UNIVERSITY OF TARTU
INSTITUTE OF ESTONIAN AND GENERAL LINGUISTICS
DEPARTMENT OF FINNO-UGRIC STUDIES
INTRODUCTION TO
SINO-FINNIC ETYMOLOGICAL STUDIES
MA thesis by Jingyi Gao
SUPERVISOR: Assoc. Prof. Tõnu Seilenthal
Tartu
2010
CONTENTS
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………… 3
2. Methods and materials………………………………………………… 3
3. Etymological results………………………………………………… 10
3.1. Sino-Finnic/-Uralic etymons…………………………………… 10
3.2. Sino-Finno-Germanic etymons……………………………….. 256
4. Phonological results………………………………………………… 304
5. Statistical results………………………………………………….. 314
6. Conclusions………………………………………………………. 324
Abbreviations……………….……………………………………….. 325
References…………………………………………………………. 326
Summary in Estonian……………………...………………………….. 329
2
1. Introduction
The main aim of this thesis is to study a sizable amount of common etymons between Chinese and Finnic languages. In clearer words, many core
forms of words of Chinese and Finnic languages share common origins.
The main body of this thesis is consisting of an etymological comparison between Chinese and Finnic languages and a complementary comparison with other Uralic languages or Germanic languages. The demonstrated etymological comparison is just a first part of a larger comparison
that can be done in the future. The comparison runs in alphabetical order
from A to K up to Finnish. It covers a third of the Finnish lexicon, but
brings out already 212 out of 245 etymons that are in common with Chinese.
2. Methods and materials
The main procedure of this study is:
1) To gather Finnic etymons that expect further etymological studies;
2) To review if the Finnic etymons have equivalents in previous studies;
3) To research if the Finnic etymons have equivalents in Chinese;
4) To summarise regular sound changes;
5) To calculate percentages of shared etymons;
6) To conclude etymological relationships.
In practice, since a Finnish etymological dictionary has been observed
in alphabetical order from A to K, 245 etymons are gathered. An etymon is
collected when it fulfils the following conditions:
1) It is monolexemic;
2) It is monosyllabic or disyllabic in Finnish (exc. SFE #115 jumala);
3) It exists in both Finnish and Estonian (3 exceptions);
4) It is a general Finnish word, exists in both Eastern and Western Finnish dialect groups;
5) In Finnish, its first attested written source is ‘Agricola’.
Few exceptions are made when the etymon does not fulfil only one of
the last three conditions while fulfils an additional condition:
6) It is detected in many other Uralic languages or Chinese.
3
In the etymological study, 18 major Uralic languages are demonstrated.
These languages are: (1) Estonian, (2) Finnish, (3) Veps, (4) Votic, (5)
Livonian, (6) Lappish, (7) Mordvin, (8) Mari, (9) Udmurt, (10) Komi, (11)
Mansi, (12) Khanty, (13) Hungarian, (14) Nenets, (15) Enets, (16) Nganasan, (17) Selkup and (18) Kamas.
For the Uralic languages, the primary etymological reference is one of
the most comprehensive and up-to-date etymological dictionaries –
Suomen sanojen alkuperä (SSA) 1992–2000 – an etymological dictionary
of the Finnish language. All the 18 Uralic languages have been demonstrated in the dictionary. In most cases, data of the Uralic languages are
cited from SSA. Data of Estonian and Finnish have been converted to
morphological base forms in orthographies (in boldface) by the author.
Data of the other Uralic languages remain the same as in the references (in
the UPA – Uralic Phonetic Alphabet). If a cited form is polymorphemic,
the compared morpheme is underlined by the author. Dialectical forms are
separated by a forward slash “/”.
The other etymological dictionaries that have been cross-referenced are:
Suomen kielen etymologinen sanakirja (SKES) 1955–1981;
A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára (TESz) 1967–1976;
A magyar szókészlet finnugor elemei (MSzFE) 1967–1978;
Estnisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (EEW) 1982–1983;
Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (UEW) 1986–1991.
12 major Germanic languages are demonstrated in this study. These
languages are: (1) Gothic, (2) Danish, (3) Swedish, (4) Norwegian, (5)
Icelandic, (6) Old Norse (O.N.), (7) Old English, (8) English, (9) Old Low
German (O.L.G.), (10) Dutch, (11) Old High German (O.H.G.) and (12)
German.
For the Germanic languages, the primary etymological reference is one
of the most comprehensive and up-to-date etymological dictionaries –
Dansk Etymologisk Ordbog (DEOB) 2004 – an etymological dictionary of
the Danish language. Not all the 12 Germanic languages have been demonstrated in the dictionary. In cases of lacking, data of the other Germanic
languages are compiled by the author. Data in contemporary orthographies
are put in boldface. Forms with internal inflections are separated by a
backslash “\”.
4
The other etymological dictionaries that have been cross-referenced are:
Svensk etymologisk ordbok (SEOB) 1922;
Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (ODEE) 1966;
Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (KLUGE) 2002.
Another important source is Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)1. It
demonstrates etymological equivalents of Swedish words in many Germanic languages. Unfortunately, the dictionary is not yet complete. It has
run from A to T.
Under the Chinese domain, 18 language points in the Far-East are
demonstrated in this study. These language points are: (1) Mandarin Pinyin (1958), (2) Beijing, (3) Shenyang, (4) Yantai, (5) Middle Chinese
(1161), (6) Taiyuan, (7) Xi’an, (8) Chengdu, (9) Nanjing, (10) Shanghai
[Wu], (11) Changsha [Xiang], (12) Nanchang [Gan], (13) Meixian
[Hakka], (14) Guangzhou [Yue], (15) Hanoi [Sino-Vietnamese], (16)
Xiamen [Minnan], (17) Tokyo [Sino-Japanese] and (18) Seoul
[Sino-Korean].
For the language points under the Chinese domain, there is no comprehensive etymological dictionary. The etymological data are compiled and
processed by the author. The data include:
1. DOM
A DOM (中文正辭) is an invisible abstract unit, which several natural
monomorphemic words in the same dialect or different dialects belong to.
Theoretically, a DOM is almost2 equal to an etymon. Practically, a DOM
is an etymon that exists in the general Chinese language. In the core chapter of this study – etymological results, a page consists of a DOM.
2. DOM glyph
A DOM glyph is a visible graphic form of a DOM. It is inherited from
the Chinese civilisation, and here displayed in the regular script – kaishu
(楷書). A DOM glyph makes common sense to all literate people in China
and Japan and traditionally educated people in Korea and Vietnam,
henceforth, DOM readers3.
1
It is a comprehensive dictionary of the Swedish language published by the Swedish
Academy. A searchable web version has been available since 1997.
2
There are available pre-DOM etymons. An etymon might seldom split into different
DOMs due to semantic developments.
3
Generally, an ordinary DOM reader in China can understand and read a DOM glyph
5
3. DOM code
A DOM code is a visible numeric form of a DOM. It is inherited from
the Unicode, which is a computing industry standard for the consistent
representation and manipulation of text expressed in most of the world’s
writing systems. A DOM code will make common sense to all readers.
This tradition has been carried on since my first monograph (GAO 2005).
4. DOM class
A DOM class is a classification of a DOM graph. Four main classes are
relevant to etymological studies:
A1 (象形) – pictograms;
A2 (指事) – ideograms;
A3 (會意) – ideogrammic compounds;
B (形聲) – phono-semantic compounds. The pronunciation of B-class
DOM depends on its phonetic indicator (聲符 “Sound Factor”) which is
usually an A-class DOM on its own, while the two DOMs are not etymologically related at all. However, the phonetic indicator will be given in
DOM glyph and code, since it can be used to confirm phonological links.
The different classes of DOMs are likely results of incorporating different sources of the language. According to my earlier study, A-class
DOM etymons are more likely to be detected in Germanic languages;
frequently used B-class DOM etymons are more likely to be detected in
Finnic languages; infrequently used B-class DOM etymons are expected
to be detected in some other language families (GAO 2008: 109-110).
5. Attested gloss
Attested glosses of DOMs are collected for both Old Chinese and Mandarin Chinese.
Original dictionaries of Old Chinese are:
《說文解字》121;
《玉篇》543.
A few DOMs were not attested in the old dictionaries but only in old
personal literatures.
in Standard Mandarin and in one’s own dialect (if differed). An ordinary DOM reader in
the other Far-East countries can understand and read a DOM glyph in one’s own
non-Chinese language (such a reading is not etymologically related to the DOM) and in
one’s own inherited Chinese (such a reading is etymologically related to the DOM, and
associated with some Chinese dialect in historical times) [not in learnt Mandarin].
6
Glosses for Old Chinese are given in English together with their original glosses or involved phrases in Chinese.
Original dictionaries of Mandarin Chinese are:
《新华字典》1998;
《中华字典》1999.
Glosses for Mandarin Chinese are given in English only.
6. Reconstruction
A reconstruction is a primary phonetic outline of a DOM. It is determined by the author.
The common inventory of all the roots is given below.
C1
V2
Infix
C2
V2 Affix
b, d, þ, g, ƕ,
mb, nd, nþ, ŋg, ŋƕ
a, ȧ, e, ė,
ʷa, ʷȧ, ʷe, ʷė
-R
b, d, þ, g, ƕ,
mb, nd, nþ, ŋg, ŋƕ
a, e
-X, -S
Actual IPA values of the letters used in the reconstruction are assumed:
C1
V2
Infix
C2
V2 Affix
p, t, θ, k, ɧ,
ɑ, ʌ, e̞ , e̝ ,
p, t, θ, k, ɧ,
r/l
ɑ, e
x, s
mp, nt, n̪ θ, ŋk, ŋɧ
ɒ, ɔ, ø̞ , ø̝
mp, nt, n̪ θ, ŋk, ŋɧ
The contents of C1, V2, C2 and V2 are compulsory. The contents of Infix and Affix are optional. All the roots are disyllabic.
C1 and C2 are reconstructed upon consonants in attested equivalents.
V1 is reconstructed upon Middle Chinese divisions (中古等):
st
a – “1 division open” (一等開).
nd
ȧ – “2 division open” (二等開).
rd
e – “3 division open” (三等開).
th
ė – “4 division open” (四等開).
st
ʷa – “1 division close” (一等合).
nd
ʷȧ – “2 division close” (二等合).
rd
ʷe – “3 division close” (三等合).
th
ʷė – “4 division close” (四等合).
V2 is reconstructed upon Old Chinese rhyme groups (上古韻部) and
Uralic stem vowels.
Infix is reconstructed upon infixes in attested equivalents.
Affix is reconstructed upon affixes in Uralic attested equivalents and
tones in Chinese attested equivalents:
No affix – “level tone” (平聲);
7
-X – “up tone” (上聲);
-S – “leaving tone” (去聲).
Next to the reconstructions, data of Old Chinese rhyme groups are given
in braces.
7. Attested equivalents
Here we are back to the 18 language points under the Chinese domain.
An important source is 《汉语方音字汇》4 1989. Attested equivalents
in language points of (2) Beijing, (6) Taiyuan, (7) Xi’an, (8) Chengdu, (11)
Changsha [Xiang], (12) Nanchang [Gan], (13) Meixian [Hakka], (14)
Guangzhou [Yue] and (16) Xiamen [Minnan] are altogether referred here.
The language point Shenyang is the author’s mother tongue. It is not
referred elsewhere. The other language points are respectively referred in
dictionaries or dialectological monographs: (1) The 1998 and 1999 dictionaries. (4) QIAN 1982. (5) The 1008 and 1161 dictionaries and DING
1958. (9) LIU 1997. (10) QIAN 1992. (15) Thiều 1942, Trần 1999, Vũ 1999
dictionnaries. (17) The 1955–1960 dictionary. (18) The 1988 dictionary.
All entries in IPA have been amended by the author. Phonetic lengths and
contour tones are added.
Just beside the 18 language points under the Chinese domain, the data
of attested equivalents in the Uralic languages and Germanic languages of
a selected etymon are joined. The etymon is selected by the author. It is
just the most intelligent work in this study.
7. Previous reconstructions
Reconstructions of Uralic roots are taken from UEW.
Previous reconstructions of DOM primary pronunciations are taken
from the other authors: KARLGREN (1957), LI (1980), WANG (1980),
BAXTER (1992), ZHENGZHANG (2003).
The reconstruction of DOM, also called the reconstruction of Archaic
Chinese or Old Chinese pronunciations, is not a native field of Chinese
linguistics. It was initiated solely by a Swedish scholar – BERNHARD
KARLGREN (1889–1978) (primary work: KARLGREN 1915–1926), known
by his pen name 高本漢(GAO BENHAN) in China. All the reconstructions
are not settled. Changes can be made according to newly amended or
established linguistic data.
4
It is a collection of pronunciations of 2961 DOMs in 20 language points in China.
8
Thus, it is obvious that nobody can do etymological researches only
upon reconstructions without attested data.
The commonly propagandised Sino-Tibetan hypothesis is not a comparable theory at all. It was not initiated by etymological similarities but by
superficial similarities (syllables, tones). Even though there have been
many scholars who wish to develop the hypothesis, it is still lacking sufficient etymological studies. The most Sino-Tibetan comparisons (e.g. YU
1989, SHI 2000, XUE 2001) are pending on such a primitive stage – chaining Written Tibetan words to Classical Chinese ones.
9
3. Etymological results
3.1 Sino-Finnic/-Uralic etymons
10
SFE #1
DOM 9698
B (to 76CA 益)
隘
(← 𨽝)
Attested gloss
543: ‘narrow’.《玉篇》急也，陝也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕȧþe(AA1)-S(C) {>錫部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
ài(C)
Estonian
(C)
[ʔaɪ̯ ˥˩]
(C)
(C)
[ʔae̯ ˥]
1161
C
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/ʔ2aj /
‘narrow’; ‘load’
Veps
ahtaz; ahtta
‘narrow’; ‘cram’
Votic
ahaz; ahtaa
‘narrow’; ‘cram’
‘narrow’
(C)
Lappish
ɔ̄ˀdəz
◆
vuokteje; āŧes
(C)
Mordvin
afto-
‘set trap’
(C)
Mari
opte-
‘set trap’
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
(X2)
Komi
okti̮ -,okti
̭ ̮-
‘set trap’
(C1)
Mansi
--
--
i̮ γət-,eγət-
‘hang (a net)’
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Livonian
[ɣae̯ ˥]
[ŋaɪ̯ ˥]
[ŋaɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[ʔæː˥]
[ʔe̞ ː˩˧]
[ŋaɪ̯ ˥]
(C1)
[ʔaˑɪ̯ ˥]
Khanty
(C)
[ʔaɪ̯ ˥˩]
(C1)
[ʔaˑj˧]
ải
‘narrow’
(AC)
ahtaS; ahtaS-
Finnish
[ʔae̯ ˥˩]
Yantai
ahtaS(AC)
(B1)
(C1)
[ʔaˑɪ̯ ˩]
‘staff for nets’; ‘narrow’
Tokyo
あい(ai),やく(yaku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
애(ae),액(aek)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔĕg
*ʔrigh
*ek
*ʔreks
*qreegs
*akta-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ahdas is joined to DOM 9698 隘.
《說文解字》(121) #9664 𨽝，𨹟也. 《玉篇》(543). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #41791. SKES
(1955‒1978) 4 (ahdas); 7 (ahtaa). EEW (1982‒1983) 32‒34. 《大字源》(1988) 1862. UEW (1988)
5. SSA‒1 (1992) 51 (ahdas); 55 (ahtaa).
11
SFE #2
DOM 7979
B (to 7591 疑)
礙
Attested gloss
121: ‘stop’.《說文》止也。Mandarin: ‘obstruct’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕage(AA2)(-S(C)) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
ài(C)
(C)
[ʔaɪ̯ ˥˩]
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
;(+)(2)
aig
‘time’
aika
‘time’
Livonian
āiga
/ŋ1aj /
‘time’
(C)
Lappish
◆
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
[ɣae̯ ˥]
[ŋaɪ̯ ˥˧]
(C)
[ŋaɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
‘time’; ‘disturb’
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
(X2)
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ŋe̞ ː˩˧],[ɦe̞ ː˩˧]
[ŋaɪ̯ ˥]
aiʹge;(+) hæiretit
Mari
[ʔæː˥],[ʔ ɛː˥]
(C1)
◆
(C)
i
(C2)
,[~˩]
(C2)
[ŋaˑɪ̯ ˩]
(C)
[ŋɔɪ̯ ˥˩]
(C2)
[ŋɔˑj˩]
ngại
‘time’; ‘disturb’
aika
Veps
1161
Nanjing
Finnish
Votic
C
Chengdu
‘time’; ‘disturb’
(CA)
(A)
[ʔae̯ ˥˩]
[ʔae̯ ˧˩]
Xi’an
aegA(CA);(+)(1)
(C)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
(C2)
(C2)
[gaˑɪ̯ ˧]
Tokyo
がい(gai),げ(ge)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
애(ae)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ŋəg
LI
*ŋəgh
(CA)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ŋə
*ŋəs
*ŋɯɯs
--
(CC)
(1) häiri- . (2) häiriS- .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish aika is joined to DOM 7979 礙.
《說文解字》(121) #6009. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #24542. SKES (1955‒1978) 8. EEW
(1982‒1983) 13‒16. 《大字源》(1988) 1255. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 152 (碍). SSA‒1 (1992) 57.
12
SFE #3
DOM 57A3
B (to 4E98 亘)
垣
Attested gloss
121: ‘wall’.《說文》牆也。Mandarin: †id..
Reconstruction
*ƕʷenda(AA2) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
yuán(A2)
(A2)
[ʔʸɛˑn˧˥]
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
‘fence; hedge’; ‘granary’
Veps
aid;(+)ait
‘fence; hedge’; ‘granary’
aita;(+)aitta
‘fence; hedge’; ‘granary’
(+)āita
‘granary’
Lappish
◆
‘fence; hedge’; ‘granary’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
1161
Nanjing
‘garden; fence’; ‘granary’
Votic
/яw3anA/
(A)
Chengdu
aita;(+)aitta
(CA)
(C)
[ʔʸaˑn˧˥]
[ʔʸaˑn˥]
Xi’an
Finnish
aedA;(+)aitA(CA)
(A2)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
Livonian
[ʔʸeː˩]
(A2)
[ʔʸãː˧˥]
(A2)
[ʔʸaˑn˧˩]
(A2)
[ʔʸeˑn˩˧]
(X2)
[ɦʸøː˩˧],[ɦyː˩˧]
(A2)
[ɕʸẽː˩˧]
[ʔy̑ ɔn˧˥](A2)
(A2)
[jaˑn˩]
(A2)
aiʹde;(+)aiʹte
Guangzhou
[wuˑn˧˩]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
viên
(A2)
Tokyo
[ʔu̯ an˧˥]
えん(en)
Seoul
원(won)
Xiamen
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*giwa
̯ ̆n
*gwjan
*ɣiuan
*wjan
*ɢʷan
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish aita is joined to DOM 9698 垣.
DOM 57A3 and DOM 5712 園 *ŋƕwenda-R(A) (121: ‘garden of fruit trees’ 《說
文》所以樹果也. Mandarin: ‘garden’.) possibly belong to the same pre-DOM etymon.
DOM 5712 is detected in Indo-European languages, e.g. English garden ‘garden’;
Latin hortus ‘garden’; Albanian garth ‘hedge’; Sanskrit ghra- ‘house’.
《說文解字》(121) #8998. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #5060. SKES (1955‒1978) 10 (aita); (+)11
(aitta). EEW (1982‒1983) 12‒13 (aed); (+)45 (ait). 《大字源》(1988) 464. SSA‒1 (1992) 60 (aita);
(+)61
(aitta).
13
SFE #4
DOM 6602
B (to 536C 卬)
昂
Attested gloss
121: ‘rise (head)’.《說文》舉也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕaŋga(AA1/2) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
áng(A2)
(A2)
[ʔaˑŋ˧˥]
Estonian
aju; aja-(AA)
‘brain’; ‘drive’
Finnish
(AA)
‘brain’; ‘drive’
Veps
aivod;ajada
‘brain’; ‘drive’
aju;ajaa
‘brain’; ‘drive’
aˀijjə
‘drive’
Lappish
vuoiŋâš;vuoggjet
‘brain’; ‘drive; travel’
Mordvin
{uj
‘brain; kernel’ }?
--
--
uj-/u̇ j-/ujı̂ -̣
‘drive; chase’
[ʔaˑŋ˧˩]
Votic
1161
A
Livonian
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/ŋ1aŋ /
(A)
[ɣãː˩]
(A1)
[ŋaˑŋ˧˩]
i
(A2)
[ŋaˑŋ˧˩],[ʔ aˑŋ˧˩]
Mari
(A2)
[ʔaˑŋ˩˧]
Udmurt
(X2)
Komi
voj-
‘flee’
(A2)
Mansi
wujt-/wojt-; aj-/oj-
‘chase’; ‘flee’
(A2)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
{agy
‘brain; kernel’}?
(A2)
Nenets
ŋäewäei/ńemäei
‘brain’(?)
ae/ebē
‘brain’(?)
--
--
[ɦãˑɲ˩˧]
;(1)
[ŋaˑn˩˧]
[ŋɔːŋ˧˥]
[ŋɔˑŋ˥]
[ŋɔˑŋ˧˩]
ngang
;(2)
(A)
[ʔaˑŋ˧˥]
Yantai
Taiyuan
ajo; aja-
(A2)
(A1)
Enets
(A2)
[gɔːŋ˧˥]
Nganasan
Tokyo
こう(kō),ごう(gō)
Selkup
kōu/küu(ŋ)
‘brain’(?)
Seoul
앙(ang)
Kamas
huju/kʿuju
‘brain’(?)
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ŋɑŋ
LI
WANG
*ŋaŋ
(X2)
i
*ŋaŋ
(X1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ŋaŋ
*ŋaaŋ
*ajŋe
(CA)
(1) [gãˑɲ˩˧] ; [ʔ ãˑɲ˧˥] . (2) aivot
‘brain’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ajaa is joined to DOM 57A3 昂.
(?) The previous doubt is eliminated. The phonetic chain within Chinese supports
the Sameyedic realisations.
《說文解字》(121) #4252. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #13783. SKES (1955‒1978) 12 (aivo;
ajaa). TESz‒1 (1967) 106. MSzFE‒1 (1967) 73. EEW (1982‒1983) 51 (aju); 48‒50 (ajama). 《大
字源》(1988) 851. UEW (1988) 5. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 314. SSA‒1 (1992) 62 (aivo; ajaa); 64
(ajo).
14
SFE #5
DOM 6309
B (to 5B89 安)
蘊
Attested gloss
543: ‘accumulate’.《玉篇》積也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋganda(AA1);(-S(C)) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
yùn(C)
(C)
[ʔyˑn˥˩]
(C)
[ʔʸəˑn˥˩]
(C)
Yantai
[ʔyˑn˥]
1161
A
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
/ʔʷ1en /
[ʔʸəˑŋ˥]
(C)
[ʔʸẽː˥]
(C)
[ʔ əˑn˧˩˧]
[ʔyˑn˥]
ala
‘ground; area’; ‘under’
; alla
‘ground’; ‘under’
Veps
al
‘under’
Votic
alla
‘under’
alā
‘down’
Lappish
vuolle
‘lower part’
Mordvin
al
‘under’
ül-
‘under’
ul
‘ground’
Udmurt
(X1)
Komi
ul, uv
‘ground’
(C1)
Mansi
jal-/jol-
‘under’
i̮ l/it/il
‘lower’
al
‘under’
Nenets
ŋi̮ l, ŋi̮ r
‘under’
Enets
iδo/iro
‘under’
ŋilea
‘under’
Selkup
i̮ l
‘under’
Kamas
il
‘under’
[ʔyˑɲ˧˥]
[ʔyˑn˥]
[ʔy̑ ən˥](C1)
Khanty
(B)
[ʋuˑn˧˩]
Hungarian
(C1)
[wɐnˑ˧]
(B1)
(C1)
Tokyo
[ʔu̯ ən˩]
うん(un),おん(on)
Seoul
온(on)
Xiamen
Finnish
(AA)
Mari
(C)
uẩn
ala(AA); all
Livonian
(C)
u
Estonian
Nganasan
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔi̯ wən
*ʔjən
*iuən
*ʔjun
*qun
*ala
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ala is joined to DOM 6309 蘊.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Asian languages, e.g. Yukaghir -al
‘under’; Uyghur, Tatar al ‘front part’; Sakha, Shor alyn ‘lower part’; Korean arä
‘under’ (requoted as UEW and SSA).
Equivalent are also detected in some Indo-European languages, e.g. English under
‘under’; Sanskrit adhah ‘below’; Avestan athara- ‘lower’.
《玉篇》(543). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #32434. SKES (1955‒1978) 14. TESz‒1 (1967) 79‒81. MSzFE‒1 (1967)
123. EEW (1982‒1983) 53‒57. 《大字源》(1988) 1534. UEW (1988) 6. SSA‒1 (1992) 66.
15
SFE #6
DOM 5E7A
A1
幺
Attested gloss
121: ‘small’.《說文》小也。Mandarin: ‘one; smallest, last’.
Reconstruction
*ƕėge-R(AA1) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
yāo(A1)
i
(A1)
i
(A1)
i
(A)
Estonian
[ʔ aʊ̯˥]
‘start’
Veps
aug
‘start’
alkaa, alkua
‘start’
Yantai
[ʔ ao̯ ˧˩]
Votic
1161
A
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
/ʔ4aw /
Livonian
--
--
i
(A)
Lappish
◆
‘start’
i
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
i
(A1)
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
awəl/owl/ɔ̄wl
aləŋ/otəŋ
‘start; end’
Hungarian
--
--
--
--
{oδo
‘formerly’ }?
--
--
[ʔ ao̯ ˩]
[ʔ aʊ̯˧˩]
[ʔ aʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[ʔɔo̯ ˧˩]
[ʔiɔː˥˧](A1)
i
(A1)
[ʔ aʊ̯˧]
[ʔi̯ ɛ̆ʊ̯˥˧](A1)
Khanty
(A1)
[jaʊ̯˥]
(A1)
Guangzhou
[jiˑw˥]
Nenets
Hanoi
(A1)
Enets
Xiamen
‘start’
(AA)
alka-
Finnish
[ʔ ao̯ ˧]
algaS-(AC)
yêu
[ʔi̯ ă ʊ̯˥],[ʔi̯ oˑ˥](A1)
Nganasan
alʹget
‘start; end’
Tokyo
よう(yō)
Selkup
{ol
‘upper part; head’}?
Seoul
요(yo)
Kamas
{ulu
‘head’}?
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔiʊg
*ʔiəgw
*yu
*ʔiw
*qiiw
*alka
The Finnic etymon of Finnish alkaa is joined to DOM 5E7A 幺.
《說文解字》(121) #2486. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #9189. SKES (1955‒1978) 14 (alkaa).
EEW (1982‒1983) 60‒62 (algama). 《大字源》(1988) 650. UEW (1988) 6‒7. 《汉语方音字汇》
(1989) 200 (么). SSA‒1 (1992) 69 (alkaa).
16
SFE #7
DOM 6DF9
B (to 5944 奄)
淹
Attested gloss
121: ‘river name’.《說文》水。Mandarin: ‘submerge’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕemba(AA1) {>談部(-ma)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
yān(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
i
(A1)
Veps
amulta
‘start’
i
(A)
Votic
--
--
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘tub’
amuĺa-/amoĺa-
‘pour’
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
[ʔ ɛˑn˥]
1161
A
Chengdu
Nanjing
i
(A)
i
(A1)
[ʔ eː˩]
[ʔ ãː˧˩]
(A1)
[ʔ aˑn˥],[ŋaˑn˥]
i
(A1)
[ʔ eˑn˧˩]
(A1)
Changsha
i
Guangzhou
Mordvin
i
[ʔiː˥˧]
Meixian
A
/ʔ3am /;/ʔ3am /
Shanghai
Nanchang
Finnish
[ʔ aˑn˧]
[ʔ aˑn˧˩]
Xi’an
‘pour’
i
Yantai
Taiyuan
ammuta-(AA)
[ʔ ẽː˧],[ŋaˑn˧]
ammenta-
;amme
ammaš
‘pour’; ‘tub’
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
ūm-;ūmpi/ūmp
‘pour’; ‘pouring vessel’
(A1)
Khanty
um-/ǔm-;(2)
‘pour’; ‘hydrophobia’
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
◆
‘hydrophobia’
[ʔi̯ ɛn˥˧],[ŋaːn˥˧]
(A1)
[jaˑm˥]
(AA)
;(1)
(A1)
[jiˑm˥]
(A1)
Enets
--
--
(A1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
えん(en),よう(yō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
엄(eom)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
êm
ŋomp
[ʔi̯ am˥],[ʔiːm˥]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ʔi̯ am;ʔiwa
̯ ̆m
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔjiam;ʔjam
*iam
*ʔrjom;ʔjom
*qrom;qom
*ama
(B)
(1) [jaˑm˧˩] . (2) umpə/ompi.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ammentaa is joined to DOM 5E7A 淹.
《說文解字》(121) #6965. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #17696. SKES (1955‒1978) 17 (amme;
ammentaa). EEW (1982‒1983) 74 (ammutama). 《大字源》(1988) 1038. UEW (1988) 7‒8. 《汉
语方音字汇》(1989) 256. SSA‒1 (1992) 74 (ammentaa); 73‒74 (amme).
17
SFE #8
DOM 541F
B (to 4ECA 今)
吟
Attested gloss
121: ‘groan’.《說文》呻也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕembe(AA2) {>侵部(-me)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yín(A2)
Estonian
ammu-(AA)
‘moo’
Finnish
(AA)
ammu-
‘moo’
Veps
--
--
Votic
ammua
‘moo’
(A2)
[ʔiˑn˧˥]
i
(A2)
[ʔ əˑn˧˥]
(C)
[ʔiˑn˥]
A;C
/ŋ3em
/
Livonian
--
--
i
(A)
Lappish
--
--
i
(A2)
Mordvin
--
--
(A2)
Mari
--
--
(A2)
Udmurt
--
--
(X2)
Komi
--
--
(A2)
Mansi
--
--
(C2)
Khanty
ăməj-/ŏmĭj-
‘moo; sound’
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔ əˑŋ˩]
[ʔ ẽː˧˥]
[ʔiˑn˧˩]
[ʔiˑn˩˧]
[ɲiˑɲ˩˧]
[ɲiˑn˩˧]
[ɲi̯ ən˩]
(A2)
[ɲiˑm˩]
(A2)
[jɐmˑ˧˩],[ŋɐmˑ˧˩]
(A1)
ngâm
;(1)
(A2)
[giːm˧˥]
Tokyo
ぎん(gin),きん(kin)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
음(eum)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ŋi̯ əm
LI
WANG
*ŋjiəm;-h
(A1)
(A1)
*ŋiəm
(A2)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
*ŋrjəm;-s
(B1)
(B2)
UEW
*ŋgrɯm;-s
(B2)
-(C1)
(1) ngăm ; ngăn ; gầm ; ngẩm ; ngẫm ; gẫm ; ngắm
ngợm(C2); gặm(C2).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ammua is joined to DOM 541F 吟.
; ngậm(C2);
《說文解字》(121) #920. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3330. SKES (1955‒1978) 18. EEW
(1982‒1983) 73. 《大字源》(1988) 395. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 290. SSA‒1 (1992) 74.
18
SFE #9
DOM 63DA
B (to 661C 昜)
揚
Attested gloss
121: ‘raise to fly’.《說文》飛舉也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕeŋƕa(AA2) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yáng(A2)
i
(A2)
i
(A2)
[ʔ aˑŋ˧˥],[ɻaˑŋ˧˥]
[ʔ aˑŋ˧˥],[ɹaˑŋ˧˥]
i
(C)
[ʔ aˑŋ˥]
A
/я3aŋ /
i
Estonian
ambU-(AA)
‘shoot’
Finnish
(AA)
‘shoot’
Veps
ampta
‘shoot’
Votic
(h)ampua
‘shoot’
--
--
Livonian
(A)
[ʔ ãː˩]
ampu-
Lappish
abʹbot
‘boil up, raise’
i
(A2)
Mordvin
--
--
i
(A2)
Mari
--
--
i
(A2)
Udmurt
i̮ b-/ə̑b-/ibi
̮ ̮-
‘shoot’
i
(X2)
Komi
--
--
i
(A2)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔ aˑŋ˧˥]
[ʔ aˑŋ˧˩]
[ʔ aˑŋ˩˧]
[ɦ ãˑɲ˩˧]
[ʔ aˑn˧˥]
(A2)
[ʔi̯ ɔŋ˧˥]
(C2)
,[~˩]
(A2)
[jɔˑŋ˩]
(A2)
[jœˑŋ˧˩]
dương
(A1)
(A2)
̆ ̯ ̃ ˧˥]
[ʔi̯ ɔŋ˧˥],[ʔi̯ əʊ
,(1)
Tokyo
よう(yō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
양(yang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
*di̯ aŋ
ZHENGZHANG
*raŋ
*ʎiaŋ
*ljaŋ
*laŋ
(A2)
͡
̆ ̯ ̃] .
(1) [tsʰi̯ əʊ
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ampua is joined to DOM 63DA 揚.
UEW
*ampɜ-
《說文解字》(121) #7916. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #12355. SKES (1955‒1978) 18 (ampua).
EEW (1982‒1983) 67‒68 (ambuma). 《大字源》(1988) 793. UEW (1988) 606‒607. 《汉语方音
字汇》(1989) 321 (扬). SSA‒1 (1992) 75 (ampua).
19
SFE #10
DOM 9677
A3/B (to 81FD 臽)
陷
Attested gloss
121: ‘fall into’.《說文》高下也。Mandarin: ‘trap, hollow’.
Reconstruction
*ƕenþa(AA1)-X(B) {>談部(-ma)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
xiàn(C)
i
(C)
i
(C)
[ɕ ɛˑn˥˩],[ɕʸɛˑn˥˩]
[ɕ aˑn˥˩],[ɕʸaˑn˥˩]
i
[ç aˑn˥]
1161
C
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
/ɦ2am /
i
(C)
i
(C)
[ɕ eː˥],[xæ̃ ː˥]
[ɕ ãː˥],[ɕʸãː˥]
i
Veps
--
--
◆
‘trap, snare’
Livonian
◆
‘loop, snare’
Lappish
◆
‘handle’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
(C)
[ɕ aˑn˧˩˧],[xaˑn˧˩˧]
i
(C)
[ɕ eˑn˥]
(X2)
[ɦe̞ ː˩˧],[ɦiː˩˧]
(C1)
[xaˑn˥]
,[~˩]
ansa
Votic
(C)
Yantai
‘trap, snare’
Finnish
‘loop, snare’
◆
(AA)
◆
aasA(CA)
Estonian
(C2)
āsa
ɔ̄zə(z),āzəz
vuosʹse
Mansi
--
--
(C2)
Khanty
--
--
(C)
Hungarian
--
--
[haːn˩]
[haˑm˥˨]
(C2)
Guangzhou
[haˑm˩]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(B2)
Enets
--
--
(C2)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
かん(kan)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
함(ham)
Kamas
--
--
Xiamen
hãm
[haːm˧]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*g'am
WANG
*gramh
(B1)
(B1)
*ɣeam
(C1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*groms
*grooms
--
(C1)
(1) hẳm ; hỏm ; hoắm ; hóm .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ansa is joined to DOM 9677 陷.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Lithuanian ąsà ‘handle; loop’; Latvian osa ‘handle; loop’; Latin ānsa ‘handle’
(requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #2199.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #41707. SKES (1955‒1978) 19. EEW
(1982‒1983) 4‒5. 《大字源》(1988) 1858. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 255. SSA‒1 (1992) 77.
20
SFE #11
DOM 6069
B (to 56E0 因)
恩
Attested gloss
121: ‘favour’.《說文》惠也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕande(AA1) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
ēn(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[ʔəˑn˥]
(A1)
(A)
[ʔəˑn˧˩]
A
/ʔ1en /
‘give, let’; ‘beg’
‘give, let’; ‘beg’
Veps
ant(t)a
‘give, let’
Votic
antaa;(+)ano-
‘give, let’; ‘beg’
andə
‘give, allow’
Livonian
(A)
Lappish
wuowʹdet;(+)(1)
‘sell’; ‘present’; ‘beg’
(A1)
Mordvin
ando-;(+)ana-
‘feed’
--
--
[ʔəˑŋ˩]
[ŋẽː˧˩]
(A1)
Mari
(A1)
Udmurt
ud-
‘feed’
(A1)
Komi
ud-
‘feed’
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
(C1)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
ad-
‘give, present’
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
[ŋeˑn˥]
[ʔəˑn˧˩]
[ʔəˑɲ˥˧]
[ŋəˑn˧]
[ŋi̯ ɛn˥]
[ʔɛˑn˥]
[jɐnˑ˥]
ơn; ân
(A1)
Tokyo
[ʔu̯ ən˥]
おん(on)
Seoul
은(eun)
Xiamen
(AA)
anta-;(+)ano-
Finnish
[ʔəˑn˧]
andA-;(+)anu-(AA)
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ʔən
◆
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔən
*yən
*ʔən
*qɯɯn
*amta-
◆
(1) ȃddet; adnot.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ansa is joined to DOM 9677 恩.
《說文解字》(121) #6714. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #10591. SKES (1955‒1978) 20 (antaa);
(+)19
(anoa). TESz‒1 (1967) 95. MSzFE‒1 (1967) 69. EEW (1982‒1983) 75‒77 (andma);
(+)83
(anuma). 《大字源》(1988) 716. UEW (1988) 8. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 282. SSA‒1 (1992) 77
(antaa); (+)76‒77 (anoa).
21
SFE #12
DOM 63A9
B (to 5944 奄)
掩
Attested gloss
121: ‘cover’.《說文》斂也。Mandarin: id; ‘defend’.
Reconstruction
*ƕemba(AA1)-X(B) {>談部(-ma)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
yăn(B)
(B)
Finnish
i
(B)
Veps
◆
‘lovely’
i
(B)
Votic
◆
‘lovely’
‘lovely’
[ʔ ɛˑn˧˩˧]
[ʔ aˑn˧˩˧]
[ʔ aˑn˧˩˧]
B
armaz
armaz
Livonian
i
(B)
Lappish
◆
‘sad’
i
(B)
/ʔ3am /
[ʔ eː˥˧]
[ʔ ãː˥˧]
ārmaz
(h)arˀmēs
Mordvin
--
--
i
(B)
Mari
--
--
i
(B)
[ʔ aˑn˥˧]
[ʔ eˑn˧]
Udmurt
--
--
(X1)
Komi
--
--
(B)
Changsha
i
[ʔ ẽː˥˩]
Mansi
--
--
(B)
Khanty
--
--
(B)
Hungarian
--
--
(B1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔi̯ ɛn˧˩˧]
[jaˑm˧˩]
Guangzhou
[jiˑm˧˥]
Hanoi
(C1)
Xiamen
armas
◆
[ʔiː˧˥]
Meixian
‘lovely’
i
◆
Shanghai
Nanchang
‘lovely’
(AC)
◆
armas(AC)
Estonian
ém
(B1)
[ʔi̯ am˥˧]
(A1)
,[~˥]
Tokyo
えん(en)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
엄(eom)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔi̯ am
*ʔjiamx
*iam
*ʔrjomʔ
*qromʔ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish armas is joined to DOM 63A9 掩.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Swedish arm ‘arm’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #1.
《說文解字》(121) #7992.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #12285. SKES (1955‒1978) 24. EEW
(1982‒1983) 94‒95. 《大字源》(1988) 790. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 258. SSA‒1 (1992) 83‒84.
22
SFE #13
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
arpU(AA)
‘witch’s trum’
(AA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
arb
‘lot’
Yantai
--
Votic
arpa
‘lot’
1161
--
Livonian
arbub
‘perform magic tricks’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
vuorʹbe
‘happiness, lot’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Finnish
arpa
‘lot’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish arpa is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 24‒25. EEW
(1982‒1983) 97‒98. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 83.
23
SFE #14
DOM 75C2
B (to 52A0 加)
痂
Attested gloss
121: ‘scar’.《說文》疥也。Mandarin: id.
Reconstruction
*gȧba-R(AA1) {>歌部(-ʁ̩)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiā(A1)
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaː˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
i
(A)
[c aː˧˩]
A
/k2a /
[t͡ ɕiaː˩](A)
[t͡ ɕ aː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ aː˧˩]
i
(A1)
(A1)
[kaː˥˧]
[t͡ ɕiaː˧](A1)
(A1)
[kaːˑ˥˧]
armI(AA)
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
arpi
‘scar’
(AA)
‘scar’
Veps
--
--
Votic
--
--
Livonian
◆
‘scar’
Lappish
◆
‘scratch, small wound’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
ärb,aŕb
arʹbâ
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
[kaː˥]
[kaː˥]
(A1)
gia
(A1)
Xiamen
[kaːˑ˥]
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
か(ka)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
가(ga)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ka
*krar
*keai
*kraj
*kraal
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish arpi is joined to DOM 75C2 痂.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Swedish ärr ‘scar’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #2.
《說文解字》(121) #4721. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #22122. SKES (1955‒1978) 25. EEW
(1982‒1983) 92‒93. 《大字源》(1988) 1182. *《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 9 (同加). SSA‒1 (1992)
83‒84.
