gujarati 1 gəɾʌm 2 koɾũ Hindi 1 tʃʰoʈɑ Marathi 1 gʌɾʌm 2 koɖɑ Gujarati 4 ʈũkũ 1 sukʰɑ Marathi 1 tʃʰoʈɑ 134. long 2 uʂɳʌ 2 ɑkʰuɖ 137. cold 3 lɑhɑn N-Son-Bal 1 ʈʰʌɳɖo N-Son-Bal 1 lʌmbo N-Son-Pat 1 ʈʰʌnɖɔ N-Son-Pat 1 lʌmbɔ N-Bal-Br 1 ʈʰʌnɖɔ N-Bal-Br 1 lʌmbo N-Jaj-OBC 1 ʈʰʌnɖɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 lʌmbɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ʈʰʌnɖɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 lʌmbo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 t ̪ɑnɖɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 lɑmbɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 ʈʌɳɖo N-Khj-Bhi 1 lʌmbo N-Mah-Bhi 1 ʈʰʌnɖɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 lʌmbo N-Rup-Br 1 ʈʰʌɳɖo N-Rup-Br 1 lʌmbo N-Khr-Gen 1 t ̪ɑnɖɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 lɑmbɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 ʈʰʌɳɖo N-Awl-Bal 1 lʌmbo N-Sir-OBC 1 ʈʌɳɖo N-Sir-OBC 1 lʌmbo N-Kup-Dar 1 ʈʰʌɳɖo N-Kup-Dar 1 lʌmbo Par Bhi 2 seɭu Par Bhi 1 lʌmbu Malvi 1 ʈʌɳɖo Malvi 1 lɛmbo Hindi 1 ʈʰəɳɖɑ Hindi 1 ləmɑ Gujarati 1 ʈʰənɖũ Gujarati 1 lɑmbũ Marathi 1 ʈʰʌɳɖʌ Marathi 1 lɑmbʌ Lexical Similarity 138. right N-Son-Bal 85 140. near 5 dʒʌᶸɳu N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 d̪ɑjɔ N-Bal-Br 5 dʒʌũɳo N-Jaj-OBC 141. far 2 nʌdʒik N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 2 nʌdʒik N-Son-Pat 1 d̪ur N-Bal-Br 2 nʌdʒik N-Bal-Br 1 d̪uɾ 6 sitɔ̪ N-Jaj-OBC 1 pasmə N-Bhi-Bhi 1 d̪ɑjo N-Bhi-Bhi 5 d̪ʰʌdə N-Jaj-OBC 1 d̪ur N-Dhar-Bhi 6 sid̪ɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 5 d̪ʱʌɖᵊ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 d̪uɾ N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪ɑjo N-Khj-Bhi 2 nʌdʒik N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪uɾ N-Mah-Bhi 5 dʒeʋɳu N-Mah-Bhi 1 pɑs N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪uɾ N-Rup-Br 6 sid̪ɔ N-Rup-Br 1 pɑs N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪uɾ N-Khr-Gen 6 sid̪ɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 pɑs N-Rup-Br 1 d̪uɾ N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪uɾ 1 d̪uɾ 1 d̪ʌhɪno N-Awl-Bal 2 nʌdʒʰik N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪uɾ 6 sid̪ɔ N-Sir-OBC 2 nʌdʒʰik N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪uɾ 5 dʒʌunu N-Kup-Dar 1 pɑs N-Sir-OBC 1 d̪uɾ N-Kup-Dar 5 dʒʌᶸɳo Par Bhi 1 pɑs N-Kup-Dar 1 d̪uɾ Par Bhi 5 dʒɛvɳɪjo Malvi 4 mere Par Bhi 1 d̪uɾ Malvi 3 ɖɑbo 4 mere Malvi 2 tʃeʈi 1 pɑs Hindi 1 d̪uɾ 2 nʌdʒd̪ik Gujarati 1 d̪uɾ 1 pɑseⁱ Marathi 1 d̪uɾ N-Sir-OBC Hindi 1 d̪ɑjɑ Hindi 1 d̪ʌhɪnɑ Gujarati 4 dʒəməɳo Marathi 2 udzwə Gujarati 2 nɑʒik Marathi 139. left 3 dzʌwʌɭ 142. big 5 d̪ʱʌɖᵊ N-Son-Bal 1 bʌɖo N-Son-Bal 5 uɭʈʌ N-Son-Pat 1 bʌɖɔ N-Son-Pat 1 bɑjɔ N-Bal-Br 1 bʌɾ N-Bal-Br 7 ɖavɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 bʌɖɔ 4 ɖɑkʰɾɪjo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bʌɖo N-Jaj-OBC 8 ʌᶸnd̪ɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bʌɖo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bɑjo N-Khj-Bhi 1 bʌɖo N-Dhar-Bhi 8 ʌᶸnd̪ɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 bʌɖo N-Khj-Bhi 1 bɑjo N-Rup-Br 1 bʌɖo N-Mah-Bhi 6 d̪ʌʋɳu N-Khr-Gen 2 mɔʈɔ N-Rup-Br 5 ulʈɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 bʌɖo N-Khr-Gen 5 ulʈɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 bʌɖo N-Awl-Bal 5 ulʈɔ N-Kup-Dar 1 bʌɖo N-Sir-OBC 4 ɖɑkʰɾɪjo Par Bhi 2 moʈlo N-Kup-Dar 7 ɖɑõ Malvi 2 moʈo Par Bhi 4 ɖɑkʰɾɪjo Hindi 1 bəɖɑ Malvi 3 mere Gujarati 2 moʈũ Hindi 1 bɑ̃jɑ Marathi 2 moʈʰɑ Gujarati 2 ɖɑ̃bũ Marathi 2 d̪ɑwɑ 86 Appendix A 143. small N-Son-Bal 145. light 147. below 1 tʃʰoʈo N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 tʃʰoʈo N-Son-Pat 1 hʌɭkɔ N-Bal-Br 1 tʃʰoʈo N-Bal-Br 1 hʌɭkɔ N-Son-Pat 1 nɪtʃʰɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 tʃʰoʈo N-Jaj-OBC 1 hʌɭkɔ N-Bal-Br 1 nitʃə N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃʰoʈo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 hʌɭko N-Jaj-OBC 1 nitʃə N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃʰoʈo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 hʌɭkɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 nitʃe N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃʰoʈo N-Khj-Bhi 1 hʌɭkɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 nitʃe N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃʰoʈo N-Mah-Bhi 1 hʌɭko N-Khj-Bhi 1 nitʃə N-Rup-Br 1 tʃʰoʈo N-Rup-Br 1 hʌɭko N-Mah-Bhi 1 nitʃʰɑ N-Khr-Gen 3 nɑnɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 hɑlkɔ N-Rup-Br 1 nitʃə N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃoʈo N-Awl-Bal 1 hʌɭko N-Khr-Gen 1 nitʃʰɑ N-Sir-OBC 3 nɑnso N-Sir-OBC 1 hʌɭko N-Awl-Bal 1 nitʃə N-Kup-Dar 3 nɑɳo N-Sir-OBC 3 pʰʌuɾo N-Sir-OBC 1 nitʃe Par Bhi 3 nɑnlo N-Kup-Dar 1 hʌlko N-Kup-Dar 3 heʈɑ Malvi 1 tʃoʈo Par Bhi 3 pʰʌᶸɾʊ Par Bhi 1 nitʃə Hindi 1 tʃʰoʈɑ Malvi 2 hoɾo Malvi 1 nitʃe Gujarati 3 nɑnũ Hindi 1 hʌlkɑ Marathi 1 tʃʰoʈɑm Gujarati 1 həlkũ Hindi 1 nitʃe 2 lʌhɑn Marathi 1 hʌlkʌ Gujarati 1 nitʃe Marathi 2 kʰɑli 144. heavy 1 hʌɭɔkɔ 146. above N-Son-Bal 1 nitʃe 3 heʈʌ 1 nitʃe 148. white N-Son-Bal 2 bʌdʒʌnd̪ʌ N-Son-Bal 1 uppʌr N-Son-Pat 2 bʌdʒʌn N-Son-Pat 4 utʃʰɔ N-Son-Bal 3 d̪ʌᶸɭʌ N-Bal-Br 1 bʰɑɾi N-Bal-Br 1 ʊppʌɾ N-Son-Pat 3 d̪ʰʌᶸɭo N-Jaj-OBC 1 bʰɑɾi N-Jaj-OBC 1 upeɾo N-Bal-Br 3 d̪ʰʌᶸɭo N-Jaj-OBC 5 dʒʌbɾo 3 ʌd̪ʌr N-Jaj-OBC 3 d̪ʱʌᶸɭo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bʰɑɾi N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ʊppʌɾ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 d̪ʰʌᶸɭo N-Dhar-Bhi 2 bʌdʒʌm N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ʊppʌɾ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 d̪ʰʌᶸɭo N-Khj-Bhi 2 bʌdʒni N-Khj-Bhi 1 upʌɾ N-Khj-Bhi 3 d̪ʱɑvɭɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 bʱʌhɾi N-Mah-Bhi 1 upʌɾ N-Mah-Bhi 3 d̪ʱɑvɭɔ N-Rup-Br 1 bʰɑɾi N-Rup-Br 1 ʊppʌɾ N-Rup-Br 3 d̪ʰʌᶸɭo N-Khr-Gen 1 bʱɑɾi N-Khr-Gen 3 ɑd̪d̪ʌɾ N-Khr-Gen 3 d̪ʱɑvɭɔ N-Awl-Bal 2 vʌdʒʌnd̪ɑɾ N-Awl-Bal 1 upʌɾ N-Awl-Bal 3 d̪ʱɑvɭɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 bʱɑɾi N-Sir-OBC 1 upəɾɑ N-Sir-OBC 3 d̪ʱʌᶸɭo N-Kup-Dar 4 bʌd̪ N-Kup-Dar 3 ʌd̪ʌr N-Kup-Dar 3 d̪ʌᶸɭʌ Par Bhi 1 bʱɑɾu Par Bhi 3 ʌd̪ʱʌr Par Bhi 3 d̪ʱʌᶸɭo Malvi 2 bʌdʒʌnd̪ɑr Malvi 1 upuʌr Malvi 3 d̪oɭo Hindi 1 bʱɑɾi Hindi 1 upəɾ Hindi 1 səɸed̪ Gujarati 1 bʱɑɾeⁱ Gujarati 1 upəɾ Gujarati 3 d̪ʱoɭo Marathi 1 bʱɑɾi Marathi 2 wʌɾ Marathi 2 pɑnd̪ʱɾɑ 2 wʌdzʌnd̪ɑɾ 3 dzuɖ Lexical Similarity 149. black N-Son-Bal 87 151. one 1 kɑɭɔ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 kɑɭɔ N-Bal-Br 1 kɑɭɔ N-Jaj-OBC 153. three 1 ek N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 ek N-Son-Pat 1 tɑ̪ ɳə N-Bal-Br 1 ek N-Bal-Br 1 ti̪ ɳ 1 kɑɭɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 ek N-Jaj-OBC 1 ti̪ n N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kɑɭɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ek N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ti̪ n N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kɑɭɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ek N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ti̪ n N-Khj-Bhi 1 kɑɭɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 ek N-Khj-Bhi 1 ti̪ n N-Mah-Bhi 1 kɑɭɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ek N-Mah-Bhi 1 ti̪ n N-Rup-Br 1 kɑɭɔ N-Rup-Br 1 ek N-Rup-Br 1 ti̪ n N-Khr-Gen 1 kɑɭɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 ek N-Khr-Gen 1 ti̪ n N-Awl-Bal 1 kɑɭɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 ek N-Awl-Bal 1 ti̪ n N-Sir-OBC 1 kɑɭo N-Sir-OBC 1 ek N-Sir-OBC 1 ti̪ n N-Kup-Dar 1 kɑɭo N-Kup-Dar 1 ek N-Kup-Dar 1 ti̪ n Par Bhi 1 kɑɭo Par Bhi 1 ek Par Bhi 1 ti̪ n Malvi 1 kɑɭo Malvi 1 ek Malvi 1 ti̪ n Hindi 1 kɑlɑ Hindi 1 ɛk Hindi 1 ti̪ n Gujarati 1 kɑɭũ Marathi 1 kɑɭɑ 150. red 1 ti̪ n 1 ek Gujarati 2 tɾ̪ əɳ Gujarati 1 ɛk Marathi 1 ti̪ n Marathi 1 ek 152. two N-Son-Bal 1 lɑl N-Son-Pat 1 lɑl N-Son-Bal N-Bal-Br 1 lɑl N-Son-Pat N-Jaj-OBC 1 lɑl N-Bal-Br N-Bhi-Bhi 1 lɑl N-Dhar-Bhi 1 lɑl N-Khj-Bhi 154. four N-Son-Bal 1 tʃɑr 3 d̪uⁱ N-Son-Pat 1 tʃɑr 3 d̪uj N-Bal-Br 1 tʃɑɾ 3 d̪uⁱ N-Jaj-OBC 1 tʃɑɾ N-Jaj-OBC 3 d̪uj N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃɑɾ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 d̪uⁱ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃɑɾ 1 lɑl N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪ɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃɑɾ N-Mah-Bhi 1 lɑl N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪o N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃɑɾ N-Rup-Br 1 lɑl N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪ɔ N-Rup-Br 1 tʃɑɾ N-Khr-Gen 1 lɑl N-Rup-Br 3 d̪uⁱ N-Khr-Gen 1 tʃɑɾ N-Awl-Bal 1 lɑl N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪ɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃɑɾ N-Sir-OBC 1 lɑl N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪o N-Sir-OBC 1 tʃɑɾ N-Kup-Dar 1 lɑlsuɾɑk N-Sir-OBC 3 d̪uⁱ N-Kup-Dar 1 tʃɑɾ Par Bhi 1 lɑl N-Kup-Dar 3 d̪uⁱ Par Bhi 1 tʃjɑr Malvi 1 lɑl Par Bhi 3 d̪ʌj Malvi 1 tʃɑɾ Hindi 1 lɑl Malvi 1 d̪o Malvi 1 tʃɑɾ Gujarati 1 lɑl Hindi 1 d̪o Hindi 1 tʃɑɾ Marathi 1 lɑl Gujarati 2 bɛ Gujarati 1 tʃɑɾ Marathi 1 d̪on Marathi 1 tʃɑɾ 88 Appendix A 155. five N-Son-Bal 157. seven 1 pɑɲtʃ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 pɑ̃tʃ N-Bal-Br 1 pɑntʃ N-Jaj-OBC 159. nine 1 sat ̪ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 sat ̪ N-Son-Pat 1 nʌu N-Bal-Br 1 sat ̪ N-Bal-Br 1 nʌᶸ 1 pɑntʃ N-Jaj-OBC 1 sat ̪ N-Jaj-OBC 1 nɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 pɑntʃ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 sat ̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 nʌᶸ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 pɑntʃ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sat ̪ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 nʌᶸ N-Khj-Bhi 1 pɑntʃ N-Khj-Bhi 1 sat ̪ N-Khj-Bhi 1 nʌu N-Mah-Bhi 1 pɑntʃ N-Mah-Bhi 1 sat ̪ N-Mah-Bhi 1 nʌᶸ N-Rup-Br 1 pɑntʃ N-Rup-Br 1 sat ̪ N-Rup-Br 1 nʌᶸ N-Khr-Gen 1 pɑntʃ N-Khr-Gen 1 sat ̪ N-Khr-Gen 1 nɑᶸ N-Awl-Bal 1 pɑntʃ N-Awl-Bal 1 sat ̪ N-Awl-Bal 1 nʌᶸ N-Sir-OBC 1 pɑntʃ N-Sir-OBC 1 sat ̪ N-Sir-OBC 1 nʌᶸ N-Kup-Dar 1 pɑɲtʃ N-Kup-Dar 1 sat ̪ N-Kup-Dar 1 nʌu Par Bhi 1 pɑ̃tʃ Par Bhi 1 sat ̪ Par Bhi 1 nʌᶸ Malvi 1 pɑntʃ Malvi 1 sat ̪ Malvi 1 no Hindi 1 pɑ̃tʃ Hindi 1 sat ̪ Hindi 1 nʌu Gujarati 1 pɑ̃tʃ Gujarati 1 sat ̪ Gujarati 1 nʌu Marathi 1 pɑ̃ts Marathi 1 sat ̪ Marathi 1 nʌu 156. six 158. eight 1 nʌᶸ 160. ten N-Son-Bal 1 tʃʰʌu N-Son-Bal 1 ɑʈʰ N-Son-Bal 1 d̪ʌs N-Son-Pat 1 tʃʰʌu N-Son-Pat 1 ɑʈʰ N-Son-Pat 1 d̪ʌs N-Bal-Br 1 tʃʌu N-Bal-Br 1 ɑʈʰ N-Bal-Br 1 d̪ʌs N-Jaj-OBC 1 tʃʰe N-Jaj-OBC 1 ɑʈʰ N-Jaj-OBC 1 d̪ʌs N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃʰɑᶸ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ɑʈʰ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 dʌs N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃʰɑᶸ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ɑʈʰ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪ʌs N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃʰe N-Khj-Bhi 1 ɑʈʰ N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪ʌs N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃʰe N-Khj-Bhi 1 ɑʈʰ N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪ʌs N-Rup-Br 1 tʃʌᶸ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɑʈʰ N-Rup-Br 1 d̪ʌs N-Khr-Gen 1 tʃʰɑᶸ N-Rup-Br 1 ɑʈʰ N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪ɑs N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃʰe N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑʈʰ N-Awl-Bal 1 dʌs N-Sir-OBC 1 tʃʰɑᶸ N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑʈʰ N-Sir-OBC 1 dʌs N-Kup-Dar 1 tʃʰʌu N-Awl-Bal 1 ɑʈʰ N-Kup-Dar 1 d̪ʌs Par Bhi 1 tʃʌᶸ N-Sir-OBC 1 ɑʈʰ Par Bhi 1 dʌs Malvi 1 tʃʰe N-Kup-Dar 1 ɑʈʰ Malvi 1 dʌs Hindi 1 tʃʰə Par Bhi 1 ɑʈʰ Hindi 1 d̪əs Gujarati 1 tʃʰə Malvi 1 ɑʈ Gujarati 1 d̪əs Marathi 2 sʌhɑ Hindi 1 ɑʈʰ Marathi 2 d̪ʌhɑ Gujarati 1 ɑʈʰ Marathi 1 ɑʈʰ Lexical Similarity 161. eleven N-Son-Bal 89 163. twenty 1 gjɑɾʌ N-Son-Bal 165. who? 1 bis N-Son-Bal 1 kuɳə N-Son-Pat 1 gjʌɾʌ 1 jis N-Son-Pat 1 kuɳə N-Bal-Br 1 gjɑɾʌ N-Son-Pat 1 bis N-Bal-Br 1 kuɳ N-Jaj-OBC 1 gjɑɾʌ N-Bal-Br 1 bis N-Jaj-OBC 1 kuɳ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 gjɑɾʌ N-Jaj-OBC 1 bis N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kuɳ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 gjɑɾɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bis N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kuɳ N-Khj-Bhi 1 gjɑɾɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bis N-Khj-Bhi 1 kuɳ N-Mah-Bhi 1 gjɑɾɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 bis N-Mah-Bhi 1 kuɳ N-Rup-Br 1 gjɑɾɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 bis N-Rup-Br 1 kuɳ N-Khr-Gen 1 gjɑɾʌ N-Rup-Br 1 bis N-Khr-Gen 1 kuɳ N-Awl-Bal 1 gjɑɾʌ N-Khr-Gen 1 bis N-Awl-Bal 1 kunə N-Sir-OBC 1 gjɑɾɑ N-Awl-Bal 1 bis N-Sir-OBC 1 kuɳ N-Kup-Dar 1 gjɑɾʌ N-Sir-OBC 1 bis N-Kup-Dar 1 kɔɳə Par Bhi 1 gjɑɾɑ N-Kup-Dar 1 bis Par Bhi 1 kuɳ Malvi 1 gjɑɾʌ Par Bhi 1 bis Malvi 1 kuɳ Hindi 1 gjɑɾʌ Malvi 1 bis Hindi 1 koun Gujarati 2 əgiɑɾ Hindi 1 bis Gujarati 1 kɔɳ Marathi 3 ʌkʌɾɑ Gujarati 1 vis Marathi 1 koɳ Marathi 1 βis 162. twelve 164. one hundred N-Son-Bal 1 bɑɾʌ N-Son-Pat 1 bɑɾʌ N-Son-Bal N-Bal-Br 1 bɑɾʌ N-Son-Pat N-Jaj-OBC 1 bɑɾɑ N-Bal-Br N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bɑɾʌ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bɑɾʌ N-Khj-Bhi 166. what? N-Son-Bal 1 kɑj 1 sɔ N-Son-Pat 1 kɑⁱ 1 sɔ N-Bal-Br 1 kɑj 1 sɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 kɑj N-Jaj-OBC 1 sʌᶸ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kɑj N-Bhi-Bhi 1 sʌᶸ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kɑj 1 bɑɾʌ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 kɑj N-Mah-Bhi 1 bɑɾɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 so N-Mah-Bhi 1 kɑj N-Rup-Br 1 bɑɾʌ N-Mah-Bhi 1 sʌᶸ N-Rup-Br 1 kɑⁱ N-Khr-Gen 1 bɑɾɑ N-Rup-Br 1 sʌᶸ N-Khr-Gen 1 kɑⁱ N-Awl-Bal 1 bɑɾʌ N-Khr-Gen 1 sɑᶸ N-Awl-Bal 1 kɑj N-Sir-OBC 1 bɑɾʌ N-Awl-Bal 1 sʌᶸ N-Sir-OBC 1 kɑj N-Kup-Dar 1 bɑɾʌ N-Sir-OBC 1 so N-Kup-Dar 1 kɑj Par Bhi 1 bɑɾɑ 1 sʌᶸ Par Bhi 1 kɑj Malvi 1 bɑɾʌ N-Kup-Dar 1 sɔ Malvi 1 kʌ̃ⁱ Hindi 1 bɑɾʌ Par Bhi 1 sʌᶸ Hindi 3 kjɑ Gujarati 1 bɑɾ Malvi 1 sɔ Gujarati 2 ʃũ Marathi 1 bɑɾɑ Hindi 1 so Marathi 1 kɑi Gujarati 1 so Marathi 2 ʃʌmbʱʌɾ 90 Appendix A 167. where? 