Integumentary, Skeletal,
and Muscular Systems
Biology Content Standards
4. Anatomy and Physiology
Broad Concept: There is a relationship between the organization
of cells into tissues, and tissues into organs. The structure and
function of organs determine their relationships within body
systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform
its normal functions.
4.5
Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth
and cardiac muscle, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works
with other systems to support and allow for movement.
Recognize that bones produce both red and white blood cells.
By: Mrs. Bailey
Integumentary System
Integumentary System
• Skin
Functions
• Hair
• Protection
• )ails
• Sensation
• Sebaceous glands
• Regulate Body Temperature
• Vitamin D production
• Sweat glands
• Remove waste products
1
Skin
• Epidermis – outer layer of skin
1. Contains keratinocytes – make keratin (waterproof)
2. Contains melanocytes – make melanin (brown pigment)
3. Contains )O blood vessels.
• Dermis – middle layer of skin
1. Contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings,
glands, sensory receptors, smooth muscles, and hair
glands
follicles.
• Hypodermis – inner layer of skin - contains
adipose tissue.
Hair
Hair Shaft
Made up of dead cells filled with keratin!
• Covers almost every body surface.
• Protection from cold, UV light and dirt/
particles entering
nose, ears, & eyes.
• Produced by cells
rapidly dividing at the
at base of the
hair follicle.
follicle
Sebaceous
gland – makes
sebum (oil)
Arrector pili
muscle
Hair Follicle
2
Nails
Tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells
Where nails
grow from!
Nails
• )ail Body – visible part of the nail
• )ail Root – part of the nail hidden
by the cuticle – where
nails GROW!
• Cuticle – skin fold covering the root
of the nail
• Lunula - crescent
shaped white area
under the proximal nail bed
• )ail Bed – the formative layer of
cells at the base of the fingernail or
toenail; the matrix.
Skeletal System
Functions of Bone
• Protection:
• Bones
• Support:
• Cartilage
• Movement:
• Ligaments
encases most internal organs
allows body positions
muscle attachments for movement
• Formation of blood cells:
blood cells are
released from bone marrow
• Mineral Storage:
Calcium,, Phosphorus
Calcium
3
Axial Skeleton
Supports the central axis of the body.
• Skull
• Vertebral column
206 bones
in an adult!
Appendicular Skeleton
• Rib cage
Types of Bones
• Arms/Legs
• Long
• Pectoral girdle
• Short
• Pelvic girdle
Skull
• Flat
• Irregular
4
Shape & Function
– Long Bones
Act as levers -- Femur, Humerus
– Short Bones
Offer support and shock absorption -Carpals, Tarsals
– Flat
Protect and offer large muscle attachment sites -Skull, scapula, ribs, and sternum
– Irregular – often in groups; have specialized functions
Types of Bone Tissue
Great strength – minimum weight!
Compact Bone
dense and “solid”
” in appearance
Cancellous Bone
a.k.a. Spongy Bone
open space partially filled by an assemblage of
needle-like structures.
-- Vertebral bones, facial bones
(Haversian canal)
5
Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels
• When level of blood calcium
, PTH is released by
the parathyroid glands …
1. Tells osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium
into the blood.
2. Tells kidneys to reabsorb more calcium from the urine.
3. Stimulates vitamin D synthesis.
• When level of blood calcium
, calcitonin is released
by the thyroid gland …
1. Tells osteoblasts to make more bone to remove calcium
from the blood.
2. Inhibits osteoclasts. )egative Feedback Loop!
Cartilage
• Dense, fibrous, and
extremely flexible.
• Skeleton of embryo.
• )etwork of fibers made
up of collagen and
elastin.
• Ossification:
Cartilage Bone
Red Bone Marrow
• It is a special type of
connective tissue and is
found in the central canal
of certain long bones and
in the spaces of spongy
bone in some areas.
• It is the site of blood cell
production.
1.
13.
2.
14.
3.
15.
4.
16.
5.
17.
6.
18.
7.
19.
8.
20.
9.
21.
10.
22.
11.
23.
12.
24.
6
Types of Joints
• Immovable joints
– Fixed joints – no movement
– Example: Sutures of skull
• Slightly moveable joints
– Small amount of restricted movement
– Example: Joints between vertebrae
• Freely moveable joints
– Permit movement in 1 or more directions
– Example: Shoulder joint
Types of
Freely Movable Joints
Types of
Freely Movable Joints
Ball and
Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Saddle Joint
Pivot Joint
7
Joint capsule
sac enclosing a joint.
Synovial membrane moist
membrane which lines the inner surface
and secretes synovial fluid (lubricates
and nourishes the joint).
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Menisci
Cartilage disks that act as a cushion
between the ends of bones. They
usually divide the joint cavity in two.
Bursae
Found in some freely movable
joints – A sac of synovial
membrane filled with synovial
fluid. Associated with bony
prominences. KNEE & ELBOW
Arthritis
Inflammation of one or
more joints
Muscular System
Skeletal muscles
Quadriceps
8
1.
6.
7.
2.
3.
8.
9.
Function of Muscles
1. Movement
2. Maintain posture
4.
10.
5.
3. Stabilize joints
11.
4. Generate heat
Function of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Excitability (Irritability) – ability to receive
and respond to a stimulus.
Contractility – ability to shorten
when an adequate stimulus is received.
Extensibility - ability to lengthen when it is
relaxed and not being stimulated.
9
A very special organelle!
Filled with
acetylcholine
10
Skeletal muscles
are always found in
Muscle Actions
antagonistic
pairs
Belly of muscle
Muscles
work in
opposing
pairs!
Point at which the muscle
attaches to a relatively stable
part of the skeleton.
Muscles that
move a body
part DO )OT
lie over that
part, but instead
lie close to it!
Bone as
“lever”
”
Joint as
“fulcrum”
”
Point at which the muscle
attaches to the skeletal
part which is moved when
it contracts.
Biology Content Standards
4. Anatomy and Physiology
Broad Concept: There is a relationship between the organization
of cells into tissues, and tissues into organs. The structure and
function of organs determine their relationships within body
systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform
its normal functions.
4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal,
smooth and cardiac muscle, bones, cartilage, ligaments,
tendons) works with other systems to support and allow for
movement.
Recognize that bones produce both red and white blood
cells.
11