24
SFE #15
DOM 50B2
B (to 6556 敖)
傲
Attested gloss
121: ‘proud’.《說文》倨也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕaƕa(AA2)-S(C) {>宵部(-wa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
ào(C)
Estonian
arvaS-(AC);(1)
‘think, guess’
(C)
[ʔaʊ̯˥˩]
[ʔao̯ ˥˩](C)
Finnish
Veps
arv
‘price’
(C)
Votic
arvata;arvo
‘guess’; ‘sense’
arrə;(3)
‘presume, think’
◆
‘understand’; ‘worth’
[ʔao̯ ˥]
/ŋ1awC/
Livonian
(C)
[ɣao̯ ˥]
[ŋaʊ̯˥](C)
Lappish
[ŋaʊ̯˧˩˧]
[ʔɔo̯ ˥](C)
(X2)
[ŋɔː˩˧],[ɦɔː˩˧]
(C1)
[ŋaʊ̯˥]
[ŋaˑʊ̯˩](C2)
(C)
[ŋaʊ̯˥˩]
‘guess’
arʹvedit;arʹvo
{ar-
‘think’}?
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
{ár-
‘price’}?
Hungarian
(C2)
;(2)
Mari
Mordvin
(C)
arvaS-
(AC)
Guangzhou
[ŋowˑ˩]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(C2)
Enets
--
--
(C2)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
ごう(gō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
오(o)
Kamas
--
--
Xiamen
ngạo
[goːˑ˧]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ŋog
*ŋagwh
(AA)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
*ŋô
*ŋaws
*ŋaaws
(AA)
(C)
UEW
*arw(γ)a
(AA)
(1) aru
‘sense’; arvU
‘number’; (+)au ‘honour’. (2) arvo
(CA)
(AA)
; avu
‘virtue’. (3) ɔ̄ra, āra ‘conception’; (+)oˀu(v) ‘honour’.
(+)auvo
The Finnic etymon of Finnish arvata is joined to DOM 50B2 傲.
Compare Estonian austatud ‘respected’ and Finnish arvoisa ‘respected’.
‘worth’;
《說文解字》(121) #4975. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #1015. SKES (1955‒1978) 25 (arvata);
25‒26 (arvo);
(+)30‒31
(auvo). TESz‒1 (1967) 168. MSzFE‒1 (1967) 91‒92. EEW (1982‒1983)
101‒103 (arvama); 99‒101 (aru) ;(+)117‒118 (au). 《大字源》(1988) 242. UEW (1988) 16‒17. 《汉
语方音字汇》(1989) 189. SSA‒1 (1992) 84‒85 (arvata); 85 (arvo); (+)91 (auvo); 92 (avu).
25
SFE #16
DOM 4E8B
B (to 4E4B 之)
事
Attested gloss
121: ‘occupation’.《說文》職也。Mandarin: ‘matter’.
Reconstruction
*þeþe(AA2);-S(C) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
shì(C)
Estonian
(C)
[ʂɨː˥˩]
Finnish
(C)
[sɨː˥˩],[seɪ̯ ˥˩]
(C)
[sɨː˥]
/d͡ ʐ 3ejC/;/t͡ ʂ3ejC/
asiA; ase(AA)
asia
(AC)
(AA)
;ase-
‘matter’; ‘place’
;(1)
‘matter’;{‘designate’(?)}
Veps
azī, aź
‘matter’
Votic
aźźa
‘matter’
ažā
‘matter’
‘cause; matter’
Livonian
(C)
Lappish
◆
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
--
--
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
[sɨː˥]
[sɨː˥]
[sɨː˧˩˧]
[sɨː˥]
(X2)
[zɨː˩˧]
(C1)
[sɨː˥]
(C2)
,[~˩]
(C2)
[sɨːˑ˩]
(C)
[sɨː˥˩],[seː˥˩]
(C2)
Guangzhou
[siː˩]
Hanoi
(C2)
sự
(C2)
ašʹše
Xiamen
[suːˑ˧],[taˑɪ̯ ˧]
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
じ(ji),ず(zu)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
사(sa)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*dʐʻi̯ əg;tʂi̯ əg
◆
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*dzrjəgh;ts~
*dʒiə;tʃiə
*ɦsrjəs;tsrjəs
*zrɯ;ʔsrɯ
--
(A)
(1) sakko ‘fine’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish asia is joined to DOM 4E8B 事.
(?) The previous doubt is eliminated. There are similar semantic chains in both
Chinese and Finnic (‘matter’ ~ ‘occupation’ ~ ‘designate’).
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive) languages, see SFGE #3.
《說文解字》(121) #1924. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #241. SKES (1955‒1978) 26‒27. EEW
(1982‒1983) 104‒105 (ase); 105‒106 (asi). 《大字源》(1988) 174. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 69.
SSA‒1 (1992) 86; (+)SSA‒3 (2000) 145.
26
SFE #17
DOM 4F4F
B (to 4E3B 主)
住
(≤ DOM 99D0
駐)
Attested gloss
121: ‘horse stay’(駐).《說文》馬立也。Mandarin: (1).
Reconstruction
*þʷeþe(AA2);-S(C) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
zhù(C)
[t͡ ʂuː˥˩](C)
[t͡ suː˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥](C),[~˧˩˧](B)
C
C
/ɖ3o /;/ʈ3o /
[t͡ suː˥](C)
[p͡ fuː˥]
[t͡ suː˧˩˧](C)
(C)
Estonian
asu-(AA)
Finnish
(AA)
‘dwell’
Veps
azuda, azoda
‘situate’
Votic
asuma
‘matter’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘dwell’
Mordvin
--
--
asu-
‘situate’
āssȃt
Mari
--
--
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
(X2)
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t͡ ʂuː˥]
[zɨː˩˧]
[t͡ ɕyː˥](C1),[~˩](C2)
[t͡ s yːˑ˩]
[t͡ shuː˥˩](C)
h
(C2)
[t͡ syː˩]
(C2)
(C2)
(C1)
trụ ,trú
[t͡ suːˑ˧],[tiə̯̌u̯ ˧](C2)
Tokyo
じゅう(jū)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
주(ju)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*d'i̯ u;ti̯ u
*drjugh;trjugh
*dio;tio
*drjos;trjos
*dos;tos
--
(1) ‘dwell’ (住); ‘situate’ (駐).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish asua is joined to DOM 4F4F 住.
《說文解字》(121) #6189 (駐). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #505. SKES (1955‒1978) 27 (asua).
EEW (1982‒1983) 113‒114 (asuma). 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 69. 《大字源》(1988) 207. SSA‒1
(1992) 86 (asua).
27
SFE #18
DOM 5773
B (to 6556 幺)
坳
Attested gloss
121: ‘hollow’.《說文》地不平也。Mandarin: †id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕȧ(ŋ)ƕe(AA1)(-S(C)) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
ào(C)
Estonian
‘hole’; ‘open’
(C)
[ʔaʊ̯˥˩]
[ʔao̯ ˥˩](C)
Finnish
Veps
avāt́a,avaita
‘open’
(C)
Votic
aukko
‘hole’
ouk;ovātə
‘hole’; ‘open’
◆
‘open’
[ʔao̯ ˥]
/ʔ2awA;C/
Livonian
(C)
[ɣao̯ ˥]
[ŋaʊ̯˥](C)
Lappish
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
{ē̮ŋk-/āŋoko-
‘open’; ‘remove’ }?
{aŋə-/eŋk-
‘open’; ‘remove’ }?
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
[ʔɔː˧˥]
(A1)
[ŋaʊ̯˧]
[ŋaˑʊ̯˥˧](A1)
Khanty
(A1)
[ʔaˑw˥]
ao
(C1)
,[~˧]
(A1)
(A1)
Tokyo
Seoul
요(yo)
ǡʹvēd
‘hole’; ‘open’
‘open-’ }?
(X1)
[ʔaʊ̯˥]
;avaS-
(AC)
{aŋ-
[ŋaʊ̯˧˩˧]
[ʔɔo̯ ˥](C)
(A1)
aukko
(CA)
Mari
Mordvin
(C)
[ʔaˑʊ̯˥]
あう(au),えう(eu)
Xiamen
aukU(CA);ava-(AA)
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔʊg
*ʔrəgw;-h
*eu
*ʔriw;-s
*qrɯɯw;-s
{*aŋa}?
The Finnic etymon of Finnish aukko is joined to DOM 5773 坳.
◆
Equivalents are detected in Scandinavian (~ Germanic): ‘whole in ice’ ‒ Danish
våge; Swedish vak; Norwegian våk; Icelandic vök; Old Norse vǫk. See also SFGE #4.
《說文解字》(121) #9111. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #4988. SKES (1955‒1978) 31 (avata).
EEW (1982‒1983) 120‒121 (auk); 126‒127 (avama). 《大字源》(1988) 462. SSA‒1 (1992) 89
(aukko); 92 (avata).
28
SFE #19
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
---
aderA(AA)
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
‘plough’
‘plough’
(AA)
aura
‘plough’
Shenyang
--
Veps
◆
Yantai
--
Votic
◆
‘plough’
‘plough’
adr
adra
1161
--
Livonian
◆
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
--
--
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
aˀddərz
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish aura is not detected in Chinese.
Equivalents have been suggested in Scandinavian (exclusive) languages, e.g.
Swedish årder ‘plough’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 29. EEW
(1982‒1983) 10. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 90.
29
SFE #20
DOM 7570
A3
異
Attested gloss
121: ‘part’.《說文》分也。Mandarin: ‘different’.
Reconstruction
*(n)þe(n)þe(AA2) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
yì(C)
Estonian
(C)
[ʔiː˥˩]
‘do not’; ‘different’
Veps
e-
‘do not’; ‘different’
Votic
e-;(+)erä-
‘do not’; ‘different’
A;C
Livonian
äˀ-;(+)järā
‘do not’’; ‘away’
(C)
Lappish
al-;(+)ærranit
‘do not’; ‘differ’
(C)
Mordvin
a(t)/af;e-
‘not’; ‘do not’
(C)
Mari
a-/o-;it,iδä/iδa
‘do not’; ‘do not!’
(C)
Udmurt
u-;e-
‘do not’; ‘do not!’
[ʔiː˥]
/
[ʔiː˥]
[ʔiː˥]
[ʔiː˧˩˧]
[ʔiː˥]
(X2)
Komi
o-;e-/i-
‘do not’; ‘do not!’
(C1)
Mansi
ä/at/at
‘do not’
ěntə
‘not’
--
--
ńī-;ńo-
‘do not’; ‘do not!’
ńe-
‘do not’
ńinte-
‘do not’
[ɦiː˩˧]
[ʔiː˥]
(C2)
[ʔiːˑ˩]
Khanty
(C)
[jiː˥˩]
Hungarian
(C2)
[jiː˩]
Hanoi
(C2)
dị
e- ;(+)erä
‘do not’; ‘different’
(AA)
(C)
[ʔiː˥˩]
/я3ej
(A)
(C)
Guangzhou
Xiamen
Finnish
ei(C);(+)eri-(AA)
Nenets
Enets
(C2)
[ʔiːˑ˧],[ʔĩːˑ˧]
Nganasan
Tokyo
い(i)
Selkup
aša/ahaîki/êkkä/ig
‘not’; ‘do not!’
Seoul
이(i)
Kamas
e-;i-
‘do not’; ‘do not!’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*di̯ əg
*rəg;-h
*ʎiə
*ljə;-s
*lɯ;-s
*e/ä/a
The Finnic etymon of Finnish e- is joined to DOM 7570 異.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Asian languages, e.g. Yukaghir o-, e- ‘not’; Mongolian e- ‘not’ (requoted as
SSA). Equivalents are detected in Scandinavian (exclusive): ‘not’ ‒ Danish ej, ikke; Swedish ej, icke; inte (<ingte);
Norwegian ei, ikke; Icelandic eigi, ekki; Old Norse eigi, ekki; Middle Danish ēgi, ækki; Middle Swedish æghi, ække.
《說文解字》(121) #1768. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #21866. SKES (1955‒1978) 32‒33 (e-);
(+)40‒41
(erä). EEW (1982‒1983) 170‒171 (ei);
(+)206‒207
(eri). 《大字源》(1988) 1173. UEW
(1988) 68‒70. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 98 (异). SSA‒1 (1992) 99 (e-); (+)107‒108 (erä).
30
SFE #21
DOM 6D3B
B (to 820C 舌)
活
Attested gloss
121: ‘flowing water’.《說文》水流聲。Mandarin: ‘live’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕʷada-R(AD2) {>月部(-da)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
huó(A2)
ela-(AA)
‘live’
Finnish
(AA)
elä-
‘live’
u
(A2)
u
(A2)
Veps
eĺäda
‘live’
u
(C)
Votic
elää
‘life’
Livonian
jeˀllə
‘life’
Lappish
ællet
‘live’
Mordvin
--
--
əle-/ile-
‘live’
[x oː˧˥]
[x ɤː˧˥]
[x oː˥]
/ɦw1atD/;/kw1atD/
u
u
(D)
[x əˑʔ˥],[x aˑʔ˥]
u
(A2)
[x oː˧˥]
(A2)
Mari
(D)
Udmurt
ul-/ulî ̣-
‘live; be’
Komi
ol-/ov-
‘live; be’
Mansi
ilt-/jält-/jelt-/jalt-
‘revivify’(?)
Khanty
jěləw/jětəp/jěləp
‘new; fresh’(?)
él-
‘live’
jīĺe-
‘live’
iδi-/jire-
‘live’
ńile-
‘live’
Selkup
ilá-/īla-/ela-
‘live’
Kamas
ʒ́ilī-
‘revive’
[xoː˧˩]
[xoˑʔ˥]
u
(D2)
[ɦ ɐˑʔ˧]
(D)
[xoː˧˥]
[ʔu̯ ɔt̚ ˩](D2)
(D2)
[faˑt̚ ˥]
[wuˑt̚ ˩](D2)
hoạt
Hungarian
Nenets
(D2)
Enets
(D2)
Tokyo
[huat
̯ ̚ ˥],[ʔu̯ aʔ˥]
かつ(katsu)
Seoul
활(hwal),괄(gwal)
Xiamen
Estonian
Nganasan
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'wɑt;kwɑt
*guat;kuat
*ɣuat;kuat
*gʷat;kʷat
*good;kood
*elä-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish elää is joined to DOM 6D3B 活.
(?) The previous doubt is eliminated. A reformed semantic chain is established
with Ob-Ugric in it: ‘revivify’ ~ ‘live’ ~ ‘moving’ ~ ‘flowing water’ ~ ‘fresh’ ~
‘new’.
《說文解字》(121) #7112. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #17423. SKES (1955‒1978) 37 (elo);
37‒38 (elää). TESz‒1 (1967) 145‒146. MSzFE‒1 (1967) 736‒737. EEW (1982‒1983) 178‒181
(elama); 186‒188 (elu). 《大字源》(1988) 1018. UEW (1988) 73. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 40.
SSA‒1 (1992) 103 (elo); 103‒104 (elää).
31
SFE #22
DOM 5A18
B (to 826F 良)
娘
Attested gloss
(1): ‘girl’. Mandarin: ‘vulg. mother’.
Reconstruction
*nþeŋƕa(AA2) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
niáng(A2)
Estonian
i
(A2)
i
(A2)
i
(C)
[n aˑŋ˧˥]
[ɲ aˑŋ˥]
A
/ɲ3aŋ /
i
(C)
[n ãː˩] ,[~˥]
i
(A2)
[n aˑŋː˧˥]
i
(C)
,[~˥]
(A2)
[ɲ aˑŋ˧˩]
i
(A1)
[l aˑŋ˧˩]
,[~˩˧]
i
(A2)
(X2)
[ɲ ãˑɲ˩˧]
i
Veps
ema,emä
‘female animal’
Votic
ema;(+)ämmä
‘mother’; ‘mother-in-law’
jemā;(+)ǟma
‘mother’
Lappish
ǣmest;(+)ebmui
‘by birth’; ‘pretty’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
(A2)
Mansi
--
--
(A2)
Khanty
--
--
(A2)
Hungarian
eme
‘sow’
ńeb́ e/ńeḿe
‘mother’
ēˀ, ǟ
‘mother’
ńame
‘mother’
[ɲ an˩˧]
[ɲi̯ ɔŋ˧˥]
[ɲʲɔˑŋ˩]
(A2)
[nœˑŋ˧˩]
nương
‘mother’; ‘mother-in-law’
‘mother’; ‘old woman’
Livonian
(A)
(AA)
emä;(+)ämmä
Finnish
[n aˑŋ˧˥]
ema;(+)ämmA(AA)
Nenets
(A1)
,nường
(A2)
[li̯ ɔŋ˧˥],[ni̯ aˑ̃ ˧˥]
(A2)
,(2)
Enets
Nganasan
Tokyo
じょう(jō)
Selkup
äma/awa/äwä/ēmi
̮ ̮
‘mother’
Seoul
낭(nang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ni̯ aŋ
*nrjaŋ
*niaŋ
*nrjaŋ
*naŋ
*emä
(1) First attested in a personal literature approximately dating to the 4th century. (2)
[niəũː˧˥](A2).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish emä is joined to DOM 5A18 娘.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Asian languages, e.g. Yukaghir emei
‘mother’; Chuvash ama ‘mother’; Mongolian eme ‘wife’ (requoted as SSA).
《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #6304. SKES (1955‒1978) 32‒33 (emä);
(+)1872
(ämmä). TESz‒1 (1967) 151‒152.
MSzFE‒1 (1967) 764. EEW (1982‒1983) 188‒190 (ema); (+)4054 (ämm). 《大字源》(1988) 529. UEW (1988) 74. 《汉
语方音字汇》(1989) 314. SSA‒1 (1992) 104 (emä); (+)SSA‒3 (2000) 497‒ 498 (ämmä).
32
SFE #23
DOM 5143
A3
元
Attested gloss
121: ‘start’.《說文》始也。Mandarin: id.; ‘first’.
Reconstruction
*ŋgwenda(AA2) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
yuán(A2)
(A2)
[ʔʸɛˑn˧˥]
Veps
(C)
Votic
[ʔʸaˑn˧˥]
[ʔʸaˑn˥]
1161
/ŋw3anA/
(A)
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Finnish
(A2)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
(A2)
[ʔʸãː˧˥]
Lappish
‘fore’;(4)
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
il/ēl(a)
‘forward’
ilə/jet/jetə/jeл
‘forward’/‘away’
elő
‘fore’
Khanty
[ɲʲaˑn˩]
Hungarian
(A2)
[jyˑn˧˩]
nguyên
‘fore’; ‘before’
‘fore’; ‘before’; ‘only’
,(1)
(A2)
eźi;(+)ende
◆
(A2)
[ʔʸẽː˩˧]
[ɲy̑ ɔn˧˥](A2)
‘fore’; ‘first’;(3)
jeˀd;(+)enst; āinagi
(X2)
[ɲʸøː˩˧],[ɦʸøː˩˧]
;(+)ensi;(3)
‘fore’; ‘before’; ‘always’
[ʔʸaˑn˧˩]
[ʔʸeˑn˩˧]
‘fore’; ‘before’;(2)
◆
(A2)
(A2)
esi,e
(AA)
◆
Livonian
[ʔʸeː˩]
esi,e(AA);(+)enne;(2)
esi;(+)enne; ain(a)
ietis/ätas;(+)(4)
Nenets
--
--
(A1)
Enets
--
--
(A2)
Nganasan
--
--
[gu̯ an˧˥]
Tokyo
げん(gen),がん(gan)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
원(won)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ŋiwa
̯ ̆n
LI
WANG
*ŋjuan
(X2)
◆
*ŋiuan
(AA)
◆
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ŋkjon
*ŋon
*eδe
(AA)
◆
(AA)
(1) [ɦyː˩˧] . (2) aina
‘always’; ainoa
‘only’. (3) aina
‘always’. (4)
◆
◆
enni, ienni ‘earlier’; āin ‘always’; aidʹno ‘only’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish esi is joined to DOM 5143 元.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, see SFGE #3.
《說文解字》(121) #2. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #1340. SKES (1955‒1978) 41‒42 (esi); (+)39
(ensi);
(+)9
(aina); 10 (ainoa). TESz‒1 (1967) 148‒149. MSzFE‒1 (1967) 752. EEW (1982‒1983)
212‒215 (esi); (+)197‒199 (enne). 《大字源》(1988) 258. UEW (1988) 74. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
272. SSA‒1 (1992) 108 (esi); (+)105 (ensi); (+)58 (aina); 59 (ainoa).
33
SFE #24
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
haabA(CA)
‘aspen’
(CA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
hab
‘aspen’
Yantai
--
Votic
haab
‘aspen’
1161
--
Livonian
‘aspen’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
ɔ̄bə(z),ābəz
suppe
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
šapki/sapi/sopke
‘aspen’
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Finnish
haapa
‘aspen’
‘aspen’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
*šapa
The Finnic etymon of Finnish haapa is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 46. EEW
(1982‒1983) 236‒237.《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988) 783.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1
(1992) 126.
34
SFE #25
DOM 5283
B (to 756B 畫)
劃
Attested gloss
121: ‘cut’.《說文》錐刀曰劃。Mandarin: ‘scratch’; ‘stroke’.
Reconstruction
*ƕȧge(AA2)-S(C) {>錫部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
huá(A2);huà(C)
1958
u
(A2)
(C)
u
(A2)
(C)
u
(C)
[x aː˧˥]
Beijing
;[~˥˩]
[x aː˧˥]
Shenyang
;[~˥˩]
◆
Finnish
◆
D
/ɦʷ2ek /
1161
u
--
--
◆
‘wound’
Livonian
◆
‘wound’
‘wound’
(A)
Lappish
◆
u
(A2)
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
u
(A2)
(C)
Mari
--
--
u
(D)
Udmurt
--
--
u
(D2)
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
,[~˥]
;[~˧˩˧]
[x aˑʔ˥] ;(1)
Nanjing
[ɦ ɐˑʔ˧]
Shanghai
(A2)
[faː˩˧]
Changsha
;(2)
(C2)
[faːˑ˩]
Nanchang
;[ʋaˑk̚ ˥]
[waː˧˩] ;[faˑk̚ ˩](D2)
(A2)
(D2)
[faː˩]
Meixian
Guangzhou
hoạch
Hungarian
--
--
(A2)
Nenets
--
--
(D2)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
,(3)
(A2)
[hu̯ aˑ˧˥] ,(4)
Hanoi
Xiamen
ɔ̄v
havve
(D)
[x aː˧˩]
Chengdu
āva
u
[x aː˧˥]
Xi’an
‘wound’
Veps
[x aˑʔ˩] ,[x aː˩]
Taiyuan
haava
‘wound’
(CA)
Votic
[x aː˥]
Yantai
haavA(CA)
Estonian
Tokyo
かく(kaku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
획(hoek)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*g'wĕk
LI
WANG
*gwrik
u
(A2)
u
*ɣoek
(C)
(C1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
*gʷrek
*gʷreeg
(C2)
(D2)
UEW
-(D2)
(1) [x aː˩˧] , [x aː˥] . (2) [faː˥] ,[faː˩] . (3) vạch , đạch , gạch(D2),
hoa(A1). (4) [koːˑ˧](C2); [hi̯ ə̆k̚ ˥](D2), [ʔu̯ iʔ˥](D2).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish haava is joined to DOM 5283 劃.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Swedish
hugg ‘wound’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #6.
《說文解字》(121) #2766. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #2193. SKES (1955‒1978) 47. EEW
(1982‒1983) 244‒245. 《大字源》(1988) 325. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 15, 16. SSA‒1 (1992) 127.
35
SFE #26
DOM 54C0
B (to 8863 衣)
哀
Attested gloss
121: ‘grieved’.《說文》閔也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕaþe(AA1)(-S(C)) {>脂(微)部(-je)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
āi(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[ʔaɪ̯ ˥]
Veps
--
(A)
Votic
(+)
[ʔae̯ ˧]
[ʔae̯ ˧˩]
1161
A
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/ʔ1aj /
Livonian
‘ill’
haikea;(+)heikko
(A1)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Finnish
haige(CA)
(CA)
‘melancholic’; ‘weak’
--
eikko
‘slim’
◆
aigə
‘ill’
(A)
Lappish
suoiʹkē; hæiʹgo
‘air current’; ‘weak’
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
[ɣae̯ ˩]
[ŋaɪ̯ ˧˩]
[ŋaɪ̯ ˥]
[ʔæː˧˩]
◆
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
[ʔɔˑj˥]
Nenets
--
--
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔe̞ ː˥˧]
[ŋaɪ̯ ˧]
(A1)
[ŋaˑɪ̯ ˥˧]
(A1)
[ʔɔɪ̯ ˥]
(A1)
ai
(A1)
[ʔaˑɪ̯ ˥]
Tokyo
あい(ai)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
애(ae)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔər
*ʔəd
*yəi
*ʔəj
*qɯɯl
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish haikea is joined to DOM 54C0 哀.
《說文解字》(121) #935. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3580. SKES (1955‒1978) 48 (haika); (+)64
(heikko). TESz‒1 (1967) 148‒149. MSzFE‒1 (1967) 752. EEW (1982‒1983) 253‒255. 《大字源》
(1988) 407. UEW (1988) 74. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 151. SSA‒1 (1992) 128 (haika);
(+)150
(heikko).
36
SFE #27
DOM 9999
A3
香
Attested gloss
121: ‘fragrant’.《說文》芳也。Mandarin: ‘good smell’.
Reconstruction
*ƕeŋga(AA1) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
xiāng(A1)
i
(A1)
i
(A1)
i
(A)
Estonian
[ɕ aˑŋ˥]
[ç aˑŋ˧˩]
A
/h3aŋ /
i
‘smell’
‘smell’
Veps
haiž; haju ~ haišta
‘smell’
Votic
aisen
‘I smell’
aiš
‘smell’
‘smell’
Livonian
(A)
(AA)
(CA)
Finnish
[ɕ aˑŋ˧]
haisU ~ haise-(CA)
haju
~ haise-
Lappish
◆
i
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
i
(A1)
Mari
--
--
i
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
i
(A1)
Komi
--
--
i
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɕ ãː˩]
[ɕ aˑŋ˧˩]
[ɕ aˑŋ˥]
[ɕ aˑŋ˧˩]
[ɕ ãˑɲ˥˧]
[ɕ aˑn˧]
[ɕi̯ ɔŋ˥˧]
[çʲɔˑŋ˥]
(A1)
[hœˑŋ˥]
(A1)
hương,nhang
[hi̯ ɔŋ˥],[hi̯ ə̆ʊ̯̃˥](A1)
hāggjȃ ~ haiʹsot
Tokyo
こう(kō),きょう(kyō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
향(hyang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xi̯ aŋ
*hjaŋ
*xiaŋ
*xjaŋ
*qhaŋ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish haju is joined to DOM 9999 香.
《說文解字》(121) #4450. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #44518. SKES (1955‒1978) 49 (haista;
haju). EEW (1982‒1983) 257‒258 (haisema). 《大字源》(1988) 1955. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
319. SSA‒1 (1992) 129 (haista); 130 (haju).
37
SFE #28
DOM 6572
B (to 9AD8 高)
敲
Attested gloss
121: ‘strike horizontally’.《說文》橫擿也。Mandarin: ‘knock’.
Reconstruction
*ƕeŋga(AA1) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qiāo(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiao̯ ˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
hakkaS-(AC)
‘start’
Finnish
(AC)
‘hack’
hakkaS-
Veps
--
--
(A)
Votic
akata
‘hack’
A;C
Livonian
akkə
‘catch, set out; start’
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
tšaka-
‘knock, start’
Mari
-̌
sukki
̮-
--
Komi
tšuk-
‘hack’
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
i
[cʰ ao̯ ˧˩]
/kʰ2aw /
[t͡ ɕʰiao̯ ˩](A)
[t͡ ɕʰ aʊ̯˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥],[kʰaʊ̯˥](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰ ɔo̯ ˧],[kʰɔo̯ ˧˩]
i
(A1)
Udmurt
(A1)
[kʰɔː˥˧]
(A1)
[kʰaʊ̯˧]
[kʰaˑʊ̯˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[kʰaʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[hawˑ˥]
(A1)
xao,sao
,xào
(A2)
(A1)
[kʰaˑʊ̯˥]
,[kʰaːˑ˩]
(C1)
‘hack, hit’
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
고(go),교(gyo)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'ŏg
*khragw;-h
*kheô
*khraw;-s
*khraaw;-s
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hakata is joined to DOM 6572 敲.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Swedish
hacka ‘hack’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #7.
《說文解字》(121) #2043. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #13337. SKES (1955‒1978) 46 (hakata).
EEW (1982‒1983) 260‒262 (hakkama). 《大字源》(1988) 828. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 197.
SSA‒1 (1992) 130‒131 (hakata).
38
SFE #29
DOM 641C
B (to 53DF 叟)
搜
Attested gloss
BC(1): ‘seek’.《方言》求也。Mandarin: ‘seek’.
Reconstruction
*þeƕe(AA1) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
sōu(A1)
(A1)
[sɤʊ̯˥]
[səʊ̯˧](A1)
Xiamen
‘seek’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘acquire’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[səʊ̯˥]
[səɯ̯˧˩](A1)
(A1)
[sɤɯ̯˥˧]
[səʊ̯˧](A1)
(A1)
Hanoi
sưu
(B1)
,[~˧˥]
[sɔːˑ˥],[t͡ sʰi̯ ă ʊ̯]
(A1)
‘seek’
--
(A1)
(A1)
hake-
◆
[səʊ̯˩]
[soʊ̯˧˩](A1)
[sɐwˑ˥]
‘prosecute’
(AA)
--
(A)
Guangzhou
Finnish
◆
Veps
[soʊ̯˧˩]
/ʂ3ewA/
(A1)
◆
Votic
(A)
[sɛˑʊ̯˥˧]
[sɛʊ̯˥](A1)
hage-(AA)
Estonian
ake̮ a
hākkȃt
Tokyo
そう(sō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
수(su)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʂi̯ ʊg
*srjəgw
*ʃiu
*srju
*sru
--
(1) First attested in personal literatures dating to BC.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hakea is joined to DOM 641C 搜.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic languages, e.g. Gothic sōkjan ‘seek’;
Swedish sök ‘seek’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #8.
《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #12486. SKES (1955‒1978) 50 (hakea). EEW (1982‒1983) 249‒250
(hagema). 《大字源》(1988) 797. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 205. SSA‒1 (1992) 131 (hakea).
39
SFE #30
DOM 6821
B (to 4EA4 交)
校
Attested gloss
121: ‘wooden cell’.《說文》木囚也。Mandarin: ‘check’.
Reconstruction
*ƕȧƕa-R(AA2)-S(C) {>宵部(-wa)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
xìao;jìao(C)
[ɕiaʊ̯˥˩];[t͡ ɕiaʊ̯˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[ɕ ao̯ ˥˩];[t͡ ɕiao̯ ˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Estonian
Finnish
i
i
(C)
i
(B)
[ç ao̯ ˥] ;[c ao̯ ˧˩˧]
C
C
/ɦ2aw /;/k2aw /
[ɕiao̯ ˥];[t͡ ɕiao̯ ˥](C)
i
i
Changsha
[t͡ ɕ aʊ̯˩]
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
i
(C2)
[haˑʊ̯˩]
(B)
[kaʊ̯˥˩] ;[~˧˩]
hiệu
;[kaˑw˧]
‘log’; ‘chop’
Tokyo
Seoul
교(gyo)
halʹgo;halʹgit
--
--
Komi
{šuĺa-
‘chop’ }?
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
(C1)
[haˑʊ̯˧] ;(3)
こう(kō),きょう(kyō)
Xiamen
‘log’
◆
Udmurt
(C2)
;(2)
(C2)
alg
--
;[kaˑʊ̯˥]
[haˑw˩]
‘log’; ‘rip, tear, split’
--
(C1)
(C2)
halko;halke̮ a
‘peel’ }?
;[~˥]
(C)
‘log’; ‘rip, tear, split’
{tšulgo-
(C1)
(C2)
‘log’; ‘rip, tear, split’
Mari
(C)
Shanghai
;halkeS-
haug;haugeta
Mordvin
[ɕ ɔo̯ ˥] ;(1)
[ɦiɔː˩˧](X2);[t͡ ɕiɔː˧˥](X1)
Nanjing
‘log’
(AC)
Veps
Lappish
(C)
halko
(AA)
Votic
Livonian
[ɕ aʊ̯˥];[t͡ ɕ aʊ̯˥]
[ɕiaʊ̯˧˩˧];[t͡ ɕiaʊ̯˧˩˧](C)
i
halgU(AA)
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'ŏg;k~
*gragwh;k~ *ɣeô;k~
*grews;k~
*greews;k~ -i
(C)
(C)
(C1)
(A2)
(C1)
͡
(1) [tɕ ɔo̯ ˥] , [kɔo̯ ˥] . (2) giáo ; hào . (3) [kaˑʊ̯˩] , [kaːˑ˩](C1).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish haljeta is joined to DOM 6821 校.
《說文解字》(121) #3771. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #14713. SKES (1955‒1978) 51 (haljeta).
EEW (1982‒1983) 269‒270 (halg). 《大字源》(1988) 910. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 196, 199.
SSA‒1 (1992) 132 (haljeta).
40
SFE #31
DOM 5BD2
A3
寒
Attested gloss
121: ‘freeze’.《說文》凍也。Mandarin: ‘cold’.
Reconstruction
*ƕanda-R(AA2) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
hán(A2)
(A2)
(AA)
‘frost’; ‘chilly, horrible’
Finnish
(A2)
Veps
◆
‘frost’
(C)
Votic
◆
‘frost’
Livonian
◆
‘frost’; ‘chilly’
Lappish
◆
‘dew; fog’ ; ‘chill’
[xaˑn˧˥]
[xaˑn˥]
A
/ɦ1an /
(A)
[xæ̃ ː˩]
[xãː˧˥](A2)
halla;(+)kolea
hala
alla,halla
ɔ̄la;(+)ke̮ ˀl
suolʹdne;(+)goallot
‘frost’; ‘chilly’
Mordvin
--
--
(A2)
Mari
--
--
(A2)
Udmurt
--
--
[xaˑn˧˩]
[xaˑŋ˩˧]
(X2)
[ɦøː˩˧]
Komi
--
--
(A2)
Mansi
--
--
(A2)
Khanty
--
--
(A2)
Hungarian
--
--
(A2)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
[xaˑn˩˧]
[hɔːn˧˥]
[hɔˑn˩]
Guangzhou
[hɔˑn˧˩]
Hanoi
(A2)
(A2)
Tokyo
[haːn˧˥],[ku̯ aˑ̃ ˧˥]
かん(kan)
Seoul
한(han)
Xiamen
◆
◆
[xaˑn˧˥]
hàn
hallA;(+)kõle(AA)
Estonian
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'ɑn
*g'ɑn
*ɣan
*gan
*gaan
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish halla is joined to DOM 5BD2 寒.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic languages (~ Indo-European), e.g.
Lithuanian šalnà ‘frost; slightly freezing’; Latvian salna ‘freezing; forst’ (requoted as
SSA). See also SFGE #9.
《說文解字》(121) #4591. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #7239. SKES (1955‒1978) 51 (halla);
(+)210
(kolea). EEW (1982‒1983) 272 (hall);
(+)1091
(kõle). 《大字源》(1988) 572. 《汉语方音
字汇》(1989) 238. SSA‒1 (1992) 133 (halla); (+)389 (kolea).
41
SFE #32
DOM 58DE
B (to 7714 眔)
壞
Attested gloss
121: ‘ruined’.《說文》敗也。Mandarin: ‘bad’.
Reconstruction
*ƕʷȧbe-R(AA2)(-S(C)) {>脂(微)部(-je)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
huài(C)
Estonian
(C)
u
(C)
Veps
--
--
u
(C)
alpa, halpa
‘bad’
[x aɪ̯ ˥˩]
Finnish
[x ae̯ ˥˩]
[x ae̯ ˥]
Votic
1161
C
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
/ɦʷ2aj /
halpa
(AA)
‘cheap’
Livonian
--
--
u
(C)
Lappish
◆
‘cheap’
u
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
u
(C)
Mari
--
--
u
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
u
(X2)
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
[x ae̯ ˥]
[x aɪ̯ ˥]
[x aɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[x æː˥]
[ɦ aː˩˧]
(C1)
[faɪ̯ ˥]
(C2)
,[~˩]
(C2)
[ɸaˑɪ̯ ˩]
(C)
[faɪ̯ ˥˨]
(C2)
[waˑj˩]
hoại
(C2)
(C2)
Tokyo
[kʰu̯ ă ɪ̯ ˧]
かい(kai),え(e)
Seoul
괴(goe),회(hoe)
Xiamen
‘bad’
u
Yantai
Taiyuan
halbA(AA)
halʹbe
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
*g'wær
*gwrədh
*ɣoəi
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*grujs
*gruuls
--
D
DOM 7714 眔 is attested as /d1ap / in 1161, it supports that DOM 58DE 壞
should contain -b.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish halpa is joined to DOM 58DE 壞.
《說文解字》(121) #9071. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #5590. SKES (1955‒1978) 52. EEW
(1982‒1983) 265. 《大字源》(1988) 481. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 154 (坏). SSA‒1 (1992) 134.
42
SFE #33
DOM 542B
B (to 4ECA 今)
含
Attested gloss
121: ‘hold with teeth’.《說文》嗛也。Mandarin: (1).
Reconstruction
*ƕamba(AA2) {>談部(-ma)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
hán(A2)
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
‘tooth’
Votic
◆
‘tooth’
Livonian
◆
‘tooth’
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
[xaˑn˧˥],[xəˑn˧˥]
(C)
1161
Taiyuan
Veps
◆
(A2)
A
/ɦ1am /
(A)
[xæ̃ ː˩]
[xãː˧˥](A2)
‘tooth’
Finnish
◆
[xaˑn˧˥],[xəˑn˧˥]
[xaˑn˥]
‘tooth’
(AC)
◆
(A2)
Yantai
hambaS(AC)
Estonian
(A2)
[xaˑn˧˩]
(A2)
[xaˑŋ˩˧]
(X2)
[ɦøː˩˧],[ɦe̞ ː˩˧]
hampaS
hambaz
ammaz
āmbaz
Komi
--
--
(A2)
Mansi
--
--
(A2)
[xaˑn˩˧]
[hɔːn˧˥]
Khanty
--
--
(A2)
Hungarian
--
--
(A2)
[haˑm˩]
Guangzhou
[haˑm˧˩]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(A2)
Enets
--
--
(A2)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
がん(gan)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
함(ham)
Kamas
--
--
Xiamen
hàm
[haːm˧˥]
,(2)
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
*g'əm
*gəm
*ɣyəm
*gəm
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*gɯɯm
--
(A2)
(1) ‘keep in mouth’. (2) [kaːm˧˥]; [ʔaːm˧˥]; [kãːˑ˧˥]; [ʔãːˑ˧˥] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hammas is joined to DOM 542B 含.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic and Slavic (exclusive) languages, e.g.
Lithuanian žam̃ bas ‘verge’; Latvian zobs ‘tooth’; Old Church Slavonic zǫbǔ ‘tooth’
(requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #814. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3350. SKES (1955‒1978) 54. EEW
(1982‒1983) 278‒279 (hammas). 《大字源》(1988) 395. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 238. SSA‒1
(1992) 136 (hammas).
43
SFE #34
DOM 96C1
B (to 5382 厂)
雁
Attested gloss
121: ‘bird’.《說文》鳥也。Mandarin: ‘wild goose’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕȧnda(AA2)-S(C) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
yàn(C)
hani,e(AA)
Estonian
◆
(C)
Finnish
i
(C)
Veps
◆
‘goose’
i
(C)
Votic
◆
‘goose’
[ʔ ɛˑn˥˩]
[ʔ aˑn˥˩]
[ʔ aˑn˥]
C
/ŋ2an /
(CA)
‘goose’
i
◆
hanhi,e
hanh
́ ́ /hane̮ h/hane̮ z
ane̮
‘goose’
Livonian
--
--
i
(C)
Lappish
--
--
i
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
[ʔ eː˥]
[ʔ ãː˥]
(C)
[ŋaˑn˧˩˧]
i
(C)
[ʔ eˑn˥]
(X1)
[ʔiː˧˥]
Udmurt
--
--
(X2)
Komi
--
--
(C2)
,[ŋe̞ ː˩˧]
(C1)
[ŋaˑn˥]
Mansi
--
--
(C2)
,[~˩]
Khanty
--
--
(C)
Hungarian
--
--
(C2)
Nenets
--
--
[ŋaːn˩]
[ɲʲaˑn˥˨]
[ŋaˑn˩]
Enets
--
--
(C2)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
がん(gan)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
안(an)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
ngạn
(C2)
[gaːn˧]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ŋan
*ŋranh
*ŋean
*ŋrans
*ŋraans
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hanhi is joined to DOM 96C1 雁.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Lithuanian žąsìs ‘goose’; Latvian zoss ‘goose’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE
#10.
《說文解字》(121) #2291. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #41960. SKES (1955‒1978) 55. EEW
(1982‒1983) 282. 《大字源》(1988) 1868. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 259. SSA‒1 (1992) 138.
44
SFE #35
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Yantai
1161
Estonian
hanki-(AA)
‘obtain’
(AA)
hankki-
‘obtain’
Veps
--
--
--
Votic
--
--
--
Livonian
--
-‘obtain’
Finnish
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
hāηkâstit
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hankkia is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 55 (hankkia). EEW
(1982‒1983) 283 (hankida). 《大字源》(1988) ---.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 139
(hankkia).