169. how many? 170. what kind? 3 kɑ̃ N-Son-Bal 2 kit̪ɾʌ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 3 kɑ̃ N-Son-Pat 2 ket̪ɾo N-Son-Pat 3 kʌso N-Bal-Br 4 kʌljɑŋ N-Bal-Br 2 ket̪ɾɑ N-Bal-Br 3 kʌso N-Jaj-OBC 3 kɑ̃ N-Jaj-OBC 2 ket̪ɾɑ N-Jaj-OBC 3 kʌsɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 kɑ̃ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 ket̪ɾɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 kʌsʌ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 kɑ̃ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 kɪt̪rɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 kʌso N-Khj-Bhi 5 kʌjo N-Khj-Bhi 2 kʌt̪ɾa N-Khj-Bhi 3 kʌso N-Mah-Bhi 3 kɑ̃ N-Mah-Bhi 2 ket̪t ̪ɑ N-Mah-Bhi 5 kinɑpɾʌkɑɾ N-Rup-Br 5 kʌⁱ N-Rup-Br 2 ket̪ɾɑ N-Rup-Br 3 kʌsʌ N-Khr-Gen 3 kɑ̃ N-Khr-Gen 2 ket̪ɾɑ N-Khr-Gen 3 kɑsɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 kəhɑ̃ N-Awl-Bal 2 ket̪ɾɑ N-Awl-Bal 3 kɑsɔ N-Sir-OBC 4 kɑleŋ N-Sir-OBC 2 ket̪ɾɑ N-Sir-OBC 3 kʌsi N-Kup-Dar 4 kʌlen N-Kup-Dar 2 ket̪ɾo N-Kup-Dar 3 kʌso Par Bhi 3 kɑ̃ Par Bhi 2 kʌt̪ɾa Par Bhi 3 kɛso Malvi 3 kɑ̃ Malvi 2 kɪt̪rɑ Par Bhi 4 kɑ̃jko Hindi 1 kəhɑ̃ Hindi 2 kit̪əne Malvi 3 kɛso Gujarati 6 kjɑ̃ Gujarati 1 keⁱtl̪ ɑ Hindi 2 kɪspɾɑkɑɾ Marathi 2 koʈʰe Marathi 2 kit̪i N-Son-Bal 2 kɪspɾʌkɑɾ 2 kist̪ʌɾʌh 168. when? 3 kəⁱsɑ N-Son-Bal 6 kʌb N-Son-Pat 6 kʌb 6 kʌbə N-Bal-Br 3 kʌso 1 kʌw N-Jaj-OBC 1 kʌvə N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kɑvə N-Bhi-Bhi 6 kʌb N-Dhar-Bhi 6 kʌb N-Khj-Bhi 6 kʌb N-Mah-Bhi 6 kʌb N-Rup-Br 6 kʌbə N-Khr-Gen 6 kəb N-Awl-Bal 5 kʌmə N-Sir-OBC 5 kʌmə N-Kup-Dar 1 kʌvʌ Par Bhi 7 kʌ̃jĩ Malvi 2 kʌd̪ Hindi 6 kəb Gujarati 4 kjɑɾeⁱ Marathi 2 kʌd̪ i 3 kẽwhɑ̃ Gujarati 1 kevidʒɑt ̪ 1 kevipɾʌkɑɾ Marathi 6 koɳti̪ d̪pɾʌkʌɾtse Lexical Similarity 171. this N-Son-Bal 91 173. these 175. same 1i N-Son-Bal 1i N-Son-Bal 1 sʌmɑn N-Son-Pat 1i N-Son-Pat 1i N-Bal-Br 1 jo N-Bal-Br 1i N-Son-Pat 2 eksʌɾi N-Jaj-OBC 1 jɔ 1 jo N-Bal-Br 1 səmɑn N-Bhi-Bhi 1 jɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 jɔ N-Bal-Br 1 sʌmɑɳ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 jo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 jo N-Bal-Br 4 bʌɾʌbʌɾ N-Khj-Bhi 1 je N-Dhar-Bhi 1 jo N-Jaj-OBC 3 ekdʒʌsɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 jɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 je N-Bhi-Bhi 1 sʌmɑn N-Rup-Br 1 iː N-Mah-Bhi 1 ji N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sʌmɑn N-Khr-Gen 1 jɔ N-Rup-Br 1 ji N-Khj-Bhi 4 bʌɾʌbʌɾ N-Awl-Bal 1 iː N-Khr-Gen 1 je N-Mah-Bhi 3 ekdʒʌsɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 iː N-Awl-Bal 4 ina N-Rup-Br 3 ekdʒʌsɔ N-Kup-Dar 1 iː N-Sir-OBC 1 ji N-Khr-Gen 2 sɑɾikɔ Par Bhi 1 je N-Kup-Dar 1 iː N-Awl-Bal 2 sʌɾikɑ Malvi 1 jo Par Bhi 1 je N-Sir-OBC 3 ekkudʒsi Hindi 1 jəh Malvi 1 ji N-Kup-Dar 3 ekdʒʌsɑ 3 ekdʒʌⁱso 1 jɜ Hindi 1 je Par Bhi 1 sʌmɑn 1 jɪh Gujarati 3ɑ Malvi 2 eksʌɾikɑ Gujarati 2ɑ Marathi 2 he Hindi 1 səmɑn Marathi 2 hɑ Gujarati 2 səɾkũ Marathi 2 sɑɾkʰɑ 172. that 174. those N-Son-Bal 5 vɔ N-Son-Bal 3u N-Son-Pat 5 uː N-Son-Pat 3u N-Bal-Br 5 uː N-Bal-Br 3 uː N-Jaj-OBC 5 vu N-Jaj-OBC 3 vu N-Bhi-Bhi 5 uː N-Bhi-Bhi 3 vu N-Dhar-Bhi 5 vɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 vɔ N-Khj-Bhi 5 vɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 vɔ N-Mah-Bhi 5 vu N-Mah-Bhi 1 vɔ N-Rup-Br 5 vu N-Rup-Br 3 vu N-Khr-Gen 5 vɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 vɔ N-Awl-Bal 6 una N-Awl-Bal 3 uː N-Sir-OBC 5 vu N-Sir-OBC 3 uː N-Kup-Dar 5 uː N-Kup-Dar 3 uː Par Bhi 5 vu Par Bhi 3 vu Malvi 1 vi Malvi 3u Hindi 1 ve Hindi 1 wəh 2 βe 1 wo Gujarati 4 pelɑ̃ Gujarati 4 pelu Marathi 3 te̪ Marathi 2 to̪ 92 Appendix A 176. different 177. whole N-Son-Bal 1 ʌlʌg N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 ʌllʌg N-Bal-Br 1 ʌɭʌg N-Jaj-OBC 179. few 1 puɾɔ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 puɾɔ N-Son-Pat N-Bal-Br 1 puɾo 1 ɑlʌgʌlʌg N-Jaj-OBC 1 puɾɔ N-Jaj-OBC 9 bʰʌt ̪bʰʌt ̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 puɾɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 7 d̪usʌɾʌ N-Dhar-Bhi N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ɑllɑg N-Khj-Bhi N-Mah-Bhi N-Rup-Br 4 dʒʌɾɑso 4 dʒʌɾɑso 1 tʰ̪ ɔɖɔ N-Bal-Br 4 dʒʌɾɑso 1 puɾɑ N-Jaj-OBC 1 tʱ̪ ɔɖɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 puɾɑ N-Jaj-OBC 4 dʒʌɾɑso 8 njʌɾe N-Mah-Bhi 1 puɾɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʰ̪ ɔɖɔ 1 ʌlʌg N-Rup-Br 1 puɾo N-Dhar-Bhi 2 kɑhi 1 ɑlʌgʌlʌg N-Khr-Gen 1 puɾɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʰ̪ oɖa N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑllɑg N-Awl-Bal 1 puɾokopuɾo N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʰ̪ ɔɖɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 ʌlʌg 3 ʌɭᵊko N-Rup-Br 1 tʰ̪ ɔɖɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 ɑlʌgʌlʌg N-Sir-OBC 1 puɾɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 tʱ̪ ɔɖɔ N-Kup-Dar 1 ʌlʌg N-Kup-Dar 1 puɾɔ N-Awl-Bal 3 kʌm Par Bhi 1 ʌlʌg Par Bhi 1 puɾɑ N-Sir-OBC 4 dʒʌɾɑso Malvi 5 bɑdʒubɑdʒu Malvi 2 ɑkʰɑ N-Kup-Dar 4 dʒʌɾʌ 1 ələgələg Hindi 1 puɾɳə Par Bhi 1 ʈʰoɖʊk 1 puɾɑ Malvi 1 tʰ̪ oɖo Hindi 2 bʱɪnə 1 tʰ̪ ɔɖɔ 3 ɸʌɾk Gujarati 2 ɑkʰũ Hindi 1 tʰ̪ oɖɑ Gujarati 6 dʒud̪i Marathi 1 puɾɳə Gujarati 1 tʰ̪ oɖũ Marathi 1 ɑlʌgʌlʌg Marathi 1 tʰ̪ oɖa 3 ɸʌɾʌk 178. broken 4 wegʌɭʌ N-Son-Bal 1 ʈuʈel N-Son-Pat 7 muɖigɔ N-Bal-Br 1 ʈuʈel N-Jaj-OBC 1 ʈuʈlɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ʈuʈɭo N-Dhar-Bhi 6 mɔɖd̪ i N-Khj-Bhi 2 pʰuʈʌ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ʈuʈel N-Rup-Br 5 ɑd̪ɔ N-Khr-Gen 5 ɑd̪ʱɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 ʈuʈel N-Sir-OBC 1 ʈuʈɭo N-Kup-Dar 1 ʈuʈjo Par Bhi 2 pʰuʈlu Malvi 3 ʈʊkʌɖɑ Hindi 1 ʈuʈɑ Gujarati 1 ʈuʈelu 4 bʱɑŋgelu Marathi 2 ɸuʈʌlele Lexical Similarity 180. many N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 93 181. all 4 gʱʌ̃ɳu N-Son-Bal 1 sʌbʌⁱ 4 gʰʌɳu N-Son-Pat 1 sʌbʌj 7 dʒjɑd̪ɑtʃ N-Bal-Br 1 sʌbʌⁱ 1 bəhʊt ̪ N-Bal-Br 1 sʌbʌj 4 gʰʌɳu N-Jaj-OBC 4 sʌgəɭɔ 8 gʌndʒəko N-Bhi-Bhi 1 sʌb 9 gʰʌɳkɔdʒ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sʌb N-Bhi-Bhi 8 dʒʌd̪ɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 sʌbʌⁱ N-Dhar-Bhi 8 gʌndʒəko N-Mah-Bhi 1 sʌBhi N-Khj-Bhi 4 gʰʌno N-Rup-Br 1 sʌbʌⁱ 4 gʰʌno N-Khr-Gen 1 sʌb N-Mah-Bhi 7 dʒjɑd̪ɑ N-Awl-Bal 1 sʌb N-Rup-Br 6 bʱɔt ̪ N-Sir-OBC 1 sʌb N-Khr-Gen 6 bʱɔt ̪ N-Kup-Dar 1 sʌb N-Awl-Bal 4 gʱʌɳɑ Par Bhi 1 sʌb 7 dʒjɑd̪ɑ Malvi 3 ɑkʰɑ N-Sir-OBC 4 gʱʌɳɑ Hindi 1 səb N-Kup-Dar 4 gʱʌɳʌ Gujarati 0 no entry Par Bhi 4 gʱɛɳɑ Marathi 2 sʌɾwʌ N-Bal-Br N-Jaj-OBC 5 mʊkt̪ʊdʒ Malvi 4 gʱɛɳo Hindi 1 bəhʊt ̪ Gujarati 4 gʱʌɳu Marathi 2 bʌɾets 3 puʂkʌɭ 94 Appendix A 182. eat!, he ate N-Son-Bal 1 kʰɑⁱlə, kʰɑⁱgʌjʌ N-Son-Pat 1 kʰɔ, kʰɑjlijo N-Bal-Br 3 dʒɪmɳo, dʒimilɪjɑ 1 kʰɑjlo, kʰɑjlijo N-Jaj-OBC 1 kʰa, kʰɑjlijɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kʰɑ, kʰɑilio N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kʰɑile, kʰɑilio N-Khj-Bhi 1 kʰɑile, kʰɑilio N-Mah-Bhi 3 dʒimo, dʒimjo N-Rup-Br 1 kʰɑile, kʰɑilio N-Khr-Gen 1 kʰɑv, kʰɑjlijɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 kʰɑ N-Sir-OBC 1 kʰɑile, kʰɑilio N-Kup-Dar 1 kʰɑjdʒʌ, kʰɑjgo Par Bhi 1 kʰajleo, kʰajlu Malvi 3 dʒɪmɳo, dʒimilɪjɑ Hindi 1 kʰɑ Gujarati 1 kʰɑ Marathi 1 kʰɑ 183. bite!, he bit N-Son-Bal 1 kɑʈo, kɑʈikʰɑjɔ N-Son-Pat 1 kɑʈilʌk, kɑʈikʰɑjɔ N-Bal-Br 1 kɑʈilə, kɑʈjo 1 kɑʈ, kɑʈilijɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 kɑʈ, kɑʈilijɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 kɑʈ, kɑʈijo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 kʌʈ, kʌʈʈikʌjo N-Khj-Bhi 1 kɑʈle, kɑʈjɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 kɑʈle, kɑʈjɔ N-Rup-Br 1 kɑʈilə, kɑʈilio N-Khr-Gen 1 kɑʈ, kɑʈilijɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 kɑʈ, kɑʈilijɔ N-Sir-OBC 4 tʃʌo, tʃilio N-Kup-Dar 1 kɑʈ, kɑʈilijo Par Bhi 1 kɑʈd̪o, kɑʈjo 1 kaʈkʰajo, kaʈju Malvi 1 kɑʈd̪o, kɑʈjo Hindi 1 kɑʈɑ Gujarati 3 kʰɑɾɑɖ Marathi 2 tsɑu 184. he is hungry, he was hungry N-Son-Bal 1 bʱuklʌgi, bʱuklʌgti̪ t̪ʰi N-Son-Pat 1 bʱukjɔtʃ, d̪ʱɑpigojo N-Bal-Br 1 bʰukəlʌgitʃ, bʰuklʌgit̪ʰi N-Jaj-OBC 1 bʱukʱɔtʃʰe, bʱukʰjot ̪ʰɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bʰukʰlʌgi, bʰuklʌgit̪i N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bʰukʰlʌgi, bʰuklʌgit̪i N-Khj-Bhi 1 bʱukjo N-Mah-Bhi 1 bʱuklʌgi, bʱukjo N-Rup-Br 1 bʰukʰlʌgi, bʰuklʌgit̪i N-Khr-Gen 1 bʱukʰjɔtʃe, bʱukʰjɔtɔ̪ N-Awl-Bal 1 bʱukʰjɔtʃe, bʱukʰjɔtɔ̪ N-Sir-OBC 1 bʰukʰlʌgi, bʰuklʌgit̪i N-Kup-Dar 1 bʱuk, bʱukjotʰ̪ o Par Bhi 1 bʱʊkʰlutʃʰe, hʊtʊ̪ Malvi 1 bʱukʰohe, bʱukʰot ̪ʰo Hindi 1 bʱukʰ Gujarati 1 bʱukjo Marathi 1 bʱukelɑ 185. drink!, he drank N-Son-Bal 1 pilə, pilijɔ N-Son-Pat 1 pilə, pilijɔ N-Bal-Br 1 pilo, pilijo N-Jaj-OBC 1 pi, pijɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 pio, pigajo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 pilʌ, pilijo N-Khj-Bhi 1 pijo, pijɑ N-Mah-Bhi 1 pijo, pijɑ N-Rup-Br 1 pilʌ, pilijo N-Khr-Gen 1 pi, pijɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 pə, pijo N-Sir-OBC 1 pio, pilio N-Kup-Dar 1 pilə, pili Par Bhi 1 piõ, pilju Malvi 1 pijo, pijɑ Hindi 1 pi Gujarati 1 pi Marathi 1 pi Lexical Similarity 95 186. he is thirsty, he was thirsty 188. lie down!, he lay down N-Son-Bal 3 ti̪ slʌgi, ti̪ slʌgitʰ̪ i N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 3 ti̪ slʌgi, ti̪ slʌgeltʃʰe N-Son-Pat 4 gʌɖbʌɖidʒʌ, gʌɖbʌɖigʌjɔ N-Bal-Br 3 ti̪ slʌgi, ti̪ slʌgitʰ̪ i N-Bal-Br 5 ɑdopʌɖidzɑ, ɑɖopʌɖel N-Jaj-OBC 3 ti̪ slʌgi, ti̪ slʌgitʰ̪ i N-Jaj-OBC 2 leʈdʒʌ, leʈgʌjɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 ti̪ slʌgi, ti̪ slʌgihoti̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 5 ɑdopʌɖidzɑ, ɑɖopʌɖel N-Dhar-Bhi 0 No entry N-Dhar-Bhi 5 ɑɖopʌɖidʒʌ, ɑɖopʌɖijo N-Khj-Bhi 3 ti̪ sjo N-Khj-Bhi 0 no entry N-Mah-Bhi 3 ti̪ slʌgi, ti̪ sjo N-Mah-Bhi 4 gʌbʌɖidʒɑ, gʌbʌɖigɛjo N-Rup-Br 3 ti̪ slʌgi, ti̪ slʌgitʰ̪ i N-Rup-Br 4 gʌbʌɖidʒɑ, gʌbʌɖigɛjo N-Khr-Gen 3 ti̪ sjɔtʃʰe, ti̪ sjɔt ̪ʰɔ N-Khr-Gen 2 leʈidʒɑ, leʈigɔ N-Awl-Bal 3 ti̪ sjɔtʃʰe, ti̪ sjɔt ̪ʰɔ N-Awl-Bal 6 sʌv, sojo N-Sir-OBC 3 ti̪ slʌgi, ti̪ slʌgitʰ̪ i N-Sir-OBC 2 leʈidʒɑ, let, igɑjo N-Kup-Dar 3 ti̪ slʌgi, ti̪ slʌgt̪it̪ʰi N-Kup-Dar 4 gʌrbʌɖidʒɑ, gʌrbʌɖigojo Par Bhi 3 ti̪ slʊtʃʰe, hʊt ̪ʊ Par Bhi 4 gʌbʌɖidʒɑ, gʌbʌɖigɛjo Malvi 3 ti̪ sohe, ti̪ sotʰ̪ o Malvi 2 lʊʈidʒɑ, lʊʈigio Hindi 1 pjɑsɑhe, pjɑsɑt ̪ʰɑ Hindi 1 leʈ Gujarati 4 tʰ̪ əɾəʃo Gujarati 3 pəɖiɾ Marathi 2 t̪ʌhɑnel Marathi 1 lek 4 gʌɽbʌɖidzʌ, aɖopʌɖigɔ 187. sleep!, he slept 189. sit down!, he sat down N-Son-Bal 1 sɔjdʒʌ, sɔjlijɔ N-Son-Bal 1 bʌʈʰidzʌ, bʌʈʰeltʃʰe N-Son-Pat 1 sojdʒɑ, sojgojo N-Son-Pat 1 bʌʈʰidʒɑ, bʌʈʰigʌjo N-Bal-Br 1 sɔjdʒʌ, sojʌltʃʰe N-Bal-Br 1 bʌtʰidʒɑ, bʰʌʈjɑdʒ N-Jaj-OBC 1 soidʒɑ, soigʌjo N-Jaj-OBC 1 bʌʈidʒʌ, bʌʈigʌjɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 suidʒɑ, suigio N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bʰʌʈo, bʰʈɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sojdʒʌ, sojʌt ̪ʰo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bʌʈo, bʌʈiot ̪ʰo N-Khj-Bhi 1 soidʒɑ, soigʌjo N-Khj-Bhi 1 bʌʈijodʒ N-Mah-Bhi 1 soidʒɑ, soigʌjo N-Mah-Bhi 1 bʌʈʰo, bʌʈʰ N-Rup-Br 1 sɔjdʒʌ, sojʌltʃʰe N-Rup-Br 1 bɑʈildʒɑ, bɑt, iltʃʰe N-Khr-Gen 1 soidʒɑ, sojɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 beʈʰidʒɑ, beʈʰigɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 sʌv, sojo N-Awl-Bal 1 bʌʈʰ, bʱʌʈʰijo N-Sir-OBC 1 soidʒɑ, sojɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 bʌʈidzɑ, bʌʈigʌjʌ N-Kup-Dar 1 sojdʒɑ, sojgojo N-Kup-Dar 1 bʌʈʰidʒɑ, bʌʈʰigʌjo Par Bhi 1 soidʒɑ, soigʌjo Par Bhi 1 bʌʈʰo, bʌʈʰ Malvi 1 suidʒɑ, suigio Malvi 1 beʈidʒɑ, beʈjo Hindi 1 so Hindi 1 bɛʲʈʰ Gujarati 1 sui Gujarati 2 bes Marathi 2 dzʱop Marathi 2 bʌs 96 Appendix A 190. give!, he gave 192. don't die!, he died N-Son-Bal 2 d̪ʌⁱd̪, d̪ʌⁱd̪ijʌ N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 2 ilʌ, d̪ʌjd̪ijɔ N-Son-Pat 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌɾə, mɑɾigʌjɔ N-Bal-Br 2 d̪ʌjd̪ə, d̪ijo N-Bal-Br 1 mʌɾʌmʌt̪, mʌɾigojo N-Jaj-OBC 2 d̪id̪, d̪id̪ijo N-Jaj-OBC 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌɾo, mʌɾigʌjo N-Bhi-Bhi 2 d̪id̪e,d̪id̪jo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌɾo, mʌɾigʌjo N-Dhar-Bhi 2 d̪ɑⁱd̪ɔ, d̪ɑⁱd̪ijɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌɾo, mʌɾigʌjo N-Khj-Bhi 2 d̪id̪e, d̪id̪jo N-Khj-Bhi 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌɾo, mʌɾigʌjo N-Mah-Bhi 2 d̪id̪, d̪ijo N-Mah-Bhi 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌɾo, mʌɾigʌjo N-Rup-Br 2 d̪id̪e, d̪id̪jo N-Rup-Br 1 mati̪ mʌɾə, mʌɾigʌjo N-Khr-Gen 2 d̪ɑⁱd̪ɔ, d̪ɑⁱd̪ijɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 mɑt̪mʌr, mʌɾigɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪e, d̪ijo N-Awl-Bal 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌɾo, mʌɾigʌjo N-Sir-OBC 2 d̪ɑⁱd̪ɔ, d̪ɑⁱd̪ijɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌɾo, mʌɾigʌjo N-Kup-Dar 2 d̪ʌⁱd̪o, d̪ʌⁱd̪ijʌ N-Kup-Dar 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌɾo, mʌɾigʌjo Par Bhi 2 d̪id̪, d̪ijo Par Bhi 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌɾo, mʌɾigʌjo Malvi 2 d̪id̪e, d̪id̪jo Malvi 1 mʌtm ̪ ʌr, mʌɾigio Hindi 1 d̪e, d̪ijo Gujarati 1 məɾ Gujarati 3 ɑp Hindi 1 məɾ Marathi 1 d̪e Marathi 1 mʌɾ 1 mʌɾʌmʌt̪, mʌɾigojo 191. it burns, it burned 193. don't kill!, he killed N-Son-Bal 2 bʌɭʌⁱɾo, bʌɭʌⁱgʌjo N-Son-Bal 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾo, mɑɾijɔ N-Son-Pat 2 bʌɭʌjɾo, bʌɭʌjgɔ N-Son-Pat 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾ, mɑɾjo N-Bal-Br 2 bʌɭʌⁱɾo, bɑɭjo N-Bal-Br 1 mʌt ̪marʌ, mɑɾjɔ N-Jaj-OBC 2 bʌɭiɾʌjʌt̪, bʌɭijɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾo, maɾjo N-Bhi-Bhi 2 bɑɭiɾɔ, bɑɭigɔjo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 mʌt ̪marʌ, mɑɾjɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 2 bɑɭiɾɔ, bɑɭigɔjo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 mɑt̪mɑr, mɑɾijɔ N-Khj-Bhi 2 bɑɭɑⁱɾʌjodʒ, bɑɭjo N-Khj-Bhi 1 maɾomɑt ̪ N-Mah-Bhi 2 bʌɭiɾʌjo, dʒɭjo N-Mah-Bhi 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾo, maɾjo N-Rup-Br 2 bɑɭɑⁱɾʌjodʒ, bɑɭjo N-Rup-Br 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾo, maɾjo N-Khr-Gen 2 bɑɭiɾɔ, bɑɭigɔjo N-Khr-Gen 1 mɑt̪mɑr, mɑɾijɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 dʒʌɭiɾʌhijod, dʒʌɭjo N-Awl-Bal 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾo, maɾjo 2 baɭʌⁱɾʌhijod, bʌⁱjo N-Sir-OBC 1 mɑt̪mɑɾdʒɔ, mʌɾiodʒ N-Sir-OBC 2 bɑɭiɾɔ, bɑɭigɔjo N-Kup-Dar 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾoɾe, mɑɾjo N-Kup-Dar 2 bʌɭʌⁱɾo, bʌɭʌⁱgʌjo Par Bhi 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾo, maɾjo Par Bhi 2 bʌɭiɾʌjo, dʒɭjo Malvi 1 mʌt ̪mɑɾ, mɑɾjo Malvi 2 bʌɭiɾjo, bʌɭigio Hindi 1 mɑɾ Hindi 1 dʒəl Gujarati 1 mɑɾ Gujarati 2 bəɭ Marathi 1 mɑɾ Marathi 1 dzʌɭ Lexical Similarity 194. fly!, it flew N-Son-Bal 97 196. run!, he ran 1 ʊɖiɾo, uɖigʌjo N-Son-Bal 4 gʌbɖimɑr, bɑgigʌjo N-Son-Pat 1 uɖidʒɑ, uɖigʌjo N-Son-Pat 3 bʱɑg, bʱɑgigojɔ N-Bal-Br 1 ʊɖidʒɑ, ʊɖigojo N-Bal-Br 1 d̪ɑᶸɖ, d̪ʌᶸɖjɔ/ bʰɑgjo N-Jaj-OBC 1 uɖ, uɖigʌjo N-Jaj-OBC 1 d̪ɑᶸɖ, d̪ɑᶸɖijɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 uɖ, uɖidʒɑ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 d̪ouɖ, d̪oudidʒɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 uɖ, uɖigʌjo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪ʌᶸɖo, bʰɑgigʌjɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 uɖ, uɖigojo N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪ʌᶸɖɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ʊɖjo, ʊɖɑjo N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪ʌvʌɖ, d̪ʌvɖjo N-Rup-Br 1 uɖ, uɖigʌjo N-Rup-Br 3 bʰʌg, bʰʌgiɾʌjo N-Khr-Gen 1 uɖ, uɖigɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪ɑᶸɖ, d̪ɑᶸɖijɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 uɖ, uɖjo N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪ʌvʌɖ, d̪ʌvɖjo N-Sir-OBC 1 uɖidʒɑ, uɖigʌjo N-Sir-OBC 3 bʰʌgo, bʰʌgigʌjo N-Kup-Dar 1 uɖ, uɖigojo N-Kup-Dar 3 bʱɑgoɾe, bʱɑgigojo Par Bhi 1 ʊɖjo, ʊɖɑjo Par Bhi 1 d̪ʌvʌɖ, d̪ʌvɖjo Malvi 1 ʊɖ, ʊɖjo Malvi 3 bʱɑgdʒɑ, d̪oɖigɛjo Hindi 1 uɖ Hindi 1 d̪ʌoɖ Gujarati 1 uɖi Gujarati 1 d̪oɖ Marathi 1 uɖ, uɖjo Marathi 2 pʌɭ 195. walk!, he walked 197. go!, he went N-Son-Bal 1 tʃʌl, gʌjo N-Son-Bal 1 dʒɑo, gʌjo N-Son-Pat 1 tʃʌlni, gʌjo N-Son-Pat 1 dʒɑ, gʌjo N-Bal-Br 1 tʃʌlɾe, tʃʌljo N-Bal-Br 1 dʒɑ, gʌjo N-Jaj-OBC 1 tʃʌl, tʃʌljɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 dʒɑ, gʌjo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tʃɑl, tʃʌlijʌ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 dʒɑ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tʃʌɭo, dʒʌti̪ ɾo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 dʒɑ, gʌjo N-Khj-Bhi 1 tʃalɔ, tʃɑlɑ N-Khj-Bhi 1 dʒɑⁱɾo, gʌjo N-Mah-Bhi 1 tʃʌlo, tsʌljo N-Mah-Bhi 1 dʒɑ, gɑjɔ N-Rup-Br 1 tʃʌl, tʃʌligʌjo N-Rup-Br 1 dʒɑ, gʌjo N-Khr-Gen 1 tʃalɔ, tʃɑlɑ N-Khr-Gen 1 dʒɑ, gɑjɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 tʃɑl, tʃʌljo N-Awl-Bal 1 dʒɑ, gɑjɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 tʃʌliɾo, tʃʌligojo N-Sir-OBC 1 dʒɑ, gɑjɔ N-Kup-Dar 1 tʃʌliɾo, tʃʌligojo N-Kup-Dar 1 dʒɑⁱɾo, gʌjo Par Bhi 1 tʃʌlo, tsʌljo Par Bhi 1 dʒɑ, gɑjɔ Malvi 1 tʃʌl, tʃʌliogɛjo Malvi 1 dʒɑ,gɛjɑ Hindi 1 tʃəl Hindi 1 dʒɑ 2 gʱum Gujarati 1 dʒɑ Gujarati 1 tʃɑl, tʃʌljo Marathi 1 dzɑ Marathi 1 tsɑl 98 Appendix A 198. come!, he came 200. listen!, he heard N-Son-Bal 1 ɑjdʒʌ, ɑjgʌjo N-Son-Bal N-Son-Pat 1 ɑ, ɑjgɔ N-Son-Pat 1 suɳə, suɳjɔ N-Bal-Br 1 ɑv, ɑjɔ N-Bal-Br 1 suɳ, suɳjɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 av, avgʌjɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 suɳ, suɳʌ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 ɑv,ɑjʌ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 suɳ, suɳjo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 ɑv, ɑjɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 sunɔ, sunilijʌ N-Khj-Bhi 1 ɑv,ɑjʌ N-Khj-Bhi 1 sʊɳo N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɑv, ɑjɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 