45
SFE #36
DOM 993F
B (to 53DF 叟)
餿
Attested gloss
543: ‘rotten’.《玉篇》飯壞也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*þeƕe(AA2) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
sōu(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[sɤʊ̯˥]
[səʊ̯˧](A1)
(A)
[soʊ̯˧˩]
/ʂ3ewA/
[səʊ̯˩]
[soʊ̯˧˩](A1)
happo
Veps
happu
‘sour’
Votic
apō,hapā
‘sour’
appən
‘sour’
◆
‘run in boiling (milk)’
tšapamo/šapama
‘sour’
šapə̑/šopə̑
--
‘sour’
Komi
--
--
Mansi
šē̮ w-/sāwtšěγ-/tšǔw-
‘acidify’
savanyú
‘sour’
Lappish
Mordvin
(A1)
[səʊ̯˥]
[səɯ̯˧˩](A1)
Mari
Udmurt
(A1)
[sɤɯ̯˥˧]
[səʊ̯˧](A1)
(A1)
[sɛˑʊ̯˥˧]
[sɛʊ̯˥](A1)
Khanty
Hungarian
(A1)
‘sour’
(AA)
Finnish
Livonian
(A)
hapu(AA)
‘acid’
happanit
--
‘acidify’
Guangzhou
[sɐwˑ˥]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(A1)
Enets
--
--
(A1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
そう(sō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
수(su)
Kamas
--
--
Xiamen
sưu
[sɔːˑ˥]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʂi̯ ʊg
*srjəgw
*ʃiu
*srju
*sru
*čawɜ/čapa
The Finnic etymon of Finnish happo is joined to DOM 993F 餿.
《玉篇》(543). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #44323. SKES (1955‒1978) 56 (hapan). EEW
(1982‒1983) 284‒286. 《大字源》(1988) 1949. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 205 (馊). SSA‒1 (1992)
140 (hapan).
46
SFE #37
DOM 9808
A3
須
Attested gloss
121: ‘beard’.《說文》面毛也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*þeƕe(AA2) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
xū(A1)
(A1)
‘brush; mane’
(AA)
‘brush; mane’
◆
hariA(AA)
Estonian
Finnish
◆
(A1)
Veps
◆
‘brush; mane’
(A)
Votic
◆
‘brush; mane’
‘brush; mane’
[ɕyː˥]
[ɕyː˧]
[ɕyː˧˩]
A
harja
haŕj
arja
Livonian
◆
(A)
Lappish
◆
‘mane’
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
/s3o /
[ɕyː˩]
[ɕyː˧˩]
[ɕyː˥]
[syː˧˩]
[ɕyː˥˧]
(A1)
[ɕiː˧]
(A1)
[ɕyːˑ˥˧]
(A1)
[siː˥]
(A1)
[sowˑ˥]
(A1)
tua
(A1)
[suːˑ˥]
ɔŕa
harʹje
Tokyo
しゅ(shu),す(su)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
수(su)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*si̯ u
*sjug
*sio
*sjo
*so
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish harja is joined to DOM 9808 須.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Lithuanian
šerỹs ‘pig’s mane’; Latvian sars ‘mane’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #5676. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #43352. SKES (1955‒1978) 58. EEW
(1982‒1983) 290‒292. 《大字源》(1988) 1916. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 135. SSA‒1 (1992)
141‒142.
47
SFE #38
DOM 5805
B (to 81E4 臤)
堅
Attested gloss
121: ‘hard’.《說文》剛也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gėnþe-R(AA2) {>真部(-nþe)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiān(A1)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
;(+)(3)
‘devout’; ‘endure’
(+)tšärsiä
‘endure’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
hárhtēs;(+)gierʹdât
(+)kird
́ ́ e-/kird
́ ́ ə-
‘devout’; ‘endure’
(+)keŕδä-/kerta-
‘can’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
[t͡ ɕ ãː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
Mordvin
Mari
[t͡ ɕ eˑn˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiː˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ ẽː˧]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ɛn˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[cʲaˑn˥]
hartaS
‘devout’; ‘endure’
‘endure’
/k4an /
[t͡ ɕieː˩](A)
(A1)
(AC) )
(+)käŕźida
A
i
Finnish
◆
Veps
[c aˑn˧˩]
i
◆
Votic
(A)
i
hardaS(AC);(+)(2)
Estonian
(A1)
[kiˑn˥]
‘hold; endure’
Nenets
--
--
(A1)
Enets
--
--
[ki̯ an˥]
Nganasan
--
--
kiên
,(1)
(A1)
Tokyo
けん(ken)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
견(gyeon)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*kien
WANG
*kin
(A1)
BAXTER
*kyen
(A1)
(C1)
*kin
(A2)
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kiin
--;(+)*kärte-
(AA)
(AA)
(1) keng , kiêng , gắn , ghiền . (2) kärsi- . (3) kärsi- .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish harras is joined to DOM 5805 堅.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Swedish hård ‘hard’; German hart ‘hard’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #11.
《說文解字》(121) #1941. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #5210. SKES (1955‒1978) 60 (harras) ;
262 (kärsiä). EEW (1982‒1983) 297‒298 (harras); 1143 (kärsima). 《大字源》(1988) 248 (坚).
《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 205. SSA‒1 (1992) 144 (harras); 478 (kärsiä).
48
SFE #39
DOM 5C11
A3/B (to 4E3F 丿)
少
Attested gloss
121: ‘few’. 《說文》不多也。Mandarin: id.; ‘young’.
Reconstruction
*ƕamba-R(AA1)(-S(C)) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
shăo(B);shào(C)
Estonian
‘sparse’; ‘fragile’
(B)
(C)
Finnish
Veps
harv
‘sparse’
(B)
(C)
Votic
arva;(+)abraz
‘sparse’; ‘fragile’
‘sparse’; ‘fragile’
Lappish
ɔ̄ra;(+)aˀbbərz,aˀbrəz
◆
harʹve;(+)hāurēs
Mordvin
[ʂaʊ̯˧˩˧] ;[~˥˩]
[sao̯ ˧˩˧](B);[~˥˩](C)
i
[ɕ ao̯ ˧˩˧] ;[~˥]
B;C
/h1aw
/
Livonian
(B)
(C)
[sao̯ ˥˧] ;[~˥]
[ʂaʊ̯˥˧](B);[~˥](C)
(B)
(B)
(C)
(B1)
[siˑw˧˥]
‘sparse’; ‘fragile’
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
{(5)
‘sparse’}?
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[saʊ̯˥˩] ;[~˥]
[sɛˑʊ̯˧˩˧](B);[~˥](C1)
Khanty
[saʊ̯˧˩] ;[~˥˨]
‘sparse’; ‘fragile’
‘sparse’ }?
[sɔː˧˥]
(C1)
;(+)(4)
{tšuro/šura
(X1)
(B)
harva
(AA)
Mari
(C)
[saʊ̯˥˧] ;[~˧˩˧]
[ʂɔo̯ ˧](B);[~˥](C)
thiểu
harvA(AA);(+)(3)
(C1)
;[~˧]
(B1)
;(1)
(B1)
[si̯ aʊ̯˥˧] ,(2)
Tokyo
しょう(shō),せう(seu)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
소(so)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ɕi̯ og
WANG
*hrjagw-x;-h
BAXTER
UEW
*hmjew-ʔ;-s -(1) thẹo , thểu , thỉu , thẻo , thiếu . (2) [t͡ si̯ oˑ˥˧](B1); [si̯ aʊ̯˩](C1). (3)
habras(AC). (4) hauras(CC). (5) lorəw, jorəw, лǒrəp / turəp.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish harva is joined to DOM 5C11 少.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive) languages, see SFGE #12.
(C2)
(B1)
*ɕiô
ZHENGZHANG
(B1)
*hljew-ʔ;-s
(B1)
(C1)
《說文解字》(121) #705.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #7475. SKES (1955‒1978) 60 (harva); (+)62
(hauras). EEW (1982‒1983) 300‒301 (harv); 247‒248 (habras). 《大字源》(1988) 590. 《汉语
方音字汇》(1989) 186. SSA‒1 (1992) 145 (harva); (+)148 (hauras).
49
SFE #40
DOM 53F7
A3
号
Attested gloss
121: ‘shout of pain’.《說文》痛聲也。Mandarin: ‘id.; claim’.
Reconstruction
*ƕaƕa(AA2)(-S(C)) {>宵部(-wa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
háo(A2);hào(C)
(A2)
Estonian
(C)
[xaʊ̯˧˥] ;[~˥˩]
[xao̯ ˧˥](A2);[~˥˩](C)
‘bark’
Veps
haukkuda
‘bark’
Votic
aukkua,haukkua
‘bark’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘bark’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
;[~˩]
Nenets
--
--
(C2)
[xao̯ ˥]
/h1awA;C/
(A)
(C)
[xao̯ ˩] ;[~˥]
[xaʊ̯˧˥](A2);[~˥](C)
(A2)
(C)
[xaʊ̯˧˩] ;[~˧˩˧]
[xɔo̯ ˩˧](A2);[~˥](C)
(X2)
[ɦɔː˩˧]
(A2)
(C1)
(A2)
(C)
[xaʊ̯˩˧] ;[~˥] ,(1)
[haˑʊ̯˧˥](A2);[~˩](C2)
;[~˥˩]
(A2)
[howˑ˧˩]
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
ごう(gō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
호(ho)
Kamas
--
--
Xiamen
;hiệu
(C2)
hawʹkot
(A2)
Hanoi
hào
(A2)
‘bark’
(CA)
haukku-
Finnish
(C)
[haʊ̯˩]
hauku-(CA)
[hoːˑ˧˥]
,(2)
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*g'og
LI
*gagw;-h
(C2)
WANG
*ɣȏ
(A2)
(C2)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*gaw;-s
*ɦlaaw;-s
--
(C2)
(1) [xaʊ̯˩] . (2) [ʔaˑʊ̯˧˥] ; [hoːˑ˧] , [koːˑ˧] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish haukkua is joined to DOM 53F7 号.
《說文解字》(121) #3048. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3256. SKES (1955‒1978) 62 (haukkua).
EEW (1982‒1983) 309 (haukuma). 《大字源》(1988) 385. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 189. SSA‒1
(1992) 147 (haukkua).
50
SFE #41
DOM 4E18
A3(2)
丘
Attested gloss
121: ‘mound’.《說文》土之高也，非人所為也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕeþe(AA1) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qiū(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiɤʊ̯˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiəʊ̯˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
Finnish
haudA(CA)
hauta
‘tomb’
(CA)
‘tomb’
Veps
haud,houd
‘tomb’
[cʰ əʊ̯˧˩]
Votic
auta
‘tomb’
A
Livonian
i
(A)
/kʰ3ew /
[t͡ ɕʰiəʊ̯˩](A)
{saude}; hawʹde
{‘tar grave’}(?); ‘tomb’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰ əɯ̯˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiɤɯ̯˥˧](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰ əʊ̯˧]
̆ ̯ ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ əʊ
i
(A1)
(A1)
[çʲəʊ̯˥],[cʲəʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[jɐwˑ˥]
(A1)
khâu,kheo,khưu
̆ ̯ ˥],[kʰuːˑ˥](A1)
[kʰi̯ əʊ
‘tomb’
◆
Lappish
[t͡ ɕʰ oʊ̯˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiəʊ̯˥](A1)
i
ōda
Tokyo
きゅう(kyū)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
구(gu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'i̯ ug
*khwjəg
*khiuə
*khʷjə
*khwɯ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hauta is joined to DOM 4E18 丘.
《說文解字》(121) #5207. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3256. SKES (1955‒1978) 63. EEW
(1982‒1983) 304. 《大字源》(1988) 156. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 216. SSA‒1 (1992) 148.
51
SFE #42
DOM 5BAE
A1
宮
Attested gloss
121: ‘room’.《說文》室也。Mandarin: ‘palace’.
Reconstruction
*gʷembe(AA1)(-S(C)) {>侵(冬)部(-me)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
gōng (A1)
(A1)
[kʊˑŋ˥]
u
◆
Finnish
◆
Veps
◆
‘tribe; relative’
Votic
◆
‘tribe; relative’
‘family; servant; house’
(A1)
[k əˑŋ˧]
(A)
[kuˑŋ˧˩]
A
‘tribe’
(CA)
heimo
‘tribe’
heim,hīm
e̮ imo
Livonian
◆
(A)
Lappish
◆
‘tribe’
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
/k3oŋ /
u
[k əˑŋ˩]
[kuˑŋ˧˩]
[koˑŋ˥]
[koˑŋ˧˩]
[kʊˑŋ˥˧]
[kəˑn˧]
[kuːŋ˥˧]
[cʲuˑŋ˥]
[kʊŋˑ˥]
cung
hõimU(CA)
Estonian
(A1)
[ki̯ ɔŋ˥],[ki̯ əŋ˥]
(A1)
aim
hæiʹbmo
Tokyo
きゅう(kyū),ぐう(gū)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
궁(gung)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ki̯ ʊŋ
*kjəŋw
*kiuəm
*kjuŋ
*kuŋ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish heimo is joined to DOM 5BAE 宮.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Lithuanian šeimà ‘family; servant’; Latvian saime ‘servant; family’ (requoted as
SSA). See also SFGE #13.
《說文解字》(121) #4606. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #7156. SKES (1955‒1978) 64. EEW
(1982‒1983) 418‒419. 《大字源》(1988) 564. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 365 (宫). SSA‒1 (1992)
150.
52
SFE #43
DOM 828A
B (to 5343 千)
芊
Attested gloss
121: ‘plenty of grass’.《說文》艸盛也。Mandarin: †id..
Reconstruction
*þėnde(AA1)(-S(C)) {>真部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
qiān (A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiɛˑn˥](A1)
◆
Finnish
◆
Veps
◆
‘grass; hay’
Votic
◆
‘grass; hay’
Livonian
◆
‘grass; hay’
Lappish
◆
‘grass; hay’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t͡ ɕʰiaˑn˧](A1)
[t͡ sʰiaˑn˧˩](A)
A;C
/tsʰ4an /
[t͡ ɕʰieː˩](A)
[t͡ ɕʰ ãː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiaˑn˥](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ sʰ eˑn˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˧](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰ ẽː˧]
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ ɛn˥˧](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ sʰʲɛˑn˥]
[t͡ sʰiˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
(A1)
thiên
[t͡ sʰi̯ an˥](A1),(1)
heinA(CA)
Estonian
heinä
(CA)
hein,hīn
einä
āina
suoiʹdne
‘hay’
‘hay’
Tokyo
せん(sen)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
천(cheon)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ts'ien
*tshin
*tshye
*tshin
*snhiin
-(A1)
͡
(1) [tsʰiə̯ŋ˥] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish heinä is joined to DOM 828A 芊.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Lithuanian
šiẽnas ‘hay’; Latvian siens ‘hay’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #692. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #30669. SKES (1955‒1978) 64. EEW
(1982‒1983) 316‒317. 《大字源》(1988) 1476. *《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 252 (同千). SSA‒1 (1992)
151.
53
SFE #44
DOM 68C4
A3
棄
Attested gloss
121: ‘throw away’.《說文》捐也。Mandarin: id.; ‘abandon’.
Reconstruction
*ƕėde(AA1)(-S(C)) {>物(質)部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qì(C)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
heitA-(CA)
‘throw away’
Finnish
(CA)
heittä-
‘throw away’
Veps
heitta,hītta
‘throw away’
Votic
eittää
‘abandon; throuw away’
eitə
‘throw away; enter’
Lappish
◆
‘abandon’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(C)
[cʰiː˥]
C
/kʰ4ej /
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥](C)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥](X1)
(C)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiːˑ˥](C1)
(C1)
(C)
[çiː˥˨],[cʰiː˥˨]
(C1)
Guangzhou
[hejˑ˧]
Hanoi
(C1)
Xiamen
Estonian
khí
(C1)
[kʰiːˑ˩]
hæiʹtet
Tokyo
き(ki)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
기(gi)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'ie
̯ ̆d
*khjidh
*khiet
*khjits
*khlids
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish heittää is joined to DOM 68C4 棄.
《說文解字》(121) #2482. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #14913. SKES (1955‒1978) 65 (heittää).
EEW (1982‒1983) 318‒320 (heitma). 《大字源》(1988) 920. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 92 (弃).
SSA‒1 (1992) 151 (heittää).
54
SFE #45
DOM 5BAE
A2
音
Attested gloss
121: ‘sound’.《說文》聲也。Mandarin: ‘sound’.
Reconstruction
*ƕembe-R(AA1) {>侵(冬)部(-me)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yīn (A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[ʔiˑn˥]
i
(A1)
[ʔ əˑn˧]
(A)
[ʔiˑn˧˩]
A
/ʔ3em /
‘sound’; ‘bright’
(AA)
Finnish
heleä
Veps
heĺed
‘bright; tender’
Votic
eliä,helliä
‘bright’
e̮ ˀldzə,e̮ ˀldzi,üˀldzə
‘bright’
Livonian
(B)
heli; hele(AA)
‘bright’
i
(A)
Lappish
--
--
i
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔ əˑŋ˩] ,[~˥˧]
[ʔ ẽː˧˩]
[ɕiˑn˥]
[ʔiˑn˧˩]
[ʔiˑɲ˥˧]
[ʔiˑn˧]
[ʔiə̯n˥˧]
[jiˑm˥](A1)
(A1)
[jɐmˑ˥]
(A1)
âm,ơm
(C2)
,ậm
(A1)
[ʔiːm˥]
Tokyo
おん(on),いん(in)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
음(eum)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔi̯ əm
*ʔjiəm
*iəm
*ʔrjəm
*qrɯm
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish heleä is joined to DOM 5BAE 音.
《說文解字》(121) #1729. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #43265. SKES (1955‒1978) 66. EEW
(1982‒1983) 323‒325 (hele). 《大字源》(1988) 1912. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 289. SSA‒1 (1992)
152.
55
SFE #46
DOM 9472
B (to 8944 襄)
鑲
Attested gloss
121: ‘mould’.《說文》作型中膓也。Mandarin: ‘inlay’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕeŋƕa-R(AA1) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
xiāng(A1)
hõlmA(AA)
Estonian
◆
‘hem’
i
(A1)
Finnish
◆
i
(A1)
Veps
--
--
i
(A)
Votic
◆
‘hem’
Livonian
◆
‘hem’
Lappish
◆
‘hem’
[ɕ aˑŋ˥]
[ɕ aˑŋ˧]
[s aˑŋ˧˩]
A
A
/n̪ 3aŋ /;/ɳ3aŋ /
[ɕiãː˩](A)
i
(A1)
[ɕ ãː˧˩]
(AA)
helma
‘hem’
e̮ lma
ē̮ lma,īlma,ǖlma
hælʹbme
Mordvin
--
--
i
(A1)
Mari
--
--
i
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
i
(A1)
Komi
--
--
i
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɕ aˑŋ˥]
[s aˑŋ˧˩]
[ɕ ãˑɲ˥˧]
[ɕ aˑn˧]
[ɕi̯ ɔŋ˥˧]
[sʲɔˑŋ˥]
[sœˑŋ˥]
tương
(A1)
(A1)
[si̯ ɔŋ˥]
Tokyo
じょう(jō),(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
양(yang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȵi̯ aŋ;ni̯ aŋ
*njaŋ;nrjaŋ
*ȵiaŋ;niaŋ
*njaŋ;nrjaŋ
*njaŋ;naŋ
--
(1) しょう(shō), にょう(nyō), そう(sō).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish helma is joined to DOM 9472 鑲.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European), e.g. Swedish
hjälm ‘helmet’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #14.
《說文解字》(121) #9235. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #41053. SKES (1955‒1978) 67. EEW
(1982‒1983) 423. 《大字源》(1988) 1828. SSA‒1 (1992) 154.
56
SFE #47
DOM 73CD
B (to 4E09 三)
珍
Attested gloss
121: ‘treasure’.《說文》寶也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*þembe-R(AA1) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
zhēn (A1)
[t͡ ʂəˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ səˑn˧](A1)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧˩](A)
Finnish
(AA)
helmi,e
‘pearl’; ‘drop’
‘pearl’
Veps
--
--
elmi,helmä
‘pearl’
eĺm,ēĺmaz
‘pearl’
Lappish
◆
‘pearl’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
/ʈ3em /
[t͡ səˑŋ˩](A)
Livonian
[t͡ ʂẽː˧˩]
[t͡ səˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ʂəˑn˧˩]
(A1)
(A1)
[ʔiˑɲ˥˧]
[t͡ səˑn˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ sɐnˑ˥]
(A1)
trân
helmes(AC)
Votic
A
[t͡ səːn˥˧]
[t͡ siˑn˥](A1)
Estonian
(A1)
(A1)
[tiːn˥]
helʹbmu
Tokyo
ちん(chin)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
진(jin)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ti̯ ən
*trjiən
*tiən
*trjən
*ʔl'ɯn
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish helmi is joined to DOM 73CD 珍.
《說文解字》(121) #1729. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #20920. SKES (1955‒1978) 67. EEW
(1982‒1983) 331‒332. 《大字源》(1988) 1141. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 276. SSA‒1 (1992) 154.
57
SFE #48
DOM 57A3
B (to 52A6 劦)
協
(≤ DOM 52A6
劦)
Attested gloss
121: ‘cooperate’.《說文》眾之同和也。Mandarin: ‘assist’
Reconstruction
*ƕėba-R(AD2) {>葉部(-ba)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
xié(A2)
(A2)
Finnish
i
(A2)
Veps
--
--
i
(C)
Votic
◆
‘ease’
[ɕ eː˧˥]
[ɕ eː˧˥]
1161
D
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
‘ease’
i
[ç eː˥]
Xi’an
◆
◆
Yantai
Taiyuan
hõlpU(AA)
Estonian
/ɦ4ap /
helppo
(AA)
‘easy’
helppo
Livonian
--
--
i
(D)
Lappish
◆
‘ease’
i
(A2)
Mordvin
--
--
i
(A2)
Mari
--
--
i
(D)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɕ eʔ˩]
[ɕ eː˧˥]
[ɕ eː˧˩]
[ɕ eˑʔ]
i
(D2)
[ɦiˑʔ˧],[ɦ ɐˑʔ˧]
i
(D)
[ɕ eː˧˥]
[ɕi̯ ɛt̚ ˩](D2)
(D2)
[çʲaˑp̚ ˥]
(D2)
[hiˑp̚ ˩]
hiệp
(D2)
(D1)
,hiếp
(D2)
[hi̯ ap̚ ˥]
hælʹpo
Tokyo
きょう(kyō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
협(hyeop)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'iap
*giap
*ɣyap
*gep
*ɦleeb
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish helppo is joined to DOM 57A3 協.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (+ Lithuanian), e.g. Swedish hjälp
‘help’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #15.
《說文解字》(121) #9210(協); #9207(劦). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #2742(協); #2307(劦).
SKES (1955‒1978) 67. EEW (1982‒1983) 423‒425. 《大字源》(1988) 357(協); 330(劦). 《汉语
方音字汇》(1989) 49 (协). SSA‒1 (1992) 154‒155.
58
SFE #49
DOM 5F62
B (to 5E75 幵)
形
Attested gloss
121: ‘shape’.《說文》象形也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕėŋga(AA2) {>耕部(-n̪ a)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
xíng(A2)
(A2)
[ɕiˑŋ˧˥]
i
[ɕ əˑŋ˧˥]
1161
A
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
/ɦ4eŋ /
i
hingE(AA)
henki,e
‘breath’; ‘life’; ‘soul’
(AA)
‘breath’; ‘soul’
Veps
heηg
‘breath’; ‘life’; ‘soul’
Votic
entš
‘breath’; ‘life’; ‘soul’
Livonian
jeηg
‘breath’; ‘life’; ‘soul’
‘breath’; ‘soul’
(C)
[çiˑŋ˥]
Xi’an
Finnish
(A2)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
(A)
Lappish
◆
(A2)
Mordvin
--
--
(A2)
Mari
--
--
--?!
--
[ɕ əˑŋ˩]
[ɕiˑŋ˧˥]
[ɕiˑn˧˩]
(A2)
[ɕiˑn˩˧]
Udmurt
(X2)
[ɦiˑɲ˩˧],[ʑiˑɲ˩˧]
hægʹgȃ
Komi
--
--
(A2)
Mansi
--?!
--
(C2)
Khanty
--?!
--
(A2)
Hungarian
--?!
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɕiˑn˩˧]
[ɕi̯ ən˩]
[çiˑn˩]
(A2)
[jɪŋˑ˧˩]
(A2)
Hanoi
hình,hềnh
Xiamen
(A2)
[hi̯ əŋ˧˥]
Tokyo
けい(kei),ぎょう(gyō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
형(hyeong)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'ieŋ
*giŋ
*ɣyeŋ
*geŋ
*geeŋ
--?!
The Finnic etymon of Finnish henki is joined to DOM 5F62 形.
(?!) Previously doubted equivalents {Khanty džog ‘hot’; Mansi säk/saχ/sak/sāηk/
‘sweat’; Khanty tšěηk/šaηk ‘heat’; Hungarian -ség/-ság a suffix for abstract noun}
are rejected.
《說文解字》(121) #5682. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #9969. SKES (1955‒1978) 68‒69. EEW
(1982‒1983) 356‒359. 《大字源》(1988) 681. UEW (1988) 57. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 351.
SSA‒1 (1992) 156.
59
SFE #50
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
‘Mister’
Finnish
‘Mister’
◆
(AA)
◆
härra(AA)
Estonian
Beijing
--
herra
Shenyang
--
Veps
--
--
Yantai
--
Votic
◆
‘Mister’
1161
--
Livonian
--
-‘Mister’
herra
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
hæarʹra
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish herra is not detected in Chinese.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive), e.g. Swedish herre
‘Mister’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 70‒71. EEW
(1982‒1983) 455‒447. 《大字源》(1988) ---.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 158.
60
SFE #51
DOM 8D77
B (to 5DF1 己)
起
Attested gloss
121: ‘can stand up’.《說文》能立也。Mandarin: ‘stand up’.
Reconstruction
*ƕege-R(AA1)-X(B) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
qǐ(B)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˩˧],[t͡ ɕʰieː˧˩˧](B)
Estonian
ärkaS-(AC)
‘wake up’
Finnish
(AC)
‘wake up’
heräS-
Veps
heraštuda
‘wake up’
[cʰiː˧˩˧]
Votic
--
--
B
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘wake up’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(B)
/kʰ3ej /
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˧](B)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˧],[t͡ ɕʰ ɛː˥˧]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˧](B)
i
(B)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥](X1)
(B)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiːˑ˧˩˧](B)
(B)
(B)
[çiː˧˩]
(B1)
[hejˑ˧˥]
khởi,khỉ
(B1)
(B1)
[kʰiːˑ˥˧]
jeretʹet
Tokyo
き(ki)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
기(gi)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'i̯ əg
*khjəgx
*khiə
*khjəʔ
*khɯʔ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish herätä is joined to DOM 8D77 起.
《說文解字》(121) #1016.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #37048. SKES (1955‒1978) 71 (herätä).
EEW (1982‒1983) 4061‒4063 (ärkama). 《大字源》(1988) 1683. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 91.
SSA‒1 (1992) 159 (herätä).
61
SFE #52
DOM 6B23
B (to 65A4 斤)
欣
Attested gloss
121: ‘happy’.《說文》笑喜也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕende(AA1) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
xīn(A1)
(A1)
[ɕiˑn˥]
i
(A1)
[ɕ əˑn˧]
[çiˑn˧˩]
1161
A
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
hõõnukene(CA)
Finnish
(CA)
Veps
(A)
Yantai
Estonian
/h3en /
hieno
́ ́o
hen
‘thin, delicate’
‘nice’
‘small, nice’
Votic
◆
‘thin, nice’
hēno
Livonian
--
--
i
(A)
Lappish
◆
‘nice’
i
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
(X1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɕ əˑŋ˩]
[ɕ ẽː˧˩]
[ɕiˑn˥]
[ɕiˑn˧˩]
[ɕiˑɲ˧˥]
[ɕiˑn˥]
[ɕiə̯n˥˧]
[çʲuˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
[jɐnˑ˥]
hân,hăn
(A1)
,(1)
(A1)
[hiːm˥]
heänu
Tokyo
ごん(gon),(2)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
광(gwang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*xi̯ ən
*hjən
(A1)
(A1)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xiən
*xjən
*qhɯn
--
(C1)
(1) hoen , hơn , hớn . (2) きん(kin), こん(kon).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hieno is joined to DOM 6B23 欣.
《說文解字》(121) #5508. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #16008. SKES (1955‒1978) 72. EEW
(1982‒1983) 431‒432. 《大字源》(1988) 954.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 289. SSA‒1 (1992) 160.
62
SFE #53
DOM 67D4
A3/B (to 77DB 矛)
柔
Attested gloss
121: ‘soft’.《說文》木曲直也。Mandarin: id.; ‘rub’(揉).
Reconstruction
*ƕewe-R(AA1) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
róu(A2)
Estonian
hõõru-(CA);(+)(2)
‘rub’; ‘grind’
(A2)
Finnish
(CA)
;(+)(3)
‘rub’; ‘grind’
Veps
h́ erda;(+)hijoda
‘rub’; ‘grind’
(C)
hēroa;(+)ihoa,ihua
‘rub’; ‘grind’
‘rub’; ‘grind’
[ɻɤʊ̯˧˥]
[ɹəʊ̯˧˥],[ʔiəʊ̯˧˥](A2)
i
Yantai
[ʔ əʊ̯˥]
Votic
1161
A
Livonian
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
/n̪ 3ew /
[ɹəʊ̯˩](A)
hiero-
Lappish
ē̮ rə;(+)je̮ uvə,(j)iˀuvə̂
◆
fierrot; (+)sâggjet
(A2)
Mordvin
(+)čova-/šova-
‘grind, rub’
(A2)
Mari
(+)š ə̂ma-/šume-
‘grind, rub’
[ɻoʊ̯˧˥]
[ɹəʊ̯˧˩]
[ɻəɯ̯˩˧](A2)
{šer
‘whetstone’}??
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Udmurt
(X2)
[ɹɤɯ̯˩˧],[lɤɯ̯˩˧]
[ʔiəʊ̯˩˧](A2)
(C2)
[lɛˑʊ̯˩]
[jəʊ̯˩](A2)
‘stir’; ‘grind’
Hungarian
--
--
(A2)
nhu
[li̯ ə̆ʊ̯˧˥](A2)
Guangzhou
[jɐwˑ˧˩]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Xiamen
Tokyo
にゅう(nyū),(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
유(yu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ȵi̯ ʊg
*njəgw
WANG
*ȵiu
(AA)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*nju
*mlju
{šera}??
(AA)
(1) じゅう(jū). (2) ihu- . (3) hio- .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hieroa is joined to DOM 67D4 柔.
《說文解字》(121) #3590. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #14622. SKES (1955‒1978) 72 (hieroa) ;
(+)75
(hioa). EEW (1982‒1983) 432‒433 (hõõruma); (+)492 (ihuma). 《大字源》(1988) 907. UEW
(1988) 783‒784;
(+)165‒166
(+)784‒785.
《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 209. SSA‒1 (1992) 160‒161 (hieroa);
(hioa).
63
SFE #54
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
hiilgeS(CC)
‘shine’
(CA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
hīĺ(i)
‘coal, charcoal’
Yantai
--
Votic
īli
‘coal, charcoal’
1161
--
Livonian
ildə,ilgə; īĺ
◆
Finnish
hiili,e
‘coal, charcoal’
‘glitter’; ‘fire’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
šilla; hillâ
‘glowing coal’; ‘coal’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hiili is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 73. EEW
(1982‒1983) 342‒343 (hiilas). 《大字源》(1988) ---.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992)
162.
64
SFE #55
DOM 9F20
A1
鼠
Attested gloss
121: ‘mouse, rat’.《說文》穴蟲之緫名也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*þʷe(ŋ)ga-R(AA1)(-X)(B) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
shǔ(B)
Estonian
(B)
[ʂuː˧˩˧]
Finnish
hiirE(CA)
hiiri,e
‘mouse’
(CA)
‘mouse’
(B)
Veps
hiŕ
‘mouse’
(B)
Votic
īri
‘mouse, rat’
[suː˧˩˧]
[ɕyː˧˩˧]
B
/ʂ3o /
Livonian
īr
‘mouse’
(B)
Lappish
--
--
(B)
Mordvin
tšejeŕ/šejər
‘mouse’
(B)
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
ši̬ r
‘mouse’
Komi
ši̬ r
‘mouse’
Mansi
täηkər/taηkər
‘mouse’
löηkər/jöηkər/(1)
‘mouse’
eger
‘mouse’
Nenets
◆
‘mouse’
[suː˥˧]
[fuː˥˧]
[suː˥˧]
[t͡ ʂʰuː˧](B)
[t͡ sʰɨː˧˥]
(X1)
(B)
[ɕyː˥˩]
(B)
[ɕyːˑ˧˩˧]
[t͡ sʰuː˧˩](B)
Khanty
Hungarian
(B1)
[syː˧˥]
(B1)
Enets
--
--
(B1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
そ(so),しょ(sho)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
서(seo)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
thử
jaηkar
[suːˑ˥˧],[t͡ sʰuːˑ˥˧]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ɕi̯ o
*hrjagx
*ɕia
*hjaʔ
*hljaʔ
*šiŋe-re
(1) teηkər/leηkər.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hiiri is joined to DOM 9F20 鼠.
̌
Equivalents have been suggested in some Asian languages, e.g. Evenki singereke
̮ ̮̄ ̮̄ n
‘rat’; Nanai singgere ‘rat’; Manchu singgeri ‘mouse, rat’; Chuvash sə̑və̑r ‘marmot’
(requoted as UEW and SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #5682. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #48390. SKES (1955‒1978) 74. TESz‒1
(1967) 711. MSzFE‒1 (1967) 140‒141. EEW (1982‒1983) 344. 《大字源》(1988) 2063. UEW
(1988) 500‒501. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 121. SSA‒1 (1992) 162.
65
SFE #56
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
hiidU(CA)
Estonian
‘giant’
(CA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
--
--
Yantai
--
Votic
◆
‘monster’
1161
--
Livonian
--
-‘devil’
hiisi,e
Finnish
‘devil’
hitto
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
{tiitɜ,tiida,tiid
‘small willow tree’}?
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
hiiʹdâ
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
{*šijtɜ(šejtɜ)}?
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hiisi {UEW *šijtɜ} is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 74. EEW
(1982‒1983) 341‒342. 《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988) 499‒500. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---.
SSA‒1 (1992) 162.
66
SFE #57
DOM 6DB2
B (to 591C 夜)
液
Attested gloss
121: ‘liquid’.《說文》𧗁也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕega(AD2)(-S(C)) {>鐸部(-ga)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yè(C)
Estonian
i
(C)
[ʔ eː˥˩]
Finnish
i
(C)
[ʔ eː˥˩],[ʔiː˥˩]
higi(AA)
hiki,e
‘sweat’
(AA)
‘sweat’
Veps
higi,higo
‘sweat’
[ʔ eː˥]
Votic
itši
‘sweat’
D
Livonian
iˀg
‘sweat’
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
i
(C)
/я3ek /
i
(C)
[ʔ eː˥]
(C)
[ʔiː˥]
i
(C)
[ʔ eː˧˩˧]
i
(D)
[ʔiˑʔ˥],[ʔ eˑʔ˥]
(D2)
[ɦiˑʔ˧]
(D)
[ʔiː˧˥]
[ʔiːt̚ ˩](D2)
(D2)
[jiˑt̚ ˥]
[jɪk̚ ˑ˩](D2)
(C1)
giá
[ʔiːk̚ ˧],[si̯ oʔ˧]
(D2)
Tokyo
えき(eki)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
액(aek)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*di̯ ag
*rak
*ʎyak
*ljᴀk
*laag
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hiki is joined to DOM 6DB2 液.
《說文解字》(121) #7355. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #17586. SKES (1955‒1978) 99. EEW
(1982‒1983) 339‒340. 《大字源》(1988) 1029. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 52. SSA‒1 (1992) 163.
67
SFE #58
DOM 9072
B (to 7280 犀)
遲
Attested gloss
121: ‘walk slowly’.《說文》徐行也。Mandarin: ‘late’.
Reconstruction
*þeþe(AA2) {>脂部(-je)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
chí(A2)
[t͡ ʂʰɨː˧˥](A2)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ sʰɨː˧˥](A2)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥](C)
hilĺ, hiĺd
‘quiet; peaceful’
ilĺaa
‘slowly’
īlig
‘slow’
Lappish
◆
‘slow; peaceful’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Livonian
[t͡ ʂʰɨː˧],[t͡ sʰɨː˧˥]
[t͡ sʰɨː˧˩](A2)
(A2)
[t͡ ʂʰɨː˩˧]
(A2)
(X2)
[zɨː˩˧]
[t͡ sɨː˩˧](A2)
(A2)
[t͡ sʰiː˧˩]
(A2)
trì,chầy,trìa
‘late’
Veps
/ɖ3ej /
[t͡ sʰɨː˩](A)
(A2)
hiljaa
‘late’
(AA)
Votic
A;C
[t͡ sʰɨːˑ˧˥]
[t͡ sʰɨː˩](A2)
hilja(AA)
,(1)
(A2)
[tiːˑ˧˥]
hilʹlje
Tokyo
ち(chi)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
지(ji)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*d'i̯ ær
*drjid;-h
(A2)
(A2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*diei
*drjij;-s
*l'il;-s
--
(A2)
(1) chày , chề , rì .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hiljaa is joined to DOM 9072 遲.
《說文解字》(121) #1147. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #39113. SKES (1955‒1978) 75. EEW
(1982‒1983) 349‒351. 《大字源》(1988) 1760. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 64 (迟). SSA‒1 (1992)
163.
68
SFE #59
DOM 5E78
A3
幸
Attested gloss
121: ‘surprised’.《說文》所以驚人也。Mandarin: ‘happy’.
Reconstruction
*ƕȧnþa(AA2)(-S(C)) {>耕部(-n̪ a)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
xìng (C)
(C)
[ɕiˑŋ˥˩]
i
(C)
[ɕ əˑŋ˥˩]
(C)
Yantai
[çiˑŋ˥]
1161
B
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
/ɦ2eŋ /
i
‘desire’; ‘fear’; ‘wonder’
himo
;(2)
Veps
himo
‘desire’; ‘fear’;
Votic
imo; irmu; ime
‘desire’; ‘fear’; ‘wonder’
imū; irm; iˀm
‘desire’; ‘fear’; ‘wonder’
‘desire’; ‘fear’; ‘wonder’
‘desire’; ‘fear’; ‘wonder’
Lappish
◆
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
[ɕ əˑŋ˥]
[ɕiˑŋ˥]
[ɕiˑn˧˩˧]
(C)
[ɕiˑn˥]
(X2)
[ɦiˑɲ˩˧],[ʑiˑɲ˩˧]
hābmo,hibmo;(3)
Komi
--
--
(C2)
Mansi
--
--
(C2)
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɕiˑn˩]
[ɕi̯ ən˩]
(C)
[hɛˑn˥˨]
(C2)
[hɐŋˑ˩]
hạnh
(AA)
Finnish
Livonian
(C)
himu(AA);(1)
(C2)
(C2)
[hi̯ əŋ˧]
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
행(haeng)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*g'ĕŋ
LI
WANG
*griŋx
(AA)
*ɣeŋ
(AC)
(AA)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*greŋʔ
*greeŋʔ
--
(AC)
(1) hirmU ; imeS . (2) hirmu ; ihmeS . (3) hirʹbmȃ; ȃmȃs.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish himo is joined to DOM 5E78 幸.
《說文解字》(121) #6609. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #9176. SKES (1955‒1978) 76 (himo); 77
(hirmu); 102 (ihme). EEW (1982‒1983) 353‒355 (himu); 360‒362 (hirmu); 506‒507 (ime). 《大字
源》(1988) 649. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 352. SSA‒1 (1992) 164 (himo); 166 (hirmu); 221 (ihme).
69
SFE #60
DOM 9280
B (to 826E 艮)
銀
Attested gloss
121: ‘silver’.《說文》白金也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕende(AA2) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
yín(A2)
Estonian
(A2)
[ʔiˑn˧˥]
i
[ʔ əˑn˧˥]
(C)
Yantai
[ʔiˑn˥]
1161
A
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Finnish
(A2)
/ŋ3en /
Veps
hind
inta
tšonda
‘price; money’
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Mordvin
(A2)
(A2)
[ʔ ẽː˧˥]
[ʔiˑn˧˩]
[ʔiˑn˩˧]
(X2)
[ɲiˑɲ˩˧]
(A2)
[ʔiˑn˩˧],[ɲiˑn˩˧]
(C2)
[ɲi̯ ən˩]
(B1)
,[~˧˥]
(A1)
(A2)
[gu̯ ən˧˥]
‘price’
◆
‘price’
Lappish
(A2)
ngân
‘price’
‘old richness’; ‘price’
i
[ŋɐnˑ˧˩]
‘price’
◆
[ʔ əˑŋ˩]
(A2)
‘price’
(AA)
īnta; ind
Livonian
(A)
[jiˑn˩]
hinta
Votic
i
(A2)
hindA(AA)
hȃdʹde
Tokyo
ぎん(gin),ごん(gon)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
은(eun)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ŋi̯ æn
*ŋjiən
*ŋeən
*ŋrjən
*ŋrɯn
*čanta
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hinta is joined to DOM 9280 銀.
《說文解字》(121) #9212. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #40355. SKES (1955‒1978) 77. EEW
(1982‒1983) 355. 《大字源》(1988) 1805. UEW (1988) 618. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 290 (银).
SSA‒1 (1992) 165.
70
SFE #61
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
hirnu-(AA)
‘whinny’
Finnish
(AA)
hirnu-
‘whinny’
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
hirn(u)da
‘whinny’
Yantai
--
Votic
irnaa
‘whinny’
1161
--
Livonian
--
-‘try to hold’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
hirʹdnot
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hirnua is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 77 (hirnua). EEW
(1982‒1983) 362 (hirnuma). 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 166
(hirnua).
71
SFE #62
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
hirsE(AA)
‘pole, mast’
(AA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
--
--
Yantai
--
Votic
irsi
‘timber, log’
1161
--
Livonian
--
-‘timber, log’
Finnish
hirsi,e
‘timber, log’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
hirʹsâ-
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hirsi is not detected in Chinese.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic and Slavic languages, e.g. Lithuanian
̌ ́ ‘pole, mast’ (requoted as SSA).
ž ard̃ is ‘pole, mast’; Russian zerd
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 77. EEW
(1982‒1983) 362‒363. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 166.
72
SFE #63
DOM 563C
A1
嘼
Attested gloss
121: ‘cattle’.《說文》㹌也。Mandarin: ‘land animal’.
Reconstruction
*ƕewe(AA1)-S(C) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
shòu(C)
i
1161
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Veps
◆
‘elk’
Votic
◆
‘elk’
Livonian
◆
‘deer’
Lappish
◆
‘elk’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(C)
C
Xi’an
Finnish
◆
[ʂɤʊ̯˥˩]
[səʊ̯˥˩](C)
[ɕ əʊ̯˥]
Taiyuan
◆
(C)
Yantai
/ʂ3ew /
(C)
[səʊ̯˥]
[ʂoʊ̯˥](C)
(C)
[səʊ̯˧˩˧]
[ʂəɯ̯˥](C)
(X1)
[sɤɯ̯˧˥]
[səʊ̯˥](C1)
(C1)
[səʊ̯˥]
[t͡ sʰuː˥˩](C)
(C1)
[sɐwˑ˧]
(C1)
thú
(C1)
[si̯ əʊ̯˩]
hirvE(AA)
Estonian
hirvi,e
(AA)
hirvoi
irvi
īra,īrva
sârvâ
‘deer’
‘elk’
Tokyo
きゅう(kyū),(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
휴(hyu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ɕi̯ ʊg
*hrjəgwh
*ɕiu
*hjus
*qhljus
--
(1)く(ku), ちゅう(chū).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hirvi is joined to DOM 563C 嘼.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic languages, e.g. Old Prussian sirwis
‘deer’ (requoted as SSA). Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive)
languages, see SFGE #16.
《說文解字》(121) #9688. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #4279. SKES (1955‒1978) 78. EEW
(1982‒1983) 363‒364. 《大字源》(1988) 430. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 208 (兽). SSA‒1 (1992)
167.
73
SFE #64
DOM 7FBD
A1
羽
Attested gloss
121: ‘feather of birds’.《說文》鳥長毛也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕʷeba(AA2)-X(B) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
yŭ(B)
(B)
[ʔyː˧˩˧]
Estonian
juusE(CA);†hivu
Finnish
(CA)
hiusE
;hipiä
‘hair’; ‘body’
‘hair’; ‘soft skin’
(B)
Veps
́ ́ d́
hibus;hib
‘hair’; ‘soft skin’
(B)
Votic
ivuz
‘hair’
ibūks
‘hair’
[ʔyː˧˩˧]
[ʔyː˧˩˧]
B
/я3o /
Livonian
(B)
Lappish
--
--
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
(B)
Mari
--
--
(B)
[ʔyː˥˧]
[ʔyː˥˧]
[ʔyː˥˧]
[ʔyː˧]
Udmurt
--
--
(X2)
Komi
--
--
(B)
Mansi
--
--
[ɦyː˩˧]
[ʔyː˥˩]
(B)
Nanchang
[ʔyːˑ˧˩˧]
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
(B)
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[jiː˧˩]
(B2)
Guangzhou
[jyː˩˧]
Hanoi
(B2)
Xiamen
vũ
(B)
[ʔuːˑ˥˧]
Tokyo
う(u)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
우(u)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*gi̯ wo
*gwjagx
*ɣiua
*wjaʔ
*ɢʷaʔ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hius is joined to DOM 7FBD 羽.
Equivalents have been suggested in Scandinavian and Gothic (exclusive)
languages, e.g. Swedish hy ‘skin’; Gothic hiwi ‘outward appearance’ (requoted as
SSA). See also SFGE #17.
《說文解字》(121) #2231. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #28614. SKES (1955‒1978) 78 (hius); 77
(hipiä). EEW (1982‒1983) 365‒366 (hius); 579 (juus). 《大字源》(1988) 1400. 《汉语方音字汇》
(1989) 139. SSA‒1 (1992) 168 (hius); 166 (hipiä).
74
SFE #65
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Beijing
--
Shenyang
Yantai
Estonian
hõbe(AA)
‘silver’
(AA)
Finnish
hopea
--
Veps
hobed
‘silver’, ‘soft’
--
Votic
e̮ pe̮ a
‘silver’
1161
--
Livonian
e̮ ˀbdə,iˀbdi
‘silver’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
suohpē,suopēs
‘soft’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
‘silver’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hopea is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 81. EEW
(1982‒1983) 415‒416. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 172.
75
SFE #66
DOM 6BC0
B (to 6BC7 毇)
毀
Attested gloss
121: ‘ruin’.《說文》缺也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕʷega(AA1)-X(B) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
huǐ(B)
u
(B)
u
(B)
[x eɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[x eɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
u
(B)
[x əɪ̯ ː˧˩˧]
B;C
/hʷ3ej
/
Estonian
hukkaS-(AC)
‘ruin’
Finnish
(AC)
hukkaS-
‘ruin’
Veps
--
--
Votic
(h)ukata
‘ruin’
uktəb
‘it ruins’
‘ruin’
Livonian
u
(B)
Lappish
◆
u
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
u
(B)
Mari
--
--
u
(B)
Udmurt
--
--
u
(X1)
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
[x eɪ̯ ˥˧]
[x eɪ̯ ˥˧]
[x eɪ̯ ˥˧]
[x ɵɪ̯ ˧]
[h e̞ ː˧˥]
(B)
[feɪ̯ ˥˩]
(B)
[ɸəˑɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
(B)
(A1)
[kʰʋəɪ̯ ˧˩] ,[fəɪ̯ ˥]
(B1)
hohkkānit
Guangzhou
[wɐjˑ˧˥]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(B1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
huỷ
(B)
Tokyo
[hu̯ əɪ̯̆˥˧]
き(ki)
Seoul
훼(hwe)
Xiamen
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xia
*hjiar-x;-h
*xiai
*xrjaj-ʔ;-s
*hmral-ʔ;-s
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hukata is joined to DOM 6BC0 毀.
◆
An equivalent has been suggested in Latvian: ukā ‘ruin’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #9069. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #16654. SKES (1955‒1978) 84‒85
(hukata). EEW (1982‒1983) 396‒397 (hukkama). 《大字源》(1988) 979. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
168. SSA‒1 (1992) 180 (hukata).
76
SFE #67
DOM 6E3E
B (to 8ECD 軍)
渾
Attested gloss
121: ‘muddle’.《說文》混流聲也。Mandarin: ‘muddy; mad’.
Reconstruction
*ƕʷande-R(AA2) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
hún(A2)
u
hullU(AA)
‘mad’
Finnish
(AA)
hullu
‘mad’
Veps
--
--
Votic
ullu
‘mad’
Livonian
ul
‘mad’
Lappish
◆
‘naughty’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
(A2)
[x əˑn˧˥]
u
[x əˑn˧˥],(+)(1)
(C)
[xuˑn˥]
/ɦw1enA;B/
u
(A)
[x əˑŋ˩]
u
(A2)
[x ẽː˧˥]
(B)
,[~˥˧]
u
(A1)
[x əˑn˥]
,(2)
(A2)
[xuˑn˩˧]
u
(X2)
[ɦ əˑɲ˩˧]
(A2)
[fəˑn˩˧]
(A2)
[ɸəːn˧˥]
[fəˑn˩],[ʋuˑn˩]
(A2)
(A2)
[wɐnˑ˧˩]
hồn
(A2)
,hỗn
(B2)
(A2)
Tokyo
[hu̯ ən˧˥]
こん(kon)
Seoul
혼(hon)
Xiamen
Estonian
oll
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*g'wən
LI
*gwən;-x
(A2)
u
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ɣuən
*gun;-ʔ
*guun;-ʔ
--
(A2)
(1) [ˈxu˧˥ɾu] . (2) [kʰ əˑn˧˩] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hullu is joined to DOM 6E3E 渾.
《說文解字》(121) #7158. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #17800. SKES (1955‒1978) 85‒86. EEW
(1982‒1983) 401‒402. 《大字源》(1988) 1043. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 296. SSA‒1 (1992) 182.
77
SFE #68
DOM 547C
B (to 4E4E 乎)
呼
Attested gloss
121: ‘exhale’.《說文》外息也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕʷaga(AA1) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
hū(A1)
1958
Estonian
(A1)
[xuː˥]
Beijing
(A1)
(A)
[xuː˧˩]
Yantai
A
/x1o /
1161
--
--
Mari
--
--
šoka(l)-
‘breathe’
Komi
šocci
́ ́ ̮ -/šojcci
́ ́ ̮-
‘breathe, rest’
Mansi
šāχ-/šē̮ k◆
šeχəj-
‘gasp’
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Udmurt
[fuː˧]
(A1)
[ɸuːˑ˥˧],[kʰuːˑ˥˧]
Khanty
(A1)
[fuː]
(A1)
[fuː˥]
Guangzhou
hô,ho
Hanoi
(A1)
,(1)
(A1)
[hɔːˑ˥],[kʰɔːˑ˥]
Xiamen
‘swish, whizz’
Mordvin
(A1)
Meixian
ūg
(A1)
[huː˥˧],[fm̩ ː˥˧]
Nanchang
‘exhale’
‘sigh’
(A1)
Changsha
ōkua
šuokʹket
[xuː˧˩]
Shanghai
--
Lappish
(A1)
Nanjing
--
(A1)
[fuː˥]
Chengdu
Veps
Votic
Livonian
[xuː˧˩]
Xi’an
‘exhale’
(A)
[xuː˩]
Taiyuan
‘blow; rest’
(CA)
huoku-
Finnish
[xuː˧]
Shenyang
hoogU(CA)
‘gasp’
Tokyo
こ(ko)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
호(ho)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*xo
*hag
(A2)
(C1)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xa
*xa
*qhaa
*šoka
(C1)
(1) hò , hố , hú .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish huokua is joined to DOM 547C 呼.
《說文解字》(121) #825. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3471. SKES (1955‒1978) 87 (huokua).
EEW (1982‒1983) 376‒377. 《大字源》(1988) 402. UEW (1988) 501. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
126. SSA‒1 (1992) 185 (huokua).
78
SFE #69
DOM 8B77
B (to 84A6 蒦)
護
Attested gloss
121: ‘save’.《說文》救視也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕʷaga-R(AA2)(-S(C)) {>鐸部(-ga)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
hù (C)
Estonian
(C)
[xuː˥˩]
Veps
hoĺ
‘care’
ole
̄ ̮ va
‘careful’
ūoĺ,vuoĺ
‘sorrow, care’
‘care’
1161
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/ɦ1o /
Livonian
(C)
Lappish
◆
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
--
--
[xuː˥]
[xuː˥]
[fuː˧˩˧]
(C)
[xuː˥]
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
(C2)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(C1)
[fuː˥]
fuollȃ
(X2)
[ɦuː˩˧],[fm̩ ː˩˧]
,[~˩]
(C2)
[ɸuːˑ˩]
(C)
[fuː˥˨]
(C2)
[wuː˩]
hộ
‘care’
Votic
C
Chengdu
‘care; concern’
(C)
[xuː˥˩]
[fuː˥]
Xi’an
huoli,e
(CA)
(C)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Finnish
hoolE(CA)
(C2)
(C2)
[hɔːˑ˧]
Tokyo
ご(go),こ(ko)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
호(ho)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'wăg
*gwragh
*ɣoak
*waks
*ɢʷraags
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish huoli is joined to DOM 8B77 護.
《說文解字》(121) #825. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #36038. SKES (1955‒1978) 87. EEW
(1982‒1983) 378‒379. 《大字源》(1988) 1647. UEW (1988) 501. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 127
(护). SSA‒1 (1992) 186.
79
SFE #70
DOM 5149
A3
光
Attested gloss
121: ‘light’.《說文》明也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷaŋƕa(AA1) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
guāng(A1)
Estonian
homme(AA)
‘tomorrow’
u
(A1)
u
(A1)
Veps
homen
‘morning’
u
(A)
Votic
ome
̄ ̮ nna
‘tomorrow’
ūoməg
‘morning; east’
[k aˑŋ˥]
Finnish
[k aˑŋ˧]
[k aˑŋ˧˩]
/kʷ1aŋ
u
A;C
/
Livonian
(A)
(B)
[k ãː˩] ,[~˥˧]
(AA)
huomen
;(+)(3)
‘morning’
Lappish
--
--
u
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
u
(A1)
Mari
--
--
u
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
u
(A1)
Komi
--
--
u
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[k aˑŋ˧˩]
,(1)
[k aˑŋ˥]
[k aˑŋ˧˩]
[k ãˑɲ˥˧]
[k aˑn˧]
[ku̯ ɔŋ˥˧]
[kʋɔˑŋ˥](A1)
(A1)
[kʷɐŋˑ˥]
(A1)
quang,quăng ,(2)
[kʰɔːŋ˥],[kŋ̇ːˑ˥](A1)
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
광(gwang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kwɑŋ
LI
WANG
*kwɑŋ;-h
u
(A2)
u
*kuaŋ
(C)
(A1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kʷaŋ;-s
*kwaaŋ;-s
--
(A2)
(CA)
(1) [k aŋ˧˥] , [k aŋ˥] . (2) cuông , quàng . (3) aamu .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish huomen is joined to DOM 5149 光.
Finnish aamu is removed from the Uralic root *oma ‘old, last’ (UEW 337‒338). It
is not semantically related to the Uralic root.
《說文解字》(121) #6475. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #1350. SKES (1955‒1978) 88 (huomen);
2 (aamu). EEW (1982‒1983) 373‒374. 《大字源》(1988) 262. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 324.
SSA‒1 (1992) 186 (huomen); 46 (aamu).
80
SFE #71
DOM 9593
A3
間
(← DOM 9592
閒)
Attested gloss
121: ‘room’.《說文》隟也。Mandarin: ‘room’.
Reconstruction
*genda(AA1);-S(C) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiān(A1);jiàn (C)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥](A1);[~˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˧](A1);[~˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
(A)
Veps
honuz
‘big house’
one
̄ ̮
‘room’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘room, house’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
/k2an /
[t͡ ɕieː˩](A);[~˥](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕ eˑn˧˩] ;(2)
[t͡ ɕiː˥˧](A1),(3);[~˧˥](X1)
i
(A1)
(A1)
[kaˑn˧]
(A1)
[kaːn˥˧]
(A1)
[cʲaˑn˥]
(C)
;[~˥˩]
(A1)
[kaˑn˥]
gian
;(4)
(A1)
;(5)
(A1)
[kaːn˥]
,(6)
‘building’
Votic
A;C
[t͡ ɕ ãː˧˩] ;[~˥]
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˥](A1);(1)
Finnish
(CC)
‘room’
(C)
(A1)
hooneS(CC)
huoneS
[c aˑn˧˩] ;[~˥]
i
Estonian
fuonȃš
Tokyo
かん(kan),けん(ken)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
간(gan),한(han)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kăn
*krian;-h
*kean
*kren;-s
*kreen;-s
-i
(C)
(A1)
(A1)
(C1)
͡
(1) [kaˑn˧˩˧] . (2) [tɕ eˑn˥] ; [kaˑŋ˧˩] . (3) [ke̞ ː˥˧] . (4) [kaˑn˧] ; [haˑn˧˩](A2). (5)
gián(C1); nhàn(A2). (6) [kiə̯ŋ˥](A1); [kaːn˥˩](C1).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish huone is joined to DOM 9593 間.
(C)
《說文解字》(121) #7720(閒). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #41248(閒); 41249(間). SKES
(1955‒1978) 88. EEW (1982‒1983) 381. 《大字源》(1988) 1838(閒); 1839(間). 《汉语方音字汇》
(1989) 248 (间). SSA‒1 (1992) 186.
81
SFE #72
DOM 8271
B (to 826E 艮)
艱
Attested gloss
121: ‘diffucult soil’.《說文》土難治也。Mandarin: ‘diffucult’.
Reconstruction
*gȧnde(AA1) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiān(A1)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
Estonian
Finnish
ōno
‘bad’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘bad’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
[t͡ ɕ eˑn˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiː˥˧](A1)
(A1)
fuodno
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kaˑn˧]
[kaːn˥˧]
[cʲaˑn˥]
[kaˑn˥]
gian
‘bad’
‘bad’
(A1)
i
; honto
hond
[t͡ ɕ ãː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˥](A1)
i
‘bad’
(AA)
Veps
[c aˑn˧˩]
/k2an /
[t͡ ɕieː˩](A)
huono
(CA)
Votic
(A)
A
dial. (h)oon
(A1)
(A1)
[kaːn˥]
Tokyo
かん(kan),けん(ken)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
간(gan)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kæn
*krən
*keən
*krən
*krɯɯn
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish huono is joined to DOM 8271 艱.
《說文解字》(121) #9119. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #30600. SKES (1955‒1978) 88 (huono);
80 (honto). EEW (1982‒1983) 380‒381.《大字源》(1988) 1473.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 248 (艰).
SSA‒1 (1992) 186 (huono); 172 (honto).
82
SFE #73
DOM 5A66
A3/B (to 5E1A 帚)
婦
Attested gloss
121: ‘wife’.《說文》从女持帚灑掃也。Mandarin: id.; ‘madam’.
Reconstruction
*ƕewe-R(AA2)-S(C) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
fù(C)
(C)
‘whore’
Finnish
◆
(C)
Veps
--
--
(C)
Votic
◆
‘whore’
‘whore’
[fuː˥˩]
[fuː˥˩]
[fuː˥]
B
huora
hōr(r)a
Livonian
◆
(C)
Lappish
◆
‘whore’
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
/bv3ew /
[fuː˥]
[fuː˥]
[fuː˧˩˧]
(C)
(C)
[fuː˥]
(X2)
[vm̩ ː˩˧]
(C1)
[fuː˥]
(C2)
,[~˩]
(C2)
[ɸuːˑ˩]
(C)
[fuː˥˨]
(C2)
[fuː˩],[pʰowˑ˩]
phụ
‘whore’
(AA)
◆
hoorA(AA)
Estonian
(C2)
(C2)
[huːˑ˧],[puːˑ˧]
uor
fuorra
Tokyo
ふ(fu)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
부(bu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*b'i̯ əg
*bjəgx
*biə
*bjəʔ
*bɯʔ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish huora is joined to DOM 5A66 婦.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Swedish
hora ‘whore’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #18.
《說文解字》(121) #8088. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #6432. SKES (1955‒1978) 89. EEW
(1982‒1983) 383. 《大字源》(1988) 532. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 106 (妇). SSA‒1 (1992)
187‒188.
83
SFE #74
DOM 597D
A2
好
Attested gloss
121: ‘pretty’.《說文》美也。Mandarin: ‘good’’; ‘want’.
Reconstruction
*ƕaƕe(AA1)(-X(B);-S(C)) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
hăo(B);hào(C)
Estonian
‘comfortable’
(B)
(C)
Finnish
hupa
Veps
huba
‘bad, weak’
(B)
(C)
Votic
--
--
{obāz, oˀbbi
‘late’}?
(B)
(C)
◆
‘soon finish’; ‘pleasant’
tšova/šə̑va
--
‘thin, nice’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
sovány
‘thin, narrow’
[xaʊ̯˧˩˧] ;[~˥˩]
[xao̯ ˧˩˧](B);[~˥˩](C)
[xao̯ ˧˩˧] ;[~˥]
/h1awB;C/
Livonian
[xao̯ ˥˧] ;[~˥]
[xaʊ̯˥˧](B);[~˥](C)
(B)
Lappish
Mordvin
(C)
[xaʊ̯˥˧] ;[~˧˩˧]
[xɔo̯ ˧](B);[~˥](C)
Mari
(X1)
[hɔː˧˥]
(B)
(C1)
(B)
(C)
[xaʊ̯˥˩] ;[~˥]
[haʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
[haʊ̯˧˩] ;[~˥˨]
(B1)
[howˑ˧˥]
hảo
hubane(AA)
(B1)
Hungarian
(C1)
;(+)(3)
hoppe;(+)(4)
‘funny’; ‘pleasant’
--
;[~˧]
Nenets
--
--
(C1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
;háo
;(1)
(B1)
[hoːˑ˥˧]
(AA)
,(2)
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
호(ho)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*xʊg
WANG
*həgw-x;-h
(C1)
(B2)
BAXTER
*xu
(C1)
*xuʔ;-s
(C1)
(C1)
(B1)
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*qhuu-ʔ;-s
--
(B1)
(1) háu , hão , hếu , hiếu , hấu , hẩu . (2) [hɔː̃ ˑ˥˧]
◆
hauska. (4) hawʹske.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hupa is joined to DOM 597D 好.
SFE #74 and SFE #79 belong to the same pre-DOM etymon.
; [hɔː̃ ˑ˩](C1). (3)
《說文解字》(121) #8147.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #6053. SKES (1955‒1978) 89 (hupa); (+)62
(hauska). TESz‒3 (1976) 577‒578. MSzFE‒1 (1978) 554‒555. EEW (1982‒1983) 389. 《大字源》
(1988) 518. UEW (1988) 63. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 188, 189. SSA‒1 (1992) 189 (hupa); (+)148
(hauska).
84
SFE #75
DOM 5507
B (to 8FB0 辰)
唇
(← DOM 8123
脣)
Attested gloss
121: ‘lip’(脣).《說文》口耑也。Mandarin: ‘lip’.
Reconstruction
*ƕende-R(AA2) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
chún(A2)
[t͡ ʂʰuəˑn˧˥](A2)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ sʰuəˑn˧˥](A2)
[t͡ sʰuəˑn˥](C)
/d͡ ʐʷ3en /
[t͡ sʰuəˑŋ˩],[suəˑŋ˩](A)
A
[fẽː˧˥]
u
hūĺ
‘lip’
ūli
‘lip’
ūĺ
‘lip’
Lappish
sullȃ
‘approximation to’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
[s əˑn˧˩]
[ʂ əˑn˩˧],[t͡ ʂʰɨː˩˧]
(A2)
‘lip’
Veps
(A2)
u
huuli,e
‘lip’
(CA)
Votic
Livonian
(A2)
huulE(CA)
Udmurt
--
--
(X2)
Komi
--
--
(A2)
Mansi
--
--
(C2)
Khanty
lul/jul/лuл/tut
‘mouth’(?)
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[zəˑɲ˩˧]
[səˑn˩˧]
[su̯ ən˩]
[suˑn˩](A2)
(A2)
[sɵnˑ˧˩]
(A2)
thần
[tu̯ ə̆n˧˥],[su̯ ə̆n˧˥](A2)
Tokyo
しん(shin)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
진(jin)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȡʻi̯ wən
*djən
*dʑiuən
*ʟjun
*ɦljun
*šule
The Finnic etymon of Finnish huuli is joined to DOM 5507 唇.
《說文解字》(121) #2590 (脣). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3697. SKES (1955‒1978) 92. EEW
(1982‒1983) 413‒414. 《大字源》(1988) 411. UEW (1988) 903. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 294.
SSA‒1 (1992) 195.
85
SFE #76
DOM 8B02
B (to 80C3 胃)
謂
Attested gloss
121: ‘report’.《說文》報也。Mandarin: ‘claim; be called’.
Reconstruction
*ƕʷede-R(AA2)(-S(C)) {>物部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
wèi(C)
hüüdA-(CA);(+)(1)
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
(C)
u
(C)
Veps
(+)kutsta
‘invite, call’
u
(C)
(+)kuttsua
‘invite, call’
(+)kutsə
‘invite, call, name’
‘bark’; ‘invite, call, name’
[ʔ eɪ̯ ˥˩]
[ʔ eɪ̯ ˥˩]
Yantai
[ʔ əɪ̯ ˥]
Votic
1161
C
/яʷ3ej /
Livonian
Taiyuan
(C)
(CA)
‘yell’; ‘invite, call’
u
huuta-
;(+)(2)
‘yell’; ‘invite, call’
Lappish
◆
u
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
u
(C)
Mari
--
--
u
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
u
(X2)
Komi
--
--
u
(C2)
Mansi
--
--
(+)kut́-/χut́-/χuś-
‘lure, persuade’
Hungarian
--
--
[wɐjˑ˩]
Nenets
--
--
(C2)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
[ʔu̯ ə̌ɪ̯ ˧]
い(i)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
위(wi)
Kamas
--
--
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
[ʋeɪ̯ ˥]
[ʔ eɪ̯ ˥]
[ʔ eɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[ʔ ɵɪ̯ ˥]
[h e̞ ː˩˧]
[ʔ eɪ̯ ˩]
[ʔu̯ ə̌ɪ̯ ˩](C2)
Khanty
(C)
[ʋiː˥˨],[ʋəɪ̯ ˥˨]
(C2)
vị
(C2)
hüttʹedh;(+)gočʹčot
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*gi̯ wəd
LI
*gwjədh
(AA)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ɣiuət
*wjuts
*ɢuds
*kućɜ-
(AA)
(1) kutsu- . (2) kutsu- .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish huutaa is joined to DOM 8B02 謂.
Equivalents have been suggested in Scandinavian languages, e.g. Old Gotlandic
huti ‘yell’; Norwegian dial. huta ‘yell’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #19.
《說文解字》(121) #1475. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #35759. SKES (1955‒1978) 92(huutaa);
(+)249
(kutsua). EEW (1982‒1983) 478 (hüüdma); (+)1069‒1070 (kutsuma). 《大字源》(1988) 1638.
(+)UEW
(1988) 192. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 173 (谓). SSA‒1 (1992) 195 (huutaa);
(+)455
(kutsua).
86
SFE #77
DOM 6368
B (to 820D 舍)
捨
Attested gloss
121: ‘put aside’.《說文》釋也。Mandarin: ‘abandon’.
Reconstruction
*ƕega-R(AA1)(-X(B)) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
shě(B)
(B)
[ʂɤː˧˩˧]
(B)
[sɤː˧˩˧]
i
(B)
Estonian
hülgaS-(AC)
‘abandon’
Finnish
(AC)
hylkäS-
‘abandon’
Veps
hüĺgäita
‘abandon’
hülgäta
‘quit’
Yantai
[ɕ eː˧˩˧]
Votic
1161
B;C
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
/ʂ3a
Livonian
--
--
(B)
/
Lappish
◆
‘abandon’
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[sɤː˥˧]
[ʂɤː˥˧]
(B)
[seː˥˧]
(B)
[ʂeː˧],[ʂæː˧]
(X1)
[soː˧˥]
(B)
[sɤː˥˩],[saː˥˩]
(B)
[saːˑ˧˩˧]
(B)
[saː˧˩]
(B1)
Guangzhou
[sɛː˧˥]
Hanoi
(B1)
Xiamen
xả
(B)
[si̯ aˑ˥˧]
hilʹgot
Tokyo
しゃ(sha)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
사(sa)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ɕi̯ ɔ
*hrjiag-x;-h
*ɕya
*hljᴀ-ʔ;-s
*hljaa-ʔ;-s
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hylätä is joined to DOM 6368 捨.
《說文解字》(121) #7843. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #12191. SKES (1955‒1978) 93 (hylätä).
EEW (1982‒1983) 468 (hülgama). 《大字源》(1988) 784. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 21 (舍). SSA‒1
(1992) 198 (hylätä).
87
SFE #78
DOM 8E8D
B (to 7FDF 翟)
躍
Attested gloss
121: ‘hurry’.《說文》迅也。Mandarin: ‘jump’.
Reconstruction
*þeƕa(AD2)-S(C) {>藥部(-ƕa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
yuè,yào(C)
Beijing
i
(C)
i
(C)
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
[ʔʸøː˥˩],[ʔ aʊ̯˥˩]
[ʔʸeː˥˩],[ʔ aʊ̯˥˩]
(B)
[ʔʸøː˧˩˧]
D
/я3ak /
Estonian
hüppaS-(AC)
‘jump’
Finnish
(AC)
‘jump’
hyppäS-
Veps
hüpaita
‘jump’
Votic
(h)üpätä
‘jump’
Livonian
--
--
(D)
Lappish
--
--
(A1)
Mordvin
jupad́ ems
‘jump’
i
(C)
Mari
--
--
i
(D)
Udmurt
--
--
i
(D2)
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔʸəˑʔ˩]
[ʔʸoː˧˩]
[ʔ aʊ̯˧˩˧]
[ʔ oˑʔ˥]
[ɦ ɐˑʔ˧]
i
(D)
[ʔ oː˧˥]
[ʔi̯ ɛ̆ʊ̯˩](C2),(1)
[jɔˑk̚ ˥](D2)
[jœˑk̚ ˩]
(C2)
,(2)
(D2)
dược
[ʔi̯ ɔk̚ ˩],[ʔi̯ oʔ˥](D2)
Tokyo
やく(yaku),てき(teki)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
약(yak),적(jeok)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*di̯ ok
LI
*rakw
(D2)
WANG
*ʎiôk
(C1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ljewk
*lewɢ
--
(D1)
(1) [ʔiɔ̯k˩] . (2) [jœˑk˧] , [tʰɪkˑ˥] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hypätä is joined to DOM 8E8D 躍.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Swedish
hoppa ‘jump’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #20.
SFE #78 and SFE #80 possibly belong to the same pre-DOM etymon.
《說文解字》(121) #1347. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #37955. SKES (1955‒1978) 93 (hypätä).
EEW (1982‒1983) 471‒473 (hüppama). 《大字源》(1988) 1707. UEW (1988) 478. 《汉语方音
字汇》(1989) 55 (跃). SSA‒1 (1992) 199 (hypätä).
88
SFE #79
DOM 559C
A3
喜
Attested gloss
121: ‘smile’.《說文》樂也。Mandarin: ‘happy’.
Reconstruction
*ƕeƕe(AA1)(-X(B)) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
xǐ(B)
1958
Estonian
(B)
[ɕiː˧˩˧]
Beijing
Finnish
hyvä
Veps
hüvä
‘good’
(B)
üvä
‘good’
‘good’
Yantai
[çiː˧˩˧]
Votic
1161
B
Livonian
/h3ej /
Lappish
jeva
̮ ̄
savvet
(B)
Mordvin
tšiv/tšivań
‘good’/‘hospitable’
(B)
Mari
šu
‘healthy’(?)
(B)
Udmurt
--?!
--
(X1)
Komi
--?!
--
(B)
Mansi
--
--
(B)
Khanty
--
--
(B)
Hungarian
--?!
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɕiː˥˧]
Xi’an
[ɕiː˥˧]
Chengdu
[ɕiː˧]
Nanjing
[ɕiː˧˥]
Shanghai
[ɕiː˥˩]
Changsha
[ɕiː˧˩˧]
Nanchang
[çiː˧˩]
Meixian
(B1)
[hejˑ˧˥]
Guangzhou
hỉ,hỷ
Hanoi
(B1)
,(1)
(B)
[hiːˑ˥˧]
Xiamen
‘good’
(B)
[ɕiː˥˧]
Taiyuan
‘good’
(AA)
(B)
[ɕiː˧˩˧]
Shenyang
hea(C)
‘heal’(?)
Tokyo
き(ki),し(shi)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
희(hui)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*xi̯ əg
*hjəgx
(B1)
(B1)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xiə
*xjəʔ
*qhlɯʔ
--!
(A1)
(1) hẻ , hởi , hơi .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hyvä is joined to DOM 559C 喜.
(?!) Previously doubted equivalents {Udmurt šońer ‘right, true’; Komi šań ‘good’;
Hungarian igen ‘yes’, with the reconstruction šeηä*, without matching C2 = ƕ} are
rejected. SFE #74 and SFE #79 belong to the same pre-DOM etymon.
《說文解字》(121) #3057. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3957. SKES (1955‒1978) 94. EEW
(1982‒1983) 468‒469.《大字源》(1988) 420. UEW (1988) 499. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 95.
SSA‒1 (1992) 201.
89
SFE #80
DOM 7FDF
A3
翟
Attested gloss
121: ‘bird name’.《說文》山雉尾長者。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*þėƕa(AD2) {>藥部(-ƕa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
dí;zhái(A2)
[tiː˧˥];[t͡ ʂaɪ̯ ˧˥](A2)
Estonian
Finnish
[tiː˧˥];[t͡ sae̯ ˧˥](A2)
[tʰiː˥];[t͡ səː˥](C)
D
D
/d4ek /;/ɖ2ek /
[tiəˑʔ˩];[t͡ saˑʔ˩](D)
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥];[t͡ seɪ̯ ˧˥]
[tiː˧˩];[t͡ sʰeː˧˩](A2)
(A2)
[tiˑʔ˥];[t͡ səˑʔ˥]
(D)
hübd́
‘eagle owl’
ǖpiäine
‘bittern’
--
--
Lappish
jipp/jïppe/(2)
‘eagle owl’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
jäpəw/jipəj/jipiγ
‘bittern’
jěwəγ/jěpə/jipi
‘eagle owl’/‘owl’
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Livonian
Khanty
(D2)
địch
[tiːk̚ ˥](D2)
‘eagle owl’
Veps
[diˑʔ˧];[zɐˑʔ˧]
[tiː˧˥];[t͡ sʰəː˧˥](D)
[tʰiːt̚ ˩];[t͡ sʰɛːt̚ ˩]
[tʰiˑt̚ ˥];[t͡ sʰɛˑt̚ ˥](D2)
[tɪk̚ ˑ˩];[t͡ saˑk̚ ˩](D2)
hyypiä
‘bittern’
(CA)
Votic
(D2)
(D2)
hüüpI(CA)
Tokyo
たく(taku);(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
책(chaek);적(jeok)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*d'iok;d'ăk
*diakw;drak
*dyôk;deak
*lrak;lewk
*l'eewɢ;r'aag
*(j)ipɜ
(1) じゃく(jaku); けき(keki). (2) jiehpaga/oppuv/heppi/hïppïi.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hyypiä is joined to DOM 7FDF 翟.
Sound Factor Extension: 翟(hüüpI/hyypiä) : 躍(hüppaS-/hyppäS-).
SFE #78 and SFE #80 possibly belong to the same pre-DOM etymon: ‘bird’s
jump’ > ‘jump’.
《說文解字》(121) #2234. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #28727. SKES (1955‒1978) 94. EEW
(1982‒1983) 479. 《大字源》(1988) 1403. UEW (1988) 98. SSA‒1 (1992) 202.
90
SFE #81
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
hüübi-(CA)
‘coagulate’
Finnish
(CA)
hyyty-
‘coagulate’
hüdädä
ǖtüä,hüt̄ ́ś üä
‘coagulate’
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
Yantai
--
Votic
1161
--
Livonian
--
--
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
--
--
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
‘coagulate’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hyytya is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 94 (hyy). EEW
(1982‒1983) 476‒477 (hüübima).《大字源》(1988) ---.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992)
201 (hyy).
91
SFE #82
DOM 4EBA
A1
人
Attested gloss
121: ‘human’.《說文》天地之性最貴者也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕenþe(AA2) {>真部(-nþe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
rén(A2)
Estonian
(A2)
[ɻəˑn˧˥]
Finnish
i
[ɹəˑn˧˥],[ʔ əˑn˧˥]
(A2)
endA(AA);(+)inimene
(A)
‘self’; ‘human’
hän ;(+)ihminen
‘he, she’; ‘human’
Veps
h́ än;(+)ińehmoi
‘he, she’; ‘human’
(A)
[ʔiˑn˧˩]
Votic
entän;(+)inehmīn
‘self’; ‘human’
A
/n̪ 3en /
[ɹəˑŋ˩](A)
Livonian
eńtš;(+)imi
‘self’; ‘human’
Lappish
son/sådne
‘he, she’;
(A2)
Mordvin
son;{inže/indži}
‘he, she’; {‘guest’(?)}
--
--
Udmurt
--?!
--
Komi
--?!
--
Mansi
--!
--
Khanty
--!
--
Hungarian
--!
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɻẽː˧˥]
(A2)
[ɹəˑn˧˩]
Mari
(A2)
[ɻəˑn˩˧],[ɻ̩˩˧]
[ɲiˑɲ˩˧],[ɹəˑɲ˩˧](X2)
(A2)
[ɹəˑn˩˧]
(C2)
[ləːn˩],[ɲiːn˩]
(A2)
[ɲiˑn˩]
(A2)
[jɐnˑ˧˩]
(A1)
nhân,nhơn
(A2)
[liːn˧˥]
Tokyo
じん(jin),にん(nin)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
인(in)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȵie
̯ ̆n
*njin
*ȵien
*njin
*njin
--?!
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hän is joined to DOM 4EBA 人.
(?!)/(!) Previously suggested equivalents after the reconstruction *sɤ̈ (without
matching C2 = nþ) are rejected.
《說文解字》(121) #4924. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #344. SKES (1955‒1978) 97‒98 (hän);
(+)102
(ihminen). EEW (1982‒1983) 194~196 (enese);
(+)512
(inimene). 《大字源》(1988) 190.
UEW (1988) 453‒454. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 280. SSA‒1 (1992) 208 (hän); (+)221 (ihminen).
92
SFE #83
DOM 72E0
B (to 826E 艮)
狠
Attested gloss
121: ‘dog fight’.《說文》吠鬬聲。Mandarin: ‘cruel’.
Reconstruction
*ƕeƕe(AA1)(-X(B)) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
hěn(B)
Estonian
(B)
[xəˑn˧˩˧]
‘tail’
Veps
händ;händȫ
‘tail’; ‘wolf’
(B)
Votic
äntä
‘tail’
[xəˑn˧˩˧]
B
/ɦ1en /
ǟnda
‘snake’s tongue’;(1)
Lappish
--
--
Livonian
(B)
[xəˑŋ˥˧]
(B)
[xẽː˥˧]
Mordvin
--
--
(B)
Mari
--
--
(B)
[xəˑn˥˧]
[xəˑn˧]
Udmurt
--
--
(X1)
Komi
--
--
(B)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[həˑɲ˧˥]
[xəˑn˥˧]
(B)
[hɛːn˧˩˧]
(A2)
[hɛˑn˩]
,[kʰəˑn˧˩]
(B)
(B1)
[hɐnˑ˧˥]
Hanoi
(B1)
hẩn
häntä
‘tail’
(AA)
(B)
[xəˑn˧˩˧]
Guangzhou
Xiamen
Finnish
händA(AA)
(B)
[huə̯̌ n˥˧]
Tokyo
がん(gan),こん(kon)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
흔(heun)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'ən
*gənx
*ɣyən
*gənʔ
*gɯɯnʔ
--
(1) ‘insect’s spine’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish häntä is joined to DOM 72E0 狠.
《說文解字》(121) #6294. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #20362. SKES (1955‒1978) 98. EEW
(1982‒1983) 450‒451.《大字源》(1988) 1122. SSA‒1 (1992) 208‒209.
93
SFE #84
DOM 8A61
B (to 7FBD 羽)
詡
Attested gloss
121: ‘boast’.《說文》大言也。Mandarin: ‘boast; humility’.
Reconstruction
*ƕʷeƕa(AA1)(-X(B)) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
xǔ(B)
Estonian
(B)
[ɕyː˧˩˧]
(B)
(B)
‘shame’; ‘be shamed’
Veps
--
--
äpiä/häppiä
‘shame’
äbī
‘shame’
‘shame’
Yantai
[çyː˧˩˧]
Votic
1161
B
Livonian
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
/hʷ3o /
(B)
Lappish
◆
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
(B)
Mari
--
--
(B)
[ɕyː˥˧]
[ɕyː˥˧]
[ɕyː˥˧]
[ɕyː˧]
hǣppȃd
Udmurt
--
--
(X1)
Komi
--
--
(B)
Mansi
--
--
(B)
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
[ɕyː˧˥]
[ɕyː˥˧]
[ɕyː˧˩˧]
(B)
[çiː˧˩]
(B1)
[hɵɥˑ˧˥]
hủ
‘shame’
(AA)
häpy; häpe-
Finnish
[ɕyː˧˩˧]
häbi(AA)
(B1)
(B)
Xiamen
[huːˑ˥˧]
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
く(ku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
후(hu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xi̯ wo
*hwjagx
*xiua
*hwjaʔ
*qhʷaʔ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish häpy is joined to DOM 8A61 詡.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive, incomplete) languages, see
SFGE #21.
《說文解字》(121) #1554. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #35410. SKES (1955‒1978) 98 (häpeä).
EEW (1982‒1983) 433‒435.《大字源》(1988) 1622. SSA‒1 (1992) 209 (häpeä).
94
SFE #85
DOM 9A0E
B (to 5947 奇)
騎
Attested gloss
121: ‘ride horse’.《說文》跨馬也。Mandarin: ‘ride’.
Reconstruction
*gega-R(AA2);-S(C) {>歌部(-ʁ̩)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qí(A2);jì(C)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥](A2);[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥](A2);[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Veps
◆
‘ox’
Votic
◆
‘ox’
Livonian
◆
‘ox’
Lappish
◆
‘ox’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
A;C
/g3ej /
[t͡ ɕʰiː˩](A);[t͡ ɕiː˥](C)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥] ;[t͡ ɕiː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˩](A2);[t͡ ɕiː˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˩˧] ;[t͡ ɕiː˥]
[d͡ ʑiː˩˧](X2)
(C)
[t͡ ɕiː˩˧] ;[~˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiːˑ˧˥](A2);[~˩](C2)
(A2)
(C1)
(A2)
(C)
[cʰiː˩]
;[~˥˩]
(A2)
[kʰejˑ˧˩],[kʰзː˧˩]
kị;kỵ
(C2)
;cưỡi;cỡi
;(1)
(B2)
(A2)
[kʰiːˑ˧˥]
,(2)
‘ox’
Finnish
◆
[cʰiː˥];[ciː˥]
(A2)
‘ox’
(AA)
◆
(C)
(A2)
härgA(AA)
Estonian
härkä
härg
ärtšä
ǟrga
hæʹrge
Tokyo
き(ki)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
기(gi)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*g'ia
LI
*gjiar;-h
(C2)
WANG
*giai
(A2)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*grjaj;-s
*gral;-s
--
(C2)
(1) [kejˑ˩] . (2) [kʰi̯ aˑ˧˥] ; [kiːˑ˧] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish härkä is joined to DOM 9A0E 騎.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Lithuanian
žìrgas ‘horse’; Latvian zirgs ‘horse’; Old Prussian sirgis ‘stallion’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #6154. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #44817. SKES (1955‒1978) 99. EEW
(1982‒1983) 452‒453. 《大字源》(1988) 1964. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 90 (骑). SSA‒1 (1992)
210.