suɳ, suɳjɔ N-Rup-Br 1 ɑⁱdʒɑ, ɑjigʌjo N-Rup-Br 1 sʊn, sʊnjo N-Khr-Gen 1 ɑⁱdʒɑ, ɑⁱgɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 suɳ, suɳjɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 ɑ, ɑjɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 sʊn, sʊnjo N-Sir-OBC 1 ɑⁱdʒɑ, ɑⁱgɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 sun, sunigʌjo N-Kup-Dar 1 tʃʌlʌo, ɑjgo N-Kup-Dar 1 suɳ, suɳjo Par Bhi 1 ɑv, ɑjɔ Par Bhi 1 suɳ, suɳjɔ Malvi 1 ɑjo, ɑjigɛjo Malvi 1 sʊn, sʊnjo Hindi 1 ɑu Hindi 1 sun Gujarati 1 ɑv Gujarati 3 sɑbʱə Marathi 2 je Marathi 2 ʌⁱkʌ 1 suɳ, sʊɳilijɔ 199. speak!, he spoke 201. look!, he saw N-Son-Bal 1 bɔljɔ, bɔligɔ N-Son-Bal 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰilijɔ N-Son-Pat 1 bɔl, bɔljo N-Son-Pat 1 d̪ekʰɾe, d̪ekʰilijɔ N-Bal-Br 1 boɭə, boɭjo N-Bal-Br 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjɔ N-Jaj-OBC 1 bɔl, bɔljo N-Jaj-OBC 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 bol, bolijo N-Bhi-Bhi 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjo N-Dhar-Bhi 1 bol, boljɔ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjɔ N-Khj-Bhi 1 bolɳu N-Khj-Bhi 1 d̪eko,d̪eki N-Mah-Bhi 1 bol, boljɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjɔ N-Rup-Br 1 bol, bolijo N-Rup-Br 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 bol, boljɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 bol, bolijo N-Awl-Bal 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjo N-Sir-OBC 1 bol, bolijo N-Sir-OBC 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjɔ N-Kup-Dar 1 bɔl, bɔljo N-Kup-Dar 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjo Par Bhi 1 bol, boljɔ Par Bhi 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjo Malvi 1 bol, bolijo Malvi 1 d̪ekʰ, d̪ekʰjo Hindi 1 bol Hindi 1 d̪ekʰ Gujarati 1 bol Gujarati 3 dʒojũ Marathi 1 bol Marathi 2 pɑhɑ Lexical Similarity 202. I (1st person 99 204. you (2nd person singular, formal) singular) N-Son-Bal 3 hʌũ N-Son-Pat 3 hɑũ N-Bal-Br 3 hʌũ N-Jaj-OBC 3 hʌũ N-Bhi-Bhi 3 hʌũ N-Dhar-Bhi 3 hʌũ N-Khj-Bhi 3 hʌũ N-Mah-Bhi 3 hʌ̃u N-Rup-Br 3 hʌũ N-Khr-Gen 3 hɑ̃u N-Awl-Bal 3 hʌ̃u N-Sir-OBC 3 hɑ̃u N-Kup-Dar 3 hʌũ Par Bhi 3 hʌ̃u Malvi 3 hũ Hindi 1 mə̃ʲ Gujarati 3 hũ Marathi 2 mi 203. you (2nd person singular, informal) N-Son-Bal 1 tu̪ N-Son-Pat 1 tu̪ N-Bal-Br 1 tu̪ N-Jaj-OBC 1 tu̪ N-Bhi-Bhi 1 tu̪ N-Dhar-Bhi 1 tu̪ N-Khj-Bhi 1 tu̪ N-Mah-Bhi 1 tu̪ N-Rup-Br 1 tu̪ N-Khr-Gen 1 tu̪ N-Awl-Bal 1 tu̪ N-Sir-OBC 1 tu̪ N-Kup-Dar 1 tu̪ Par Bhi 1 tu̪ Malvi 1 tu̪ Hindi 1 tu̪ 1 tu̪ m Gujarati 1 tu̪ Marathi 1 tu̪ 205. he (3rd person singular, masculine) N-Son-Bal 2 tʊ̪ m N-Son-Bal 1 vɔ N-Son-Pat 2 tu̪ m N-Son-Pat 3u N-Bal-Br 2 tʌ̪ m N-Bal-Br 3 uː N-Jaj-OBC 2 tu̪ N-Jaj-OBC 1 vɔ N-Bhi-Bhi 2 tu̪ m N-Bhi-Bhi 3 uː N-Dhar-Bhi 2 tu̪ m N-Dhar-Bhi 3 uː N-Khj-Bhi 2 tu̪ m N-Khj-Bhi 1 vɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 ɑp N-Mah-Bhi 1 vɔ N-Rup-Br 2 tu̪ m N-Rup-Br 3 uː N-Khr-Gen 2 tɑ̪ m N-Khr-Gen 1 vɔ N-Awl-Bal 1 ɑp N-Awl-Bal 3ʊ 2 tu̪ m N-Sir-OBC 1 vɔ N-Sir-OBC 2 tu̪ m N-Kup-Dar 3 uː N-Kup-Dar 2 tu̪ m Par Bhi 1 vɔ Par Bhi 1 ɑp Malvi 1 vɔ Malvi 2 tʌ̪ m Hindi 1 wə Hindi 1 ɑp Gujarati 1 ɑp Gujarati 4 te̪ 2 tə̪ mẽᶸ Marathi 2 to̪ Marathi 2 tu̪ mhi 1 wo 206. she (3rd person singular, feminine) N-Son-Bal 1 vo N-Son-Pat 4u N-Bal-Br 4 uː N-Jaj-OBC 4u N-Bhi-Bhi 4 uː N-Dhar-Bhi 4 uː N-Khj-Bhi 1 vo N-Mah-Bhi 1 vo N-Rup-Br 1 vɑ N-Khr-Gen 1 vɑ N-Awl-Bal 4ʊ N-Sir-OBC 4 uː N-Kup-Dar 4 uː Par Bhi 1 vo Malvi 1 vɑ Hindi 1 wə 1 wo Gujarati 3 te̪ Marathi 2 ti̪ 100 Appendix A 207. we (1st person plural, inclusive) 209. you (2nd person plural) 210. they (3rd person plural) N-Son-Bal 1 hʌm N-Son-Bal 1 t ̪um N-Son-Bal 3u N-Son-Pat 1 hʌm N-Son-Pat 1 t ̪ʊm N-Son-Pat 3u N-Bal-Br 1 hʌm N-Bal-Br 1 t ̪ʌm N-Bal-Br 3 uː N-Jaj-OBC 1 hʌm N-Jaj-OBC 1 t ̪um N-Bhi-Bhi 1 hʌm N-Bhi-Bhi 1 t ̪um N-Jaj-OBC 3u N-Dhar-Bhi 1 hʌm N-Dhar-Bhi 1 t ̪um N-Bhi-Bhi 3 uː N-Khj-Bhi 1 hʌm N-Khj-Bhi 1 t ̪um N-Dhar-Bhi 3 vɔ N-Mah-Bhi 1 hʌm N-Mah-Bhi 1 t ̪ʌm N-Khj-Bhi 3 vɔ N-Rup-Br 1 hʌm N-Rup-Br 1 t ̪um N-Mah-Bhi 3 vɔ N-Khr-Gen 1 hɑm N-Khr-Gen 1 t ̪ɑm N-Rup-Br 3 uː N-Awl-Bal 1 hʌm N-Awl-Bal 1 t ̪um N-Khr-Gen 3 vɔ N-Sir-OBC 1 hʌm N-Sir-OBC 1 t ̪um N-Awl-Bal 4 ʊnɑ N-Kup-Dar 1 hʌm N-Kup-Dar 1 t ̪ʌm N-Sir-OBC 3 vɔ Par Bhi 1 hʌm Par Bhi 1 t ̪ʌm N-Kup-Dar 3 uː Malvi 1 hʌm Malvi 1 t ̪ʌm Par Bhi 3 vɔ Hindi 1 həm Hindi 1 t ̪umlog Malvi 1 vi Gujarati 2 ɑpɳe Gujarati 1 t ̪əmẽᶸ Hindi 1 we Marathi 2 ɑpʌɳ Marathi 1 t ̪umhi Gujarati 2 t ̪eo Marathi 2 t ̪e 208. we (1st person plural, exclusive) N-Son-Bal 1 hʌm N-Son-Pat 1 hʌm N-Bal-Br 1 hʌm N-Jaj-OBC 1 hʌm N-Bhi-Bhi 1 hʌm N-Dhar-Bhi 1 hʌm N-Khj-Bhi 1 hʌm N-Mah-Bhi 1 hʌm N-Rup-Br 1 hʌm N-Khr-Gen 1 hɑm N-Awl-Bal 1 hʌm N-Sir-OBC 1 hʌm N-Kup-Dar 1 hʌm Par Bhi 1 hʌm Malvi 1 hʌm Hindi 1 hʌm Gujarati 2 ɑ̃meⁱ Marathi 2 ɑmhĩ 3i Recorded Text Testing 101 Appendix B: Recorded Text Testing B.1 Introduction The extent to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another can be studied by means of tape recorded texts.7 Such studies investigate whether speakers of one variety understand a narrative text of another variety and are able to answer questions about the content of that text. The accuracy with which subjects answer these questions is taken as an index of their comprehension of that speech form. From the percentage of correct answers, the amount of intelligibility between speech forms is inferred. The recorded text testing used in this survey is based on the procedures described in Casad (1974) and Blair (1990). Short, personal experience narratives are deemed to be most suitable for recorded text testing in that the content must be relatively unpredictable and the speech form should be natural. Folklore or other material thought to be widely known is avoided. A three to five minute story is recorded from a speaker of the regional vernacular, and then checked with a group of speakers from the same region to ensure that the spoken forms are truly representative of that area. The story is then transcribed and a set of comprehension questions is constructed based on various semantic domains covered in the text. Normally, a set of fifteen or more questions is initially prepared. Some of the questions will prove unsuitable—perhaps because the answer is not in focus in the text, or because the question is confusing to native speakers of the test variety. Unsuitable questions are then deleted from the preliminary set, leaving a minimum of ten final questions for each RTT. To ensure that measures of comprehension are based on subjects’ understanding of the text itself and not on a misunderstanding of the test questions, these questions must be recorded in the regional variety of the test subjects. This requires an appropriate dialect version of the questions for each RTT at each test location. In the RTTs used in this study, test subjects heard the complete story text once, after which the story was repeated with test questions and the opportunities for responses interspersed with necessary pauses in the recorded text. Appropriate and correct responses are directly extractable from the segment of speech immediately preceding the question, such that memory limitations exert a negligible effect and indirect inference based on the content is not required. Thus the RTT aims to be a close reflection of a subject’s comprehension of the language itself, not of his or her memory, intelligence, or reasoning. The average or mean of 7 This description of recorded text test procedures is adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary (ed. 1992). 102 Appendix B the scores obtained from subjects at one test location is taken as a numerical indicator of the intelligibility between speakers of the dialects represented. In order to ensure that the RTT is a fair test of the intelligibility of the test variety to speakers from the regions tested, the text is first tested with subjects from the region where the text was recorded. This initial testing is referred to as the hometown test. The hometown test serves to introduce subjects to the testing procedure in a context where intelligibility of the dialect is assumed to be complete since it is the native variety of test subjects. In addition, hometown testing insures that native speakers of the text dialect could accurately answer the comprehension questions used to assess understanding of the text in non-native dialect areas. Once a text has been hometown tested with a minimum of ten subjects who have been able to correctly answer the selected comprehension questions, with an average score of 90% or above, the test is considered validated. It is possible that a subject may be unable to answer the test questions correctly simply because he or she does not understand what is expected. This is especially true with unsophisticated subjects or those unacquainted with test-taking. Therefore a very short pretest story with four questions is recorded in the local variety before beginning the actual testing. The purpose of this pre-test is to teach the subject what is expected according to the RTT procedures. If the subject is able to answer the pre-test questions, it is assumed that he or she would serve as a suitable subject. Each subject then participates in the hometown test in his or her native variety before participating in RTTs in non-native varieties. Occasionally, even after the pre-test, a subject fails to perform adequately on an already validated hometown test. Performances of such subjects are eliminated from the final evaluation, the assumption being that uncontrollable factors unrelated to the intelligibility of speech forms are skewing such test results. In this study, subjects performing at levels of less than 80% on their hometown test were eliminated from further testing. When speakers of one linguistic variety have had no previous contact with that represented by the recorded text, test scores of the subjects from the test point tend to be more similar— especially when the scores are in the higher ranges. Such consistent scores are often interpreted to be closer reflections of the inherent intelligibility between speech forms. If the sample of subjects (a minimum of ten) accurately represents the speech community being tested in terms of the variables affecting intelligibility, and the RTT scores show such consistency, increasing the number of subjects should not significantly increase the range of variation of the scores. Recorded Text Testing 103 However, when some subjects have had significant previous contact with the speech form recorded on the RTT, while others have not, the scores usually vary considerably, reflecting the degree of learning that has gone on through contact. For this reason, it is important to include a measure of dispersion which reflects the extent to which the range of scores varies from the mean the standard deviation. On an RTT with 100 possible points (that is, 100 percent), a standard deviation of more than 12 to 15 is considered high. If the standard deviation is relatively low, say 10 and below, and the mean score for subjects from the selected test point is high, the implication is that the community as a whole probably understands the test variety rather well, either because the variety in the RTT is inherently intelligible or because the variety has been acquired rather consistently and uniformly throughout the speech community. If the standard deviation is low and the mean RTT score is also low, the implication is that the community as a whole understands the test variety rather poorly and that regular contact has not facilitated learning of the test variety to any significant extent. If the standard deviation is high, regardless of the mean score, one implication is that some subjects have learned to comprehend the test variety better than others. In this last case, inherent intelligibility between the related varieties may be mixed with acquired proficiency which results from learning through contact. The relationship between RTT scores and their standard deviation can be seen in the following chart: Standard Deviation HIGH Average Score LOW Situation 1 Situation 2 HIGH Many people understand the story well, but some Most people understand the have difficulty. Situation 3 LOW Many people cannot understand the story, but a few are able to answer correctly. story. Situation 4 Few people are able to understand the story. High standard deviations can result from other causes such as inconsistencies in the circumstances of test administration and scoring, or differences in attentiveness or intelligence of subjects. Researchers involved in recorded text testing need to be aware of the potential for skewed results due to such factors, and to control for them as much as possible through careful test development and administration. Questionnaires administered at the time of testing can help researchers discover which factors are significant in promoting contact which facilitates acquired intelligibility. Travel to or extended stays in other dialect regions, intermarriage between dialect groups, or contacts 104 Appendix B with schoolmates from other dialect regions are examples of the types of contact that can occur. In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of their relative difficulty and complexity, or of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility. Subject Background Information The following background information was obtained for each test subject (designated with a subject ID number): Sex Age Education Birthplace Place brought up Current residence / how long Mother tongue Language now spoken in home Father’s mother tongue Mother’s mother tongue Spouse’s mother tongue Lived or stayed in another place / how long Travelled to another place Recorded Text Testing RTT Scoring Chart Key RTT scoring chart key Q1, Q2, … Score for each question of the story 10 = fully correct 5 = partially correct 0 = incorrect TTL Total score for each subject PCT Percentage for each subject Average score Average score of all subjects Standard deviation Statistical measurement for range of scores 12 and above: high below 10: low Number Number of subjects who took the test Codes used in the transcription of texts Code \n Meaning Sentence number \p Phonetic transcription of text \d Transcription of text in Devanagri script \g Word-by-word English gloss of transcribed text \f Free (natural) English translation of text Question Question number \q English translation of question \a Expected answer for question \a2, a3… Alternate answer(s) for question with given point value ?? Unknown gloss [rhyme] Rhyming word with the previous word pl plural past past tense cont continuous tense nom nominative case obj objective case poss possessive case respect respective marker 105 106 Appendix B Post-HTT/RTT Questions Post-HTT Questions 1. Where do you think the person who told this story is from? 2. a. Is the speech good? b. [if not good] What is not good about it? 3. Is this the way people talk in your village? 4. Did you hear any mixing with another language? Post-RTT Questions: 1. a. In what language do you think the story was told? b. Where do you think the storyteller is from? c. What helps you know the storyteller is from that place? 2. a. Is the speech good? b [if not good] What is not good about it? 3. a. Is the speech pure? b. [if not pure] In what way is the speech not pure? 4. a. Is the storyteller’s speech a little different or very different from your speech? b. [if different] In what way is it different (pronunciation, words, style)? 5. How much of the story did you understand? 