95
SFE #86
DOM 5BB3
A3
害
Attested gloss
121: ‘injure’.《說文》傷也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕada(AA2)(-S(C)) {>月部(-da)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
hài(C)
Estonian
(C)
[xaɪ̯ ˥˩]
Finnish
hätä
Veps
häda
‘disease’
(C)
häta
‘trouble’
ädā
‘trouble, pain’
‘trouble, shortage’
[xae̯ ˥˩]
[xae̯ ˥]
Votic
1161
C
Livonian
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
/ɦ1aj /
‘trouble’
(C)
Lappish
◆
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
--
--
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[xae̯ ˥]
[xaɪ̯ ˥]
[xaɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[xæː˥]
(X2)
[ɦe̞ ː˧˩˧]
(C1)
[xaɪ̯ ˥]
(C2)
;[~˩]
(C2)
[haˑɪ̯ ˩]
(C)
[hɔɪ̯ ˥˨]
(C2)
Guangzhou
[hɔˑj˩]
Hanoi
(C2)
Xiamen
‘trouble’
(AA)
(C)
Yantai
Taiyuan
häda(AA)
(D3)
;[hɔˑt˧]
hại
(C2)
[haɪ̯ ˧]
hætte
Tokyo
がい(gai);かつ(katsu)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
해(hae);할(hal)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'ɑd
*gadh
*ɣat
*gats
*gaads
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish hätä is joined to DOM 5BB3 害.
《說文解字》(121) #4592. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #7165. SKES (1955‒1978) 99. EEW
(1982‒1983) 436‒437. 《大字源》(1988) 565. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 151. SSA‒1 (1992) 211.
96
SFE #87
DOM 8089
A1
肉
Attested gloss
121: ‘big piece of meat’.《說文》胾肉。Mandarin: ‘meat’.
Reconstruction
*nþeƕe(AD2)(-S(C)) {>覺部(-ƕe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
ròu(C)
(C)
[ɻɤʊ̯˥˩]
[ɹəʊ̯˥˩],[ʔiəʊ̯˥˩](C)
Estonian
ihu; (+)liha(AA)
‘flesh’; ‘meat’
Finnish
(AA)
‘flesh’; ‘meat’
iho; (+)liha
Veps
--
--
[ʔ əʊ̯˥]
Votic
iho
‘flesh’
D
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
âsse
‘back of skins or furs’
Mordvin
{jožo/jož,joža
‘flesh’ }?
{južwət
‘flesh-’}?
--
--
Komi
{ež/ēž
‘skin part’ }?
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
i
(C)
/n̪ 3ok /
[ɹuəʔ˩](D),[ɹəʊ̯˥](C)
(C)
[ɻoʊ̯˥]
(A2)
(C)
[ɹuː˧˩]
,[ɹəʊ̯˧˩˧]
[ɻəɯ̯˥ ,[ɻuˑʔ˥](D)
Mari
(C)
i
Udmurt
(D2)
[ɲ oˑʔ˧]
(D)
[ɹəʊ̯˧˥]
[ɲiuk
̯ ̚ ˩](D2)
[ɲʲuˑk̚ ˥](D2)
[juˑk̚ ˩]
(D2)
nhục
(C2)
[hi̯ ə̆k̚ ˥],[li̯ oʔ˥]
(D2)
Tokyo
にく(niku),じゅう(jū)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
육(yuk),유(yu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȵi̯ ʊk
*ŋrjəkw
*ȵiuk
*njuk
*njug
*(j)iša
The Finnic etymon of Finnish iho is joined to DOM 8089 肉.
《說文解字》(121) #2582. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #29236. SKES (1955‒1978) 102 (iho);
(+)292
(liha). EEW (1982‒1983) 492 (ihu);
(+)1293‒1294
(liha). 《大字源》(1988) 1255. UEW
(1988) 636‒637. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 209. SSA‒1 (1992) 222 (iho); (+)SSA-2 (1995) 72 (liha).
97
SFE #88
DOM 8EDB
B (to 5384 厄)
軛
Attested gloss
121: ‘yoke’(軶).《說文》轅前也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋgȧga(AD1)-S(C) {>錫部(-ga)}
(← DOM 8EF6
軶)
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
è(C)
(C)
[ʔɤː˥˩]
(C)
[ʔɤː˥˩]
i
(B)
Yantai
[ʔ eː˧˩˧]
1161
D
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/ʔ2ek /
[ɣəˑʔ˩],[ɣaˑʔ˩]
(D)
◆
Finnish
◆
‘yoke’
(AC)
ikeS
‘yoke’
Veps
--
--
Votic
--
--
Livonian
◆
‘yoke’
iˀgž
Lappish
--
--
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A2)
Mari
--
--
(D)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
◆
‘yoke’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ŋeɪ̯ ˧˩]
[ŋeː˧˩]
[ʔəˑʔ˥]
(D1)
[ʔɐˑʔ˥]
(C1)
[ʔɤː˥]
[ʔi̯ ɛt̚ ˥],[ʔiak
̯ ̚ ˥](D1)
[ʔaˑk̚ ˩](D1)
[ʔaˑk̚ ˧],[ŋaˑk̚ ˧]
ách
ikkeS(AC)
Estonian
(D3)
(D1)
[ʔiːk̚ ˧],[ʔeːʔ˧]
(D1)
iga
Tokyo
あく(aku),やく(yaku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
액(aek)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔĕk
*ʔrik
*ek
*ʔrek
*qreeg
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ies is joined to DOM 8EDB 軛.
Equivalents have been suggested in Slavic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g. Old
Church Slavonic igo ‘yoke’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #22.
《說文解字》(121) #9512 (軶). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #38207. SKES (1955‒1978) 101 (ies).
EEW (1982‒1983) 497 (ike-kala). 《大字源》(1988) 1716. SSA‒1 (1992) 220 (ies).
98
SFE #89
DOM 610F
A3
意
Attested gloss
121: ‘intention’.《說文》志也。Mandarin: id.; ‘recall’(憶).
Reconstruction
*ŋƕage(AA2)(-S(C)) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
yì(C)
1958
(C)
[ʔiː˥˩]
Beijing
Estonian
iga(AA)
‘age’
(AA)
‘age’
Finnish
ikä
(C)
Veps
iga
‘age’
(C)
itšä
‘age’
igā
‘age’
[ʔiː˥˩]
Shenyang
Yantai
[ʔiː˥]
Votic
1161
C
Livonian
/ʔ3ej /
(C)
Lappish
jâkke
‘year’
(C)
Mordvin
ije
‘year’
(C)
Mari
i/ij
‘year’
(C)
[ʔiː˥]
Taiyuan
[ʔiː˥]
Xi’an
[ʔiː˧˩˧]
Chengdu
[ʔiː˥]
Nanjing
Udmurt
--
--
(X1)
Komi
--
--
(C1)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
év
‘year’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔiː˧˥]
Shanghai
[ʔiː˥]
Changsha
(C1)
[ʔiːˑ˥]
Nanchang
(C)
[jiː˥˨]
Meixian
Hungarian
(C1)
[jiː˧]
Guangzhou
ý
Hanoi
(C1)
,(1)
(C1)
[ʔiːˑ˩]
Xiamen
Tokyo
い(i)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
의(ui)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ʔi̯ əg
*ʔjəgh
(C1)
(C1)
(C1)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*iək
*ʔjəks
*qɯgs
*(j)ikä
(A1)
(A1)
(1) ấy , ới , áy , ư , ơi .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ikä is joined to DOM 610F 意.
《說文解字》(121) #6673. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #10921. SKES (1955‒1978) 103. TESz‒1
(1967) 812. MSzFE‒1 (1967) 166. EEW (1982‒1983) 484‒485.《大字源》(1988) 730. UEW (1988)
98. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 98. SSA‒1 (1992) 223.
99
SFE #90
DOM 60E1
B (to 4E9E 亞)
惡
Attested gloss
121: ‘fault’.《說文》過也。Mandarin: ‘evil’.
Reconstruction
*ŋgaga(AD1)-S(C) {>鐸部(-ga); 魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
è;wù(C)
Estonian
(C)
[ʔɤː˥˩];[ʔuː˥˩]
[ʔɤː˥˩];[ʔuː˥˩]
u
(B)
(C)
[ʔ oː˧˩˧] ;[ʔuː˥]
D
C
A
/ʔ1ak /;/ʔ1o /;/ʔ1o /
(D)
[ɣəˑʔ˩];[ɣaˑʔ˩] ;(1)
(A1)
[ŋəː˧˩]
(C)
;[ʔuː˥]
Veps
elgeitelob
‘disgust’
Votic
ilke̮ a
‘evil’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘evil’
ilʹgâd
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
--
--
(D)
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
;[ʔuː˧˩˧]
[ʔuˑʔ˥] ;[ʔuː˥]
(D1)
[ʔoˑʔ˥]
(D)
(C1)
[ʔoː˧˥] ;[ʔuː˥]
[ŋɔːk̚ ˥](D1);[ʔuː˥](C1)
[ʔaˑk̚ ˩] ;[ʋuː˥˨]
[ʔɔˑk̚ ˧](D3),(2)
(D1)
ác
‘evil’; ‘venture’
(A2)
[ŋoː˧˩]
(D1)
‘evil’
(AC)
ilkeä; ilkeS-
Finnish
(C)
ilge
;ố
(C)
(C1)
[ʔoːk̚ ˧],(3)
Tokyo
あく(aku);お(o)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
악(ak);오(o)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ʔɑk;ʔo
*ʔak(s);ʔag
(C)
WANG
*ak;a
(D3)
BAXTER
*ʔaks;ʔa
(C1)
(A1)
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*qaag(s);qaa
--
(D1)
(1) [ʔuː˥] . (2) [ŋɔˑk˧] ; [wuː˧] , [wuː˥] . (3) [ʔoːʔ˧]
[ʔɔ̃ːˑ˩](C1).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ilkeä is joined to DOM 60E1 惡.
; [ʔɔːˑ˩](C1),
《說文解字》(121) #6844. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #10824. SKES (1955‒1978) 104 (ilkeä).
EEW (1982‒1983) 500.《大字源》(1988) 724.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 27, 129 (恶). SSA‒1 (1992)
223‒224 (ilkeä).
100
SFE #91
DOM 666F
B (to 4EAC 京)
景
Attested gloss
121: ‘light’.《說文》光也。Mandarin: ‘view’.
Reconstruction
*geŋƕa-R(AA1)-X(B) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jǐng(B)
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˧˩˧](B)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˧˩˧](B)
ilma
‘air, weather’
Veps
--
--
ilma
‘air, weather’
Livonian
īlma
[ciˑŋ˧˩˧]
/k3eŋ /
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˥˧](B)
‘weather’
(AA)
Votic
(B)
B
ilmA(AA)
‘world’
◆
Lappish
âlʹbme; ilʹbme
‘heaven, sky’; ‘world, air’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
in (inm-); iń (ińm-)
‘air, sky’
Komi
jen (jenm-)
‘god; heaven’
Mansi
jeləm/iləm/ēləm
‘weather’
itəm/jeлəm
‘weather’
Hungarian
--
--
[kɪŋˑ˧˥],[jɪŋˑ˧˥]
Nenets
--
--
(B1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˥˧]
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥˧](B)
(B)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧]
[t͡ ɕiˑɲ˧˥](X1)
(B)
Udmurt
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥˩]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ən˧˩˧](B)
(B)
Khanty
(B)
[ciˑn˧˩]
(B1)
cảnh
;(1)
(B1)
[ki̯ əŋ˥˧]
Tokyo
けい(kei),えい(ei)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
경(gyeong),영(yeong)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kia
̯ ̆ŋ
LI
WANG
*kjiaŋx
(B1)
(B1)
*kyaŋ
(B1)
BAXTER
*krjaŋʔ
(B1)
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kraŋʔ
--
(B1)
(1) khảnh , kiểng , ngoảnh , kẻng , ngảnh .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ilma is joined to DOM 666F 景.
《說文解字》(121) #4190.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #13983. SKES (1955‒1978) 104. EEW
(1982‒1983) 501‒503. 《大字源》(1988) 862. UEW (1988) 81‒82. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 347.
SSA‒1 (1992) 224.
101
SFE #92
DOM 5C24
B (to 53C8 又)
尤
(← DOM 5C22
尢)
Attested gloss
121: ‘outstanding’.《說文》異也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕeƕe-R(AA2) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
yóu(A2)
i
(A2)
i
(A2)
i
(C)
[ʔ ɤʊ̯˧˥]
[ʔ əʊ̯˧˥]
i
(A)
[ʔ əʊ̯˥] ,[ʔ əʊ̯˧˩]
A
/я3ew /
Estonian
ilu
‘beauty’
Finnish
‘gladness’
Veps
ilo
ilo
Votic
ilo
‘gladness’
Livonian
ilā
‘laugh, gladness’
‘gladness’
i
(A)
Lappish
âllo; illo
‘wish’; ‘gladness’
i
(A2)
Mordvin
--
--
i
(A2)
[ʔ əʊ̯˩]
[ʔ oʊ̯˧˥]
[ʔ əʊ̯˧˩]
◆
Mari
--
--
i
(A2)
Udmurt
--
--
i
(X2)
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
[ʔ əɯ̯˩˧]
[ʔ ɤɯ̯˩˧]
i
(A2)
[ʔ əʊ̯˩˧]
[ʔi̯ ə̆ʊ̯˩](C2)
(A2)
Hungarian
--
--
(A2)
Tokyo
vưu
[ʔi̯ ə̆ʊ̯˧˥](A2)
ゆう(yū)
Seoul
우(u)
Meixian
[jəʊ̯˩]
Guangzhou
[jɐwˑ˧˩]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
Xiamen
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*gi̯ ug
*gwjəg
*ɣiu
*wjə
*ɢʷɯ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ilo is joined to DOM 5C24 尤.
《說文解字》(121) #9694 (尢). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #7543. SKES (1955‒1978) 106. EEW
(1982‒1983) 504‒505. 《大字源》(1988) 593. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 218. SSA‒1 (1992) 225.
102
SFE #93
DOM 98F2
B (to 9153 酓)
飲
Attested gloss
121: ‘drink’.《說文》歠也。Mandarin: id.; ‘water an animlal’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕembe(AA1)-X(B) {>侵部(-me)}
(← DOM 3C43
㱃)
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yǐn(B);yìn(C)
(B)
(C)
[ʔiˑn˧˩˧] ;[~˥˩]
i
(B)
[ʔ əˑn˧˩˧] ;[~˥˩]
(B)
(C)
(C)
[ʔiˑn˧˩˧] ;[~˥]
B;C
/ʔ3em
/
i
ime-(AA)
‘suck’
Finnish
(AA)
ime-
‘suck’
Veps
imiä
‘suck’
Votic
iˀmmə
‘suck’
njâmmât
‘suck’
Lappish
imda
‘suck’
Livonian
(B)
(C)
[ʔ əˑŋ˥˧] ;[~˥]
i
Estonian
(B)
(C)
[ʔ ẽː˥˧] ;[~˥]
Mordvin
--
--
(B)
(C)
Mari
--
--
(B)
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
[ʔiˑn˥˧] ;[~˧˩˧]
[ʔiˑn˧] ;[~˥]
(X1)
[ʔiˑɲ˧˥]
Komi
ńimav-
‘suck’
(B)
(C1)
Mansi
--
--
(B)
(C1)
Khanty
em-
‘suck’
(B)
(C)
emlő; †em-
‘breast’; †‘suck’
ŋaḿā-
‘suck’
--
--
ńimiri-
‘suck’
[ʔiˑn˥˩] ;[~˥]
[ʔiːn˧˩˧] ;[~˥]
[jiˑm˧˩] ;[~˥˩]
(B1)
[jɐmˑ˧˥]
Hungarian
(C1)
Nenets
(B2)
Enets
;[~˧]
(B1)
ẩm;hẩm
;ỡm
(B1)
[ʔiːm˥˧]
;(1)
Nganasan
Tokyo
いん(in);おん(on)
Selkup
ńem-
‘suck’
Seoul
음(eum)
Kamas
ńimēr-
‘suck’
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*iəm
*ʔrjum-ʔ;-s
*qrɯm-ʔ;-s
*ime-
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ʔi̯ əm
LI
*ʔjiəm-x;-h
(C1)
(B1)
(1) [ʔiːm˩] ; [ʔaːm˥˧] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish imeä is joined to DOM 98F2 飲.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Asian languages, e.g. Yukaghir ibi‘suck’; Turkish em- ‘suck’ (requoted as UEW).
《說文解字》(121) #5561 (㱃). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #44063. SKES (1955‒1978) 107
(imeä). EEW (1982‒1983) 507‒508 (imema). 《大字源》(1988) 1941. UEW (1988) 82‒83. 《汉
语方音字汇》(1989) 290. SSA‒1 (1992) 226 (imeä).
103
SFE #94
DOM 723A
B (to 8036 耶)
爺
Attested gloss
543: ‘vulg. father’.《玉篇》俗呼爲父爺字。Mandarin: (1).
Reconstruction
*ŋƕeþa(AA1) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
yé(A2)
Estonian
i
(A2)
i
(A2)
i
(A)
[ʔ eː˧˥]
Finnish
[ʔ eː˧˥]
(C)
[ʔ eː˧˩] ,[~˥]
A
/я3a /
isa(AA)
isä; iso
‘father’
(AA)
‘father’; ‘big’
Veps
iža
‘father’
Votic
isä; iso
‘father’; ‘big’
izā
‘father’
Lappish
æč/jieʹččě/ehč/jēč
‘father’
Mordvin
oćä; oću
(2); ‘big’(?)
əzä/iza/iźa
‘older brother’; (3)
Livonian
i
(A)
i
(A2)
i
(A2)
Mari
i
(A2)
Udmurt
--
--
i
(X2)
Komi
--
--
i
i
Mansi
ǟś
‘mother’s brother’
Khanty
--
--
ős
‘ancestor’
nīśe
‘father’
äδǟ/eδe
‘father’
jase
‘father’
[ʔ eː˩]
[ʔ ɛː˧˥]
(C)
,[~˥]
[ʔ eː˧˩]
[ʔ eː˩˧]
[ɦ aː˩˧]
(A2)
[ʔ eː˩˧],[ʔ aː˩˧]
(C2)
[ʔi̯ aˑ˩]
(A2)
Hungarian
(A2)
Nenets
[jaː˩]
[jɛː˧˩]
(A1)
gia
Enets
(A2)
Xiamen
[ʔi̯ aˑ˧˥]
Nganasan
Tokyo
や(ya)
Selkup
ɛ̂ s/as/êhê/êχ
‘father’
Seoul
야(ya)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*di̯ ɔ
*riag
*ʎya
*ljᴀ
*laa
*ićä
(1) ‘grandfather’. (2) ‘father’s older brother’. (3) ‘father’s younger brother’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish isä is joined to DOM 723A 爺.
《玉篇》(453).《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #19734. SKES (1955‒1978) 110. EEW (1982‒1983)
517‒518.《大字源》(1988) 1103. UEW (1988) 78.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 51. SSA‒1 (1992) 229.
104
SFE #95
DOM 4F9D
B (to 8863 衣)
依
Attested gloss
121: ‘lean on’.《說文》倚也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕeþe(AA1) {>脂(微)部(-je)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yī(A1)
(A1)
[ʔiː˥]
Estonian
istu-(AA)
‘sit’
(AA)
Finnish
istu-
‘sit’
(A1)
Veps
ištta
‘sit’
(A)
Votic
issua
‘sit’
istə
‘sit’
◆
‘bottoms of trousers’
oza-
‘sit’
[ʔiː˧]
[ʔiː˧˩]
A
/ʔ3ej /
Livonian
(A)
Lappish
(A1)
Mordvin
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
[ʔiː˩]
[ʔiː˧˩]
[ʔiː˥]
[ʔiː˧˩]
[ʔiː˥˧]
[ʔiː˧]
(A1)
[ʔiːˑ˥˧]
hiiʹtâmâk
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
[jiː˥]
[jiː˥]
Nenets
--
--
(A1)
Enets
--
--
(A1)
Nganasan
--
--
y,ấy,e
[ʔiːˑ˥]
Tokyo
い(i),え(e)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
의(ui)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʔi̯ ər
*ʔjəd
*iəi
*ʔjəj
*qɯl
*isɜ-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish istua is joined to DOM 4F9D 依.
《說文解字》(121) #5022. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #607. SKES (1955‒1978) 109 (istua).
EEW (1982‒1983) 521‒522 (istuma). 《大字源》(1988) 217. UEW (1988) 629. 《汉语方音字汇》
(1989) 95 SSA‒1 (1992) 229 (istua).
105
SFE #96
DOM 81EA
A1
自
Attested gloss
121: ‘nose’.《說文》翼也。Mandarin: ‘self’.
Reconstruction
*þeþe(AA2)(-S(C)) {>物[質]部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
zì(C)
[t͡ sɨː˥˩](C)
Estonian
itse
Veps
itše
‘self’
Votic
ize,izze
‘self’
iˀž
‘self’
Lappish
jieš
‘self’
Mordvin
eś,äś/eś
‘self’
əške,ške/iške
ač ́ im/aćim
‘self’
Komi
aćim
‘myself’
Mansi
is
‘human’s shadow’
is,ǐs/ǐs
‘soul, human, animal’
{dial. iz/íz/ísz/isz
‘gangrene, cancer’ }?
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
C
/dz3ej /
[t͡ sɨː˥](C)
Livonian
[t͡ sɨː˥] ,[~˥˧]
[t͡ sɨː˧˩˧](C)
(B)
Mari
[t͡ sɨː˥]
(C)
Udmurt
[zɨː˩˧],[d͡ zɨː˩˧]
[t͡ sɨː˩](C2),[~˥](C1)
(X2)
[t͡ sʰɨːˑ˩]
[t͡ sʰɨː˥˩](C),[~˩](A2)
(C2)
Khanty
Hungarian
[t͡ siː˩]
(C2)
(C2)
(C1)
tự,tợ ,từ
[t͡ suːˑ˧](C2)
‘self’
(AA)
Finnish
[t͡ sɨː˥˩](C)
[t͡ sɨː˥](C),[~˧˩˧](B)
(C)
ise(AA)
‘self’
‘myself’
Tokyo
し(shi),じ(ji)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
자(ja)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*dz'ie
̯ ̆d
*dzjidh
*dziet
*dzjits
*ɦljids
*iće/iśe
The Finnic etymon of Finnish itse is joined to DOM 81EA 自.
Equivalents have been suggested in Yukaghir: eʒie / iʒie ‘self’ (requoted as UEW).
《說文解字》(121) #2213. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #30095. SKES (1958) 110‒111. TESz‒2
(1970) 251. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 328‒329. EEW (1982‒1983) 518‒519. 《大字源》(1988) 1452. UEW
(1988) 79. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 56. SSA‒1 (1992) 230.
106
SFE #97
DOM 6771
A3
東
Attested gloss
121: ‘germinate’.《說文》動也。Mandarin: ‘east’.
Reconstruction
*dʷaŋge(AA1) {>東部(-ŋo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
dōng (A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[tʊˑŋ˥]
u
Finnish
(A1)
[t əˑŋ˧]
(A)
(C)
[tuˑŋ˧˩] ,[~˥]
A
/t1oŋ /
itä
(AA)
‘east’
; itä-
‘east’; ‘germinate’
Veps
id́ äda
‘germinate’
Votic
itä;itää
‘east’
idā;iˀddə
‘northeast’; ‘germinate’
‘appear’
Livonian
u
ida(AA)
(A)
Lappish
◆
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--?!
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t əˑŋ˩]
[tuˑŋ˧˩]
[toˑŋ˥]
[toˑŋ˧˩]
[tʊˑŋ˥˧]
[təˑn˧]
[tuˑŋ˥˧]
[tuˑŋ˥]
(A1)
[tʊŋˑ˥]
đông,đang
(A1)
(A1)
[tɔːŋ˥],[taːŋ˥]
ittet
Tokyo
とう(tō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
동(dong)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*tuŋ
*tuŋ
*toŋ
*toŋ
*tooŋ
--?!
The Finnic etymon of Finnish itä is joined to DOM 6771 東.
(?!) Previously doubted equivalents {Khanty et/ä̌ t/et ‘rise’} are rejected.
《說文解字》(121) #3826. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #14499. SKES (1955‒1978) 111 (itää).
EEW (1982‒1983) 482. 《大字源》(1988) 899. UEW (1988) 85‒86. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 354.
SSA‒1 (1992) 230‒231 (itää).
107
SFE #98
DOM 52A0
A3/B (to 53E3 口)
加
Attested gloss
121: ‘add’.《說文》語相增加也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧƕa(AA1) {>歌部(-ʁ̩)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiā(A1)
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaː˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
(A)
[c aː˧˩]
A
/k2a /
[t͡ ɕiaː˩](A)
[t͡ ɕ aː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ aː˧˩]
i
(A1)
(A1)
[kaː˥˧]
[t͡ ɕiaː˧](A1)
(A1)
[kaːˑ˥˧]
‘and’
Finnish
‘and’
◆
(A)
◆
ja(A)
Estonian
ja
Veps
--
--
Votic
◆
‘and’
Livonian
◆
‘and’
Lappish
◆
‘and’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
ja,jah
ja
jȃ
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kaː˥]
[kaː˥]
(A1)
gia,chơ
(A1)
[kaːˑ˥],[keːˑ˥]
Tokyo
か(ka)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
가(ga)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ka
*krar
*keai
*keai
*kraal
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ja is joined to DOM 52A0 加.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive, incomplete) languages,
e.g. Gothic jah ‘and; also’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #6953. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #2297. SKES (1955‒1978) 111. EEW
(1982‒1983) 527. 《大字源》(1988) 329. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 9. SSA‒1 (1992) 232.
108
SFE #99
DOM 4E5F
A1
也
Attested gloss
121: ‘vulvae’.《說文》女陰也。Mandarin: ‘yeah; also’.
Reconstruction
*ƕeƕa(AA2) {>歌部(-ʁ̩)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yě(B)
‘yes’
(C)
‘yes’
◆
jah,jaa(C)
Estonian
i
(B)
Finnish
◆
i
(B)
Veps
--
--
i
(B)
Votic
--
--
[ʔ eː˧˩˧]
[ʔ eː˧˩˧]
[ʔ eː˧˩˧]
B
/я3a /
jaa
Livonian
--
--
i
(B)
Lappish
◆
‘yes’
i
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
i
(B)
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔ eː˥˧]
[ʔ ɛː˥˧]
[ʔ eː˥˧]
i
i
(B)
[ʔ ɛː˧],[ʔ eː˧]
(X2)
[ɦaː˩˧]
i
i
(B)
[ʔ eː˥˩],[ʔ aː˥˩]
(B)
[ʔi̯ aˑ˧˩˧]
(A2)
[jaː˩]
(B2)
[jaː˩˧]
dã,giã
(B2)
,dạ
(B1)
(B)
[ʔi̯ aˑ˥˧] ,(1)
jā
Tokyo
や(ya)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
야(ya)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*dia
LI
*rarx
(C2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʎiai
*ljᴀjʔ
*laalʔ
--
(C2)
(1) [ʔi̯ aˑ˧] , [ʔaːˑ˧] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jaa is joined to DOM 4E5F 也.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Swedish ja ‘yes’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #23.
《說文解字》(121) #8323. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #171. SKES (1955‒1978) 111. 《大字
源》(1988) 170. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 51. SSA‒1 (1992) 232.
109
SFE #100
DOM 89E3
A3/B (to 89D2 角)
解
Attested gloss
121: ‘cut horn off’.《說文》判也。Mandarin: ‘dissect’.
Reconstruction
*gȧga(AA1)-X(B) {>支部(-ja)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
jiě(B)
[t͡ ɕieː˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ ɕieː˧˩˧](B),[kae̯ ˧˩˧](B)
i
(B)
Estonian
jaga-(AA)
‘dissect’
Finnish
(AA)
jaka-
‘dissect’
Veps
jagada
‘dissect’
jakaa
‘dissect’
Yantai
[c ae̯ ˧˩˧]
Votic
1161
B;C
Livonian
jaˀggə
‘dissect’
Lappish
juokket
‘dissect’
Mordvin
javo-/java-/javə̂-
‘dissect’
--
--
ĺuki̮ -,juk-,d́ uki̮ -
‘dissect’
Komi
juk-
‘dissect’
Mansi
jaχtit/jaktət
‘nuque’(?)
ji̮ γlị̮ /jaχəl
‘fork’(?)
--
--
jāχā-
‘peel’(?)
johi-/johe-
‘cut up’(?)
jakaĺiˀe-
‘cut’(?)
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/k2aj /
[t͡ ɕieː˥˧](B)
[t͡ ɕ ɛː˥˧]
[t͡ ɕiaɪ̯ ˥˧](B),[kaɪ̯ ˥˧](B)
i
(B)
Mari
[t͡ ɕ ɛː˧],[kæː˧]
[t͡ ɕiaː˧˥],[kaː˧˥](X1)
i
(B)
Udmurt
(B)
[kaɪ̯ ˥˩]
(B)
[kaˑɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
Khanty
(B)
[cʲaɪ̯ ˧˩]
Hungarian
(B1)
[kaˑj˧˥]
giải
(B1)
,giãi
Nenets
(B2)
Enets
(B1)
[kaˑɪ̯ ˥˧],[ku̯ eˑ˥˧]
Nganasan
Tokyo
かい(kai)
Selkup
tsaka-/t́aga-
‘cut up’(?)
Seoul
개(gae)
Kamas
t́egǟr-
‘crumble’(?)
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kĕg
*krig-x;-h
*ke
*kre-ʔ;-s
*kree-ʔ;-s
*jaka-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jakaa is joined to DOM 89E3 解.
《說文解字》(121) #2837.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #35067. SKES (1955‒1978) 112 (jakaa).
EEW (1982‒1983) 530‒531 (jagama). 《大字源》(1988) 1608. UEW (1988) 87. 《汉语方音字
汇》(1989) 47. SSA‒1 (1992) 233‒234 (jakaa).
110
SFE #101
DOM 61C8
B (to 89E3 解)
懈
Attested gloss
121: ‘slack’.《說文》怠也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧga(AA1)-S(C) {>支部(-ja)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
xiè(C)
Estonian
jaksaS-(AC)
‘manage’
i
(C)
Finnish
jaksa-
‘manage’
i
(C)
Veps
jakstas
‘romp’ (?)
i
(C)
Votic
jahsaa
‘take off (shoes)’
--
--
[ɕ eː˥˩]
[ɕ eː˥˩]
[ç ae̯ ˥]
C
/k2aj /
Livonian
(AA)
i
(C)
Lappish
juokʹsot
‘suffice’
i
(C)
Mordvin
ukśe-,jukśe-/jukso-
‘loose’
i
(C)
Mari
--
--
i
(C)
Udmurt
̇
̇
jusk-/juski
̣-/jutski
̣-
‘relax’
i
(X1)
Komi
juski̮ -
‘relax’
(C)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
[ɕ eː˥]
[ɕ ɛː˥]
[ɕ aɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[ɕ ɛː˥]
[ɕ aː˧˥]
[xaɪ̯ ˥]
(C)
[haˑɪ̯ ˥˩]
(C)
(B)
[haɪ̯ ˥˩] ,[~˧˩]
(C1)
[kaˑj˧]
Enets
--
--
(C1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
かい(kai),け(ke)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
해(hae)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
giái
;(1)
(C1)
[kaˑɪ̯ ˩],[haˑɪ̯ ˩]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kĕg
LI
*krigh
(B2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ke
*kres
*krees
*ja(/o)ksa-
(C2)
(1) [haˑj˩˧] ; [haˑj˩] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jaksaa is joined to DOM 61C8 懈.
《說文解字》(121) #6802. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #11328. SKES (1955‒1978) 112 (jaksaa).
EEW (1982‒1983) 536 (jaksama). 《大字源》(1988) 745. UEW (1988) 630‒631. SSA‒1 (1992)
234 (jaksaa).
111
SFE #102
DOM 8173
B (to 8C37 谷)
腳
Attested gloss
121: ‘shank’.《說文》脛也。Mandarin: ‘foot’.
Reconstruction
*gega-R(AD1)(-X(B)) {>鐸部(-ga)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jiăo(B)
[t͡ ɕiaʊ̯˧˩˧],[t͡ ɕʸøː˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ ɕiaʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
Estonian
jalgA(AA)
‘leg, foot’
Finnish
(AA)
‘leg, foot’
jalka
Veps
jaug, d́ åug
‘leg, foot’
[cʸøː˧˩˧]
Votic
jalka
‘leg, foot’
D
Livonian
jālga
‘leg, foot’
Lappish
juolʹge
‘foot’
Mordvin
jalgo/jalga
‘on foot’
jal/jol
‘foot’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
gyalog (†jalog)
‘on foot’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(B)
/k3ak /
[t͡ ɕʸəˑʔ˩],[t͡ ɕieˑʔ˩](D)
[t͡ ɕʸoː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʸoː˧˩](A2)
(A1)
Mari
[t͡ ɕ oˑʔ˩]
[t͡ ɕiɐˑʔ˥],[t͡ ɕiˑʔ˥](D1)
i
(D)
[t͡ ɕ oː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ɔk̚ ˥](D1)
i
(D)
[cʲɔˑk̚ ˩]
[kœˑk̚ ˧](D3)
(D1)
Hungarian
(D1)
cước
[ki̯ ɔk̚ ˧],[ki̯ oʔ˧](D1)
Tokyo
きゃく(kyaku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
각(gak)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ki̯ ak
*kjak
*kiak
*kjak
*kag
*jalka
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jalka is joined to DOM 8173 腳.
《說文解字》(121) #2625. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #29712. SKES (1955‒1978) 113. TESz‒1
(1967) 1116‒1117. MSzFE‒1 (1967) 230. EEW (1982‒1983) 537‒539. 《大字源》(1988) 1411.
UEW (1988) 88‒89. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 196. SSA‒1 (1992) 234.
112
SFE #103
DOM 4E7E
B (to 501D 倝)
乾
Attested gloss
121: ‘up’.《說文》上出也。Mandarin: ‘sky’; ‘dry’.
Reconstruction
*genda(AA1/2) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
qián (A2); gān (A1)
1958
[t͡ ɕʰiɛˑn˧˥](A2);[kaˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiaˑn˧˥](A2);[kaˑn˥](A1)
Beijing
Shenyang
i
(A)
[cʰ aˑn˧˩];[kaˑn˧˩]
Yantai
A
1161
Taiyuan
A
Chengdu
Veps
--
--
Votic
jano
‘thirst’
‘thirst’
--
--
[t͡ ɕʰ ãː˧˥] ;[kãː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰian˧˩](A2);[kaˑn˥](A1)
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
;[kɔˑn˥]
Nenets
--
--
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Shanghai
[d͡ ʑiː˩˧]
Changsha
[t͡ ɕ ẽː˩˧]
Nanchang
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ ɛn˧˥]
i
(A1)
(A2)
(A1)
(X2)
(A1)
;[kaˑn˧˩]
;[køː˥˧]
(A2)
[cʲaˑn˩]
(A1)
;[kaˑn˧]
(A2)
;[kɔːn˥˧]
(A2)
;[kɔˑn˥]
(A2)
[kiˑn˧˩]
gàn
(A1)
(A1)
(A1)
(A2)
;can
h
;(1)
(A2)
[k i̯ an˧˥]
Xiamen
‘thirst’
jano
Lappish
(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰ en˩˧]
Hanoi
Finnish
Livonian
Nanjing
Guangzhou
‘thirst’
(AA)
/g3an /;/k1an /
[t͡ ɕʰieː˩];[kæ̃ ː˩](A)
i
Meixian
janu(AA)
◆
i
Xi’an
Estonian
;(2)
janū
Tokyo
げん(gen),(3)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
건(geon),간(gan)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*g'i̯ an;kɑn
(A2)
WANG
*gjian;kan
(A2)
*gian;kan
(C2)
(A1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*grjan;kan
*gran;kaan
--
(A1)
(A1)
(1) kiền , càn , cạn , khan . (2) [kaːn˥] , [kua̯ ˑ˥]
. (3) けん(ken), か
̃
ん(kan).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jano is joined to DOM 4E7E 乾.
《 說 文 解 字 》 (121) #9692. 《 大 漢 和 辞 典 》 (1955‒1960) #204. SKES (1955‒1978) 115.
EEW(1982‒1983) 543. 《大字源》(1988) 172. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 236 (干), 252. SSA‒1
(1992) 236.
113
SFE #104
DOM 7E7C
A3
繼
Attested gloss
121: ‘continue’.《說文》續也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gėþa(AA1)(-S(C)) {>鐸[錫]部(-ka)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jì(C)
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Estonian
Finnish
(C)
[ciː˥]
C
/k4aj /
[t͡ ɕiː˥](C)
‘continue’; ‘sence’
Veps
jatkata,d́ atkata;(+)(3)
‘continue’; ‘totally; only’
jatkaa;(+)järkeäzä
‘continue’; ‘right away’
jatkə
‘continue’
◆
joaŧʹket;(+) jærʹgâ
‘continue’; ‘sence’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
[t͡ ɕiː˥]
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩˧](C)
[t͡ ɕiː˥]
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥](X1)
(C)
[t͡ ɕiː˥]
[t͡ ɕiːˑ˥](C1)
(C1)
(C1)
[kɐjˑ˧]
(C1)
Enets
--
--
(C1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
けい(kei)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
계(gye)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
kế
;(+)(2)
‘continue’; ‘sequence’
Lappish
(C)
[ciː˥˩]
jatka-
(AA)
Votic
Livonian
(C)
jätkaS-(AC);(+)(1)
[keːˑ˩]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kieg
LI
*kigh
(AA)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kyek
*keks
*keegs
--
(AA)
(1) järgE . (2) järki,e
. (3) ǵärǵ, d́ ärk.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jatkaa is joined to DOM 7E7C 繼.
《說文解字》(121) #8503. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #27997. SKES (1958) 115 (jatkaa); (+)131
(järki). EEW (1982‒1983) 604‒605 (jätkama); (+)600 (järg). 《大字源》(1988) 1381. 《汉语方音
字汇》(1989) 87 (继). SSA‒1 (1992) 237 (jatkaa); (+)258 (järki).
114
SFE #105
DOM 6F3F
B (to 5C07 將)
漿
Attested gloss
121: ‘acidish drink’.《說文》酢𤖅也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*þeŋga(AA1) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jiāng(A1)
[t͡ ɕiaˑŋ˥](A1)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ ɕiaˑŋ˧](A1)
[t͡ ɕiaˑŋ˧˩](A)
javo; javaa
‘flour’; ‘grind’
Livonian
joˀu; joˀuvə
‘flour’; ‘grind’
Lappish
jāfo; jāfʹfo
‘flour’; ‘grind’
Mordvin
jaža-
‘grind’
jaŋγə̂ž e-/joŋə̂ž e--
‘grind’
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
jā
‘flour’
jauja, jâsa
‘flour’
jâ, ja
‘flour’
Mari
[t͡ s aˑŋ˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiãˑɲ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
Udmurt
[t͡ ɕ aˑn˧]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ɔŋ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ sʲɔˑŋ˥]
[t͡ sœˑŋ˥](A1)
(A1)
tương
͡ ̯ ɔŋ˥],[tsi
͡ ̯ ə̆ʊ̃˥](A1)
[tsi
‘flour’; ‘grind’
‘flour’; ‘grind’
[t͡ ɕ aˑŋ˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaˑŋ˥](A1)
(A1)
jauho; jauhajouh; jauhta
(A1)
i
‘flour’; ‘grind’
Veps
/ts3aŋ /
[t͡ ɕiãː˩](A)
i
(CA)
Votic
A
i
jahu; jahva-(AA)
Enets
Nganasan
--
Tokyo
しょう(shō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
장(jang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*tsi̯ aŋ
*tsjaŋ
*tsiaŋ
*tsjaŋ
*ʔsaŋ
*jaŋša
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jauhaa is joined to DOM 6F3F 漿.
《說文解字》(121) #7352. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #18185. SKES (1955‒1978) 115‒116
(jauhaa). EEW (1982‒1983) 534‒535 (jahvama). 《大字源》(1988) 1058. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
361. UEW (1988) 631‒632; 633‒634. SSA‒1 (1992) 237‒238 (jauhaa).
115
SFE #106
DOM 77E3
B (to 4EE5 以)
矣
Attested gloss
121: ‘already’.《說文》語已詞也。Mandarin: ‘already’(;已).
Reconstruction
*ƕeƕe(AA1)-X(B) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
yǐ(B)
(B)
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Veps
‘already’
(B)
Votic
◆
‘already’
‘already’
[ʔiː˧˩˧]
Xiamen
jo
jo,d́ o,ǵö
jo
Livonian
◆
(B)
Lappish
◆
‘already’
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
(B)
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
/я3ej /
[ʔiː˥˧]
[ʔiː˥˧]
[ʔiː˥˧]
(B)
[ʔiː˧]
(X2)
[ɦiː˩˧]
;[ʔiː˧˥]
(X1)
jo,ju,je̮
juo,jo
Komi
--
--
(B)
Mansi
--
--
(B)
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔiː˥˩]
[ʔiː˧˩˧]
(B)
[jiː˧˩]
(B2)
[jiː˩˧]
hỉ
‘already’
◆
1161
Nanjing
‘already’
(A)
Finnish
B
Chengdu
juba
(B)
[ʔiː˧˩˧]
[ʔiː˧˩˧]
Xi’an
◆
◆
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
(B1)
(B)
[hiːˑ˥˧]
Tokyo
い(i)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
의(ui)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*gi̯ əg
*gwjəgx
*ɣiə
*ɦjəʔ
*ɢlɯʔ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jo is joined to DOM 77E3 矣.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive, incomplete) languages,
e.g. Gothic ju ‘already; now’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #3299. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #23931. SKES (1955‒1978) 116. EEW
(1982‒1983) 559. 《大字源》(1988) 1235. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 97 (已). SSA‒1 (1992) 238.
116
SFE #107
DOM 5FA1
A3
御
Attested gloss
121: ‘drive (a carriage)’.《說文》使馬也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕʷeþa(AA2) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yù(C)
(C)
[ʔyː˥˩]
juhti-(AA)
‘lead’
Finnish
(AA)
johta-
‘lead’
(C)
Veps
--
--
(C)
Votic
--
--
juˀodə
‘lead’
[ʔyː˥˩]
[ʔyː˥]
/ŋ3o
Estonian
B;C
/
Livonian
(C)
Lappish
--
--
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔyː˥]
[ʔyː˥]
[ʔyː˧˩˧]
(C)
[ʔyː˥]
(X2)
[ɦyː˩˧],[ɲyː˩˧]
(C2)
[ɲyː˩]
(C2)
[ɲyːˑ˩]
(C)
[ɲiː˥˩]
(C2)
[jyː˩]
(C2)
ngự,ngợ
,(1)
(C2)
[guːˑ˧]
Tokyo
ぎょ(gyo),ご(go)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
어(eo),아(a)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ŋi̯ o
*ŋjag-x;-h
(A2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ŋia
*ŋja-ʔ;-s
*ŋa-ʔ;-s
--
(A2)
(1) ngừ , ngừa .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish johtaa is joined to DOM 5FA1 御.
SFE #107 and SFE #108 belong to the same pre-DOM etymon.
《說文解字》(121) #1257. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #10157. SKES (1955‒1978) 118 (johtaa).
EEW (1982‒1983) 562‒564 (juhtima).《大字源》(1988) 693.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 139. SSA‒1
(1992) 239 (johtaa).
117
SFE #108
DOM 9047
B (to 79BA 禺)
遇
Attested gloss
121: ‘encounter’.《說文》逢也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕʷeþe(AA2) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yù(C)
(C)
[ʔyː˥˩]
juhtu-(AA)
‘occur’
Finnish
(AA)
johtu-
‘occur’
(C)
Veps
johtuda
‘occur’
(C)
Votic
johtua
‘occur’
‘occur’
[ʔyː˥˩]
[ʔyː˥]
C
Livonian
◆
(C)
Lappish
--
--
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
/ŋ3o /
[ʔyː˥]
[ʔyː˥]
[ʔyː˧˩˧]
(C)
[ʔyː˥]
(X2)
[ɦyː˩˧],[ɲyː˩˧]
(C2)
[ɲyː˩]
(C2)
[ɲyːˑ˩]
(C)
[ɲiː˥˩]
(C2)
[jyː˩]
ngộ
Estonian
(C2)
(C2)
[guːˑ˧]
jut
Tokyo
ぐう(gū),く(ku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
우(u)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ŋi̯ u
*ŋjugh
*ŋio
*ŋjos
*ŋos
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish johtua is joined to DOM 9047 遇.
SFE #107 and SFE #108 belong to the same pre-DOM etymon.
《說文解字》(121) #1126. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #38991. SKES (1955‒1978) 118 (johtua).
EEW (1982‒1983) 562‒564 (juhtima). 《大字源》(1988) 1751. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 139.
SSA‒1 (1992) 239 (johtua).
118
SFE #109
DOM 6C5F
B (to 5DE5 工)
江
Attested gloss
121: ‘Yangtze River’.《說文》水。Mandarin: ‘river’.
Reconstruction
*gȧŋge(AA1) {>東部(-ŋo)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiāng(A1)
[t͡ ɕiaˑŋ˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaˑŋ˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
Estonian
jõgi,e(AA)
‘river’
Finnish
(AA)
‘river’
Veps
jogi, d́ öǵi
‘river’
Votic
je̮ tši, jetši
‘river’
joˀg,joˀig,joˀig
‘river’
Lappish
jokkȃ/(1)
‘river’/(1)
Mordvin
--/jov
‘Moksha River’
joγȇwət/joγȇnwüt
‘flowing water’
jušur
‘river’
Komi
ju
‘river’
Mansi
jē/jē̮/jā
‘river’
ji̮ γi̮ /jeχə/jĭχĭ;(2)
‘small river’;(2)
†jó
‘†river’
jaχā
‘river’
jáha/jóha/d́ aha
‘river’
--
--
(A)
[c aˑŋ˧˩]
A
/k2aŋ /
[t͡ ɕiãː˩](A)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ aˑŋ˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaˑŋ˥](A1)
i
(A1)
Mari
[t͡ ɕ aˑŋ˧˩]
i
(A1)
Udmurt
(A1)
[kãˑɲ˥˧]
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˧](A1)
(A1)
Khanty
(A1)
Hungarian
(A1)
Nenets
[kɔːŋ˥˧]
[kɔˑŋ˥]
[kɔˑŋ˥]
(A1)
giang
(A1)
[kaːŋ˥]
Enets
Nganasan
joki,e
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
kî/kī̮ kä/čaqi̮
‘river’/‘swamp;small lake’
Seoul
강(gang)
Kamas
ćaγa
‘river; stream; brook’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kŭŋ
*kruŋ
*keoŋ
*kroŋ
*krooŋ
*joke
(1) Lule Sami jåhkå ‘large brook’./ Kildin Sami jōkk ‘large brook, river’./ Ter Sami jokk
river’. (2) -jaγ/-jaχ/-jŏχ ‘-river’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish joki is joined to DOM 6C5F 江.
‘large brook,
《說文解字》(121) #6953. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #17140. SKES (1955‒1978) 118. TESz‒2
(1970) 276. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 339‒340. EEW (1982‒1983) 580‒581. 《大字源》(1988) 999. UEW
(1988) 99‒100. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 316. SSA‒1 (1992) 240.
119
SFE #110
DOM 7979
B (to 7591 疑)
聚
Attested gloss
121: ‘village’.《說文》止也。Mandarin: ‘obstruct’.
Reconstruction
*þʷege(AA2)(-S(C)) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jù(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕyː˧˩](A)
‘group’
--
--
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘group’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
luk/juk
‘group’
Komi
juk
‘an unordered heap’
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
--?!
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[t͡ ɕyː˧˩˧](C)
[t͡ syː˥]
[d͡ ʑyː˩˧],[ʑyː˩˧](X2)
(C)
Udmurt
[t͡ ɕiː˥] ,[~˩]
[t͡ ɕyː˩](C2)
(C2)
tụ,sụ,tọ,xụ
[t͡ suːˑ˧](C2)
(C2)
Hungarian
,xủ
‘group’
juuk
(C)
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩]
[t͡ sɵɥˑ˩](C2)
‘band’
Veps
/dz3o /
[t͡ ɕyː˥](C)
(C)
joukko
(CA)
Votic
B;C
(C1)
jõukU(CA)
(B1)
joawʹko
Tokyo
しゅう(shū),(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
취(chwi)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*dz'i̯ u
*dzjug-x;-h
*dzio
*dzjo-ʔ;-s
*zlo-ʔ;-s
*jowkkɛ
(1)しゅ(shu), じゅ(ju).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish joukko is joined to DOM 7979 聚.
《說文解字》(121) #5212. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #29093. SKES (1955‒1978) 119. TESz‒1
(1967) 1115‒1116. MSzFE‒1 (1967) 229. EEW (1982‒1983) 589. 《大字源》(1988) 1417. UEW
(1988) 103. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 133. SSA‒1 (1992) 243.
120
SFE #111
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
‘midwinter festival > (1)’
Finnish
‘midwinter festival > (1)’
◆
(CA)
◆
jõulU(CA)
Estonian
Beijing
--
joulu
Shenyang
--
Veps
--
--
Yantai
--
Votic
◆
‘midwinter festival > (1)’
1161
--
Livonian
--
-‘midwinter festival > (1)’
je̮ ulu,joulu
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
juowʹlâ
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
(1) ‘Christmas’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish joulu is not detected in Chinese.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Swedish
jul ‘midwinter festival > Christmas’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 119‒120. EEW
(1982‒1983) 589. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 243.
121
SFE #112
DOM 5177
A3
具
Attested gloss
121: ‘set together’.《說文》共置也。Mandarin: ‘get’.
Reconstruction
*gʷede(AA2)(-S(C)) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jù(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
Veps
jouta
‘be able to’
Votic
--
--
joudə
‘be able to’
Lappish
◆
‘spare time’/‘be able to’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
C
/g3o /
[t͡ ɕyː˥](C)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[t͡ ɕyː˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[d͡ ʑyː˩˧](X2)
(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥] ,[~˩]
[t͡ ɕʰyː˩](C2)
(C2)
[cʰiː˥˩]
(C2)
[kɵɥˑ˩]
cụ
(C2)
[kuːˑ˧],[kʰuːˑ˧]
(C2)
‘be able to’; ‘get’
‘be able to’; ‘get’
[cyː˧˩]
(C)
(CA)
jouta-;joutu-
Finnish
(A)
(C1)
jõudA-;jõudu-(CA)
joawʹdo/jåutēt
Tokyo
ぐ(gu),く(ku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
구(gu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'i̯ u
*gjugh
*gio
*gjos
*gos
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish joutaa is joined to DOM 5177 具.
◆
An equivalent has been suggested in Latvian: jauda ‘power, ability’; jaudāt ‘can’
(requoted as SSA).
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive) languages, see SFGE #24.
《說文解字》(121) #1762. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #1473. SKES (1955‒1978) 120‒121
(joutaa). EEW (1982‒1983) 587‒588 (jõudma). 《大字源》(1988) 1417.《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
133. SSA‒1 (1992) 244 (joutaa).
122
SFE #113
DOM 52C7
B (to 7528 用)
勇
Attested gloss
121: ‘force’.《說文》气也。Mandarin: id.; ‘brave’.
Reconstruction
*þʷeŋge-R(AA2)-X(B) {>東部(-ŋo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yǒng(B)
Estonian
i
(B)
[ʔ ʊˑŋ˧˩˧]
[ʔʸəˑŋ˧˩˧]
(B)
[ʔyˑŋ˧˩˧]
B
/я3oŋ /
[ʔʸəˑŋ˥˧]
(B)
[ʔyˑŋ˥˧]
‘brave’; ‘dare’
‘impudent’; ‘dare’
Veps
--
--
Votic
julke̮ a
‘brave’
julgi; juĺgə
‘certain’; ‘become blind’
Lappish
◆
‘dare’
Livonian
(B)
(AC)
julkea; julkeS-
Finnish
(B)
julge; julge-(AA)
jolgadit
Mordvin
--
--
(B)
Mari
--
--
i
(B)
Udmurt
--
--
i
(X2)
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ʔʸoˑŋ˥˧]
[ʔ oˑŋ˧]
[ʔ ʊˑŋ˧]
(B)
[ʔiˑn˥˩]
(B)
[ʔi̯ uŋ˧˩˧]
(B)
[juˑŋ˧˩]
(B2)
[jʊŋˑ˩˧]
dũng
(B2)
,(1)
(B)
[ʔi̯ ɔŋ˥˧]
Tokyo
ゆう(yū)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
용(yong)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*di̯ uŋ
*ruŋx
(B2)
(B2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ʎioŋ
*ljoŋʔ
*loŋʔ
--
(C2)
(1) xõng , dõng , rụng .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish juljeta is joined to DOM 52C7 勇.
《說文解字》(121) #9196. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #2360. SKES (1958) 122 (juljeta). EEW
(1982‒1983) 566 (julgema). 《大字源》(1988) 332. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 370. SSA‒2 (1995)
246 (juljeta).
123
SFE #114
DOM 51F6
A2
凶
Attested gloss
121: ‘ominous’.《說文》惡也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕʷembe-R(AA1) {>東部(-ŋo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
xiōng(B)
i
Estonian
(A1)
[ɕ ʊˑŋ˥]
Finnish
(A1)
[ɕʸəˑŋ˧]
(A)
[çyˑŋ˧˩]
/h3oŋ
A;B
/
julma
(AA)
‘cruel’
‘cruel’
Veps
--
--
Votic
--
--
Livonian
--
--
(A)
Lappish
◆
‘silent’
(A1)
[ɕʸəˑŋ˩]
[ɕyˑŋ˧˩]
i
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--?!
--
Komi
--?!
--
Mansi
--
--
--?!
--
[ɕ oˑŋ˧˩]
i
julʹbme
(A1)
[ɕʸoˑŋ˥]
(A1)
[ɕ ʊˑŋ ˥˧]
(A1)
[ɕiˑn˧]
(A1)
Khanty
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɕi̯ uŋ˥˧]
[çʲuˑŋ˥]
[hʊŋˑ˥]
hung
julmA(AA)
◆
(A1)
(A1)
[hi̯ ɔŋ˥]
Tokyo
きょう(kyō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
흉(hyung)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xi̯ uŋ
*hjuŋ;-x
*xioŋ
*xjoŋ;-ʔ
*qhoŋ;-ʔ
--?!
The Finnic etymon of Finnish julma is joined to DOM 51F6 凶.
(?!) Previously doubted equivalents {Udmurt jun ‘strong’; Komi jon ‘strong’;
◆
Khanty jon ‘strong’} (without matching C2 = m) are rejected.
《說文解字》(121) #4503. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #1803. SKES (1958) 122. EEW
(1982‒1983) 567. 《大字源》(1988) 300. UEW (1988) 638. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 369. SSA‒2
(1995) 246.
124
SFE #115
DOM 5929
A3
天
Attested gloss
121: ‘top’.《說文》顚也。Mandarin: ‘sky’; ‘day’.
Reconstruction
*þėmbe-R(AA1) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
tiān(A)
i
(A1)
Veps
jumal
‘deity’
i
(A)
Votic
jumala
‘deity’
jumāl
‘deity’
◆
‘deity’
jondol/jondə̂l
‘lightning’
jumə̂/jə̂mə̂
--
‘sky’
Komi
--
--
[tʰ ɛˑn˥]
[tʰ aˑn˧˩]
A
/tʰ4an /
Xiamen
Livonian
i
(A)
Lappish
i
(A1)
Mordvin
[tʰ eː˩]
[tʰ ãː˧˩]
i
(A1)
Mari
i
(A1)
Udmurt
[tʰ aˑn˥]
[tʰ eˑn˧˩]
(A1)
Changsha
Hanoi
Finnish
[tʰ aˑn˧]
i
Guangzhou
‘deity’
(A1)
[tʰiː˥˧]
Meixian
jumalA(AA)
i
Shanghai
Nanchang
Estonian
(A1)
[tʰ ẽː˧]
jumala
(AA)
(j)ibmel
‘deity’
--
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[tʰi̯ ɛn˥˧]
[tʰʲɛˑn˥]
(A1)
[tʰiˑn˥]
thiên,yêu
(A1)
(A1)
[tʰi̯ aˑn˥],[tʰĩːˑ˥]
Tokyo
てん(ten)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
천(cheon)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*t'iən
*thiən
*thyən
*hlin
*qhl'iin
*juma
The Finnic etymon of Finnish julma is joined to DOM 5929 天.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive) languages, see SFGE #25.
《說文解字》(121) #3. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #5833. SKES (1958) 122. EEW (1982‒1983)
567. 《大字源》(1988) 500. UEW (1988) 638. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 244. SSA‒2 (1995) 247.
125
SFE #116
DOM 5544
B (to 8C56 豖)
啄
Attested gloss
121: ‘peak’.《說文》鳥食也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*þȧŋga-R(AA1) {>屋部(-go)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
zhuó(A2)
[t͡ ʂuoː˧˥](A2)
D
‘drink’
Veps
joda
‘drink’
Votic
juvva (jōn, jūn)
‘drink’
jūodə
‘drink’
Lappish
jukkât/juhka-
‘drink’
Mordvin
--
--
jüa-/d́ üä-
‘drink’
ju-/d́ u-
‘drink’
Komi
ju-
‘drink’
Mansi
äj-/ǟj-
‘drink’
jänt́ -́ /jeśiv-
‘drink’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[p͡ foː˧˩]
[t͡ suaː˧˩](A2)
(A1)
Mari
(D)
Nanchang
[tɔːk̚ ˥]
[tuˑk̚ ˩](D1)
Xiamen
juo-
Livonian
[t͡ soː˧˥],[t͡ saː˧˥],[toː˧˥]
Hanoi
Finnish
/ʈ2ak /;/t1ok /
[t͡ suəˑʔ˩](D)
Changsha
Guangzhou
‘drink’
(C)
D
Shanghai
Meixian
joo-(C)\juua
[t͡ suɤː˧](A1)
[t͡ suoː˧˩˧](B)
[tuˑʔ˥]
[t͡ soˑʔ˥](D1)
Nanjing
Estonian
Udmurt
(D)
(D1)
[tœˑk̚ ˧]
Khanty
Hungarian
(D3)
trốc
,[tœˑŋ˥]
(A1)
(D1)
[toːk̚ ˧],[teːʔ˧]
(D1)
‘drink’
Tokyo
たく(taku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
탁(tak)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*tŭk;tuk
*truk;tuk
*teok;tok
*trok;tok
*rtoog;toog
*juγe-/juke-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish juoda is joined to DOM 5544 啄.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive) languages, see SFGE #26.
《說文解字》(121) #952. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3801. SKES (1955‒1978) 1242 (juoda).
TESz‒2 (1970) 245‒246. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 329. EEW (1982‒1983) 552‒553 (jooma). UEW (1988)
103. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 38. SSA‒1 (1992) 249 (juoda).
126
SFE #117
DOM 7DAB
B (to 6214 戔)
綫
Attested gloss
121: ‘thread’.《說文》縷也。Mandarin: id.; ‘abandon’.
Reconstruction
*þeda(AA1)(-S(C)) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
xiàn(C)
i
(C)
Veps
jońikaińe
‘streaked’
i
(C)
Votic
jonite̮ lla
‘roam aimlessly’
jūoń
‘expense’
[ɕ ɛˑn˥˩]
[ɕ aˑn˥]
C
/s3an /
Xiamen
Livonian
juoni,e
(CA)
‘line’; ‘plot’
i
(C)
Lappish
juone; juodnâ
‘road’; ‘plot’
i
(C)
Mordvin
jan
‘route’
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
[ɕ eː˥]
[ɕ ãː˥]
i
(C)
[ɕ aˑn˧˩˧]
i
(C)
[s eˑn˥]
(X1)
Changsha
Hanoi
Finnish
[ɕ aˑn˥˩]
i
Guangzhou
‘plot’
(C)
[ɕiː˧˥]
Meixian
joonE(CA)
i
Shanghai
Nanchang
Estonian
(C1)
[ɕ ẽː˥]
(C1)
[ɕi̯ ɛn˥]
Khanty
--
--
(C)
Hungarian
--
--
(C1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[sʲɛˑn˥˨]
[siˑn˧]
tuyến
◆
(C1)
(C1)
[si̯ an˩],[sua
̯ ˑ̃ ˩]
Tokyo
せん(sen)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
선(seon)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*si̯ an
*sjanh
*sian
*sjens
*slens
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish juoni is joined to DOM 7DAB 綫.
◆
An equivalent has been suggested in Latvian: juonis ‘time, journey’ (requoted as
SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #8632. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #27564. SKES (1955‒1978) 125‒126.
EEW (1982‒1983) 553‒555. 《大字源》(1988) 1364. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 255 (线). SSA‒1
(1992) 250.
127
SFE #118
DOM 8D70
A3
走
Attested gloss
121: ‘run’.《說文》能立也。Mandarin: ‘walk’.
Reconstruction
*þaƕe(AA1)-X(B) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
zǒu(B)
[t͡ sɤʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
Estonian
jooksE-(CA)
‘run’
Finnish
(CA)
juokse-
‘run’
Veps
jo(k)sta
‘run’
Votic
johsa
‘run’
Livonian
jūokšə
‘run’
Lappish
jokʹsât
‘reach’(?)
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
--?!
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t͡ səʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ soʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
B;C
/ts1ew /
[t͡ səʊ̯˧](B)
[t͡ soʊ̯˥˧]
[t͡ səʊ̯˥˧](B)
(B)
[t͡ səɯ̯˧]
[t͡ sɤɯ̯˧˥](X1)
(B)
[t͡ səʊ̯˥˩]
[t͡ sɛˑʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
(B)
[t͡ sɛʊ̯˧˩]
[t͡ sɐwˑ˧˥](B1)
(B)
Hungarian
(B1)
tẩu,rảo
[t͡ sɔːˑ˥˧],[t͡ saˑʊ̯˥˧](B1)
Tokyo
そう(sō);しゅ(shu)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
주(ju)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*tsu
*tsug-x;-h
*tso
*tso-ʔ;-s
*ʔsoo-ʔ;-s
--?!
The Finnic etymon of Finnish juosta is joined to DOM 8D70 走.
(?!) An previously doubted equivalent {Hungarian ív ‘spawn’} is rejected, due to
phonetic and semantic difficulties.
《說文解字》(121) #978.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #37034. SKES (1955‒1978) 126 (juosta).
EEW (1982‒1983) 4061‒4063 (jooksma). 《大字源》(1988) 1683. UEW (1988) 100. 《汉语方音
字汇》(1989) 204. SSA‒1 (1992) 251 (juosta).
128
SFE #119
DOM 66F0
A2
曰
Attested gloss
121: ‘word’.《說文》詞也。Mandarin: ‘assist’
Reconstruction
*ƕėda-R(AD2) {>月部(-da)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
yuē(A1)
juttu; juttele-
‘tale’; ‘say’
Veps
--
--
(C)
Votic
juttu; ju(t)e̮ lla
‘tale’; ‘say’
jut
‘tale’
◆
‘tale’
jofta-/jovta-
‘say’
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
[ʔʸeː˧]
1161
Nanjing
Finnish
(A1)
D
Chengdu
‘tale’; ‘say’
(AA)
[ʔʸøː˥]
[ʔʸøː˥]
Xi’an
juttU; ütle-(AA)\(1)
(A1)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
/яʷ3at /
Livonian
(D)
[ʔʸəˑʔ˩]
Lappish
(A2)
[yɛː˧˥]
Mordvin
(A2)
[ʔʸeː˧˩]
(D)
[ʔʸeˑʔ]
i
(D2)
juttus/juhttō
Shanghai
[ɦʸiˑʔ˧],[ɦ oˑʔ˧]
Komi
--
--
Changsha
(D)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
--?!
--
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
[ʔʸeː˧˥]
[ʔy̑ ɔt̚ ˩](D2)
(D2)
[jaˑt̚ ˥]
[jyˑt̚ ˩],[jœˑk̚ ˩](D2)
Hungarian
Nenets
--
--
(D2)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
viết,vất,vết,vít
[ʔuat
̯ ̚ ˥](D2)
Tokyo
えつ(etsu)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
왈(wal)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*giwa
̯ ̆t
*gjuat
*ɣiuat
*wjot
*ɢʷad
*jukta-
(1) öelda.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jutella is joined to DOM 66F0 曰.
(?!) An previously doubted equivalent {Hungarian játsz- ‘play’} is rejected, due to
semantic difficulties.
《說文解字》(121) #3025. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #14278. SKES (1955‒1978) 126 (jutella).
TESz‒2 (1970) 266. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 337. EEW (1982‒1983) 4104 (ütlema). 《大字源》(1988)
872. UEW (1988) 104. SSA‒1 (1992) 252 (jutella).
129
SFE #120
DOM 8DB3
A3
足
Attested gloss
121: ‘freeze’(冰).《說文》水堅也。Mandarin: (1).
Reconstruction
*þʷege-R(AD1) {>屋部(-go)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
zú(A2)
[t͡ suː˧˥](A2)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ suː˧˥](A2)
[t͡ suː˧˩˧],[t͡ ɕyː˧˩˧](B)
D
C
/ts3ok /;/ts3o /
[t͡ ɕʸəˑʔ˩](D)
[t͡ suː˧˩]
[t͡ suː˧˩],[t͡ sʸoː˧˩](A2)
‘root’
jūri
‘root’
jūŕ
‘root’
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
jur
‘root’
--
--
Mari
{ji̮ r/d́ ə̑r
‘head’}?
Komi
{jur
‘head’}?
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Udmurt
[t͡ səʊ̯˧˥](D)
[t͡ ɕi̯ uk˥](D1)
(D1)
túc
[t͡ si̯ ɔk˧],[t͡ si̯ oʔ˧](D1)
‘root’
juŕ
[t͡ suˑʔ˥]
[t͡ soˑʔ˥](D1)
[t͡ sʲuˑk˩]
[t͡ sʊkˑ˥](D1)
‘root’
Veps
(D)
(D1)
juuri,e
(CA)
Votic
Livonian
(A1)
juurE(CA)
Tokyo
そく(soku),(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
족(jok),주(ju)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*tsi̯ ug
*tsjug;-h
*tsiok
*tsjok;-s
*ʔsog;-s
*jure
(1) しょく(shoku), すう(sū).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish juuri is joined to DOM 8DB3 足.
《說文解字》(121) #1325. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #37365. SKES (1955‒1978) 126‒127.
EEW(1982‒1983) 578‒579. 《大字源》(1988) 1692. UEW (1988) 639. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
113. SSA‒1 (1992) 253.
130
SFE #121
DOM 7A37
B (to 755F 畟)
稷
Attested gloss
121: ‘millet’.《說文》五穀之長。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*þeƕe(AA1) {>職部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jī(A1)
[t͡ ɕiː˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiː˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
jyvä
Veps
jüvä
‘grain’
Votic
jüvä, ivä
‘grain’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘grain’
juv
‘chaff’
--
--
ju/d́ u
‘grain’
Komi
ji̬ ki/jiki
‘grain’
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--!(to #105)
--
Enets
--!(to #105)
--
Nganasan
--!(to #105)
--
[ciː˧˩]
D
/ts3ek /
[t͡ ɕiəˑʔ˩](D)
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩],[t͡ ɕieː˧˩](A2)
(A1)
Mordvin
Mari
[t͡ siˑʔ˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑʔ˥](D1)
(D)
Udmurt
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ət̚ ˥](D1)
(D)
[t͡ siˑt̚ ˩]
[t͡ sɪk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
(D1)
tích
͡ ̯ əˑt̚ ˧](D1)
[t͡ si̯ ək̚ ˧],[tsi
‘grain’
(AA)
Finnish
(A)
(D1)
iva(AA)
‘grain’
jiyve
Tokyo
しょく(shoku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
직(jik)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*tsi̯ ək
*tsjək
*tsiək
*tsjək
*sklɯg
*jewä
The Finnic etymon of Finnish juuri is joined to DOM 7A37 稷.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Indo-European languages, e.g. Avestan
yava- ‘grain’; Lithuanian jãvas ‘cereal’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #4368. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #25207. SKES (1955‒1978) 129. EEW
(1982‒1983) 525‒526. 《大字源》(1988) 1282. UEW (1988) 633‒634. *《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
113 (同积). SSA‒1 (1992) 256.
131
SFE #122
DOM 8FF9
B (to 4EA6 亦)
迹
Attested gloss
121: ‘track’.《說文》步處也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*þega-R(AD1)-S(C) {>鐸部(-ga)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jì(C)
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩˧](B)
D
/ts3ek /
[t͡ ɕiəˑʔ˩](D)
Veps
jälg
‘track’
jältši
‘track’
--
-◆
dial. jælgas
‘track’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
jäγəḷ/jawəl
‘stroke’
jel
‘mark’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩],[t͡ ɕieː˧˩](A2)
[t͡ siˑʔ˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑʔ˥](D1)
(D)
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕiːt̚ ˥],[t͡ ɕi̯ ak̚ ˥](D1)
(D)
Khanty
Hungarian
(D1)
tích
[t͡ si̯ ək̚ ˧],[t͡ si̯ aʔ˧](D1)
‘track’
Lappish
(A1)
[t͡ siˑt̚ ˩],[t͡ sʲaˑk̚ ˩]
[t͡ sɪk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
jälki,e
‘track’
(AA)
Votic
Livonian
(D1)
jälgE(AA)
Tokyo
せき(seki),(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
적(jeok)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*tsi̯ ag
*tsjiak
*tsyak
*tsjᴀk
*ʔsleeg
*jälke
(1) しゃく(shaku).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jälki is joined to DOM 8FF9 迹.
《說文解字》(121) #1092. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #38827. SKES (1955‒1978) 126‒127.
TESz‒2 (1970) 269‒270. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 338. EEW(1982‒1983) 592. 《大字源》(1988) 1739.
UEW (1988) 91. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 88. SSA‒1 (1992) 256.
132
SFE #123
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
jänes(AC)
‘hare’
Finnish
(AC)
jänis
‘hare’
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
jäńiš
‘hare’
Yantai
--
Votic
jänez
‘hare’
1161
--
Livonian
jänds
‘hare’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
--
--
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jänis is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 130. EEW
(1982‒1983) 597. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 257.
133
SFE #124
DOM 8171
B (to 5EFA 建)
腱
Attested gloss
BC(1): ‘tendon’. Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*genda(AA2)-S(C) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiàn(C)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
Estonian
[c aˑn˥]
A
C
/k3an /;/g3an /
[t͡ ɕieː˥](C)
(C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕ ẽː˥] ,[~˩]
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ ɛn˩](C2)
i
(C1)
(C2)
(C)
[cʰʲaˑn˥˨]
ǵände̮ ,jände(h)
‘tendon’
jänsi
‘tendon’
--
Lappish
-̆ ̆ ̆ γâs
jeädda
Mordvin
--
--
jəδäη/jiδaη
‘bow string’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
jantəη/jantəγ/jāntəw
jö̆ ntəγ/jĕntə/jinti
‘bow string’
ideg
‘bow string’
jēn
‘bow string’
jeddi
‘bow string’
jenti
‘bow string’
cí ̮ nte/tí ̮ nte/čend
nēnə
‘bow string’
Khanty
Hungarian
(C1)
[kiˑn˧]
kiện
Veps
Votic
Mari
[t͡ ɕ eˑn˥]
[d͡ ʑiː˩˧](X2)
i
‘tendon’
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ ãː˥]
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˧˩˧](C)
i
Nenets
(C2)
(C2)
[ʔi̯ an˧]
-(AC)
Finnish
(C)
--
Enets
Nganasan
Tokyo
けん(ken),きん(kin)
Selkup
Seoul
건(geon)
Kamas
jänne
‘tendon of reindeer’s foot’
‘bow string’
‘tendon’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kia
̯ ̆ n;g'ia
̯ ̆n
*kjan;gjanh
*kian;gian
*kjan;gjans
*kan;gans
*jänte
(1) First attested in personal literatures dating to BC.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jänne is joined to DOM 8171 腱.
BC《楚辭·招魂》肥牛之腱，臑若芳些.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #29708. SKES (1955‒1978)
130. TESz‒2 (1970) 186. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 314‒315. 《大字源》(1988) 1441. UEW (1988) 92.
*《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 251 (多地同健). SSA‒1 (1992) 257‒258.
134
SFE #125
DOM 6E56
B (to 53E4 古)
湖
Attested gloss
121: ‘big pond’.《說文》大陂也。Mandarin: ‘lake’.
Reconstruction
*ƕaƕa-R(AA2) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
hú(A2)
(A2)
Finnish
Veps
◆
‘lake’
(C)
Votic
◆
‘lake’
Livonian
◆
‘lake’
Lappish
◆
‘lake’
Mordvin
◆
‘lake, pond’
Mari
◆
‘lake’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[xuː˧˥]
1161
A
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/ɦ1o /
(A)
[xuː˩]
(A2)
[xuː˧˥]
(A2)
[fuː˧˩]
(A2)
[xuː˩˧]
(X2)
[ɦuː˩˧],[vm̩ ː˩˧]
(A2)
[fuː˩˧]
(C2)
[fuːˑ˩],[ʔuːˑ˩]
(A2)
[fuː˩]
(A2)
[wuː˧˩]
hồ
‘lake’
(AA)
(A2)
[xuː˧˥]
[fuː˥]
Xi’an
◆
◆
Yantai
Taiyuan
järvE(AA)
Estonian
(A2)
(A2)
[hɔːˑ˧˥],[ʔɔːˑ˧˥]
järvi,e
‘lake’
järv
jarvi
jāra, jɔ̄ra
jawʹre
eŕke/(j)äʀ́kä
jär/jer
Tokyo
こ(ko)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
호(ho)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'o
*gag
*ɣa
*ga
*gaa
*järwä
The Finnic etymon of Finnish järvi is joined to DOM 6E56 湖.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Lithuanian
jáura ‘swamp’; jūra ‘sea’ (requoted as SSA); Latvian jūra ‘sea’ (LtEW 198. LvEV
362‒363).
《說文解字》(121) #7219. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #17836. SKES (1955‒1978) 132.
EEW(1982‒1983) 603. 《大字源》(1988) 1044. UEW (1988) 633. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 126.
SSA‒1 (1992) 259.
135
SFE #126
DOM 80A2
B (to 652F 支)
肢
Attested gloss
BC(1): ‘limb’. Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕaƕa-R(AA2) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
zhī(A1)
[t͡ ʂɨː˥](A1)
Estonian
‘limb’
Veps
--
--
Votic
jäsen
‘limb’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘limb’
jäźńä,äźńä/eźńe
ježəη/jə̑ž ə̑η,již ə̑η
‘joint, limb’
Udmurt
joz
‘folk’
Komi
je̮ z
‘folk’
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
(!)íz
‘joint, limb, segment’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
/t͡ ʂ3ej /
[t͡ sɨː˩](A)
A
[t͡ sɨː˧˩]
[t͡ sɨː˥](A1)
(A1)
Mordvin
Mari
[t͡ ʂɨː˧˩]
[t͡ sɨː˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ sɨː˧]
[t͡ sɨːˑ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ sɨː˥]
[t͡ siː˥](A1)
Hungarian
(A1)
chi
[t͡ siːˑ˥],[kiːˑ˥](A1)
‘limb’
(AA)
jäsen
Finnish
[t͡ sɨː˧](A1)
[t͡ sɨː˧˩](A)
(A1)
jäse(AA)
jæsân
‘limb, node’
Tokyo
し(shi)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
지(ji)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȶie
̯ ̆g
*krjig
*tɕie
*kje
*kje
*jäse
(1) First attested in personal literatures dating to BC.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jäsen is joined to DOM 80A2 肢.
BC 四肢不通，六道不達. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #29285. SKES (1955‒1978) 132. EEW
(1982‒1983) 603. TESz‒2 (1970) 251. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 332‒333. 《大字源》(1988) 1426. UEW
(1988) 95. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 60. SSA‒1 (1992) 259.
136
SFE #127
DOM 51DD
B (to 7591 疑)
凝
Attested gloss
121: ‘freeze’(冰).《說文》水堅也。Mandarin: (1).
Reconstruction
*ŋƕeŋge(AA2) {>蒸部(-ŋe)}
(≤ DOM 51B0
冰)
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
níng(A2)
(A2)
[niˑŋ˧˥]
i
(A2)
[n əˑŋ˧˥]
(C)
[niˑŋ˥]
/ŋ3eŋ
A;C
Estonian
jää(C)
‘ice’
Finnish
(C)
‘ice’
Veps
jä
‘ice’
Votic
jǟ
‘ice’
jei
‘ice’
/
Livonian
(A)
Lappish
jiegηȃ/jiekηa/jīññ
‘ice’
(A2)
Mordvin
ej, ev, eή, ij / jäj, äj
‘ice’
(A2)
Mari
i, ij
‘ice’
jö, je̮ , d́ ȯ
ji, ji̮ , ju̇
ĺǟη/jɔ̈̄ηk/jāηk
‘ice’
jöηk/jeηk/joηk/(5)
‘ice; water’
jég (dial. gyég)
‘ice; hail’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
,(4)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
ぎょう(gyō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
응(eung)
Kamas
--
--
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
[ɲiˑŋ˩]
jää
[niˑŋ˧˥]
,(2)
[ɲiˑn˧˩]
(A2)
[liˑn˩˧]
Udmurt
(X2)
Komi
(A2)
Mansi
(A2)
Khanty
[ɲiˑɲ˩˧]
[ɲiˑn˩˧]
[ɲi̯ ən˧˥]
(A2)
[ɲiˑn˩]
,(3)
Hungarian
(A2)
[jɪŋˑ˧˩],[kʰɪŋˑ˧˩]
ngưng
(A1)
(A2)
[gi̯ əŋ˧˥]
‘ice’
‘ice’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
*ŋi̯ əŋ
*ŋjəŋ;-h
*ŋiəŋ
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ŋjəŋ;-s
*ŋrɯŋ;-s
*jäηe
h
(C)
i
(A2)
h
(A2)
͡
(1) ‘freeze’ (凝); ‘ice’ (冰). (2) [tɕ iˑŋ˥] . (3) [ɲ aˑn˩] ; [k eˑn˩] ; [kheˑn˥˨](C);
[keˑn˥˨](C). (4) [giːn˧˥](A2); [gi̯ an˧˥](A2); [ki̯ an˧˥](A2). (5) jěηk/jĭηk/jiηk.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish jää is joined to DOM 51DD 凝.
Equivalents have been suggested in Siberian Turkic languages, e.g. Tuvan tʻeŋ
‘anchor ice’; Khakas niŋ ‘anchor ice’ (requoted as UEW).
《說文解字》(121) #7469 (冰). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #1720. SKES (1955‒1978) 132.
TESz‒2 (1970) 268. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 338. EEW(1982‒1983) 606‒607. 《大字源》(1988) 298.
UEW (1988) 93. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 345. SSA‒1 (1992) 260.
137
SFE #128
DOM 5F13
A1
弓
Attested gloss
121: ‘bow (weapon)’.《說文》以近窮遠。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷeŋge-R(AA1) {>蒸部(-ŋe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
gōng(A1)
(A1)
[kʊˑŋ˥]
u
[k əˑŋ˧]
1161
A
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/kʷ3eŋ /
u
[k əˑŋ˩]
(A1)
[kuˑŋ˧˩]
kaari,e
‘bow’
(CA)
‘bow’
Veps
kāŕ
‘bow’
kārre
‘bow’
‘bow’
Lappish
kɔ̄r, kār
kuoŋar
Mordvin
--
--
Livonian
(A)
kaarE(CA)
Votic
(A)
[kuˑŋ˧˩]
Xi’an
Finnish
(A1)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
[koˑŋ˥],[t͡ ɕʸoˑŋ˥]
(A1)
‘bow’
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
{χuηχarə/χoηkar
‘palm of hand’/(2)}?
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[koˑŋ˧˩]
[kʊˑŋ˥˧]
[kəˑn˧]
[kuˑŋ˥˧]
[cʲuˑŋ˥]
[kʊŋˑ˥]
cung,cong
(A1)
,(1)
[ki̯ ɔŋ˥],[ki̯ əŋ˥]
(A1)
Tokyo
きゅう(kyū)
Selkup
kāηηar
‘fish-trap’(?)
Seoul
궁(gung)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ki̯ uŋ
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kwjəŋ
*kiuəŋ
*kʷjəŋ
*kʷɯŋ
*kaηa(-rɜ)
(B1)
(1) củng . (2) ‘river bend’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kaari is joined to DOM 5F13 弓.
《說文解字》(121) #8434. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #9692. SKES (1955‒1978) 135. EEW
(1982‒1983) 623. 《大字源》(1988) 671. UEW (1988) 126. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 365. SSA‒1
(1992) 265.
138
SFE #129
DOM 6168
B (to 65E2 既)
慨
Attested gloss
121: ‘indignant’.《說文》忼慨，壯士不得志也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gade(AA1)-S(C) {>物部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
kăi(B)
(B)
‘envious’
(AC)
‘envious’
◆
kateS(AC)
Estonian
(C)
Finnish
◆
(B)
Veps
◆
‘envious’
(B)
Votic
--
-‘envious’
[kʰaɪ̯ ˧˩˧] ,[~˥˩]
[kʰae̯ ˧˩˧]
[kʰae̯ ˧˩˧]
C
kateS
kade̮ h
Livonian
◆
(B)
Lappish
◆
‘envious’
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
--
--
(B)
Udmurt
--
--
(X1)
Komi
--
--
(C1)
Mansi
--
--
(B)
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
/kʰ1aj /
[kʰae̯ ˥˧]
[kʰaɪ̯ ˥˧]
[kʰaɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[kʰæː˧]
[kʰe̞ ː˧˥]
[kʰaɪ̯ ˥]
[kʰaˑɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
(B)
[kʰɔɪ̯ ˧˩]
(C1)
kaˀd
gāđâš
Guangzhou
[kʰɔˑj˧]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(C1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Xiamen
khái
(C1)
[kʰaˑɪ̯ ˩]
Tokyo
がい(gai),かい(kai)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
개(gae)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'əd
*khədh
*khyət
*khəts
*khɯɯds
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kade is joined to DOM 6168 慨.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Swedish hat ‘hate’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #27.
《說文解字》(121) #6849. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #10588. SKES (1955‒1978) 137 (kade).