6. (If subject did not name a place for the story, the following questions are ignored) 7. How many times have you gone to the area where you said the storyteller is from? 8. How often do people from that area come to your village? [asked at a few test sites after the final story] 9. Which story was most difficult/easy to understand? Notes In a number of locations, the control (or hometown) test story was not from the test point itself, but a text from another location was used instead. In most of these situations, since the hometown story was either already validated or was being validated at the same time, post-RTT questions were asked instead of post-HTT questions. Some speech varieties include a retroflexed lateral /ɭ/ sound. This has been entered as (the sound does not occur in Hindi and is not in its script, but is in Marathi). B.2 Snake Story This story was told on 10th August 1999, by MD, a 19-year-old male with a 7th standard education. He is a mother tongue speaker of Nimadi, born and brought up in Sonipura village, Khargone Tehsil, Khargone district,Madhya Pradesh. Recorded Text Testing \n 107 1 \d हम दो दोस ्त था। \g we two friend were. \f We were two friends. QUESTION 1 \q How many friends are they? \a Two. \n 2 \d हम दो जण छे सात साल का था। \g we two people six seven year of were \f We both were around six or seven years old. \n 3 \d तो हम इस ्कुल तरभ \g then we school गुल ्ली डण ्डयाँ खेलना गया था। towards gulli dandi play-to went were \f We went towards school to play gulli dandi. QUESTION 2 \q What did they want to play? \a Gulli dandi. \n 4 \d तो हम को खेलते खेलते एक झाड का िनच ्च सांप दखायो। \g then we mk playing playing one tree obj-mk under snake saw \f While we were playing we saw a snake under the tree. QUESTION 3 \q What did they see while they were playing? \a Snake. \n 5 \d सांप दखाण क बाद म हम दो जण खबरे यगा। \g snake seeing Mk after in we two people scared \f Seeing the snake we were afraid/scared. QUESTION 4 \q What happened when they saw the snake? \a Scared/feared. \n 6 \d खबराण के बाद म% बोलयो काय करा है यार, \g feared mk after in said \d तो हम जोर से what do be friend गग ्गाया दौडो दौडो दौडो सांप सांप सांप। \g then we loudly from shouted run run run snake snake snake. \f In fear I asked him ‘What to do friend?’ Then we shouted, ‘Run run run snake snake snake.’ \n 7 \d तो इत ्ता मे चार पाँच आदिम पत ्ता खेिल रा \g this mean-time in four five people card था ओटिल प। play pt-tense were platform on \f There were four or five people playing cards on a platform. 108 Appendix B QUESTION 5 \q Where were the four or five people playing cards? \a On a platform. \n 8 \d तो दोडता आया। \g then run came \f They came by running. QUESTION 6 \q How did they come? \a Running. \n 9 \d पोरया न ऊ,ण काय हुई गयो रे क् य. गगय रा। \g boys mk you-to what happened went dear why shout pre-tense \f ‘Boys! What happened to you? Why did you shout?’ \n 10 \d हमने बोिलयो क काका सांप। \g we said that uncle snake \f We told uncle, ‘Snake.’ \n 11 \d क का छे सक यो रो। \g mk where is mk here on \f ‘Where is it?’ they asked. We said, ‘Here only.’ \n 12 \d ती एत ्ता बोिलयो गो जाणं दे य यार छोड दयो यार। \g then one said that go let friend leave let \f One of them said, ‘Let it go, my friend.’ \n 13 \d दस ु रो बोिलयो िग निय मा/रनाखो। \g other said let no kill \f But the other one said, ‘No, kill it.’ QUESTION 7 \q What did the second man say? \a ‘Kill it.’ \n 14 \d इत ्ता म% एक आदिम ड% गु0 ले \g this-much in one man आयो। stick took-and came \f In the meantime one man came with a big stick. friend Recorded Text Testing 109 QUESTION 8 \q What did the man bring with him? \a Stick. \n 15 \d ओक द ओका माधा म% तो साप म/रगो। \g To-it give to-it head in then snake died \f He gave a beating in its head, so the snake died. \n 16 \d इत ्ता म% एक आदिम बोिलयो क काम करो एक \g that-time in one man said that work do भेको मत एक \f Then one man said, ‘Don’t throw it, but burn it.’ QUESTION 9 \q Instead of throwing the dead snake what was one person’s suggestion? \a Burn it. \n 17 \d ते का जो िभ कंगण िनकालेगा वो काम अई जायग। \g to this obj-mk which skeleton come-out that work come go \f If you burn the snake, the skeleton will come out and that will be useful. QUESTION 10 \q If you burn the snake what will come out? \a Skeleton. \n 18 \d झ ्त ्ता मे चार पांच कंटा लय आया। \g that-time in four five dried-cow-dung bring came \f In the meantime four or five dry cow dung patties were brought. QUESTION 11 \q What was brought? \a Dry cow dung. \n 19 \d कंडा लानअ क बाद म हम ओ क बालयना,खयो। \g dried-cow-dung took mk after in we to that burn \f After bringing the cow dung, we burned the snake. \n 20 \d बालने के बाद म% ओक म% कंगण िनकले। \g to-burn mk after in that in skeleton come-out \f When they burned the snake, the skeleton came out. \n 21 \d कंगण िनकाल िनकािलया हमने। \g skeleton come-out take-it-out we \f We took the skeleton which came out. बालेयनाखो। obj-mk throw don’t obj-mk burn 110 \n Appendix B 22 \d तो घर ले गया। \g then house bring went \f Then we brought it home. QUESTION 12 \q Where did they bring it? \a To home. \n 23 \d घरवाला बोिलयो क पोरया न ऊनी ये सांप का \g house-hold said that boys कंगण कहँ सी लायो। mk you this snake obj-mk skeleton where from bring? \f Household asked us, ‘From where did you bring this snake skeleton?’ \n 24 \d हम ने बोिलयो क5 हमक इस ्कुल क \g we said that our mk \d तो वहा एक काका न school पास दे खयो obj-mk near saw बुलाय न साप मराडयो। \g then there one uncle obj-mk called and snake killed-by \f We said, ‘Near our school, we saw a snake and called one uncle, he came and killed the snake.’ B.3 Leopard Story This story was told in October 1998 by GKB, a 55-year-old male with a degree. He was born and brought up in Awlia village, Khandwa tahsil, Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh. \n 1 \d अन ्दाजन उनतीस साल हुया घर बार लुगई न बाल.बच ्चा नख \g approximately twenty.nine years passed house hold wife and children ओड7 marker leave \d न हांऊ पुरन ्धर भणन गयो थो। \g and I Purandhar to study go was \f Approximately twenty-nine years ago I went to Purandhar to study, leaving the house, wife and children. QUESTION 1 \q Why did the storyteller go to Purandhar? \a For studies. \n 2 \d ई पुरन ्धर पूना सी घनी दरू छे । \g this Purandhar Pune from very far is \f This Purandhar is very far from Pune. \n 3 \d रवन ्ना तो हूई \g move गयो पर बाल-बच ्चा न mk happen went but children क5 बड7 हे र \f The departure happened but the remembrance of children came heavily. \n 4 \d रस ्ता म एक मन कहय क5 आग जाऊं क5 घर \g road in one mind said आव। marker marker big remember came पछो चलो जाऊं। that ahead to-go or house back walk to-go \f On the way I started thinking whether to go ahead or return home. Recorded Text Testing 111 QUESTION 2 \q What did he say in his mind? \a Whether to go ahead or return home. \n 5 \d मन पर दग ्गड धर7न \g mind on stone पुरनधर पोहयंची गयो। keep-and Purandhar reach went \f I reached Purandhar making my mind hard like a stone. QUESTION 3 \q How did he reach Purandhar? \a By keeping his mind hard like a stone. \n 6 \d घर सी वहां जाना म एक रात न आधो दन लगी गयो। \g house from there to.go in one night and half day took went \f It took one night and half day to reach there from home. QUESTION 4 \q How much time did it take for him to reach Purandhar from home? \a One night and half day. \n 7 \d वहां पयल ्ह सी म ्हारा बराबर7 का अन ्दाजन दई ु सौ ज ्वान छोरा भी आया था। \g there already from my equal marker approximately two hundred young boys also came were \f Approximately two hundred young boys had already come there. QUESTION 5 \q How many youths came to Purandhar for studies? \a Approximately two hundred. \n 8 \d सब 9बना पहचान का क् य. क सब अलग अलग ूान ्त न का था \g all without familiar marker why that all different different places marker of were \f Since they are from different regions, they were all unfamiliar to me. QUESTION 6 \q Why were all the youths unfamiliar to the storyteller? \a Since they were from different regions. \n 9 \d दई ु तीन दन म सब न म पहचान हुई गई। \g two three days in all mk mk familiar happen went \f In two or three days, I got familiar with all of them. \n 10 \d जी काम का लेन सब जन आया था उ काम दस ू रे दन सी शु0 हुई गयो। \g which work mk for all people come were this work second day from start happen went \f For the purpose we had come there, that work started on the next day. 112 \n Appendix B 11 \d हम सब जहां सावता था \g we all where sleep वहां सी कोस भर7 रोज जीमण जानू पडतो थो। go had-to was \f From where we were sleeping, we had to walk a full mile distance every day for eating. \n were there from mile full daily eat 12 \d आन रास ्ता म एक उण ्ड7 खाई पडती थी। \g that road in one deep rivulet fell \f There was a deep rivulet on the way. was QUESTION 7 \q What was there on the way? \a A rivulet. \n 13 \d ई पुरन ्धर घणी उं चाई पर छे पहाड पर। \g this Purandhar very high on is hill on \f This Purandhar is on a very high mountain. \n 14 \d राजा न न भी येख जीत न का लेन लडाई न \g king pl.mk mk also this win mk mk for war भी कर7 थी। pl.mk also did were \f To conquer this, kings had fought many wars. \n 15 \d न दन िनकले भी अन ्दाजन \g and day left आठ बजे तक अंधरोज लगा। also approximately eight o'clock till dark feel \f Even after day starts it is dark till around eight o'clock. \n 16 \d न उण ्डाला म भी ठण ्ड लगा। \g and summer in also cool feel \f Even in summer one feels cold there. \n 17 \d एक दन हाऊं न म ्हारो दोस संज \g one day I and my ख जीमण िनकल ्या। friend evening mk eat-to left \f One day, I and my friend started in the evening to eat. QUESTION 8 \q What did the storyteller and his friend go for in the evening? \a To eat. \n 18 \d सब दस ू रा हमारा सी आग िनकलई गया था \g all other our from earlier start go कारण नहावना म हम जरा 9पछड7 गया था। were reason bathing in we little behind went were \f All of the others had gone ahead of us since we were late in taking bath. Recorded Text Testing 113 QUESTION 9 \q Why were they late on that day? \a They were late in taking bath. \n 19 \d रस ्तो सून सान। \g road no people \f The way was without people. \n 20 \d एकाएक एक चीतो एक वरत का फासला पर उभ ्यो थो खाई म। \g suddenly one leopard one rope mk distance on stand was rivulet in \f Suddenly one leopard was seen standing in the rivulet at one rope distance. QUESTION 10 \q What distance from them was the leopard standing? \a One rope distance. \n 21 \d जसी हमार7 नजर पड7 क5 सु>ट7.पु>ट7 बंद ड?क5 बंधी गई। \g like.that our glance fell that without.movement closed sound.organ locked went \f When it was brought to our notice, our voice stopped and was without any sound. \n 22 \d म ्हारो दोस तो पसीना म नहाई नाख ्यो आन गस ्त खाई न ह.ट7 पड़यो। \g my friend mk sweat in bath took and unconscious come and fell went \f My friend sweated as if he had taken a bath, became unconscious, and fell down. QUESTION 11 \q What happened to his friend after sweating? \a Became unconscious and fell down. \n 23 \d अब हाऊं म ्हार7 जान बचाऊं क5 दोस का सम ्भालूं। \g now I my life save or friend mk look.after \f Now, should I save myself or take care of my friend? \n 24 \d एतरा म अध ्धर सी पहाड पर सी कोई भला आदमी न गजगुण ्ड7 भोड7। \g meanwhile in up from hill on from someone good man mk cracker \f Meanwhile a good man from the top of the hill cracked a special cracker. exploded QUESTION 12 \q What did the good man do from the hill top? \a Cracked a cracker. \n 25 \d जसी आवाज हुई \g like.that sound क5 चीतो खला़ई म सी उछई न पहाड पर चैयठB गयो। happened ts.mk leopard rivulet in from jump and hill on climb went \f When the sound came to the leopard it jumped up and climbed away to the hills. 114 \n Appendix B 26 \d न कहा भागी गयो दे खान ्यो नी। \g and where escape went see not \f And we could not see where it fled. \n 27 \d जान बची। \g life saved \f Life was saved. \n 28 \d जेख भगवान नी मार वो को कोई \g to-whom God कई नी 9बगांड7 सकतो। not kill he to anyone anything not harm able \f Whom God does not kill, nobody can do any harm to him. \n 29 \d दोस ख डं गर बठाड7 न ठान पर लायो। \g friend mk back to-sit and staying.place on bring \f I brought my friend to the staying place, carrying him on my back. QUESTION 13 \q Where did he take his friend? \a To the staying place. \n 30 \d घंटा दई ु घंटा म ओ ख होश आंई गयो। \g hour two hours in him to senses came went \f In an hour or two he came to his senses. \n 31 \d होश म आवतई सी मखं गलो िमलई न खोब रड़य। \g sense in came-as.he from to-me throat meet and lot cried \f As he came to his senses he cried a lot placing his throat on mine. \n 32 \d रडतो जाय न केCयतो जाय भाई \g crying went and saying घर घर का हुई तू नी हुतो तो म ्हारा बा-बच ्चा went brother you not happen then my children जाता। house house mk become went \f Crying he said, ‘Brother, if you were not there my children would have become orphans.’ QUESTION 14 \q If the storyteller was not with him what would have happened to the friend's children? \a Children would have become orphans. Recorded Text Testing 115 B.4 Accident Story This story was told on 1st September 1999, by PSB, a 40-year-old male with an 8th standard education. His mother tongue is Parya Bhilala Nimadi, and he has been living in Bhorwada village, Rajpur taluk, Barwani district, Madhya Pradesh, from childhood. \n 1 \d एक सदन हम खेD म गया। \g one day we field to went \f One day we went to the field. QUESTION 1 \q One day, where did they go? \a To the field. \n 2 \d तो गाड मनअ क पोरयाण हम गाड सबेरा \g then cart I िस िल जाऊ। said children we cart morning from bring go \f I said to my children, ‘I am taking bullock cart and going in the morning.’ QUESTION 2 \q When did he want to take the cart? \a In the morning. \n 3 \d अन तुम छ तो रोटा मोटा खायन खेत म आवजो। \g and you be then food rhym eat-and field in come \f Have your food and come to the field. QUESTION 3 \q Before coming to the field, what did he ask them to do? \a To eat. \n 4 \d तभी कयो भाई काय करांग खेत म। \g at-the-same-moment why brother what will-do field in \f They asked, ‘What will we do in the field?’ \n 5 \d मन कय स%गलाय म%गलाय इचीलीजोअ रे यल छे ती न हाऊ छे चा0 \g I मा0 काटली आवंअ। said groundnut rhyme to-pickup rush is and I mk fodder rhym cut \f I said to them, ‘Pick up the groundnuts and cut the fodder, then come.’ QUESTION 4 \q What did he ask to cut? \a Fodder. \n 6 \d अबअ िभर छतिल आवंग। \g and then ? will-come \f Then ? will come. come 116 \n Appendix B 7 \d तो काय क हाउ िभर काय क तु जा िभर हम रोटा मोटा खायन आवंग। \g then said that yes then said that you go then we food rhym eat-and will-come \f They agreed and said, ‘You go first, we will have food and we will come.’ \n 8 \d मन क हाऊ। \g I said yes \f I said, ‘Okay.’ \n 9 \d अब हम गाड7 धुरायन खेत म गयो। \g now we cart tie-and field in went \f I tied the bullock in the cart and went to the field. QUESTION 5 \q How did he go to the field? \a By bullock cart. \n 10 \d पछड सी रोटा मोटा खायन म ्हार िलए रोटा भी ली \g back from food rhym eat-and me for गया। food also bring went \f Later they all had food and took food for me and came. \n 11 \d तो के भय ्या काय करा। \g then case-m brother what do \f Then they asked what to do. \n 12 \d तो कय मन क स%गलाय म%गलाय येचो स%गलाय इची \g then what I said groundnut rhym \d अन मन क चा0 \g and I िलया pick groundnut picked up मा0 काट लेयजो said fodder rhym cut bring \f I said to them, ‘Pick up the groundnuts and cut the fodder.’ \n 13 \d तो काय क हाऊ। \g then said that yes \f They said yes. \n 14 \d अब चा0 मा0 सभी काटया। \g now fodder rhym all cut \f They cut all the fodder. \n 15 \d मन क चलो सब \g I said go अब काम होय गयो तो टे म होय चला हम घर। everyone now work done went then time over go \f After that I told them our time is finished, we will go home. we home Recorded Text Testing \n 117 16 \d तो काय क हाऊ चलो। \g then said that yes go \f They said, ‘Yes, let’s go.’ \n 17 \d मन कय असा कर पोरया मोरयाँग सब नख बठाल लेओ \g I said like do children rhym all mk sat गाड7 पर अन गाड धुराऊ िभर। being-do cart on then cart tie/drove then \f I said, ‘Do like this, tie the bullock cart and seat all the children on the cart and drive the cart.’ \n 18 \d तो काय क हाऊ \g then said that yes \f And they said yes. \n 19 \d गाड माड धुरय सब बठया। \g cart rhym tied all sat \f They tied the cart and they sat. \n 20 \d मन कय पोरया नक जाक ठBक डं ग सी \g I said children mk ? धर जो। right safe from hold mk \f I said to the children to hold properly so that they will be safe. QUESTION 6 \q What did he tell them? \a Hold properly. \n 21 \d तो काय क हाऊ. \g then said that yes \f Then they said yes. \n 22 \d अब वहाँ सी गाड7 मन रवाना क/र. \g now there from cart I travel do \f From there I travelled in the cart. \n 23 \d तो लाया मन कय ठBक धंग सी \g then brought I धर लेज बालक नख कहो तो काय क हाऊ। said right safe from hold mk children mk say then said that yes \f I said to them to hold the children safely. \n 24 \d अब दरु गा ये भय ्या गुड7 खोला धर लअँ◌ा। \g now Durga mk brother child lap hold mk \f Then Durga held the child on her lap. \n 25 \d मन कय धर ल तु काम धर ले। \g I said hold mk you work hold mk \f I told her to hold properly. 118 \n Appendix B 26 \d तो काय क हाऊ। \g then said that yes \f And she said yes. \n 27 \d वहाँ से हम आया तो या खोदरा पर आया आने का सू घूघ0 पठे ल थो। \g there from we come then there channel on came and there on oxbelt lying was \f From there we came near a channel and we saw one ox’s belt, which was on the soil. QUESTION 7 \q Where did they see the ox belt? \a Near channel. \n 28 \d तो मन कयो अब पोरया न मण कयो घूघ0 \g then I said now children mk I \d मन क उठाय लेजो काय कना भयलया \g I said take पठे ल छे रे said ox’sbelt lying is mk को छूट7 गयो। bring what which bullock-cart poss fall went \f Then the children said that one ox’s belt is lying there; I said, ‘Take it, somebody’s bullock’s belt fell down.’ \n 29 \d तो काय क हाऊ अब सब बालक न पोरया/र घोघरा तरफ दे खना मनकया। \g then said that yes now all children mk children ox’sbelt towards saw-and started \f All the children started looking towards the ox’s belt. QUESTION 8 \q Who looked towards the belt? \a Children. \n 30 \d ओतराम एक लचकू आई खोदरा म। \g in-the-meantime one pit came channel in \f In the meantime one pit came in the channel. QUESTION 9 \q In the meantime what came in the channel? \a Pit. \n 31 \d तो मन कय जरा गुट7क ठBक धर7न बFजो। \g then I said once child-mk Right hold \f I said to hold the child carefully and sit. QUESTION 10 \q How did he ask to sit in the cart? \a Carefully. sit Recorded Text Testing \n 119 32 \d तो काय क हाऊ। \g then said that yes \f Then she said yes. \n 33 \d अब जसो लचकू आयो ओसो \g now as-how pit जो उचलाय। came like-that that tossed/skipped \f Then as the pit came the cart skipped. \n 34 \d तो दरु गा अना तीनी तीनी भाय पड7गया। \g then Durga and three three Sisters felldown \f Durga and three sisters fell down. \n 35 \d तो गुडड7 आय गई चाक क भीतर आन \g then child came Went wheel mk In दग ु ाG आयगी बहार न छोटु गुडडु आयगी पीछे । that-time Durga came out and small child came back \f Then a little girl fell inside the wheel and Durga fell outside the cart and the small child fell out the back side. \n 36 \d अब हाऊ खबरागयो। \g now I feared \f I feared. QUESTION 11 \q What did he feel? \a Fear. \n 37 \d दे खो तो गुडड7 9बलकुल चाकम। \g see then child totally wheel-in \f When I looked I saw that the little girl was inside the wheel QUESTION 12 \q Where did the little girl fall down? \a Inside the wheel. \n 38 \d अब राजु पछड से अ0 म उनक राजु राजु राजु दे ोडक अपनी गुडड7 र एहटट7 पडया। \g now Raju back from came I to-him Raju Raju Raju run-mk our child mk fell \f At that time Raju was coming; I said to him, ‘ Raju, run fast, our little girl fell down.’ \n 39 \d अब व आयो आय न दे खअ तो गुडड7 पड7गय। \g now he came came and saw then child fell-down \f He came and saw that the child had fallen down. \n 40 \d अब ओक जसी \g now it उठाय ओसी रडन लग गयी। like-that lift-up like-that crying as-it is \f As he lifted the kid, she started crying. down 120 Appendix B QUESTION 13 \q When he lifted the kid what did she do? \a Cried. \n 41 \d दे खा त खून क धार छूट गये। \g looked then blood mk flow release went \f When I looked the blood was coming. \n 42 \d का रो मन क हाथ पर कय चककर7 िभर \g what happened I said hand on what wheel गये। roll-over went \f Then I said, ‘The wheel might have rolled over her hand.’ \n 43 \d तो काय क िनन भाय \g then said mk no क चकक/र िन िभर7 कय न कावली घड7 गय। brother mk wheel not roll said mk bangle pierce went \f He said, ‘No, the wheel didn’t roll over her hand, but the bangle pierced it.’ QUESTION 14 \q What pierced her hand? \a Bangle. \n 44 \d तो ऊतो खून क धार लगगय सब कपडा भ%जाय गया। \g then there blood poss flow happened all clothe wet past \f Because of the blood’s flow, the whole dress became wet. QUESTION 15 \q Because of the blood, what happened to the dress? \a It became wet. \n 45 \d अर मन क तु जल ्द घर जा सायकल लान सायकल सी ओजार एकअ ले \g and I said you Immediately home go cycle bring cycle by Ojar \f I said, ‘You immediately go home, bring the cycle and take her to Ojar.’ \n 46 \d मन क हाऊ आयरे गाड7 छोड7न। \g I said yes coming-mk cart left \f I said, ‘I will leave the cart and come.’ \n 47 \d तो काय क हाऊ। \g then said that yes \f He said yes. \n 48 \d अव ओसो साईकल लायो \g now like-that cycle अनस साईकल लीन ओजार ली गयो। brought like-that Cycle \f Then he brought the cycle and took her to Ojar. took Ojar take past चल। him/her take go Recorded Text Testing \n 121 49 \d अब घर हम आयो घर आयन गाड माड छोड7 अन ओसो \g now house we came house came-and cart rhym left साईकल न and like-that cycle by \d हम भी गोयो ओजार। \g we too went Ojar \f Then I came home, left the bullock cart and I too went to Ojar by cycle. \n 50 \d ओजार गयो डाकटर क पूछ मन उनक डाकटर साब कोई जयादा कर7 तो न लिगयो। went doctor to asked I to-him doctor sir any very much then no happen \g Ojar \f I went to Ojar and enquired of the doctor whether anything serious happened. \n 51 \d तो कय इकनन कई नय लगेल है कावलेज घडे ल छे । \g then told no-no nothing no happen is bangle pierced is \f He answered, ‘Nothing serious, the bangle just pierced.’ QUESTION 16 \q What did the doctor answer? \a ‘Nothing serious, the bangle just pierced.’ Note: There were a total of 63 sentences in this story. Since the researchers obtained enough test questions from the first 51 sentences, the remaining sentences are not given. Subject Biodata Num Sub-ID Sex Age Education Birthplace Brought up Now How long Mother tongue Lg at home 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 AWL68 AWL69 AWL70 AWL71 AWL72 AWL73 AWL74 AWL75 AWL76 AWL77 M M M F M M F M F F 55 18 63 18 25 28 30 65 65 40 2 10 7 10 5 9 7 10 0 14 Awlia Awlia Bojakhedi Awlia Awlia Itarsi-MH Babli Koladit Borgav Dappi (near Awlia) Awlia Awlia Bojakhedi Awlia Awlia Itarsi-MH Babli Koladit Awlia Awlia Awlia Awlia Awlia Awlia Awlia Bhopal Awlia Awlia Awlia Awlia NA NA 50 yrs NA NA NA 12 yrs 40 yrs 45 yrs NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Num Sub-ID Father's Mt Mother's Mt Spouse's Mt Lived in other place Travel outside Nimad 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 AWL68 AWL69 AWL70 AWL71 AWL72 AWL73 AWL74 AWL75 AWL76 AWL77 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Indore-MP Khandwa-MP Kerala, Bombay No Bhopal, Indore-MP, Jabalpur Itarci, Khandwa-MP NA Jhabua, Khandwa-MP No Khandwa-MP, Sirpur Indore-MP Bhopal-MP Kerala, Bombay Udaipur-MP Jabalpur, Bhopal Bombay, Velanganny-Kerala, Madras-TN Bombay Bombay Indore, Ujjain-MP Bombay, Ujjain-MP 12 2 B.5 Recorded Text Testing in Awlia Appendix B HTT Scores Num 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SubID Sex Age Education Q1 AWL68 M 55 2 10 AWL69 M 18 10 10 AWL70 M 63 7 10 AWL71 F 18 10 10 AWL72 M 25 5 10 AWL73 M 28 9 10 AWL74 F 30 7 10 AWL75 M 65 10 10 AWL76 F 65 0 10 AWL77 F 40 14 10 Note: Since the Leopard Story was validated on Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 10 10 5 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 a previous survey, post-HTT questions were not asked. Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 TTL PCT 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 125 130 140 140 140 140 135 140 140 135 89 93 100 100 100 100 96 100 100 96 Average Score : 98 Standard Deviation : 4 Number : 10 Recorded Text Testing Leopard Story in Awlia 123 Recorded Text Test Scores Num SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 AWL68 AWL69 AWL70 AWL71 AWL72 AWL73 AWL74 AWL75 AWL76 AWL77 M M M F M M F M F F 55 18 63 18 25 28 30 65 65 40 2 10 7 10 5 9 7 10 0 14 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 120 110 120 120 120 110 120 110 120 100 100 92 100 100 100 92 100 92 100 Average Score: 98 Standard Deviation: 4 Number: 10 Post-Recorded Text Test Responses Num SubID 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 AWL68 AWL69 AWL70 AWL71 AWL72 AWL73 AWL74 AWL75 AWL76 AWL77 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Indore Nimad, Bhils adivasis, SC, till the Malvi Nimad Don't know Awlia Awlia Sanawad side Don't know Awlia Khandwa Nimad Don't know QNA NA QNA QNA Word endings NA QNA G. Balrai is living in Khandwa NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA Word NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 12 4 Snake Story in Awlia Appendix B 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 AWL68 AWL69 AWL70 AWL71 AWL72 AWL73 AWL74 AWL75 AWL76 AWL77 Little Difference is there Little Difference is there Little No difference No difference No difference No difference Little QNA Words QNA Words QNA NA NA NA NA Mixing of Hindi words Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully NA NA NA NA Many times NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Snake Snake Snake Both are but Snake Snake Both are same Snake Both are mixed in our village Both are mixed in our village Leopard B.6 Recorded Text Testing in Sonipura Subject Biodata Num Sub-ID Sex Age Education Birthplace Brought up Now How long 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 SNP66 SNP67 SNP68 SNP69 SNP70 SNP71 SNP72 SNP73 SNP74 SNP75 SNP76 SNP77 SNP78 M M M M M M M F F F F F M 21 65 19 22 46 48 30 40 60 28 45 24 23 7 5 6 8 5 7 0 5 0 0 3 0 15 Sonipura Sonipura Bannam Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Mandleshwar Oniar Surwa Banir Sirpala Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Mandleshwar Oniar Surwa Banir Sirpala Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura NA NA 18 yrs NA NA NA NA 20 yrs 40 yrs 15 yrs 25 yrs 6 yrs NA Recorded Text SubID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Testing Num 125 Mother tongue Lg at home Father's Mt Mother's Mt Spouse's Mt Lived in other place Travel outside Nimad SNP66 SNP67 SNP68 SNP69 SNP70 SNP71 SNP72 SNP73 SNP74 SNP75 SNP76 SNP77 SNP78 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi/Hindi Nimadi/Hindi Nimad/Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi/Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No No Barwani No No Indore, Khandwa Indore Malwa, Ujjain Malwa, Ujjain No Ujjain No No Indore Dwarga Chennai, Indore Indore No Jagalur Ujjain, Dewas Dewas Ujjain Surat Indore Ujjain Sagar, Bhopal 12 Sub-ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 6 Num Appendix B Recorded Text Test Scores Num SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 SNP66 SNP67 SNP68 SNP69 SNP70 SNP71 SNP72 SNP73 SNP74 SNP75 SNP76 SNP77 SNP78 M M M M M M M F F F F F M 21 65 19 22 46 48 30 40 60 28 45 24 23 7 5 6 8 5 7 0 5 0 0 3 0 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 120 120 120 120 120 110 120 120 120 120 120 120 100 100 100 100 100 100 92 100 100 100 100 100 100 Average: 99 Standard Deviation: 2 Number: 13 Recorded Text Testing Snake Story in Sonipura 127 Num SubID 1 2a 2b 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 SNP66 SNP67 SNP68 SNP69 SNP70 SNP71 SNP72 SNP73 SNP74 SNP75 SNP76 SNP77 SNP78 Gujarath Gujarath This village Nimad Nimad This village Our village Nimad Nimad NA Nimad Nimad Mahesh Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No NA No No No 12 8 Post-HTT Responses Appendix B Recorded Text Test Scores NO SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 SNP66 SNP67 SNP68 SNP69 SNP71 SNP72 SNP73 SNP74 SNP76 SNP77 SNP78 M M M M M M M F F F M 21 65 19 22 48 30 40 60 45 24 23 7 5 6 8 7 0 5 0 3 0 15 0 10 0 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 5 10 10 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 130 120 130 140 110 135 105 130 105 135 93 93 86 93 100 79 93 75 93 75 96 Average Score: 90 Standard Deviation: 9 Number: 11 Recorded Text Testing Leopard Story in Sonipura 129 Num SubID 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 SNP66 SNP67 SNP68 SNP69 SNP71 SNP72 SNP73 SNP74 SNP76 SNP77 SNP78 Gujarath mixed Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Gujarath Nimad Don’t know Nimad West Nimad Nimad Nimad Nimad Nimad Nimad Nimad I have seen TV programmes in this language Because Nimadi NA NA Style NA NA NA NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Num SubID 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 SNP66 SNP67 SNP68 SNP69 SNP71 SNP72 SNP73 SNP74 SNP76 SNP77 SNP78 Yes No No No No No No No No No Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Words Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully No No NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Sometimes Don’t know NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Snake Both Both Both Snake Snake Both Snake Snake Snake Both 13 0 Post-Recorded Text Test Responses Appendix B Subject Biodata Num Sub-ID Date Sex Age Education Birthplace Brought up Now How long 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BWD01 BWD02 BWD03 BWD04 BWD05 BWD06 BWD07 BWD08 BWD09 BWD10 BWD11 10-Sep-99 10-Sep-99 10-Sep-99 10-Sep-99 10-Sep-99 10-Sep-99 10-Sep-99 10-Sep-99 10-Sep-99 10-Sep-99 10-Sep-99 M M M M M F M M M M F 23 35 68 25 24 50 50 40 32 35 20 14 6 4 8 5 0 1 5 17 0 5 Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada Bhorwada NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Num Sub-ID Mother tongue Lg at home Father's Mt Mother's Mt Spouse's Mt Lived in other place Travel outside Nimad 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BWD01 BWD02 BWD03 BWD04 BWD05 BWD06 BWD07 BWD08 BWD09 BWD10 BWD11 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Dewas-MP, Guj Pithampur Indore, Bhopal-MP No Majdei Indore-MP No No No No Indore-MP Surat-Guj Guj MH Dewas-MP, Haryana Indore-Mhow, Indore-MP Sirpur-MH, Indore-MP Panjawadi -MP Baroda-Guj, Indore-MP Khargone, Indore-MP Recorded Text Testing B.7 Recorded Text Testing in Bhorwada 131 HTT Scores Nu SubID m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BWD0 1 BWD0 2 BWD0 3 BWD0 4 BWD0 5 BWD0 6 BWD0 7 BWD0 8 BWD0 9 BWD1 0 BWD1 1 Se Ag Educatio Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 TT PC x e n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 L T M 23 14 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 150 100 M 35 6 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 145 97 M 68 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 150 100 M 25 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 150 100 M 24 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 150 100 F 50 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 150 100 M 50 1 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 145 97 M 40 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 150 100 M 32 17 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 150 100 M 35 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 150 100 F 20 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 150 100 Average Score: 99 Standard Deviation: 1 Number: 11 13 2 Accident Story in Bhorwada Appendix B Num SubID Sex Age Education 1 2a 2b 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BWD01 BWD02 BWD03 BWD04 BWD05 BWD06 BWD07 BWD08 BWD09 BWD10 BWD11 M M M M M F M M M M F 23 35 68 25 24 50 50 40 32 35 20 14 6 4 8 5 0 1 5 17 0 5 Our village Pratap Singh This village This village Pratap Singh Nimad Don’t know Don’t know Pratap Singh Pratap Singh Don’t know Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Few Hindi words Yes, Adivasi language No No No No No No Few Hindi words No No Snake Story in Bhorwada Recorded Text Test Scores Num SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BWD01 BWD02 BWD03 BWD04 BWD05 BWD06 BWD07 BWD08 BWD09 BWD10 BWD11 M M M M M F M M M M F 23 35 68 25 24 50 50 40 32 35 20 14 6 4 8 5 0 1 5 17 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Average Score: 100 Standard Deviation: 0 Number: 11 Recorded Text Testing Post-HTT Responses 133 Post-Recorded Text Test Responses Num SubID 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BWD01 BWD02 BWD03 BWD04 BWD05 BWD06 BWD07 BWD08 BWD09 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Because this is Nimadi Story is like our style Because I am