EEW (1982‒1983) 636 (kade). 《大字源》(1988) 716. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 150. SSA‒1 (1992)
269‒270 (kade).
139
SFE #130
DOM 8667
B (to 864D 虍)
虧
Attested gloss
121: ‘damage’.《說文》气損也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷeþa(AA1) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
kuī(A1)
Estonian
kadu-(AA)
‘disappear’
u
(A1)
Finnish
katoS-
u
(A1)
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˧]
Veps
kadoda
‘disappear’
u
(A)
kaottua
‘disappear’
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˥]
Yantai
[kʰ əɪ̯ ˧˩]
Votic
1161
A
Livonian
/kʰʷ3ej /
(AC)
‘disappear’
kaˀddə
‘disappear’
u
(A)
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˩]
Lappish
guođđet; gāđotet
‘leave’; ‘disappear’
u
(A1)
Mordvin
kado-/kadə-
‘leave’
Chengdu
u
(A1)
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˥]
Mari
Nanjing
(A1)
koδe-; koδakil̮ ́-; keĺti̮ -
‘leave’; ‘remain’.
u
Komi
kol-; koĺt-
‘remain’; ‘leave’
Mansi
kōĺ-/kūĺ-/χūĺ-;(1)
‘leave’; ‘remain’
kǎj-/χǐj-/χǎj-
‘leave’
hagy
‘leave; keep; ‘abandon’.
hājo-; hāje-
‘remain’; ‘leave’
kai-
‘leave’
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˧˩]
[kʰ ɵɪ̯ ˧˩]
Udmurt
[kʰ e̞ ː˥˧],[t͡ ɕʰ yː]
u
u
u
(A1)
(A1)
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˧]
[kʰuə̯̆ɪ̯ ˥˧](A1)
Khanty
(A1)
[kʰʋəɪ̯ ˥]
Hungarian
(A1)
[kʰʷɐjˑ˥]
khuy,khuya,khuây
(A1)
Nenets
(A1)
Enets
◆
‘remain’; ‘leave’
Nganasan
kōuˀa-
‘remain’
Tokyo
[kʰuə̯̆ ɪ̯ ˥]
き(ki)
Selkup
kued́ a-
‘leave’
Seoul
휴(hyu)
Kamas
kojo-
‘leave’
Xiamen
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'i̯ wo
*khwjag
*khiua
*khʷrja
*khʷral
*kaδ́a-
(1) koĺt-/χoĺt-/kuĺt-/χuĺt-.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kadota is joined to DOM 8667 虧.
Equivalents have been suggested in Turkic languages, e.g. Turkish qal- ‘remain’
(requoted as UEW).
《說文解字》(121) #3051. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #32770. SKES (1955‒1978) 137‒138
(kadota). TESz‒2 (1970) 17. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 240‒241. EEW (1982‒1983) 638 (kaduma). 《大字
源》(1988) 1544. UEW (1988) 115‒116. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 167 (亏). SSA‒1 (1992) 270
(kadota).
140
SFE #131
DOM 7686
A3
皆
Attested gloss
121: ‘all’.《說文》俱詞也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧþe(AA1) {>脂部(-je)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jiē(A1)
[t͡ ɕieː˥](A1)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ ɕieː˧](A1);[~˧˥](A2)
kõikE(CA)
kaikki,e
‘all’
(CA)
‘all’
Veps
kaik
‘all’
(C)
Votic
ke̮ ittši
‘all’
/k2aj /
[t͡ ɕieː˩](A)
Livonian
i
[c ae̯ ˥]
A
[t͡ ɕ aɪ̯ ˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaɪ̯ ˥],[kaɪ̯ ˥](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ ɛː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaː˧˥](X1)
i
(A1)
(A1)
[kaɪ̯ ˧]
--
gâih
‘all’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kaˑɪ̯ ˥˧]
[cʲaɪ̯ ˥]
[kaˑj˥]
giai
--
Lappish
(A1)
(A1)
[kaˑɪ̯ ˥]
Tokyo
かい(kai),け(ke)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
개(gae)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kær
*krid
*kei
*krij
*kriil
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kaikki is joined to DOM 7686 皆.
The previously suggested etymological link between Finnic and Baltic is rejected.
The Baltic entry {Lithuanian kíek ‘how many’; Latvian cik ‘how many’} is a derivative
consisting of morphemes ‘what’ and ‘many’.
《說文解字》(121) #2216. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #22699. SKES (1955‒1978) 141.
EEW(1982‒1983) 1087‒1088. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 45. SSA‒1 (1992) 275.
141
SFE #132
DOM 6E9D
B (to 5193 冓)
溝
Attested gloss
121: ‘ditch’.《說文》水瀆。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(-R)(AA1) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
gōu(A1)
(A1)
[kɤʊ̯˥]
[kəʊ̯˧](A1)
‘dig’; ‘cave’
Finnish
(CA)
‘dig’; ‘cave’
‘dig’; ‘cave’
kaivaa;(+)kōppa
‘dig’; ‘cave’
kouvə
‘dig’
◆
‘dig’; ‘cave’
kojme/kajmä
‘dig’
koe-/kue-
‘dig’/‘scoop’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
śīwa
‘shovel’(?)
sea
‘scoop’(?)
kaibu
‘scoop’(?)
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
kō
‘scoop’(?)
Livonian
[kəʊ̯˩]
[koʊ̯˧˩](A1)
Lappish
Mordvin
(A1)
[kəʊ̯˥]
[kəɯ̯˧˩](A1)
Mari
(A1)
[kɤɯ̯˥˧]
[kəʊ̯˧](A1)
[ki̯ ɛ̆ʊ̯˥˧](A1)
[cʲɛʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[kɐwˑ˥],[kʰɐwˑ˥]
Nenets
(A1)
Enets
(A1)
Tokyo
Seoul
구(gu)
;(+)(2)
kaida;(+)kop
(A)
(A1)
kaiva-
Veps
[koʊ̯˧˩]
/k1ewA/
[kɔːˑ˥],[kaˑʊ̯˥]
こう(kō)
Xiamen
kaevaS-(CC);(+)(1)
Votic
(A)
câu
Estonian
Nganasan
goaiʹvot;(+)guopʹpe
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ku
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kug
*ko
*ko
*koo
*kojwa-
(CC)
(CA)
(1) koopaS . (2) kuoppa .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kaivaa is joined to DOM 6E9D 溝.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, see SFGE
#28.
《說文解字》(121) #7222. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #17944. SKES (1955‒1978) 144 (kaivaa);
(+)240
(kuoppa). EEW(1982‒1983) 642 (kaevama); 937 (koobas). 《大字源》(1988) 1046. UEW
(1988) 170‒171. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 209 (沟). SSA‒1 (1992) 279 (kaivaa); (+)441 (kuoppa).
142
SFE #133
DOM 544A
A3/B (to 53E3 口)
告
Attested gloss
121: ‘accuse’.《說文》所以告人也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(-R)(AA1)(-S(C)) {>覺部(-ƕe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
gào(C)
kaebaS-(CC)
Estonian
◆
(C)
[kaʊ̯˥˩]
[kao̯ ˥˩](C)
Finnish
◆
Veps
--
--
(C)
Votic
◆
‘accuse’
Livonian
◆
‘accuse’
Lappish
◆
‘accuse’; ‘yearn for’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kao̯ ˥]
/k1awC/
(C)
[kao̯ ˥]
[kaʊ̯˥](C)
(C)
[kaʊ̯˧˩˧]
[kɔo̯ ˥](C)
(X1)
[kɔː˧˥]
(A1)
,[~˥˧]
(C1)
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˥] ,[~˧]
[kaˑʊ̯˥](C1)
(C)
[kaʊ̯˥˨]
(C1)
[kowˑ˧]
cáo,cáu,kiếu
(C1)
(C1)
[koːˑ˩]
(CC)
kaipaSkaivata
kaibə
gaiʹbedit
‘accuse’
‘accuse’; ‘yearn for’
Tokyo
こう(kō),こく(koku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
고(go),곡(gok)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kʊg
*kəgw;-h
*kuk
*kuk;-s
*kuug;-s
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kaivata is joined to DOM 544A 告.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Swedish klaga ‘complain’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #29.
《說文解字》(121) #777. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3381. SKES (1955‒1978) 144 (kaivata).
EEW (1982‒1983) 639 (kaebama). 《大字源》(1988) 398. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 188. SSA‒1
(1992) 279 (kaivata).
143
SFE #134
DOM 993B
B (to 7F94 羔)
餻
Attested gloss
121[986]: ‘cake’.《說文[新附]》餌屬。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(AA1) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
gāo(A1)
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˥]
[kao̯ ˧](A1);(+)(1)
Veps
--
--
◆
‘thin pancake’
Livonian
◆
‘cake’
Lappish
◆
‘bread’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kao̯ ˧˩]
/k1awA/
(A)
[kaʊ̯˩]
[kaʊ̯˧˩](A1)
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˥]
[kɔo̯ ˧˩](A1)
(A1)
[kɔː˥˧]
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˧]
[kaˑʊ̯˥˧](A1)
[kaʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[kowˑ˥]
cao
(A1)
(A1)
[koːˑ˥]
kakku
Votic
(A)
(A1)
‘cake’
Finnish
‘cake’
◆
(AA)
◆
kakkU(AA)
Estonian
kakku
kak
gakʹko
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
고(go)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kʊg
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kəgw
*ku
*ku
*kluu
--
(A2)
(1) [ˈka˧˥ka]
‘crispy rice’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kakku is joined to DOM 993B 餻.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Swedish
kaka ‘cake’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #30.
《說文解字》(121) #3250. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #44308. SKES (1955‒1978) 144.
EEW(1982‒1983) 662. 《大字源》(1988) 1949. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 187 (糕). SSA‒1 (1992)
281.
144
SFE #135
DOM 4E8C
A3
二
Attested gloss
121: ‘two’.《說文》地之數也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕe(n)þe(AA2)-S(C) {>脂部(-je)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
èr(C)
Estonian
(C)
[ʔɐˑɻ˥˩]
Finnish
(C)
[ʔɐˑɹ˥˩],[ʔaˑn˥˩]
kaksE(AA)
kaksi,e
‘two’
(AA)
‘two’
Veps
kaks
‘two’
(C)
Votic
kahsi
‘two’
/n̪ 3ej /
[ʔəˑɹ˥](C)
Livonian
kakš
‘two’
Lappish
guokʹte
‘two’
(C)
Mordvin
kavto,kafto/kafta
‘two’
(C)
Mari
kok; koktə̑t
‘two’
Udmurt
ki̮ k/kə̑k/kı̑ ḳ
‘two’
Komi
ki̮ k/kɵk
‘two’
Mansi
kit́/kit
‘two’
kät/kĕt/kȧt
‘two’
‘two’
Nenets
két;kettő
sid
́ ́ e/sitsa
́ ́́ ̄
Enets
sire/side
‘two’
siti
‘two’
[ʔəˑɹ˥]
C
[ʔəˑɻ˥]
[ʔəˑɹ˧˩˧]
(C)
[ʔəˑɻ˥]
(X2)
[ɦəˑɹ˩˧],[ɲiː˩˧]
(C2)
[ʔɤː˩]
(C2)
[ʔəːˑ˩]
Khanty
(C)
[ɲiː˥˩]
Hungarian
(C2)
[jiː˩]
(C2)
nhị
,nhì
(A2)
(C2)
[liːˑ˧]
Nganasan
‘two’
Tokyo
に(ni),じ(ji)
Selkup
śede/sitte
‘two’
Seoul
이(i)
Kamas
šide
‘two’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȵi̯ ær
*njidh
*ȵiei
*njijs
*njis
*kakta
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kaksi is joined to DOM 4E8C 二.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Asian languages, e.g. Yukaghir kiji‘two’; Koryak kaša, hitta- ‘two’; Kamchatkan kasχ, kayχ ‘two’ (requoted as UEW).
《說文解字》(121) #8966. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #247. SKES (1955‒1978) 146. TESz‒2
(1970) 473. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 360. EEW (1982‒1983) 663‒664.《大字源》(1988) 175. UEW (1988)
118‒119. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 70. SSA‒1 (1992) 282.
145
SFE #136
DOM 9BE4
B (to 6606 昆)
鯤
Attested gloss
543: ‘big fish’.《玉篇》大魚。Mandarin: ‘fish fry’ (as BC).
Reconstruction
*gʷende-R(AA1) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
kūn(A1)
u
(A1)
u
(A1)
1161
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
/kʷ1en /
kala
‘fish’
Veps
kala
‘fish’
Votic
kala
‘fish’
Livonian
kalā
‘fish’
u
(A)
Lappish
guolle
‘fish’
u
(A1)
Mordvin
kal
‘fish’
Mari
kol
‘fish’
[kʰ əˑŋ˩]
[kʰ ẽː˧˩]
u
(A1)
[kʰ əˑn˥]
(A1)
[kʰuˑn˧˩]
Udmurt
--
--
u
(A1)
Komi
--
--
u
(A1)
Mansi
kul/χūl
‘fish’
(A1)
Khanty
kul/χut́/χǔл,χul
‘fish’
hal
‘fish’
Nenets
χāĺe
‘fish’
Enets
kaδe
‘fish’
Nganasan
kole
‘fish’
Selkup
ke̮ l
‘fish’
Kamas
kola
‘fish’
[kʰ əˑɲ˥˧]
[kʰ əˑn˧]
[kʰu̯ ən˥˧]
[kʰuˑn˥](A1)
Hungarian
(A1)
[kʷɐnˑ˥]
con
(A1)
(A1)
Tokyo
[kʰu̯ ən˥]
こん(kon)
Seoul
곤(gon)
Xiamen
Finnish
(A)
A
Chengdu
‘fish’
(AA)
[kʰ əˑn˧]
[kuˑn˧˩]
Xi’an
kala(AA)
[kʰ əˑn˥]
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kwən
*kwən
*kuən
*kun
*kuun
*kala
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kala is joined to DOM 9BE4 鯤.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Tungusic languages, e.g. Evenki ollo /
oldo / olro ‘fish’; Even olra ‘fish’; Oroqen χolto ‘cooked fish’; Udege oloχo ‘cooked
fish’; Nanai χolto(n) ‘cooked fish’ (requoted as SSA).
BC《爾雅·釋魚》鯤，魚子.《玉篇》(543). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #46247. SKES (1955‒1978)
282. TESz‒2 (1970) 31. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 250. EEW (1982‒1983) 664‒665. 《大字源》(1988)
2005. UEW (1988) 119. *《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 295 (同昆). SSA‒1 (1992) 282.
146
SFE #137
DOM 5CB8
B (to 5E72 干)
岸
Attested gloss
121: ‘high bank’.《說文》水厓而高者。Mandarin: ‘bank’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕanda-R(AA2)-S(C) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
àn(C)
Estonian
(C)
[ʔaˑn˥˩]
Finnish
kallas
;(+)(3)
‘bank’; ‘rock’
‘bank’; ‘rock’
Veps
(+)kaĺ
‘rock’
(C)
Votic
kalle̮ z;(+)kalĺ ́ó
‘bank’; ‘rock’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘big rock in water’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
[ʔaˑn˥]
C
/ŋ1an /
(C)
[ɣæ̃ ː˥]
[ŋãː˥](C)
(C)
[ŋaˑn˧˩˧]
(C)
[ʔaˑŋ˥]
(X2)
[ŋøː˩˧],[ɦøː˩˧]
(C1)
[ŋaˑn˥]
,[~˩]
(C2)
(C2)
[ŋɔːn˩]
(C)
[ŋaˑn˥˩]
(C2)
[ŋɔˑn˩]
(C2)
,(1)
(C2)
Tokyo
[gaːn˧],[hua
̯ ˑ̃ ˧]
がん(gan)
Seoul
안(an)
Xiamen
(AC)
(C)
[ʔaˑn˥˩]
ngạn
kallas(AC);(+)(2)
galʹle
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ŋɑn
*ŋanh
(A2)
(A1)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ŋan
*ŋans
*ŋgaans
--
(AA)
(AA)
(1) ngàn , ngan . (2) kalju . (3) kallio .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kallas is joined to DOM 5CB8 岸.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European, incomplete)
languages, e.g. Gothic halþei ‘hillside’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #31.
《說文解字》(121) #5885. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #8009. SKES (1955‒1978) 150 (kallas);
(+)150
(kallio). EEW (1982‒1983) 672 (kalju). 《大字源》(1988) 610. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 240.
SSA‒1 (1992) 287 (kallas); (+)287 (kallio).
147
SFE #138
DOM 8CB4
B (to 81FE 臾)
貴
Attested gloss
121: ‘expensive’.《說文》物不賤也。Mandarin: id., ‘dear’.
Reconstruction
*gʷede-R(AA1)-S(C) {>物部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
guì(C)
Estonian
(C)
Veps
kaĺiž;(+)kuld,kūd
‘dear’; ‘gold’
u
(C)
kaĺliz;(+)kulta
‘dear’; ‘gold’
kaĺĺ;(+)kūlda
‘dear’; ‘gold’
‘dear’; ‘gold’
Finnish
[k eɪ̯ ˥˩]
1161
C
Livonian
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
‘dear’; ‘gold’
u
[k eɪ̯ ˥˩]
[k əɪ̯ ˥]
Chengdu
(AC)
(C)
Votic
Xi’an
◆
u
Yantai
Taiyuan
kallis(AC);(+) kuldA
/kʷ3ej /
kallis
;(+) kulta
◆
‘dear’; ‘gold’
u
(C)
Lappish
◆
u
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
u
(C)
Mari
--
--
u
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[k eɪ̯ ˥]
[k eɪ̯ ˥]
[k eɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[k ɵɪ̯ ˥]
[k e̞ ː˧˥],[t͡ ɕyː˧˥]
u
(X1)
u
(C1)
[k eɪ̯ ˥]
[ku̯ əɪ̯̆˥˩](C1)
(C)
[kʋiː˥˩]
(C1)
[kʷɐjˑ˧]
(C1)
(A1)
quý,quí ,quư
[ku̯ əɪ̯̆˩](C1)
kāllas;(+)golʹle
Tokyo
き(ki)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
귀(gwi)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ki̯ wəd
*kwjədh
*kiuət
*kjuts
*kluds
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kallis is joined to DOM 8CB4 貴.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Gothic gulþ ‘gold’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #32.
《說文解字》(121) #3973. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #36704. SKES (1955‒1978) 150 (kallis);
(1988)
(+)235(kulta). 《大字源》
(+)432
1669. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 166 (贵). SSA‒1 (1992) 288 (kallis);
(kulta).
148
SFE #139
DOM 96DE
B (to 595A 奚)
雞
Attested gloss
121: ‘Gallus gallus’.《說文》知時畜也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gėþa(AA1) {>支部(-ja)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jī(A1)
[t͡ ɕiː˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiː˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
(A)
[ciː˧˩]
A
/k4aj /
[t͡ ɕiː˩](A)
Livonian
kana
kanā
‘hen’
◆
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
(A1)
[kɐjˑ˥]
(A1)
(A1)
계(gye)
‘hen’
◆
kana
--
[t͡ ɕiː˧]
[t͡ ɕiːˑ˥˧](A1)
Seoul
◆
--
(A1)
Tokyo
‘hen’
Votic
kana
Mordvin
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiː˥˧](A1)
[keːˑ˥],[ku̯ eˑ˥]
けい(kei)
Xiamen
Veps
◆
‘hen’
(A1)
kê,ke
‘hen’
Finnish
◆
dial. katniɛ
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiː˥](A1)
[kɛː˥]
‘hen’
(AA)
◆
Lappish
(A1)
(A1)
kana(AA)
Estonian
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kieg
*kig
*kye
*ke
*kee
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kana is joined to DOM 96DE 雞.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Gothic
hana ‘cock’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #33.
《說文解字》(121) #2280. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #42124. SKES (1955‒1978) 154. EEW
(1982‒1983) 685‒686. 《大字源》(1988) 1875. UEW (1988) 124.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 84 (鸡).
SSA‒1 (1992) 297.
149
SFE #140
DOM 5F4A
B (to 757A 畺)
彊
Attested gloss
121: ‘strong bow’.《說文》弓有力也。Mandarin: ‘strong’[强].
Reconstruction
*geŋga(AA2) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
qiáng(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰiaˑŋ˧˥](A2)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ ɕʰiaˑŋ˧˥],[kaˑŋ˧˥](A2)
kange(AA)
kankea
‘strong, stiff’
(AA)
‘stiff’
Veps
kaηged
‘stiff’
(C)
[cʰ aˑŋ˥]
Votic
kaηke̮ a
‘stiff’
A;B
/g3aŋ /
[t͡ ɕʰiãː˩](A)
Livonian
kaηktə
‘stiff’
◆
‘stiff’
i
Lappish
[t͡ ɕʰ aˑŋ˧˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiaˑŋ˧˩](A2)
i
(A2)
kaηks(t)omoms
‘to stiffen’(?)
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Mordvin
[t͡ ɕʰ aˑŋ˩˧]
[d͡ ʑiãˑɲ˩˧](X2)
i
(A2)
[t͡ ɕ aˑn˩˧]
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ ɔŋ˧˥](A2)
i
(A2)
(A2)
[cʰʲɔˑŋ˩]
(A2)
[kʰœˑŋ˧˩]
cường
(A2)
(A1)
,cương
̆ ̯ ̃ ˧˥](A2)
[ki̯ ɔŋ˧˥],[ki̯ əʊ
gagʹgâd
Tokyo
きょう(kyō),ごう(gō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
강(gang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'i̯ aŋ
*gjaŋ;-x
*giaŋ
*gjaŋ;-ʔ
*gaŋ;-ʔ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kankea is joined to DOM 5F4A 彊.
《說文解字》(121) #8446. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #9872. SKES (1955‒1978) 156. EEW
(1982‒1983) 690. 《大字源》(1988) 679. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 295 (强). SSA‒1 (1992) 299.
150
SFE #141
DOM 6760
B (to 5DE5 工)
杠
Attested gloss
121: ‘bar’.《說文》牀前橫木也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧŋge(AA1) {>東部(-ŋo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
gāng(A1); gàng(C)
(A1)
(C)
(A1)
(C)
[kaˑŋ˥]
Estonian
;[~˥˩]
[kaˑŋ˧]
Finnish
;[~˥˩]
(A)
(C)
[kaˑŋ˧˩] ;[~˥]
A
/k2aŋ /
(C)
kanki,e
‘bar’
(AA)
‘bar’
Veps
kaηg
‘bar’
Votic
kaηki
‘bar’
kaηktə
‘bar’
‘bar’
Livonian
(A)
kangI(AA)
Lappish
◆
(A1)
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
(A1)
(C)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
(X1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
(C1)
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
(C1)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
(C)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
(C1)
;[~˧]
Nenets
--
--
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kãː˩] ;[~˥]
[kaˑŋ˧˩]
;[~˥]
[kaˑŋ˥]
;[~˧˩˧]
[kaˑŋ˧˩]
;[~˥]
[kãˑɲ˥˧]
;[~˧˥]
[kaˑn˧]
[kɔːŋ˥˧]
[kɔˑŋ˥]
[kɔˑŋ˥]
;[~˥]
;[~˥]
;[~˥˩]
giang;gông
(A1)
[kɔːŋ˥]
;(1)
gagʹgâ
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
강(gang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kŭŋ
LI
*kruŋ
(1) [kɔːŋ˩],[kŋ̍ːˑ˩](C1).
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*keoŋ
*kroŋ
*krooŋ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kanki is joined to DOM 6760 杠.
《說文解字》(121) #6760. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #14481. SKES (1955‒1978) 156. EEW
(1982‒1983) 689. 《大字源》(1988) 898. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 313. SSA‒1 (1992) 299.
151
SFE #142
DOM 517C
A3
兼
Attested gloss
121: ‘hold concurrently’.《說文》并也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gėnþa(AA1);-S(C) {>談部(-ma)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiān(A1)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
kansa
‘nation’
‘wedding’
Lappish
kɔ̄zgənd
◆
guosʹse; ganʹse
Mordvin
--
--
kuzə̑k
kuz
‘marriage portion’
Komi
goz
‘pair’
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ ãː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
Mari
[t͡ ɕ eˑn˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiː˥˧](A1)
(A1)
Udmurt
[t͡ ɕ ẽː˧]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ɛn˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[cʲaˑm˥]
(A1)
[kiˑm˥]
(A1)
kiêm,kem
;(1)
(A1)
[ki̯ am˥]
‘nation’
‘family’
/k4am /
[t͡ ɕieː˩](A)
(A1)
kansa
‘along, with’
kanz
A;C
i
Finnish
(AA)
Veps
[c aˑn˧˩]
i
kaasa(CA)
Votic
(A)
i
Estonian
‘guest’; ‘nation’
‘pair’
Tokyo
けん(ken)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
겸(kyeom)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*g'wɑ
*guar;-h
(A2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ɣuai
*goj;-s
*gool;-s
*kansa
(A2)
(1) kèm , cồm .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kanki is joined to DOM 517C 兼.
◆
An equivalent has been suggested in Latvian: kāzas ‘wedding’. (requoted as
SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #845. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3490. SKES (1955‒1978) 156. EEW
(1982‒1983) 627. 《大字源》(1988) 404. UEW (1988) 645.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 247. SSA‒1
(1992) 300‒301.
152
SFE #143
DOM 77BC
B (to 50C9 僉)
瞼
Attested gloss
121: ‘eyelid’.《說文》目上下瞼也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*genþa(AA1);-X(B) {>談部(-ma)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiăn(B)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˧˩˧](B)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˧˩˧](B)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
Estonian
Finnish
(B)
[c aˑn˧˩˧]
B
/k3am /
[t͡ ɕieː˥˧](B)
kāsi
‘lid’
kɔ̄nts
́ ̌
goawʹde
‘lid’
kunto/kunta
komδə̑š
‘lid’
--
--
Komi
śinkud
‘eyelid’
Mansi
--
--
Udmurt
[t͡ ɕ ẽː˥˩]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ɛn˧˩˧](B)
i
--
Mari
(B)
(B)
‘lid’
--
Mordvin
[t͡ ɕ eˑn˧]
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥](X1)
i
‘lid’
Veps
Lappish
(B)
kansi,e
(AA)
Votic
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ ãː˥˧]
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˥˧](B)
i
kaasE(CA)
‘roof’
‘lid’
Khanty
--
--
(B)
Hungarian
--
--
(B1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[cʲaˑm˧˩]
[kiˑm˧˥]
(B1)
kiểm
(B1)
[ki̯ am˥˧]
Tokyo
けん(ken)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
검(geom)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ki̯ am
*kjiamx
*kiam
*krjamʔ
*kramʔ
*komta
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kansi is joined to DOM 77BC 瞼.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Tungusic languages, e.g. Negidal
komtan / χomtan ‘cover, lid’; Oroqen kumta(n) ‘cover, lid’ (requoted as UEW).
《說文解字》(121) #2199.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #23744. SKES (1955‒1978) 157. EEW
(1982‒1983) 627. 《大字源》(1988) 1231. UEW (1988) 671. *《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 249 (同
檢). SSA‒1 (1992) 301.
153
SFE #144
DOM 8DDF/6839
B (to 826E 艮)
跟 /根
Attested gloss
121: ‘heel’/‘root’.《說文》足踵也/木株也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gande(AA1) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
gēn (A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[kəˑn˥]
‘stem’; ‘root’
‘heel’; ‘root’
Veps
kand
‘heel’; ‘root’
(A)
Votic
kanta; kanto
‘heel’; ‘root’
kand
‘heel’; ‘root’
◆
‘back of the knee’; ‘stump’
kando/kanda
‘fallen tree’
[kəˑn˧]
[kəˑn˧˩]
A
/k1en /
Livonian
(A)
[kəˑŋ˩]
Lappish
(A1)
[kẽː˧˩],[kaɪ̯ ]
Mordvin
gadʹdo; guoddo
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
[kəˑn˥]
[kəˑn˧˩]
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
◆
‘fallen tree’
(A1)
Mansi
Khanty
kē̮ nt/χānta
kant/χont/χɔnt
‘granary’s stake’
(A1)
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
,(1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
[kəˑɲ˥˧]
[kəˑn˧]
[ki̯ ɛn˥˧]
[kɛˑn˥]
[kɐnˑ˥]
Hanoi
(A1)
căn
kanta; kanto
(AA)
(A1)
Guangzhou
(A1)
Tokyo
[ku̯ ə̆n˥]
こん(kon)
Seoul
근(geun)
Xiamen
Finnish
kandA; kändU(AA)
konda
‘granary’s stake’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kən
(A2)
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kən
*kyən
*kən
*kɯɯn
*kanta
(B2)
(1) cằn ,cỗi .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kanta is joined to DOM 8DDF 跟.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive) languages, see SFGE #34.
《說文解字》(121) #1327 (跟); 3545 (根). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #37491 (跟); #14745 (根).
SKES (1955‒1978) 157 (kanta); 158 (kanto). EEW (1982‒1983) 687 (kand); 1132 (känd). 《大字
源》(1988) 1696 (跟); 912 (根). UEW (1988) 123. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 281. SSA‒1 (1992) 302
(kanta); 303 (kanto).
154
SFE #145
DOM 727D
B (to 7384 玄)
牽
Attested gloss
121: ‘pull’.《說文》引前也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gėnde(AA1);-S(C) {>真部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qiān(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiɛˑn˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiaˑn˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
Estonian
‘carry, bear’
Veps
kanta
‘carry, bear’
Votic
kantaa
‘carry, bear’
kandə
‘carry, bear’
Lappish
guodʹdet
‘carry, bear’
Mordvin
kando-/kandə̑kande-/konde-
‘carry, bear’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
kunt-/χūnt-
‘carry, bear’
kantəm-/χontəm-
‘wear’
--
--
χāna-
‘carry, bear’
hadda-
‘carry, bear’
kuandaˀa-
‘carry, bear’
(A)
[cʰ aˑn˧˩]
/kʰ4an /
[t͡ ɕʰieː˩](A)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕʰ ãː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiaˑn˥](A1),[~˧˩˧](C)
i
(A1)
Mari
[t͡ ɕʰ eˑn˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˧](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰ ẽː˧] ,[~˥]
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ ɛn˥˧](A1),[~˧˩˧](B)
i
(A1)
(C1)
Khanty
(A1)
[cʰʲaˑn˥]
Hungarian
(A1)
[hiˑn˥]
khiênh
Nenets
(A1)
Enets
(A1)
[kʰi̯ an˥],[kʰaːn˥]
‘carry, bear’
(AA)
kanta-
Finnish
A;C
kandA-(AA)
Nganasan
‘carry, bear’
Tokyo
けん(ken)
Selkup
kuenda-
‘carry, bear’
Seoul
견(gyeon)
Kamas
kun-,kunto-
‘carry, bear’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'ien
*khin
*khyen
*khin
*khiin
*kanta
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kantaa is joined to DOM 727D 牽.
Equivalents have been suggested in Yukaghir, e.g. kande- ‘lead to’; konta- ‘pull’
(requoted as UEW).
《說文解字》(121) #754. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #20025. SKES (1955‒1978) 157‒158
(kantaa). EEW (1982‒1983) 688 (kandma). 《大字源》(1988) 1114. UEW (1988) 124.《汉语方
音字汇》(1989) 252 (牵). SSA‒1 (1992) 302 (kantaa).
155
SFE #146
DOM 755C
A3
畜
Attested gloss
121: ‘farm animal’.《說文》田畜也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕeƕe-R(AD1)(-S(C)) {>覺部(-ƕe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
xù;chù(C)
[ɕyː˥˩];[t͡ ʂʰuː˥˩](C)
[ɕyː˥˩];[t͡ sʰuː˥˩](C)
[çyː˧˩˧](B);[t͡ sʰuː˥](C)
‘herd’
Finnish
‘herd’
◆
(AA)
◆
kariA(AA)
Estonian
karja
Veps
--
--
Votic
◆
‘herd’
Livonian
◆
‘herd’
Lappish
kɔ̄ŕ a
◆
dial. garʹje
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
[çʲuˑk̚ ˩]
[t͡ sʊk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
(D1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
D
D
/h3ok /;/ʈʰ3ok /;(1)
[ɕʸəˑʔ˩];[t͡ suəˑʔ˩](D)
[ɕyː˧˩];[p͡ fʰuː˧˩]
[ɕʸoː˧˩];[t͡ sʰuː˧˩](A2)
(A1)
[suˑʔ˥];[t͡ ʂʰuˑʔ˥]
[ɕioˑʔ˥];[t͡ sʰoˑʔ˥](D1)
(D)
[ɕ əʊ̯˧˥];[t͡ sʰəʊ̯˧˥]
[ɕi̯ uk̚ ˥];[t͡ sʰuːk̚ ˥](D1)
i
(D)
(D1)
húc;súc
[hi̯ ɔk̚ ˧];[tʰi̯ ɔk̚ ˧](D1)
karja
‘herd’
Tokyo
ちく(chiku);(2)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
휵(hyuk);축(chuk)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*xi̯ ʊk;thi̯ ʊg
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*hjəkw;thrjəgwh
*xiuk;thiuk
*xjuk;thrjuks
*hlug;lhugs
--
C
(1) /ʈʰ3ew /. (2) きく(kiku), きゅう(kyū).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish karja is joined to DOM 755C 畜.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Swedish
harjis ‘crowd’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #35.
《說文解字》(121) #9149. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #21814. SKES (1955‒1978) 162.
EEW(1982‒1983) 708. 《大字源》(1988) 1171.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 119; 137. SSA‒1 (1992)
313.
156
SFE #147
DOM 8E7A
B (to 5C27 堯)
蹺
Attested gloss
543: ‘lift leg’.《玉篇》舉足也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gėƕa-R(AA1)-S(C) {>宵部(-wa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
qiāo(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiao̯ ˥˩](C)
i
(A)
[cʰ aː˧˩]
A
/kʰ4aw /
[t͡ ɕʰiao̯ ˥](C)
(A1)
(C)
karkaS-
‘escape’
Veps
kargaita
‘dance’
Votic
kargata
‘jump’
kargə
‘jump’
Lappish
◆
‘jump’
Mordvin
--
--
{kə̑rγə̑ž a-/kurža--
‘run; trundle’}?
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Udmurt
[t͡ ɕʰ aʊ̯˧]
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ ɛ̆ʊ̯˥˧](A1)
i
Finnish
(AC)
Mari
[t͡ ɕʰ ɔo̯ ˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiɔː˥˧](A1)
i
kargaS-(AC)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕʰ aʊ̯˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥](A1)
i
Estonian
(A1)
‘jump’
garʹgedit
--
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[cʰʲaʊ̯˥]
[hiˑw˥]
(A2)
nghều
[kʰi̯ ă ʊ̯˥](A1),(1)
Tokyo
きょう(kyō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
교(gyo)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*k'i̯ og
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*khjagw
*khiô
*khjew
*ŋhew
*korkɜ-
(A2)
(1) [gi̯ ă ʊ̯˧˥] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish karata is joined to DOM 8E7A 蹺.
《玉篇》(543). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #37886. SKES (1955‒1978) 161 (karata). EEW
(1982‒1983) 706‒707 (kargama). 《大字源》(1988) 1706. UEW (1988) 672‒673. SSA‒1 (1992)
310 (karata).
157
SFE #148
DOM 78FD
B (to 5C27 堯)
磽
Attested gloss
121: ‘barren land’.《說文》礊石也。Mandarin: †id..
Reconstruction
*gȧƕa-R(AA1)-S(C) {>宵部(-wa)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qiāo(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiao̯ ˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
Finnish
karge(AA)
karkea
(AA)
‘harsh, hard, stiff’
‘rough, hard; bitter’
Veps
karged
‘bitter’
[cʰ ao̯ ˧˩]
Votic
karke̮ a
‘bitter’
A
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
gārkâ
‘acrid, bitter’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--(to #199)
--
Komi
--(to #199)
--
Mansi
--(to #199)
--
Khanty
--(to #199)
--
i
(A)
/kʰ2aw /
[t͡ ɕʰiao̯ ˩](A)
[t͡ ɕʰ aʊ̯˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥],[kʰaʊ̯˥](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰ ɔo̯ ˧˩],[kʰɔo̯ ˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiɔː˥˧](A1)
i
(A1)
(A1)
[kʰaʊ̯˧]
[kʰaˑʊ̯˥˧](A1)
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kʰaʊ̯˥]
[haˑw˥]
xao
(A1)
(A1)
[kʰaˑʊ̯˥]
Tokyo
こう(kō),きょう(kyō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
교(gyo)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'ŏg
*khragw
*kheô
*khrew
*ŋhreew
!{*karkɜ-}
The Finnic etymon of Finnish karkea is joined to DOM 78FD 磽.
《說文解字》(121) #9149.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #24494. SKES (1955‒1978) 163. EEW
(1982‒1983) 707. 《大字源》(1988) 1254. SSA‒1 (1992) 314.
158
SFE #149
DOM 61FC
B (to 77BF 瞿)
懼
Attested gloss
121: ‘drive (a carriage)’.《說文》使馬也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷeþa-R(AA2) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jù(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Finnish
(AA)
Veps
--
--
Votic
karttaa
‘avoid’
kartə
‘fear’
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
C
/g3o /
[t͡ ɕyː˥](C)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[t͡ ɕyː˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[d͡ ʑyː˩˧](X2)
(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰyːˑ˩](C2)
(C1)
(B)
[cʰiː˧˩]
(C2)
[kɵɥˑ˩]
(C2)
(C2)
‘fear’
‘avoid’
[cyː˥]
[kuːˑ˧],[kʰuːˑ˧]
kartA-(AA)
kartta-
(C)
cụ
Estonian
Tokyo
く(ku),ぐ(gu)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
구(gu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'i̯ wo
*gwjagh
*giua
*gʷjas
*gʷas
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish karttaa is joined to DOM 61FC 懼.
《說文解字》(121) #6737. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #11488. SKES (1955‒1978) 166 (karttaa).
EEW (1982‒1983) 717 (kartma). 《大字源》(1988) 750. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 133 (惧). SSA‒1
(1992) 319 (karttaa).
159
SFE #150
DOM 6BEB
B (to 9AD8 高)
毫
Attested gloss
BC(1): ‘bristle’. Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕaƕe(AA1)(-X(B);-S(C)) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
háo(A2)
◆
Finnish
◆
Veps
◆
‘bristle’
Votic
◆
‘bristle’
Livonian
◆
‘bristle’
Lappish
◆
‘bristle’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(A2)
[xaʊ̯˧˥]
[xao̯ ˧˥](A2)
(A)
(C)
[xao̯ ˧˩] ,[~˥]
/h1awB;C/
(A)
[xao̯ ˩]
[xaʊ̯˧˥](A2)
(A2)
[xaʊ̯˧˩]
[xɔo̯ ˩˧](A2)
(X2)
[hɔː˩˧]
(A2)
[xaʊ̯˩˧]
[haʊ̯˧˥](A2)
(A2)
[haʊ̯˩]
(A2)
[howˑ˧˩]
hào
(A2)
(A2)
[hoːˑ˧˥]
karvA(AA)
Estonian
karva
‘bristle’
(AA)
‘bristle’
karv
karva
kɔ̄ra
garʹve
Tokyo
こう(kō),ごう(gō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
호(ho)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'og
*gagw
*ɣô
*gaw
*gaaw
--
(1) First attested in personal literatures dating to BC.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish karva is joined to DOM 6BEB 毫.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Lithuanian
gaũras ‘pilus’; Latvian kauri ‘pubic hair’ (requoted as SSA).
《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #16831. SKES (1955‒1978) 166‒167. EEW (1982‒1983) 720. 《大
字源》(1988) 985.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 188. SSA‒1 (1992) 320.
160
SFE #151
DOM 6E89
B (to 65E2 既)
溉
Attested gloss
121: ‘irregate’.《說文》灌注也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gade(AA1)-S(C) {>物部(-de)}
(← DOM 6441
漑)
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
gài(C)
Estonian
(C)
[kaɪ̯ ˥˩]
(C)
(A)
[kae̯ ˧˩]
1161
C
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
C
/k1aj /;/k3ej /
‘irrigate’
‘irrigate’
Veps
kastta
‘irrigate’
Votic
kassaa
‘irrigate’
kastə
‘irrigate’
‘irrigate’
Livonian
(C)
Lappish
◆
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
--
--
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
(X2)
Komi
--
--
(C1)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
[kae̯ ˥]
[kaɪ̯ ˥˧]
[kaɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[kæː˥]
[ke̞ ː˩˧]
[kaɪ̯ ˥]
(B)
[kʰaˑɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
(B)
[kʰɔɪ̯ ˧˩]
(C1)
[kʰɔˑj˧]
(C1)
gāstȃšit
Enets
--
--
(C1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
がい(gai),かい(kai)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
개(gae)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
ngấy
(AA)
kasta-
Finnish
[kae̯ ˥˩]
Yantai
kastA-(AA)
[kaˑɪ̯ ˩],[kʰaˑɪ̯ ˩]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kəd;ki̯ əd
*kədh;kjədh
*kyət;kiət
*kəts;kjəts
*kɯɯds;kɯds
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kastaa is joined to DOM 6E89 溉.
《說文解字》(121) #6737 (漑). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #18123 (漑). SKES (1955‒1978) 166
(kastaa). EEW (1982‒1983) 717 (kastma). 《大字源》(1988) 1054 (溉). *《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
150 (同概). SSA‒1 (1992) 324 (kastaa).