understanding NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes QNA Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA QNA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10 BWD10 QNA QNA QNA QNA 11 BWD11 Don't know this is different from our speaking I understood Rajpur, Julwania Our Nimad (adivasi) Near villages Nearby villages Nimad This village people saying like this Don’t know Barwani Nearby villages: Rui, Bopalwada, Khedi QNA Don’t know QNA Yes NA Yes NA Num SubID 4a 4b 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BWD01 BWD02 BWD03 BWD04 BWD05 BWD06 BWD07 BWD08 BWD09 BWD10 BWD11 Different Yes Little Little QNA Very different No difference, but some difference Different Little Very difference I don't know We are using Bhilala style for speaking NA Mixing the language Style QNA Different people saying in different way QNA Words and way of speaking Our language is mixed with Nimadi Style and words NA Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully I understood because I knew the language Fully NA NA QNA NA NA NA NA Often NA QNA NA NA NA QNA NA NA NA NA QNA NA QNA NA NA NA QNA I know the places and language QNA 13 4 Snake Story in Bhorwada Appendix B Recorded Text Test Scores ` Num SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BWD01 BWD02 BWD03 BWD04 BWD05 BWD06 BWD07 BWD08 BWD09 BWD10 BWD11 M M M M M F M M M M F 23 35 68 25 24 50 50 40 32 35 20 14 6 4 8 5 0 1 5 17 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 115 140 125 140 130 120 125 125 110 130 93 82 100 89 100 93 86 89 89 79 93 Average Score: 90 Standard Deviation: 7 Number: 11 Recorded Text Testing Leopard Story in Bhorwada 135 Post-Recorded Text Test Responses Num SubID 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 1 2 3 BWD01 BWD02 BWD03 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Style NA NA Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA 4 BWD04 NA No Mixing BWD05 Rajpur Nimad QNA Yes Because Hindi mixed Hindi style No 5 Nimadi/Hindi mixed Nimadi/Hindi Rajpur Nimad From our district Our district Not pure 6 7 8 9 BWD06 BWD07 BWD08 BWD09 Nimadi/Marathi Nimadi Nimadi/Hindi Nimadi Don’t know Our state Our Nimad Near Khargone QNA Yes Yes Yes QNA NA NA NA 10 11 BWD10 BWD11 Not our language Don’t know Don’t know NA QNA QNA NA I went there many times QNA NA NA Yes NA NA QNA Yes Yes Yes (snake story is more pure) NA Yes Half Nimadi and half Hindi QNA NA NA NA Num SubID 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BWD01 BWD02 BWD03 BWD04 BWD05 BWD06 BWD07 BWD08 BWD09 BWD10 BWD11 50% No difference No difference 40% difference Little difference Different Little Little Little Very different Little Word, style NA NA Hindi style QNA QNA QNA Words Way of speaking I couldn't understand QNA Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Less than half Fully Fully Fully Half Fully Many times NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Often NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Accident Accident Three stories but Accident Three stories Accident Accident Three stories Accident Snake Accident QNA NA NA 13 6 Leopard Story in Bhorwada Appendix B Subject Biodata Num Sub-ID Sex Age Education Birthplace Brought up Now How long 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BKD13 BKD14 BKD15 BKD16 BKD17 BKD18 BKD19 BKD20 BKD21 BKD22 BKD23 BKD24 BKD25 M M M F M M M M M M M F F 24 26 20 55 68 60 19 19 50 18 17 45 45 4 5 8 0 0 3 11 10 0 0 11 0 5 Bhilkheda Kukshi Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Kukshi Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Anjhad Jamdhar Kharkheya Bhilkheda Kukshi Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Kukshi Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Anjhad Jamdhar Kharkheya Bhilkheda Balash Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Kukshi Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda NA 1 yrs NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 9 yrs 35 yrs 30 yrs Num Sub-ID Mother tongue Lg at home Father's Mt Mother's Mt Spouse's Mt Lived in other place Travel outside Nimad 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BKD13 BKD14 BKD15 BKD16 BKD17 BKD18 BKD19 BKD20 BKD21 BKD22 BKD23 BKD24 BKD25 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi MP No No No Punasa-MP No Barwani-MP Indore-MP No Barwani-MP Laani-MP Guj No Bombay Pithampur, Indore-MP Khandwa-MP Kasi-UP Punasa-MP Badoda-Guj, Bombay Khargone -MP Dewas, Indore-MP Jaipur-Raj, Allahabad, Khargone-MP Indore-MP Guj No Recorded Text Testing B.8 Recorded Text Testing in Bhilkheda 137 Control Test Scores Num SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BKD13 BKD14 BKD15 BKD16 BKD17 BKD18 BKD19 BKD20 BKD21 BKD22 BKD23 BKD24 BKD25 M M M F M M M M M M M F F 24 26 20 55 68 60 19 19 50 18 17 45 45 4 5 8 0 0 3 11 10 0 0 11 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 120 120 110 110 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 100 100 100 92 92 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Average Score: 99 Standard Deviation: 3 Number: 13 13 8 Snake Story in Bhilkheda Appendix B Num SubID 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BKD13 BKD14 BKD15 BKD16 BKD17 BKD18 BKD19 BKD20 BKD21 BKD22 BKD23 BKD24 BKD25 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Rajpur side Our Nimad Here Nimad, Barwani dist. Nimad Barwani Nimad Barwani Nimad This Nimad, Barwani, Khargone QNA Barwani Don’t know Nimad He went there many times Because it is our language NA NA QNA NA By his language QNA QNA QNA By language NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ys. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Num SubID 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BKD13 BKD14 BKD15 BKD16 BKD17 BKD18 BKD19 BKD20 BKD21 BKD22 BKD23 BKD24 BKD25 Little Little No difference Little No difference No difference No difference No difference No difference No difference No difference Not very clear difference is there, not standard No difference Words QNA NA QNA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA QNA NA Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully 3,4 times NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA They also comes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA QNA Recorded Text Testing Post-Recorded Text Test Responses 139 Recorded Text Test Scores Num SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 BKD13 BKD14 BKD15 BKD16 BKD18 BKD19 BKD20 BKD21 BKD22 BKD23 BKD24 BKD25 M M M F M M M M M M F F 24 26 20 55 60 19 19 50 18 17 45 45 4 5 8 0 3 11 10 0 0 11 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 140 130 135 135 140 130 135 130 140 110 130 100 100 93 96 96 100 93 96 93 100 76 93 Average Score: 95 Standard Deviation: 6 Number: 12 14 0 Leopard Story in Bhilkheda Appendix B SubID 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BKD13 BKD14 BKD15 BKD16 BKD17 BKD18 BKD19 BKD20 BKD21 BKD22 BKD23 BKD24 BKD25 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Rajpur Don’t know Nimad Nimad NA Khargone Barwani Nimad Barwani QNA Barwani QNA This Nimad I went there NA NA NA NA Style Language NA Language is same NA Same language NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes NA Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Hindi mixed NA NA NA NA NA Num SubID 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BKD13 BKD14 BKD15 BKD16 BKD17 BKD18 BKD19 BKD20 BKD21 BKD22 BKD23 BKD24 BKD25 Little difference Very different Little difference Little difference NA No difference No difference No difference No difference No difference Little difference No difference No difference Words Words Words Style NA NA NA NA NA QNA QNA NA NA Fully Fully Fully Fully NA Fully Fully Fully Fully Half Fully Fully Fully Many times NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Often NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Leopard Snake Snake Both NA QNA Leopard Snake Snake Snake Leopard Snake Both but snake Recorded Text Num Testing Post-Recorded Text Test Responses 141 Subject Biodata Num Sub-ID Sex Age Education Birthplace Brought up Now How long 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 JMK12 JMK13 JMK14 JMK15 JMK16 JMK17 JMK18 JMK19 JMK20 JMK21 M M M M M M M F M M 48 42 29 23 29 45 50 70 55 30 10 10 3 7 10 5 0 0 1 0 Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Barwah Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Barwah Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 60 yrs NA NA Num Sub- Mother Lg at Father's Mother's Spouse's Lived in other ID tongue home Mt Mt Mt place 1 2 3 4 5 JMK12 JMK13 JMK14 JMK15 JMK16 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi/Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi 6 7 8 9 10 JMK17 JMK18 JMK19 JMK20 JMK21 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi QNA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Sanavad Dewas Barwani, Indore Indore, Ujjain, Ratlam No Many places No Kharod No Travel outside Nimad No Dewas, Gujarath Indore, Gujarath Ratlam, Dhulia Delhi, Pavgadh No Onkar-MH No Pavagad Indore, Gujarath, Dewas, Pavagad 14 2 B.9 Recorded Text Testing in Jajamkhedi Appendix B Control Test Scores Num SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 JMK12 JMK13 JMK14 JMK15 JMK16 JMK17 JMK18 JMK19 JMK20 JMK21 M M M M M M M F M M 48 42 29 23 29 45 50 70 55 30 10 10 3 7 10 5 0 0 1 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 120 120 120 120 110 120 110 120 120 100 100 100 100 100 92 100 92 100 100 Average Score: 98 Standard Deviation: 4 Number: 10 Recorded Text Testing Snake Story Scores 143 Post-Recorded Text Test Responses Num SubID 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 JMK12 JMK13 JMK14 JMK15 JMK16 JMK17 JMK18 JMK19 JMK20 JMK21 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Village style is Manawar Nimad Nimad Nimad Nimad Khargone and Dhar districts This village Nimad village QNA Nimad Don’t know Could be this village or Manawar NA QNA NA It speaks like this in these Nimads Because I understood all QNA QNA QNA NA Yes Yes Yes we are speaking like this Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Num SubID 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 JMK12 JMK13 JMK14 JMK15 JMK16 JMK17 JMK18 JMK19 JMK20 JMK21 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Little No difference QNA Very different Little No difference No difference QNA Little Little Pronunciation, uneducated voice NA No Word He has no fluency and he stopped many places. NA NA NA Speech style Way of speaking Fully Fully Fully 99% Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully This Nimad NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 14 4 Snake Story in Jajamkhedi Appendix B Recorded Text Test Scores Num SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 JMK12 JMK13 JMK14 JMK15 JMK16 JMK18 JMK20 JMK21 M M M M M M M M 48 42 29 23 29 50 55 30 10 10 3 7 10 0 1 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 125 130 100 115 130 140 135 130 89 93 71 82 93 100 96 93 Average Score: 90 Standard Deviation: 9 Number: 8 Post-Recorded Text Test Responses SubID 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 JMK12 JMK13 JMK14 JMK15 JMK16 JMK18 JMK20 JMK21 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Dhar dist. Nimadi villages This Nimad Ratlam Khargone, Dhulkot, Khandwa, Burhanpur, Barwani, Nimad Nimad Don’t know It is his Nimad NA QNA QNA NA NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Num SubID 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 JMK12 JMK13 JMK14 JMK15 JMK16 JMK18 JMK20 JMK21 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes. 5% mixed with Hindi Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA No difference No difference No difference Little 7% different No difference Little No difference NA NA NA Style Little Hindi also came NA NA NA Fully Fully Fully Half (50%) Fully Fully Half only Fully NA NA NA QNA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA QNA NA NA NA NA Both Snake Both Snake Both, but snake Both Both Snake 145 Num Recorded Text Testing Leopard Story in Jajamkhedi Subject Biodata Num Sub-ID Sex Age Education Birthplace Brought up Now How long 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SRP01 SRP02 SRP03 SRP04 SRP05 SRP06 SRP07 SRP08 SRP09 SRP10 SRP11 SRP12 SRP13 SRP14 SRP15 SRP16 M F F M M M M M M M M M M M F F 62 58 24 44 50 70 35 80 64 64 35 39 22 15 27 25 10 3 8 15 3 0 5 3 10 2 2 11 5 8 7 7 Nihalwadi Pandhana Javar Sirpur Sirpur Sheda Sirpur Amalpura Sirpur Sirpur Gundai Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Satnapatija Mathni Nihalwadi Pandhana Javar Sirpur Sirpur Sheda Sirpur Amalpura Sirpur Sirpur Gundai Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Satnapatija Mathni Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur Sirpur 23 yrs 22 yrs 7 yrs NA NA 60 yrs NA 75 yrs NA NA 30 yrs NA NA NA 9 yrs 13 yrs 14 6 B.10 Recorded Text Testing in Sirpur Appendix B Mother ID tongue 1 SRP01 Nimadi 2 SRP02 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Lg at home Father's Mother's Mother Spouse's Lived in other Travel outside Mt tongue Mt place Nimad Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Jhabua Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Awlia SRP03 SRP04 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Jhabua-MP SRP05 SRP06 SRP07 SRP08 SRP09 SRP10 SRP11 SRP12 SRP13 SRP14 SRP15 SRP16 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi/Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi MH No No No No No No Khandwa Indore No No No Kerala, Madras-TN, Delhi Burhanpur-MP, Bangalore Sendhwa-MP Delhi (widely travelled) MH Khandwa -MP No Bhopal-MP Widely travelled Bhopal, Gwalior Indore Jhansi, Surat Bhopal Khandwa Khandwa Bhopal Recorded Text Sub- Testing Num 147 Num SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SRP01 SRP02 SRP03 SRP04 SRP05 SRP06 SRP07 SRP08 SRP09 SRP10 SRP11 SRP12 SRP13 SRP14 SRP15 SRP16 M F F M M M M M M M M M M M F F 62 58 24 44 50 70 35 80 64 64 35 39 22 15 27 25 10 3 8 15 3 0 5 3 10 2 2 11 5 8 7 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 5 10 10 10 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 140 140 125 140 130 140 140 140 135 125 130 140 140 140 120 135 100 100 89 100 93 100 100 100 96 89 93 100 100 100 86 96 Average Score: 96 Standard Deviation: 5 Number: 16 14 8 Control Test Scores Appendix B SubID 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SRP01 SRP02 SRP03 SRP04 SRP05 SRP06 SRP07 SRP08 SRP09 SRP10 SRP11 SRP12 SRP13 SRP14 SRP15 SRP16 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi G. Balrai Khandwa Nimad Khandwa Khandwa Nimad Nimad Nimad Nimad Nimad Nimad Khandwa Khargone Don’t know Don’t know Nimad Same language Experience NA Experience NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Language QNA NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA No difference Little difference Little difference Little difference Little difference No difference Little difference No difference Little difference No difference QNA Little difference Little difference QNA No difference No difference NA Words Words NA Words, style NA High caste language NA Word, style NA NA Words We are mixing Hindi NA NA NA Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully NA NA Often Often Often NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Recorded Text Num Testing Post-Recorded Text Test Responses 149 Recorded Text Test Scores Num SubID Sex Age Education Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 TTL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SRP01 SRP02 SRP03 SRP04 SRP05 SRP06 SRP07 SRP08 SRP09 SRP10 SRP11 SRP12 SRP13 SRP14 SRP15 SRP16 M F F M M M M M M M M M M M F F 62 58 24 44 50 70 35 80 64 64 35 39 22 15 27 25 10 3 8 15 3 0 5 3 10 2 2 11 5 8 7 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 120 110 120 120 120 120 120 120 110 120 120 120 120 120 120 100 100 92 100 100 100 100 100 100 92 100 100 100 100 100 100 Average Score: 99 Standard Deviation: 3 Number: 16 15 0 Snake Story in Sirpur Appendix B SubID 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SRP01 SRP02 SRP03 SRP04 SRP05 SRP06 SRP07 SRP08 SRP09 SRP10 SRP11 SRP12 SRP13 SRP14 SRP15 SRP16 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Khandwa Nimad Nimad Between Khargone and Khandwa Khandwa Khandwa Don’t know Nimad Nimad Nimad Nimad Khargone Khargone Don’t know Don’t know Don’t know Un educated style NA NA Language Language NA NA NA NA NA NA QNA Experience NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Hindi mixed NA NA NA NA Num SubID 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SRP01 SRP02 SRP03 SRP04 SRP05 SRP06 SRP07 SRP08 SRP09 SRP10 SRP11 SRP12 SRP13 SRP14 SRP15 SRP16 Little difference Little difference Little difference No difference Little difference Very different Little difference No difference Yes No difference QNA Little difference Yes Very different No difference No difference Word ending We speak mixed language Words NA Words, style We are mixing Hindi NR NA This is high caste style NA NA Hindi mixed Words Words NA NA Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully NA NA NA NA Often NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Leopard Leopard Snake Leopard Leopard Leopard Snake Story Snake Story Both Both Snake Snake Leopard Leopard Snake Both Recorded Text Num Testing Post-Recorded Text Test Responses 151 152 Appendix C Appendix C: Sentence Repetition Testing C.1 Hindi Sentence Repetition Test Sentences Sub ID: Name: Sex: Age: Education: P1. कल मH बमबई ् जाऊँगा। P2. मुझको जंगल पसंद है । P3. हम% हसाब चुकाना है । 1. लेकन मH खाली हाथ आया। 2. ूकाश ने सोचा मH क् या कJँ?। 3. वह लड़का बहुत चंचल है । 4. हमने जला हुआ मकान दे खा। 5. उसने कहा क बचचे ् को मत छू। 6. सार7 तैया/रयाँ कल तक क5 जाएँ। 7. ऐश करते-करते वह आलसी हो जाएगा। 8. वहाँ लोग भीड़ लगाए खड़े थे। 9. यद7 ठं ड लग रह7 हो तो ,खड़क बनद् कर ली,जए। 10. दन भर अकेले रहने से वह ऊबने लगा। 11. कल रात मचछर थे, इस कारण मH सो नह7ं सका। ् बहुत ज़य़ादा ् 12. जैसा क NHने सुना था, कई लोग िशकायत कर रहे थे। 13. उन छोटे अOर. को पढ़ते-पढ़ते मेर7 आँख% दख ु ने लगी। 14. तब उसने कहा क जी हाँ मH इस कताब से बहुत ूभा9वत हूँ। 15. अगर संभव हो तो आप बाल-बचच. ् को भी द7वाली मनाने के िलए साथ लाएँ। Sentence Repetition Testing 153 C.2 Hindi SRT Scoring Key General comments: 1. Gender, number and tense are clearly marked in Hindi on the verb; thus, any variation of vowels, nasalisation and often consonant combination will change the meaning. 2. There are Urdu/Hindi words which are interchangeable. Where they do not change the meaning, one for the other is not counted wrong. These are noted in the elaborated transcription of the final SRT form. Specific comments: 1. The following chart summarises the scoring system and suggests ways to mark the different type of errors. Such markings are used on the training sheets. 3 points Perfect, no error in the sentence 2 points One error in the sentence 1 points Two errors in the sentence 0 points Three or more errors in the sentence o A word omitted from the sentence w A wrong word or word ending (grammatical error), including s word substituted for another > or < Any change of word order (counts as one error) ~~ A word distorted so as to alter meaning + A word or phrase added to sentence R A word or phrase repeated (counts as one error) 2. For repeated words, if it was just a trip up and they corrected and went, on the researchers tended not to count this as mistake. If they intentionally repeated, the researchers did, or if they repeated the word elsewhere in the sentence. 3. When a phrase was misplaced either forward (<) or backward (>), the researchers counted it only as one mistake for the sentence, not one mistake per word. 4. Sometimes if the sentence was full of errors, the researchers just drew a squiggly line under it, not noting each error. Or if the subject simply “died” on the sentence (stopped trying or never said anything) the researchers simply drew a straight line under it. 5. The rest of the specific comments can be found detailed for each sentence in the elaborated transcription of the final SRT form. Subject Biodata and Scores Sex Age Education S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 TTL Level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 M M M M F F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F M F M F F M 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2+ 2+ 3 2 1 3+ 3+ 3 3+ 2+ 4 3+ 3 2+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 3 3 1+ 2+ 3+ 3 2+ 3 3 2+ AWL16 AWL17 AWL18 AWL19 AWL20 AWL21 AWL22 AWL23 AWL24 AWL25 AWL26 AWL27 AWL28 AWL29 AWL30 AWL31 AWL32 AWL33 AWL34 AWL35 AWL36 AWL37 AWL38 AWL39 AWL40 AWL41 AWL42 AWL43 AWL44 29 35 19 63 50 56 23 24 43 42 30 34 28 45 45 62 64 43 40 56 19 58 50 55 25 30 28 19 65 15 11 3 7 6 0 10 8 5 6 4 2 5 3 5 3 4 3 3 10 8 0 0 3 12 18 12 10 12 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 0 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 0 2 0 0 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 0 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 0 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 0 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 3 3 0 0 2 3 2 3 0 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 3 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 0 0 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 3 1 0 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 1 2 1 0 3 2 0 3 3 3 2 0 3 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 2 3 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 2 1 0 2 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 0 3 2 2 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 27 25 24 28 18 6 31 35 30 32 25 38 35 26 24 34 23 32 25 26 27 12 21 34 31 25 26 28 22 Appendix C Num SubID 15 4 C.3 Sentence Repetition Testing in Awlia S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 TTL Level 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 M F F M F F F F F M M M M M M M F M F F F F M M M M M M F M F F F 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 1 0 0 3 0 3 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 0 0 3 0 3 2 3 1 1 2 2+ 3 1+ 1+ 2+ 3 3+ 0+ 1 2 1+ 3 1+ 2+ 0+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 2 1+ 1 3 1+ 3 1+ 2+ 0+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 2 1+ AWL45 AWL46 AWL47 AWL48 AWL49 AWL50 AWL51 AWL52 AWL53 AWL54 AWL55 AWL56 AWL57 AWL58 AWL59 AWL60 AWL61 AWL62 AWL63 AWL64 AWL65 AWL66 AWL67 AWL56 AWL57 AWL58 AWL59 AWL60 AWL61 AWL62 AWL63 AWL64 AWL65 65 45 70 70 60 61 41 28 60 70 30 20 25 65 35 75 45 55 25 21 30 40 60 20 25 65 35 75 45 55 25 21 30 3 0 4 0 0 4 8 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 5 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 5 0 0 1 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 0 0 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 2 3 3 3 0 2 3 3 0 3 0 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 3 0 0 1 0 3 3 3 2 0 3 2 3 0 1 0 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 3 2 2 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 3 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 3 0 1 2 1 0 0 3 3 2 0 1 1 0 3 3 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 3 1 1 3 0 0 3 3 3 0 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 3 3 3 0 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 2 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 25 28 8 13 24 28 35 0 6 14 13 26 9 23 3 12 12 23 17 8 4 28 13 26 9 23 3 12 12 23 17 8 Sentence Repetition Sex Age Education Testing Num SubID 155 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 TTL Level 51 52 F M 1 3 1 3 AWL66 AWL67 40 60 3 4 0 2 0 0 2 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 1 0 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 28 15 Sex Age Education 6 Num SubID Appendix C Subject Biodata and Scores Num SubID Sex Age Education S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 TTL Level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 M M M M F M F F M M F M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 3+ 3+ 3 2 2+ 1+ 0+ 3 1+ 3+ 3 2+ 3+ 3 2 2 1+ 1 4 2+ 2+ 3+ 1 3 3+ 3+ 1+ 1+ SNP17 SNP18 SNP19 SNP20 SNP21 SNP22 SNP23 SNP24 SNP25 SNP26 SNP27 SNP28 SNP29 SNP30 SNP31 SNP32 SNP33 SNP34 SNP35 SNP36 SNP37 SNP38 SNP39 SNP40 SNP41 SNP42 SNP43 SNP44 SNP45 18 51 36 38 30 22 35 22 18 70 30 54 55 22 18 26 55 50 26 18 25 22 18 45 34 30 36 54 27 7 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 10 6 0 8 7 3 1 0 0 9 8 10 9 10 12 1 7 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 0 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 2 3 0 0 3 0 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 0 1 3 3 0 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 0 0 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 0 0 0 3 2 3 1 0 3 3 3 0 0 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 3 2 2 3 2 1 0 0 0 3 1 1 3 0 2 3 3 0 0 2 3 3 3 0 2 0 0 3 0 3 2 2 3 3 0 1 0 1 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 3 0 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 0 0 3 0 2 3 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 0 3 3 3 1 0 3 3 2 3 1 0 0 0 3 0 2 3 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 3 2 2 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 3 1 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 3 3 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 33 37 31 16 24 9 1 29 8 35 27 21 33 28 17 14 12 7 41 20 21 37 6 32 34 35 11 8 Sentence Repetition Testing C.4 Sentence Repetition Testing in Sonipura 157 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 TTL Level 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 F F M F F M F M M M M M F F F M M F M 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 3 3 1 2 2+ 3 1+ 1 0+ 2 2+ 3 3 1+ 2 1+ 3 2 3+ 3 3 SNP46 SNP47 SNP49 SNP50 SNP51 SNP52 SNP53 SNP54 SNP55 SNP56 SNP57 SNP58 SNP59 SNP60 SNP61 SNP62 SNP63 SNP64 SNP65 65 45 36 33 60 45 40 20 22 45 30 35 26 18 18 30 35 40 50 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 5 0 2 5 4 0 0 8 0 3 5 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 2 3 0 2 3 3 3 1 0 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 2 3 2 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 3 1 2 3 1 2 0 2 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 2 2 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 2 1 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 17 24 32 11 5 2 19 23 28 31 12 15 9 27 17 34 28 32 15 Sex Age Education 8 Num SubID Appendix C Questionnaires 159 Appendix D: Questionnaires D.1 Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality Questionnaire A. Interview Information 1. Date: 2. Name: 3. Age: 4. Gender: 5. Education: 6.a. Birthplace: b. Brought up: c. Current residence: d. (If moved from a distance) How long in current place: 7.a. Mother tongue: b. Language in home: 8. Spouses MT: 9. Mother’s MT: 10. Father’s MT: 11. Lived or stayed in another place: 12. Travel outside area; how often: 13. Researchers: B. Language Use 1a. What languages do you use in the home? 1b. What language do you speak out in the village with villagers? 1c. What language do you speak in the market? 1d. What language do you speak with Government officials? 1e. What language do you speak with outsiders? 1f. What language do you speak in your private prayer? (Temple, Mosque, and Church) 160 Appendix D C. Language Attitudes 2. Do young people in your village speak Nimadi as well as old people? 3. Do men in your village speak Nimadi as purely as women? 4. Where is the pure Nimadi spoken? 7. Do the young people in your village feel good about Nimadi? D. Bilingual Proficiency 5a. Can the children speak Hindi well? 5b. (If yes) In what situation? E. Marriage 8. Will you allow your son/daughter to marry one who does not know Nimadi? F. Vitality 6. What language do children learn to speak first? 9. Hindi and Nimadi, which one do you like? 10. Is Nimadi as important as Hindi? 15a. Do you think your grandchildren (after 100 years) will speak Nimadi? Or when the children of this village grow up and have children, do you think they will continue to use your Nimadi? 15b. If they don’t speak—good thing or bad thing? G. Language development and literacy 11a. Are there any books in Nimadi? 11b. Are there any cassettes in Nimadi? 11c. Are there any radio/television programmes in Nimadi? 12. If there is a school in Nimadi medium, would you like to send your children? 13a. (To literate) If you have books and newspapers in Nimadi, do you like to read them? 13b. (To illiterate) If there are books in Nimadi and you know how to read, would you like to read those books? 14. If there is a literacy class in your village: 14a. (to literate) would you help? 14b. (to illiterate) would you go? Subject Biodata Num Sub-ID Sex Age Education Birthplace Brought up 1 2 AWL01 M 35 11 AWL02 M 19 3 3 4 AWL03 M 63 7 AWL04 F 50 6 5 6 7 8 9 AWL05 M AWL06 M AWL07 F AWL08 F AWL09 F 23 45 58 25 65 10 11 12 13 14 15 AWL10 M AWL11 M AWL12 F AWL13 F AWL14 F AWL15 M 70 30 21 25 30 30 Now How Mother long tongue Lg at home Father's Mother's Mt Mt Spouse's Lived in other Mt place Travel outside Nimad Awlia Awlia Awlia 30 yrs Nimadi Awlia NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Bihar NA Bhopal Silvassa (Guj) Indore, Bhopal Awlia Anuch Awlia NA Nimadi Awlia 40 yrs Nimadi Nimadi No Hindi No Indore Bombay Awlia Awlia Awlia Awlia Bagawa Awlia NA Awlia NA Awlia NA Awlia NA Awlia 50yrs Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi, Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi NA NA 10 3 0 14 4 Kharwa Don't know Awlia Don't know Awlia Awlia Awlia Awlia Sirpur Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi Nimadi NA Nimadi Nimadi No No Mumbai Khandwa Jhabua 0 0 0 5 0 0 Abuth Awlia Awlia Dhanora Harva Awlia Awlia Awlia Awlia Dhanora Harva Awlia Awlia 35yrs Awlia NA Awlia NA Awlia 5yrs Awlia 20yrs Awlia NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Indore No Punasa No No Nimadi Nimadi NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Indore Indore Mumbai Barwani Mumbai, Chennai, Jaipur and Delhi No Khandwa Indore Bhopal Khandwa Delhi and Agra, Madhura Questionn aires D.2 Questionnaires in Awlia 161 Num SubID Sex Age Education 1 AWL01 M 35 11 2 AWL02 M 19 3 3 4 5 AWL03 M 63 7 AWL04 F 50 6 AWL05 M 23 10 6 AWL06 M 45 3 7 AWL07 F 58 0 8 AWL08 F 25 14 9 AWL09 F 65 4 10 AWL10 M 70 0 11 AWL11 M 30 0 12 AWL12 F 21 0 13 AWL13 F 25 5 14 AWL14 F 30 0 15 AWL15 M 60 4 1a 1b 1c Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi 1d 1e 1f 2 3 4 5a 5b Hindi Hindi Yes Yes DhadviYes With outsiders Khandwa(dist) Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Hindi Nimadi Hindi Yes No All villages of Yes With others Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Yes Yes Rajputs, all villages Yes Market, with others Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Yes Yes Don't know Yes Market and officials Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Yes Yes All villages of Yes Those who know Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Yes No Khandwa Yes Depends on the situation Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Yes Yes Only in villages Yes Depends on the situation Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi\English Hindi Yes No Backward class Yes With officials and with people children Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Hindi Hindi\Nimadi\Bhilali Hindi Yes Yes All villages Yes Those who do not know Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi Hindi Yes Yes Villagers Yes With officials, outsiders Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Nearest villages No NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Nearest villages Yes With officials Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Hindi Nimadi Yes Yes All villages of Yes Those who do not Nimad know Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Nimadi Nimad No NA Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Hindi Hindi Nimadi Yes Yes Khandwa Yes officials and in market 16 2 Questionnaire Responses in Awlia Appendix D Num SubID 6 7 8 9 10 11a 11b 11c 12 13a 13b 14a 14b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AWL01 AWL02 AWL03 AWL04 AWL05 AWL06 AWL07 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes with Hindi Yes if Catholics No Yes with Hindi Yes Yes only with Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Don't know Yes Don't know Yes Yes Don't know Yes Don't know Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Don't know Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 AWL08 AWL09 AWL10 AWL11 AWL12 AWL13 AWL14 AWL15 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes If they are rich Yes No No No Yes Don't know Yes Hindi Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Don't know Don't know Don't know NR Don’t know Yes Yes Yes Don't know Don't know Don't know NR Don't know Yes Yes Yes Don't know Don't know Don't know Yes Don't know Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA Yes NA NA Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NR Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Yes 15a 15b Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Can't say Good thing Good thing Good thing Good thing Not good Not bad Nimadi will be there NA Yes NA No Good thing NA Yes NA Yes Good thing Yes NA Yes Yes Good thing Yes NA Yes Who knows Good thing NA Yes NA Yes Good thing Yes NA Yes Yes Bad thing Yes NA Yes Yes Good thing NA Yes NA Yes Good thing Questionn aires Questionnaire Responses in Awlia (cont.) 163 Subject Biodata Num Sub-ID Sex Age Education Birthplace Brought up Now How Mother long tongue 1 2 SNP01 M 18 7 SNP02 M 51 7 Padlia Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura 18yrs Nimadi Sonipura NA Nimadi 3 4 5 6 7 8 SNP03 M SNP04 F SNP05 M SNP06 F SNP07 M SNP08 M Sonipura Aujangav Sirkhani Umarkhanol Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura Aujangav Sirkhani Umarkhanol Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura NA Sonipura 25 yrs Sonipura 10yrs Sonipura 5yrs Sonipura NA Sonipura NA 36 30 22 22 18 70 3 0 4 0 9 0 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Lg at home Father's Mother's Spouse's Lived in other Mt Mt Mt Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Ratlam Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Indore, Khandwa Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi NA No Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No 9 SNP09 F 30 10 10 SNP10 M 54 6 Mandleshwar Mandleshwar Sonipura 10yrs Nimadi Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No 11 12 13 14 15 Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura NA Ilakin Ilakin Sonipura 40 yrs Sonipura Sonipura Sonipura NA Umarkhadi Umarkhadi Sonipura 18 yrs Mandleshwar Mandleshwar Sonipura 30 yrs Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi SNP11 M SNP12 F SNP13 M SNP14 F SNP15 F 26 50 26 33 40 3 0 0 2 5 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Travel outside Nimad place No No No No No Mumbai Jalgar Ajmeer Ujjain Indore Pavagadh (Gujrath) No Badarinath (UP), Dorgub (Gujrath) Nasik Bombay, Kathmandu (Nepal) Ujjain Jhabua, Indore Indore Indore, Ujjain Dewas, Indore, Dhar 16 4 D.3 Questionnaires in Sonipura Appendix D Num SubID Sex Age Education 1a 1b 1c Hindi 1d Hindi 1e 1f 2 3 4 1 SNP01 M 18 7 Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Nimadi Yes No Khargone district 2 SNP02 M 51 7 Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Nimadi Yes Yes Khargone district 3 SNP03 M 36 3 Nimadi Nimadi 4 5 6 7 SNP04 F SNP05 M SNP06 F SNP07 M 0 4 0 9 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi 8 SNP08 M 70 0 Nimadi Nimadi 9 SNP09 F 30 10 Nimadi Nimadi 10 SNP10 M 54 6 Nimadi Nimadi 11 SNP11 M 26 3 Nimadi Nimadi 12 SNP12 F 50 0 Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes All villages of Nimad Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Khargone Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Sonipura Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes No All villages Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Khargone district Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Khargone district Hindi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Sanskrit\Hindi Yes Yes All surrounding villages Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes All surrounding villages Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Yes Yes All Nimadi villages Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes All villages 13 SNP13 M 26 0 14 SNP14 M 36 10 15 SNP15 F 33 2 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi NA Nimadi 16 SNP16 F 40 5 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi 30 22 22 18 Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Nimadi NA Hindi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Nimadi NA Nimadi Nimadi NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes All villages NA NA NA Yes Yes Umarkalli (Khargone) Yes Yes All villages 5a 5b 6 7 Yes Govt officials, bank, town, school and school Yes Officials and with educated Yes Town and officials No NA No NA No NA Yes In house, village No NA Nimadi Yes Yes With children Hindi Yes Nimadi Yes Hindi Yes Nimadi Yes Nimadi Yes Nimadi Yes Nimadi Yes Nimadi Yes No Speaks little Nimadi Yes Yes With outsiders Yes With outsiders No NA NA NA Yes With officials Yes With outsiders Nimadi Yes Nimadi Yes Nimadi Yes NA NA Nimadi Yes Nimadi Yes Questionn aires Questionnaire Responses in Sonipura 165 Num SubID 8 1 2 SNP01 If same caste SNP02 Yes (with Hindi) 3 9 10 11a 11b 11c 12 13a 13b 14a 14b 15a 15b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA Yes NA Yes Yes Yes NA Yes NA Yes SNP03 If same religion Both Hindi because easy Hindi Yes Yes Yes Yes 4 SNP04 No only with Nimadis Nimadi 5 6 SNP05 No SNP06 No Nimadi QNA 7 SNP07 No (with Nimadi or Hindi Nimadi only) SNP08 No Nimadi Yes Don't Don't know know NA Yes Yes QNA Don't Don't know know Yes Don't Yes know Yes Don't Don't know know Yes Yes Yes Yes Don't Yes know Yes Don't Yes know Yes Don't Yes know Yes Don't Yes know NA NA NA Yes Don't now Yes Yes Don't Yes know Yes Yes NA NA Yes Yes but Hindi will be Good there Yes NA Yes NA Yes Yes Good thing 8 9 SNP09 No 10 SNP10 No Hindi Nimadi 11 SNP11 Yes Nimadi 12 SNP12 Yes Nimadi 13 SNP13 Yes with Hindi Nimadi 14 SNP14 NA 15 SNP15 Yes 16 SNP16 No NA Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Bad thing Not bad Don't know Yes Yes NA Yes NA Yes Yes Don't Yes NA Yes NA Yes Yes know Yes 7:30, Yes Yes NA Yes NA Yes Not good What is there Don't know Yes Yes Yes NA No NA Yes Yes Yes Yes NA Yes Yes NA No Yes NA Yes NA Yes Who speaks Nimadi here Good thing Good thing Yes Yes Yes NA Yes NA Yes Good thing Yes Yes Na Yes Na No Yes Good thing Yes Yes NA No NA Yes Yes Good thing NA Yes Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA No Yes NA Yes NA Yes No Yes NA Yes NA No NA Good thing Bad thing Good thing 16 6 Questionnaire Responses in Sonipura Appendix D Subject Biodata Num Sub-ID Sex Age Education Birthplace Brought up Now How Mother Lg at Father's Mother's Spouse's Lived in other long tongue home Mt Mt Mt place 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 BKD01 M BKD02 M BKD03 M BKD04 M BKD05 M BKD06 M BKD07 M 25 24 50 45 28 60 36 8 4 4 3 17 0 6 Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda NA Kujur Kujur Bhilkheda 12 yrs Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda NA Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda NA Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda NA Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda NA Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Maharashtra No Dewas-MP No No No 8 9 10 11 12 BKD08 M BKD09 M BKD10 F BKD11 F BKD12 F 65 35 55 45 45 0 0 0 0 0 Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda NA Rajpur Bhilkheda Bhilkheda NA Bhilkheda Bhilkheda Bhilkheda NA Jhamdhar Jhamdhar Bhilkheda 35yrs Kukshi Kukshi Bhilkheda 35yrs Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Lucknow-UP No No Guj No Travel outside Nimad Indore-MP Mumbai Ahemedabad-Guj Dewas-MP Indore-MP Khandwa-MP Bhopal, Amarkhand MP Bombay, Lucknow-UP Amarkhand-MP Kasi-UP Guj No Questionn aires D.4 Questionnaires in Bhilkheda 167 Num SubID Sex Age Education 1a 1b 1c 1d 1 BKD01 M 25 8 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Hindi 2 BKD02 M 24 4 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Hindi 3 BKD03 M 50 4 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi 4 5 BKD04 M 45 3 BKD05 M 28 15 6 7 8 BKD06 M 60 0 BKD07 M 36 6 BKD08 M 65 0 1e 1f 2 3 4 With educated Hindi, Nimadi villagers Nimadi With educated Hindi, Nimadi villagers Nimadi Yes Yes Yes Yes Nimadi Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi 9 BKD09 M 35 0 10 BKD10 F 55 0 11 BKD11 F 45 0 Nimadi Nimadi Yes With educated Hindi, Nimadi Yes, young with uneducated are mixing Nimadi Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi\Hindi Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Lot of difference Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes but educated speak good QNA Yes 12 BKD12 F 45 0 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Don’t know Yes Village No, difference Village is there Yes Here Yes Don’t know Yes but Nimad educated speak good Yes Khargone Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Our village, Palya, Khatura Our village, Palya, Khatura Nimad (Bhils are speaking differently) Anjhad Barwani town 16 8 Questionnaire Responses in Bhilkheda Appendix D Num SubID 1 5a 5b 4 Those who even speak Hindi BKD02 Little Those who even speak Hindi BKD03 Yes (but he is speaking NR Nimadi only) BKD04 Not answered NA 5 BKD05 Yes 6 7 BKD06 No BKD07 Yes 2 3 8 9 BKD01 Little If anyone knows Hindi NA According to the situations NA NA BKD08 No BKD09 Yes Hindi and Nimadi are same 10 BKD10 No, I didn't study how NA can I speak) 11 BKD11 No NA 12 BKD12 No NA 6 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi 7 8 Young are No only with Nimadi influenced by Hindi Young are No only with Nimadi influenced by Hindi Yes No only with Nimadi 9 10 Nimadi and QNA Hindi Nimadi and QNA Hindi Nimadi Both are same NA NA Not answered properly Nimadi, in school Hindi Nimadi Nimadi because MT) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mostly not, only with in nearest Nimadi place No Nimadi No Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi (what I am speaking that) Whatever we speak Yes Yes No if I can No Yes Yes Both are same NA Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes We expected educated one but we got uneducated. Yes May happen Nimadi Both are same Nimadi NA Nimadi NA Yes Yes Yes Questionn aires Questionnaire Responses in Bhilkheda (cont.) 169 Num SubID 11a 1 BKD01 Yes 2 BKD02 Yes 3 BKD03 Don’t know BKD04 Don’t know 4 11b Yes but I don't have Yes but I don't have Songs are there Don’t know 5 BKD05 Don’t Yes know 6 BKD06 QNA Don’t know 7 BKD07 Don’t Yes know 8 BKD08 NA NA 9 BKD09 NA Yes (songs) 10 BKD10 NA Don’t know 11 BKD11 Don’t know 12 BKD12 Don’t know Don’t know Don’t know 11c 12 Yes but don't know the time Yes of course Yes but don't know the time Yes of course Yes at 9PM Nimadi is different 13a 13b 14a 14b 15a 15b Hindi first for reading easily Hindi first for reading easily Both Hindi, Nimadi Yes NA Yes NA Yes Good thing NA Yes NA Yes Good thing NA Yes NA NA Nimadi speech is good It won't change Yes NA Yes (adult NA education was there but stopped) Yes (villagers are NA not interested.) Nimadi and Hindi Nimadi QNA QNA QNA QNA I can't say lot Nimadi will be of changes will there a total be there change not possible Yes NR Yes 7 pm in T V Yes Yes NA Yes NA Yes Couldn’t say NA No Yes I will send Yes NA NA I will Yes NA NA I will Yes Don’t know Don’t know because I NA didn't go to school Yes NA Yes How can I say God knows I can't say Don’t know Don’t know NA Don’t know NR NA I can't see NA properly QNA NA Yes (but what is the use for me) NR Yes NR How can I say God knows I can't say Don’t know Yes our language is not much different from Hindi Yes 7.30 pm Hindi medium about farming because lot of "Nantha bhaira" opportunity for education Don’t know Yes QNA Don’t know I don't know QNA 17 0 Questionnaire Responses in Bhilkheda (cont.) Appendix D Subject Biodata Num Sub-ID Sex Age Education Birthplace Brought up Now How Mother Lg at Father's long tongue home Mt Mother's Spouse's Lived in other place Mt Travel outside Nimad Mt 1 2 JMK01 M 48 10 JMK02 M 24 10 Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi NA Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi NA Nimadi Nimadi 3 JMK03 M 45 0 Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi NA Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Sanawad (Six months) Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No 4 5 6 JMK04 M 29 3 JMK05 M 23 18 JMK06 F 75 0 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Dewas-MP Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi NA Indore-MP Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No 7 8 9 10 11 JMK07 M JMK08 F JMK09 M JMK10 M JMK11 M Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi NA Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Indore NA Badwah Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi 62 yrs Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi NA Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi NA Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi NA Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi NA Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi Jajamkhedi NA Widely travelled Pawagadh-Guj, DewasMP Indore-MP, PawagadhGuj Dahod-Guj Gujrath No Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No No Palsud-MP Dhar-MP Dewas, Indore-MP 50 25 55 27 30 0 0 1 8 5 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi No No Khargone Kukshi-MP No Questionn aires D.5 Questionnaires in Jajamkhedi 171 Num SubID Sex Age Education 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 2 3 1 JMK01 M 48 10 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi\Hindi Hindi Yes Yes 2 JMK02 M 24 10 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Nimadi\Hindi Sanskrit Yes Yes 3 JMK03 M 45 0 Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Nimad Yes Yes 4 5 6 7 8 9 JMK04 M JMK05 M JMK06 F JMK07 M JMK08 F JMK09 M Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Hindi Hindi Nimadi\Hindi Yes Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Hindi\English Nimadi\Hindi Nimadi\Hindi Yes Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes but men speak pure Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Nimadi Yes Yes 29 23 75 50 25 55 3 18 0 0 0 1 10 JMK10 M 27 8 11 JMK11 M 30 5 Nimad 4 5a 5b Dhar, Dharampuri, Yes With outsiders, Kukshi officials Nimad Yes With outsiders, officers Surrounding No With officers villages Nimad Yes With officers Near villages Yes In all situation Nimad No NA Near villages No NA Don't know No NA Don't know No NA Don't know Pawgat Yes Any situation Little NA 17 2 Questionnaire Responses in Jajamkhedi Appendix D Num SubID 6 1 JMK01 Nimadi 2 3 4 5 7 Yes 8 9 10 11a 11b 11c 12 13a 13b 14a 14b 15a 15b Nimadi No Yes Yes Yes No Yes NA Yes Yes Yes JMK02 Nimadi Yes JMK03 Nimadi Yes JMK04 Nimadi Yes JMK05 Hindi/English Yes Yes if with in the caste Yes No Yes Yes Nimadi Yes No Nimadi Yes No Nimadi Yes Yes Both Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA NA Yes 6 JMK06 Nimadi Yes Yes Yes No Yes JMK08 Nimadi No 9 JMK09 Nimadi Don't know Yes I NA I NA Yes will will NA Yes NA Yes Don't know NA No NA Yes QNA Not good 8 Don’t know Don’t know Don't know Yes NA JMK07 Nimadi Don’t know Don’t know Don't know Yes NA NA NA NA NA 7 10 JMK10 Nimadi Yes No Yes Yes Yes 11 JMK11 Nimadi Yes No Nimadi Yes Don’t know Nimadi Yes Don’t know Nimadi Yes Don't know Nimadi Yes Don't know Nimadi Yes Don't know Nimadi Yes Don't know Yes Yes Yes No need NA Yes Yes Yes Yes NA Yes NA Who knows Yes Na Yes NA Yes If the dominating language should be easy Very bad No Yes Yes NA Yes Yes NA Yes NA NA Yes Good thing NA I can't say Good thing Yes Nimadi Good thing Yes Yes Not good NA Yes Not good NA QNA Questionn aires Questionnaire Responses in Jajamkhedi 173 174 References References Bahadur, F. 1967. 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