161
SFE #152
DOM 9AD8
A1
高
Attested gloss
121: ‘high’.《說文》崇也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕa(AA1) {>宵部(-wa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
gāo(A1)
kasva-(AA)
‘grow’
Finnish
(AA)
kasva-
‘grow’
Veps
kazda
‘grow’
Votic
kazvaa
‘grow’
kaˀzzə
‘grow’
◆
‘face’
kaso-
‘grow’
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˥]
[kao̯ ˧](A1)
(A)
[kao̯ ˧˩]
/k1awA/
Livonian
(A)
[kaʊ̯˩]
[kaʊ̯˧˩](A1)
Lappish
Mordvin
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˥]
[kɔo̯ ˧˩](A1)
(A1)
[kɔː˥˧]
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˧]
[kaˑʊ̯˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[kowˑ˥]
cao
(A1)
,sào
(A2)
(A1)
Tokyo
[koːˑ˥],[kaˑʊ̯˥]
こう(kō)
Seoul
고(go)
Xiamen
Estonian
kasvō
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kog
*kagw
*kô
*kaw
*kaaw
*kaswa-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kasvaa is joined to DOM 9AD8 高.
《說文解字》(121) #3301.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #45313. SKES (1955‒1978) 169 (kasvaa).
EEW (1982‒1983) 726‒728 (kasuma). 《大字源》(1988) 1979. UEW (1988) 129‒130. 《汉语方
音字汇》(1989) 187. SSA‒1 (1992) 326 (kasvaa).
162
SFE #153
DOM 6297
B (to 4EA2 亢)
抗
Attested gloss
121: ‘defend’.《說文》崇也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaŋga(AA1) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
kàng(C)
Estonian
(C)
[kʰaˑŋ˥˩]
(C)
(C)
[kʰaˑŋ˥]
C
‘break’
Veps
katte̮ ta
‘break’
Votic
katke̮ e̮
‘break’
katkāstə
‘rip’
A
/kʰ1aŋ /;/g1aŋ /
Livonian
(C)
(A)
[kʰãː˥] ;[~˩]
Lappish
--
--
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
keškeδä-/kuškeδa-
‘break’
(C)
Udmurt
kvačkal-/kwačkal-
‘break’
(X1)
[kʰaˑŋ˥]
[kʰaˑŋ˧˩˧]
[kʰaˑŋ˥]
[kãˑɲ˧˥]
Komi
--
--
(C1)
Mansi
--
--
(B)
Khanty
--
--
(C)
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kʰaˑn˥]
[kʰɔːŋ˧˩˧]
[kʰɔˑŋ˥˩]
(C1)
[kʰɔˑŋ˧]
kháng
‘break’
(AC)
katkeS-
Finnish
[kʰaˑŋ˥˩]
katke-(AA)
(C1)
(C1)
[kʰɔːŋ˩]
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
항(hang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'ɑŋ
*khaŋh
*khaŋ
*khaŋs
*khaaŋs
*kačka-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish katketa is joined to DOM 6297 抗.
《說文解字》(121) #8025.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #11889. SKES (1955‒1978) 170 (katketa).
EEW (1982‒1983) 731 (katkema). 《大字源》(1988) 769. UEW (1988) 641. 《汉语方音字汇》
(1989) 313. SSA‒1 (1992) 327‒328 (katketa).
163
SFE #154
DOM 7ABA
B (to 898F 規)
窺
Attested gloss
121: ‘peep’.《說文》小視也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷėþe(AA1) {>歌部(-ʁ̩)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
kuī(A1)
u
(A1)
u
(A1)
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˧]
u
(A)
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˥]
Estonian
katsu-(AA)
Finnish
(AA)
katso-
‘watch’
Veps
katsta
‘watch’
kattsoa
‘try’
--
--
Yantai
[kʰ əɪ̯ ˧˩]
Votic
1161
A
Livonian
/kʰʷ4ej /
‘try’
u
(A)
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˩]
Lappish
gæčʹčât
‘look’
u
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
u
(A1)
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˥]
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
u
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
kaźal-/kaźav-/
◆
käšǟl-/kɔ̈̄ś əl-
‘notice’
Khanty
◆
‘notice’
Hungarian
--
--
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˧˩]
[kʰ ɵɪ̯ ˧˩]
[kʰ e̞ ː˥˧],[t͡ ɕʰ yː]
u
u
u
(A1)
Komi
(A1)
[kʰ eɪ̯ ˧]
[kʰuə̯̆ɪ̯ ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[kʰʋəɪ̯ ˥]
Mansi
(A1)
‘notice’
kȧsȧл-/kȧšat-
Guangzhou
[kʰʷɐɪ̯ ˑ˥]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Xiamen
khuy
[kʰuə̯̆ɪ̯ ˥](A1)
Tokyo
き(ki)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
규(gyu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'wia
*khwjar
*khiua
*khʷjej
*khʷel
*kaće-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish katsoa is joined to DOM 7ABA 窺.
《說文解字》(121) #3973. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #25633. SKES (1955‒1978) 150 (katsoa).
EEW (1982‒1983) 733a (katsuma). 《大字源》(1988) 1297. UEW (1988) 640. SSA‒1 (1992)
328‒329 (katsoa).
164
SFE #155
DOM 4E45
A1
久
Attested gloss
BC(1): ‘long time’. Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕeþe(AA1) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiǔ(B)
[t͡ ɕiɤʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiəʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
Finnish
kauge(CA)
kaukaa
‘long time’
(CA)
‘long time’
Veps
--
--
(B)
[c əʊ̯˧˩˧]
Votic
kaugaa
‘long time’
B
/k3ew /
[t͡ ɕiəʊ̯˥˧](B)
Livonian
kougənd
‘long time’
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
{kuvaka/kə̑vaka
--
‘long’}?
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
{koγ/χŏw
‘long’}?
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
i
[t͡ ɕ oʊ̯˥˧]
[t͡ ɕiəʊ̯˥˧](B)
i
(B)
Mari
[t͡ ɕ əɯ̯˧]
[t͡ ɕiɤɯ̯˧˥](X1)
i
(B)
[t͡ ɕ əʊ̯˥˩]
̆ ̯ ˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ ɕi̯ əʊ
i
(B)
Khanty
(B)
[cʲəʊ̯˧˩]
(B1)
[kɐwˑ˧˥]
(B1)
cửu
̆ ̯ ˥˧],[kuːˑ˥˧](B)
[ki̯ əʊ
--
Tokyo
きゅう(kyū),く(ku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
구(gu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ki̯ əg
*kjəgx
*kiə
*kjəʔ
*kʷlɯʔ
*kawka
(1) First attested in personal literatures dating to BC.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kaukaa is joined to DOM 4E45 久.
BC 《易·繫辭》恆久也. 《說文解字》(121) #3390. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #118. SKES
(1955‒1978) 172. EEW (1982‒1983) 737. 《大字源》(1988) 165. UEW (1988) 132. 《汉语方音
字汇》(1989) 215. SSA‒1 (1992) 330‒331.
165
SFE #156
DOM 9805
B (to 5DE5 工)
項
Attested gloss
121: ‘nuque’.《說文》頭後也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧŋga(AA2)-S(C) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
xiàng(C)
‘neck’
(AA)
‘neck’
◆
kaelA(AA)
Estonian
i
(C)
Finnish
◆
i
(C)
Veps
◆
‘neck’
i
(C)
Votic
◆
‘neck’
Livonian
◆
‘neck’
Lappish
◆
‘animal’s collar’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɕ aˑŋ˥˩]
[ɕ aˑŋ˥˩]
[ç aˑŋ˥]
B
/ɦ2aŋ /
i
(C)
[ɕ ãː˥]
(C)
[xaˑŋ˥]
i
(C)
[ɕ aˑŋ˧˩˧],[xaˑŋ˧˩˧]
i
(C)
[ɕ aˑŋ˥]
(X1)
[ɦãˑɲ˧˥]
(C1)
[xaˑn˥]
,[~˩]
(C2)
(C2)
[hɔːŋ˩]
(C)
[hɔˑŋ˥˩]
(C2)
[hɔˑŋ˩]
hạng
(C2)
(C2)
[haːŋ˧]
kaula
kagl
kagla
kaˀggəl
gavlos
Tokyo
こう(kō),ごう(gō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
항(hang)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'ŭŋ
*gruŋx
*ɣeoŋ
*groŋʔ
*grooŋʔ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kaula is joined to DOM 9805 項.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic languages (~ Indo-European), e.g.
Lithuanian kãklas ‘neck’; Latvian kakls ‘neck’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #8025.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #43343. SKES (1955‒1978) 173. EEW
(1982‒1983) 639‒640. 《大字源》(1988) 1915. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 320 (项). SSA‒1 (1992)
331.
166
SFE #157
DOM 4FCA
B (to 590B 夋)
俊
Attested gloss
121: ‘elite’.《說文》伉也。Mandarin: ‘beautiful’.
Reconstruction
*ƕʷende(AA2)-S(C) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jùn(C)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕʸəˑn˥˩],[t͡ suəˑn˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥](C)
Veps
--
--
◆
‘beautiful’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
/tsʷ3en /
[t͡ ɕʸəˑŋ˥](C)
[t͡ ɕʸẽː˥]
[t͡ ɕyˑn˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ syˑn˥]
[t͡ ɕyˑɲ˧˥],[t͡ ɕiˑɲ˧˥] (X1)
(C)
[t͡ səˑn˥]
[t͡ ɕy̑ ən˥](C1)
(C1)
[t͡ suˑn˥˩]
[t͡ sɵnˑ˧](C1)
(B1)
tuấn,toáng
͡ ̯ ən˩](C1)
[tsu
kaunis
Votic
C
(C)
‘beautiful’
Finnish
‘beautiful’
◆
(AC)
◆
kaunis(AC)
Estonian
kauniz
Tokyo
しゅん(shun)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
준(jun)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*tsi̯ wən
*tsjənh
*tsiuə
*tsjuns
*ʔsluns
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kaunis is joined to DOM 4FCA 俊.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Swedish
skön ‘beautiful’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #36.
《說文解字》(121) #4936. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #674. SKES (1955‒1978) 173. EEW
(1982‒1983) 738. 《大字源》(1988) 220.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 298. SSA‒1 (1992) 331.
167
SFE #158
DOM 8CFC
B (to 5193 冓)
購
Attested gloss
121: ‘buy’.《說文》以財有所求也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(AA1)(-S(C)) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
gòu(C)
kaupA(CA)
Estonian
◆
(C)
[kɤʊ̯˥˩]
[kəʊ̯˥˩](C)
Finnish
◆
Veps
--
--
(C)
Votic
◆
‘merchandise’
Livonian
◆
‘merchandise’
Lappish
◆
‘commerce’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
[koʊ̯˥]
/k1ewC/
(C)
[kəʊ̯˥]
[koʊ̯˥](C)
(C)
[kəʊ̯˧˩˧]
[kəɯ̯˥](C)
(X1)
[kɤɯ̯˧˥]
[kəʊ̯˥](C1)
(C1)
[ki̯ ɛʊ̯˥]
(C)
[cʲɛʊ̯˥˩]
(C1)
[kɐwˑ˧],[kʰɐwˑ˧]
‘commerce’
kauppa
kōp
gawʹpe
Enets
--
--
(C1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
구(gu)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
kấu
(C1)
kauppa
‘merchandise’
(CA)
[kɔːˑ˩]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ku
*kugh
*ko
*kos
*koos
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kauppa is joined to DOM 8CFC 購.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Swedish köpa ‘buy’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #37.
《說文解字》(121) #3968. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #36885. SKES (1955‒1978) 173. EEW
(1982‒1983) 739. 《大字源》(1988) 1677. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 210 (购). SSA‒1 (1992)
331‒332.
168
SFE #159
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
---
kaerA(CA)
‘oat’
(CA)
‘oat’
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
‘oat’
‘oat’
kaura
Shenyang
--
Veps
◆
Yantai
--
Votic
◆
Livonian
◆
1161
--
kagr
kagra
kaˀgrəz
‘oat’
◆
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
dial. kauʹrā
‘oat’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kaura is not detected in Chinese.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g.
Germanic Hafer ‘oat’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 174. EEW
(1982‒1983) 642. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 332.
169
SFE #160
DOM 9760
B (to 544A 告)
靠
Attested gloss
121: ‘depend’.《說文》相違也。Mandarin: ‘lean on’.
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(AA1)(-S(C)) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
kào(C)
Estonian
kaudu(CA)
‘through’
(C)
[kʰaʊ̯˥˩]
[kʰao̯ ˥˩](C)
Finnish
(CA)
‘through’
Veps
kaut,kaĺt,kaĺk
‘through’
(C)
Votic
kaut
‘through’
Livonian
kout́
[kʰao̯ ˥]
/kʰ1awC/
(C)
[kʰao̯ ˥]
[kʰaʊ̯˥](C)
dial. gavʹte
‘through’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kʰaʊ̯˧˩˧]
[kʰɔo̯ ˥](C)
(X1)
[kʰɔː˧˥]
(C1)
[kʰaʊ̯˥]
[kʰaˑʊ̯˥](C1)
[kʰaʊ̯˥˨]
(C1)
[kʰaˑw˧]
(C1)
Hanoi
kháo,khéo
Xiamen
(C1)
[kʰoːˑ˩]
‘through’
◆
Lappish
(C)
(C)
kautta
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
고(go)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'ʊg
*khəgwh
*khuk
*khuks
*khuugs
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kautta is joined to DOM 9760 靠.
《說文解字》(121) #7657. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #42604. SKES (1955‒1978) 174. EEW
(1982‒1983) 736. 《大字源》(1988) 1896. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 188. SSA‒1 (1992) 333‒334.
170
SFE #161
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
kabiA(AA)
‘hoof’
(AA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
kabj
‘hoof’
Yantai
--
Votic
kabja
‘hoof’
1161
--
Livonian
käbā
‘hoof’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
--
--
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Finnish
kavio
‘hoof’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kavio is not detected in Chinese.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g.
Germanic Hafer ‘oat’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 175. EEW
(1982‒1983) 632. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 335.
171
SFE #162
DOM 8F15
B (to 5DE0 巠)
輕
Attested gloss
121: ‘light carriage’.《說文》所以驚人也。Mandarin: ‘light’.
Reconstruction
*genþa(AA2)(-S(C)) {>耕部(-n̪ a)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
qīng (A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiˑŋ˥](A1)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ ɕʰiəˑŋ˧](A1)
Hanoi
Xiamen
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
{gǣnes
‘suitable; obliged’}?
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t͡ ɕʰiˑŋ˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ ən˥˧],[t͡ ɕʰi̯ aŋ˥˧]
Guangzhou
‘bad, thin’
(A1)
Nanchang
Meixian
--
◆
/kʰ3eŋ /
[t͡ ɕʰiəˑŋ˩](A)
[t͡ ɕʰiˑn˧]
(A1)
(A1)
(A1)
(A1)
[cʰiˑn˥],[cʰʲaˑŋ˥]
(A1)
[hɪŋˑ˥],[hɛˑŋ˥]
khinh
(A1)
,khỉnh
(B1)
(A1)
[kʰi̯ əŋ˥]
,(1)
‘bad’
--
A;C
Changsha
‘thin’
Veps
[cʰiˑŋ˧˩]
Shanghai
kehno
(AA)
Votic
(A)
[t͡ ɕʰiˑn˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiˑɲ˥˧](A1)
Nanjing
kõhnA(AA)
kehno
Tokyo
けい(kei),きょう(kyō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
경(gyeong)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*k'ie
̯ ̆ŋ
LI
*khjiŋ;-h
(A1)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*khieŋ
*khjeŋ;-s
*kheŋ;-s
--
(A1)
(1) [kʰi̯ aˑ̃ ˥] ; [kʰi̯ ən˥] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kehno is joined to DOM 8F15 輕.
《說文解字》(121) #9470. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #38346. SKES (1955‒1978) 176. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1085. 《大字源》(1988) 1720. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 349 (轻). SSA‒1 (1992) 336.
172
SFE #163
DOM 5377
B (to 𢍏)
卷
Attested gloss
121: ‘scroll’.《說文》厀曲也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷenda(;-R)(AA1)-X(B);-S(C) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
juǎn(B);juàn(C)
[t͡ ɕʸɛˑn˧˩˧](B);[~˥˩](C)
1958
Beijing
Estonian
kederA(AA);(+)(3)
‘spindle’; ‘twist’; ‘bend’
Finnish
(AA)
‘spindle’; ‘twist’; ‘bend’
[t͡ ɕʸaˑn˧˩˧](B);[~˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕʸaː˧˩˧](B);[~˥](C)
Shenyang
Yantai
B;C
/kʷ3an /;/gʷ3an
[t͡ ɕʸeː˥˧](B);[~˥](C)
1161
Taiyuan
A;B
/
Xi’an
Chengdu
Shanghai
Nanchang
quyển
‘spindle’}?
Komi
(+)(!)gi̮ rʒ́im;(?)kež-
‘roll’; ‘turn’
Mansi
(+)(!)kir-
‘curl up’
(+)(!)körək/käri-;(10)
‘round’/‘turn’
(+)(!)kerek
‘round’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(C1)
;[~˧]
(B1)
Xiamen
◆
{šəδər/süδə̑r/süδür
̌ ̯ -/kozǐ ̯ (+)(?)kodzi
Khanty
(C1)
;cuốn ,(1)
[ku̯ an˥˧],[kŋ̇ːˑ˥˧](B);(2)
Hanoi
‘spindle’ ; ‘twist’; ‘bend’
Hungarian
(B1)
[kyˑn˧˥]
kieˀddər;(+)kīerə;(7)
Udmurt
(C1)
[cʲaˑn˧˩]
Guangzhou
‘spin’; ‘twist’; ‘bend’
Mari
(B)
Meixian
tšedrätä;(+)(6)
Mordvin
[t͡ ɕʸẽː˥˩] ;[~˥]
[t͡ ɕy̑ ɔn˧˩˧](B);[~˥](C1)
Changsha
‘spindle’; ‘twist’; ‘bend’
‘pig’s snout’; ‘twist’
(C)
(B)
kezr;(+)kertta;(5)
gærʹse; gierre;(8)
̌ ́ ́ ;(+)(9)
̌ ́ ́ e/kstir
ster
[t͡ ɕʸeˑn˧] ;[~˥]
[t͡ ɕʸøː˧˥](X1)
Nanjing
Veps
Lappish
(C)
(B)
;(+)(4)
Votic
Livonian
[t͡ ɕʸãː˥˧] ;[~˥]
[t͡ ɕʸaˑn˥˧](B);[~˧˩˧](C)
(B)
kehrä
‘spindle’; ‘curve’
‘turn back’
Tokyo
かん(kan),けん(ken)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
권(gwon)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ki̯ wan
*kwjan-x;-h
(1) quẹn
(C2)
WANG
(C1)
. (2) [ku̯ an˩], [kŋ̇ːˑ˩]
BAXTER
*kiuan
*krjon-ʔ;-s
. (3) keeraS-; käänäS-
(CC)
; kääri-
(CA)
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kron-ʔ;-s
*kečrä;kerä
‘roll’. (4) kiertä-; kääntä-; kääri-(CA) ‘roll’.
◆
(5) ḱäta,kätä; käŕda,käŕdä ‘roll’. (6) tšērtää; tšǟntää; tšǟriä ‘roll’. (7) ḱenn,ḱänn. (8) gænʹdet ‘wring’; kīʹrred ‘roll’. (9)
◆
(!) kiŕńe-. (10) käri-/kärəj-/karĭ- ‘turn’. (0) Latvian ķedra ‘spindle’ (requoted as SSA).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kehrä is joined to DOM 5377 卷.
《說文解字》(121) #5754. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #2860. SKES (1955‒1978) 176 (kehrä); (+)188‒189 (kierä);
(+)264‒265
(kääntää). TESz‒2 (1970) 464‒465. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 354‒356. EEW (1982‒1983) 746 (keder); (+)753‒756
(keerama);
(+)1153
(käänama). 《大字源》(1988) 365. UEW (1988) 656; 147‒148. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 269.
SSA‒1 (1992) 336 (kehrä); (+)354 (kiero); (+)483 (kääntää).
173
SFE #164
DOM 5708
B (to 5377 卷)
圈
Attested gloss
121: ‘sty’.《說文》養畜之閑也。Mandarin: ‘circle’; id..
Reconstruction
*gʷenda(AA1);-S(C) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
quān(A1);juàn(C)
[t͡ ɕʰʸɛˑn˥](A1);(1)
[t͡ ɕʰʸaˑn˧](A1);(2)
(A)
[cʰʸaˑn˧˩] ;(3)
A
/kʰʷ3an /;/gʷ3an
[t͡ ɕʰʸeː˩](A);(4)
/
[t͡ ɕʰʸãː˧˩] ;(5)
[t͡ ɕʰʸaˑn˥](A1);(6)
[t͡ ɕʰʸeˑn˧˩] ;(7)
[t͡ ɕʰʸøː˥˧](A1);(8)
[t͡ ɕʰʸẽː˧](A1);(9)
[t͡ ɕʰy̑ ɔn˥˧](A1);(10)
[cʰʲaˑn˥]
;(11)
‘body’
Finnish
(AA)
‘body’
kehä
Veps
--
--
Votic
--
--
kejā
‘body’
◆
Lappish
{giessât}?/ geha
{‘reel’}/(14)
Mordvin
či/ši
‘sun; day’
ketšə/ket́ś ə
‘sun; day’
Udmurt
ki̮ tš
‘trap, loop’(?)
Komi
ki̮ tš
‘ring; loop’(?)
Mansi
küš/kiš/kis
kö̆ tš
‘hoop’
†kégy
‘circle’
Mari
(A1)
(A1)
keha(AA)
Livonian
(A1)
Khanty
Hungarian
‘ring’
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
kotše
‘earring’(!)
Kamas
--
--
[hyˑn˥]
;(12)
khuyên
(A1)
Tokyo
[kʰu̯ an˥] ,(13)
けん(ken)
Seoul
권(gwon)
Xiamen
A;B
Estonian
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'iwa
*khjuan
*khiua
*khjon
*khon
*kečä
̯ ̆n
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
͡
͡
͡
͡
(1) [tɕʸɛˑn˥˩] . (2) [tɕʸaˑn˥˩] . (3) [cʸaˑn˥] . (4) [tɕʸeː˥] . (5) [tɕʸãː˥](C). (6)
[t͡ ɕʸaˑn˧˩˧](C). (7) [t͡ ɕʸeˑn˥](C). (8) [t͡ ɕʸøː˧˥](X1). (9) [t͡ ɕʰʸẽː˥](C). (10) [t͡ ɕy̑ ɔn˥](C). (11)
[cʰʲaˑn˥˨](C). (12) [kyˑn˧](C1). (13) [kʰŋ̇ːˑ˥](A1); [ku̯ an˩](C1), [kŋ̇ːˑ˩](C1). (14) ‘unfinished
loghouse’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kehä is joined to DOM 5708 圈.
《說文解字》(121) #3900. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #4789. SKES (1955‒1978) 177. TESz‒2
(1970) 423. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 345‒346. EEW (1982‒1983) 758‒759. 《大字源》(1988) 446. UEW
(1988) 141‒142. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 269. SSA‒1 (1992) 337.
174
SFE #165
DOM 6C14
A1
气
Attested gloss
121: ‘cloud’.《說文》雲气也。Mandarin: ‘air’; ‘enrage’.
Reconstruction
*gede(AA1)(-S(C)) {>物(質)部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qì(C)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
keetA-(CA);kee-(C)
‘boil’
Finnish
(CA)
‘boil’
(C)
[cʰiː˥]
C
/kʰ3ej /
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥](C)
‘boil’
‘boil’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
dial. köved
‘boil’
{kū-
‘ripen’}?
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
Hungarian
(C1)
Nenets
(C1)
Tokyo
[kʰiːˑ˩],[kʰu̯ əɪ̯̆˩]
き(ki),け(ke)
Seoul
기(gi)
‘boil’
d
küa-/küä-;(1)
Mari
[çiː˥˨]
kīetə;kīedə
--
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiːˑ˧˩˧](B)
khí
tšihua
--
(C1)
Hanoi
‘boil’
Mordvin
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥](X1)
(C1)
keitta;ḱehuda
kiʹtted/ki̮ ʹṕte
(C)
[hejˑ˧]
Veps
Lappish
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˩˧](C)
(C)
keittä-;kiehu-
Votic
Livonian
(C)
Guangzhou
Xiamen
Estonian
‘boil’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'i̯ əd
*khjədh
*khiət
*khjəts
*khɯds
*keje-
(1) kütktem ‘boil’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish keittää is joined to DOM 6C14 气.
《說文解字》(121) #224. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #17043. SKES (1955‒1978) 178 (keittää) ;
188 (kiehua). TESz‒2 (1970) 629. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 378. EEW (1982‒1983) 751‒752 (keema).
《大字源》(1988) 990. UEW (1988) 143‒144.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 92. SSA‒1 (1992) 338
(keittää); 352 (kiehua).
175
SFE #166
DOM 523B
B (to 4EA5 亥)
刻
Attested gloss
121: ‘engrave’.《說文》鏤也。Mandarin: id.; ‘quarter hour’.
Reconstruction
*gage-R(AD1)-S(C) {>職部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
kè(C)
1958
(C)
◆
‘clock’
(B)
Votic
◆
‘clock’
Livonian
◆
‘clock’
Lappish
◆
‘clock’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kʰɤː˧˩˧]
1161
D
/kʰ1ek /
(D)
[kʰəˑʔ˩]
(A1)
[kʰeɪ̯ ˧˩]
Xi’an
(C)
(A2)
[kʰeː˧˩˧] ,[~˧˩]
Chengdu
(D)
[kʰəˑʔ˥]
Nanjing
(D1)
[kʰɐˑʔ˥]
Shanghai
(D)
[kʰɤː˧˥]
[kʰi̯ ɛt̚ ˥](D1)
Changsha
Nanchang
(D1)
[kʰɛˑt̚ ˩]
[kʰɐk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
Meixian
Guangzhou
khắc
Hanoi
(D1)
,(1)
[kʰiːk̚ ˧],[kʰaːt̚ ˧]
(D1)
Xiamen
kel, kelo
Veps
◆
Yantai
Taiyuan
‘clock’
Finnish
(C)
[kʰɤː˥˩]
Shenyang
‘clock’
(AA)
◆
[kʰɤː˥˩]
Beijing
kellA(AA)
Estonian
kello
tšella
kīela
kĭěllă
Tokyo
こく(koku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
각(gak)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*k'ək
*khək
(D1)
(D1)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*khək
*khək
*khɯɯg
--
(D1)
(D1)
(1) gắt ; khắt ; khấc ; lắc .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kello is joined to DOM 523B 刻.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, see SFGE
#27.
《說文解字》(121) #2751. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #1970. SKES (1955‒1978) 179. EEW
(1982‒1983) 767‒768. 《大字源》(1988) 316. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 25. SSA‒1 (1992) 340.
176
SFE #167
DOM 5408
A3/B (to 53E3 口)
合
Attested gloss
121: ‘shut’.《説文》合口也。Mandarin: id.; ‘fit’.
Reconstruction
*ƕėba-R(AD) {>葉部(-ba)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
hé(A2)
Finnish
kelpaS-
‘fit’
(A2)
Vepsian
--
--
(C)
Votic
ke̮ lvata
‘fit’
ke̮ lbə,kilbə,külbə
‘fit’
Lappish
◆
‘fit’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
[xɤː˧˥]
u
1161
D
Chengdu
D
/ɦ1ap /;/k1ap /
Livonian
(D)
[xəˑʔ˩] ,(1)
u
(A2)
[x oː˧˥]
(A1)
;[kɤː˧˩]
(A2)
[xoː˧˩];[koː˧˩]
(D)
(D)
Nanjing
[xoˑʔ˥] ;[koˑʔ˥]
Shanghai
(D2)
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
‘fit’
(AC)
[xɤː˧˥],[kaː˧˥]
[x oː˥]
Xi’an
kõlbaS-(AC)
(A2)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
[ɦɐˑʔ˧]
(D)
[xoː˧˥];[koː˧˥]
[hɔːt̚ ˩](D2);[kɔːt̚ ˥](D1)
Khanty
--
--
(D2)
(D1)
Hungarian
--
--
(D2)
(D1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[haˑp̚ ˥]
;[kaˑp̚ ˩]
[hɐp̚ ˑ˩]
hợp
kelpat
;[kɐp̚ ˑ˥]
(D2)
,(2)
(D2)
[haːp̚ ˥]
,(3)
Tokyo
ごう(gō),(4)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
합(hap),갑(gap)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*g'iap
LI
WANG
*giap
(D)
BAXTER
*ɣyap
(D)
(D)
*gep
(D2)
ZHENGZHANG
*ɦleeb
(D2)
(D2)
UEW
-(D2)
(1) [xaˑʔ˩] ; [kəˑʔ˩] , [kaˑʔ˩] . (2) hiệp , gộp , họp , hạp , cáp(D1),
cóp(D1), góp(D1). (3) [haːʔ˥](D2); [kaːp̚ ˧](D1), [kaːʔ˧](D1). (4) かつ(katsu), がつ(gatsu).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kelvata is joined to DOM 5408 合.
Previously suggested equivalents in Germanic {the same ones as in SFE #48} are
rejected, due to semantic difficulties.
《説文解字》(121) #3252. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3287. SKES (1955) 180 (kelvata).
EEW(1982‒1983) 1090 (kõlbama). 《大字源》(1988) 387. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 26. SSA‒1
(1992) 342 (kelvata).
177
SFE #168
DOM 8AB0
B (to 96B9 隹)
誰
Attested gloss
121: ‘who’.《說文》何也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕe(n)þe(AA1) {>脂(微)部(-je)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
shuí,shéi(A2)
u
(A2)
u
(A2)
Estonian
kes(A);kelle(AA)
‘who’
Finnish
(AA)
‘who’
[ʂ eɪ̯ ˧˥],[ʂeɪ̯ ˧˥]
[s eɪ̯ ˧˥],[seɪ̯ ˧˥]
u
Veps
ken
‘who’
Votic
tšen
‘who’
kis
‘who’
Lappish
gī; gǣ-
‘who’
Mordvin
ki, kije/kijä
‘who’
kü/kö/ke
‘who’
kin/kiń
‘who’
Komi
kin
‘who’
Mansi
--
--
(C)
[s əɪ̯ ˥]
A
/ʐʷ3ej /
u
Livonian
(A)
[s eɪ̯ ˩],[seɪ̯ ˩]
(A2)
[seɪ̯ ˧˥]
u
(A2)
Mari
u
(A2)
Udmurt
[s eɪ̯ ˧˩]
[ʂ ɵɪ̯ ˩˧]
(X2)
[zøː˩˧]
(A2)
[ɕʸeɪ̯ ˩˧]
[suə̯̆ɪ̯ ˩](C2)
Khanty
--
--
(A2)
Hungarian
ki
‘who’
(A2)
śa(?)
‘who’
sio, sie(?)
‘who’
sele(?)
‘who’
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
šəndi(?)
‘who’
[sʋəɪ̯ ˩]
Guangzhou
[sɵɥˑ˧˩]
Nenets
Hanoi
(A2)
Enets
sùy
(A2)
Tokyo
[su̯ ə̆ɪ̯ ˧˥]
すい(sui)
Seoul
수(su)
Xiamen
kenE;kuka
Nganasan
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȡi̯ wər
*djəd
*ʑiuəi
*djuj
*djul
*ke (ki)
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ken is joined to DOM 8AB0 誰.
Equivalents have been suggested in many languages across the world, e.g.
Yukaghir kin ‘who’; Latin quis ‘who’; Mongolian ken ‘who’; Chukchi ḱe ‘who’
(requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #1697. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #35686. SKES (1955‒1978) 181. TESz‒2
(1970) 480. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 362‒363. EEW (1982‒1983) 784. 《大字源》(1988) 1630. UEW
(1988) 140‒141. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 164 (谁). SSA‒1 (1992) 342‒343.
178
SFE #169
DOM 834A
B (to 𠛬)
荊
Attested gloss
121: ‘brambles’.《說文》楚木也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*genga(AA2) {>耕部(-n̪ a)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jīng (A1)
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˧](A1)
Estonian
kingA(AA)
‘shoe’
Finnish
(AA)
‘shoe’
kenkä
Veps
keηg
‘shoe’
[ciˑŋ˧˩]
Votic
tšentšä
‘shoe’
A
Livonian
kǟηga
‘shoe’
Lappish
◆
‘wooden sole’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
(A)
/k3eŋ /
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˩](A)
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiˑɲ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ən˥˧](A1)
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ciˑn˥]
[kɪŋˑ˥]
kinh
giegʹge
(A1)
(A1)
[ki̯ əŋ˥],[ki̯ əʊ̯̃˥]
Tokyo
けい(kei),きょう(kyō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
형(hyeong)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kie
̯ ̆ŋ
*kjiŋ
*kieŋ
*kjeŋ
*keŋ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish ken is joined to DOM 834A 荊.
◆
An equivalent has been suggested in Latvian: ķeņģe ‘kind of shoe’ (requoted as
SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #489. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #30940 (荆). SKES (1955‒1978) 176. EEW
(1982‒1983) 832‒833. 《大字源》(1988) 1489. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 347 (荆). SSA‒1 (1992)
343.
179
SFE #170
DOM 656C
A3
敬
Attested gloss
121: ‘respectfully’.《說文》肅也。Mandarin: ‘respect’.
Reconstruction
*genga(AA1)(-S(C)) {>耕部(-n̪ a)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jìng (C)
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˥˩](C)
kinki-(AA)
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
kenkkäS-
‘give a present’
(AC)
‘give a present’
Veps
--
--
[ciˑŋ˥]
Votic
--
--
C
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(C)
/k3eŋ /
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˥](C)
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑɲ˧˥](X1)
(C)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ən˥](C1)
(C1)
(C)
[ciˑn˥˨]
(C1)
[kɪŋˑ˧]
kính
(C1)
(C1)
[ki̯ əŋ˩]
Tokyo
けい(kei),きょう(kyō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
경(gyeong)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kie
̯ ̆ŋ
*kjiŋh
*kieŋ
*krjeŋs
*kreŋs
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kenkätä is joined to DOM 656C 敬.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Swedish
skänka ‘present’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #38.
《說文解字》(121) #5788.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #13285. SKES (1955‒1978) 181 (kenkätä).
EEW (1982‒1983) 834 (kinkima). 《大字源》(1988) 826. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 348. SSA‒1
(1992) 343 (kenkätä).
180
SFE #171
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Yantai
Estonian
kebja(AA)
‘light’
(AA)
kepeä;kevyt
‘light’
Veps
kebd́ ,kebǵ
‘light’
--
Votic
tšebjä
‘light’
1161
--
Livonian
kebām
‘light’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
gæpʹpâd
‘light’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
{kapč ́ i/kapći
‘light’}?
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
kevés
‘slight’
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
{sībī
‘light’}?
Hanoi
--
Enets
{sebi/sebide
‘light’}?
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
‘light’}?
Seoul
--
Kamas
{šepeη/šäpe/seppu
{š ɯ̄mke
Finnish
‘light; cheap’}?
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
{kepä}?
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kepeä is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 182. TESz‒2 (1970)
478. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 361. EEW (1982‒1983) 745. 《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988) 146‒147.
《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 344.
181
SFE #172
DOM 7948
B (to 65A4 斤)
祈
Attested gloss
121: ‘pray’.《說文》求福也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*geþe-R(AA2)(-S(C)) {>脂(微)部(-je)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qí(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥](A2)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥](A2)
1958
(C)
Estonian
kerjaS-(AC)
‘beg’
Finnish
(AC)
kerjäS-
‘beg’
Veps
--
--
--
--
kerrə
‘beg’
Lappish
◆
‘beg’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
kur-
‘beg’
Komi
kor-
‘beg’
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
kér-
‘beg’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Yantai
[cʰiː˥]
Votic
1161
A
Livonian
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
/g3ej /
[t͡ ɕʰiəˑʔ˩](D)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˩](A2)
(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧]
[d͡ ʑiː˩˧](X2)
(B)
[t͡ ɕiː˩˧]
[t͡ ɕʰiːˑ˧˥](A2)
(A2)
(A2)
[cʰiː˩]
Hungarian
(A2)
[kʰejˑ˧˩]
khì
(A2)
(A2)
gærʹjedit
Xiamen
[kiːˑ˧˥]
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
き(ki)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
기(gi)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'i̯ ər
*gjəd
*giəi
*gjəj
*gɯl
*kerä-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kerjätä is joined to DOM 7948 祈.
《說文解字》(121) #50. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #24640. SKES (1955‒1978) 183 (kerjätä).
TESz‒2 (1970) 452. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 352. EEW (1982‒1983) 780‒781 (kerjama). 《大字源》
(1988) 1258. UEW (1988) 149.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 91. SSA‒1 (1992) 346 (kerjätä).
182
SFE #173
DOM 56DE
A1
回
Attested gloss
121: ‘turn’.《說文》轉也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕe(n)þe(AA1) {>脂(微)部(-je)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
huí(A2)
Estonian
‘time’
u
(A2)
u
(A2)
Veps
kerd
‘time’
u
(C)
Votic
ke̮ rta
‘time’
A;C
/
Livonian
(A)
Lappish
kē̮ rda
◆
gǣrʹde
‘turn’
u
u
(A2)
Mordvin
(A2)
Mari
kirda/kə̑rda
šukerδə
‘time’
u
u
(A2)
Udmurt
--
--
u
(X2)
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
[x eɪ̯ ˧˥]
Finnish
[x eɪ̯ ˧˥]
[x əɪ̯ ˥]
/ɦʷ3aj
[x eɪ̯ ˩]
[x eɪ̯ ˧˥]
[x eɪ̯ ˧˩]
[x ɵɪ̯ ˩˧]
[ɦ e̞ ː˩˧]
(A2)
[feɪ̯ ˩˧]
(C2)
[fɔˑɪ̯ ˩]
(A2)
[fiː˩]
(A2)
[wuˑj˧˩]
hồi,hòi
(A2)
(A2)
Tokyo
[hu̯ eˑ˧˥],[heːˑ˧˥]
かい(kai),え(e)
Seoul
회(hoe)
Xiamen
kordA(AA)
kerta
(AA)
‘time’
‘time’
‘long time ago’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'wər
*gwəd;-h
*ɣuəi
*wəj;-s
*guul;-s
*kerta
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kerta is joined to DOM 56DE 回.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic languages, e.g. Old Prussian kerdan
‘time’; Lithuanian kerd̃ žius ‘mature herd’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #3894. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #4690. SKES (1955‒1978) 184‒185. EEW
(1982‒1983) 952‒953. 《大字源》(1988) 422. UEW (1988) 659. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 168.
SSA‒1 (1992) 347‒348.
183
SFE #174
DOM 6838
B (to 4EA5 亥)
核
Attested gloss
121: ‘pit’.《説文》(1)。Mandarin: ‘core’’; ‘pit’.
Reconstruction
*ƕėge-R(AD) {>職部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
hé;hú(A2)
Estonian
‘center’
(A2)
Finnish
keski,e
(A2)
Vepsian
kesk
‘center’
tšehsimäine
‘average’
--
--
Lappish
gâsʹkâ
‘center’
Mordvin
keska
‘trunk’
--
--
Udmurt
kus,kusk-
‘trunk’
Komi
kos,kosk-
‘trunk’
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[xɤː˧˥];[xuː˧˥]
[xɤː˧˥];[xuː˧˥]
(C)
[xɤː˥],(2);[kuː˥]
Votic
D
/ɦ2ek /
Livonian
(D)
[xəˑʔ˩],(3);[kəˑʔ˩]
(A1)
[xaɪ̯ ˧˩]
keskE(AA)
;(4)
(A2)
[xeː˧˩];[fuː˧˩]
Mari
(D)
(D)
[xəˑʔ˥] ;[xuˑʔ˥]
u
(D2)
[ɦɐˑʔ˧];[ɦ ɐˑʔ˧]
(D)
[xɤː˧˥]
[hɛːt̚ ˩](D2)
(D2)
[hɛˑt̚ ˥]
[hɐk̚ ˑ˩](D2)
(D2)
hạch,hột ,(5)
[hiːk̚ ˥];[huːt̚ ˥](D2),(6)
(AA)
‘center’
Tokyo
かく(kaku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
핵(haek),홀(hol)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'æk
*grək
*ɣeək
*grək
*grɯɯg
*kaskɜ
(C)
(D)
(A2)
(1) 蠻夷以木皮爲篋，狀如籢尊。(2) [xae̯ ˥] . (3) [xaˑʔ˩] . (4) [kɤː˧˥] , [xɯː˧˥](A2).
(5) cây(A1), cơi(A1). (6) [haːt̚ ˥](D2).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish keski is joined to DOM 6838 核.
《説文解字》(121) #3710. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) 14743. SKES (1955) 186. EEW
(1982‒1983) 786‒787. 《大字源》(1988) 912. UEW (1988) 648. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 26.
SSA‒1 (1992) 349.
184
SFE #175
DOM 8FC4
B (to 4E5E 乞)
迄
Attested gloss
121: ‘till’.《說文》至也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gede(AD1)-S(C) {>物部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qì(C)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
Finnish
kestA-(AA)
‘extend’
(AA)
kestä-
‘extend’
Veps
--
--
[cʰiː˥]
Votic
◆
‘extend’
D
Livonian
--
(C)
/h3et /
[t͡ ɕʰieˑʔ˩](D)
dial. kesʹtit
‘extend’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˩](A2)
[t͡ ɕʰiˑʔ˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiˑʔ˥](D1)
(D)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiːt̚ ˥](D1)
(D)
[hiˑt̚ ˩],[ŋɛˑt̚ ˩]
[hɐt̚ ˑ˥](D1),[ŋɐt̚ ˑ˩](D2)
-◆
Lappish
(A1)
(D1)
kestää
(D1)
hất
(D1)
[kʰiːt̚ ˧],[hiːt̚ ˧]
Tokyo
きつ(kitsu)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
흘(heul)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xi̯ ət
*hjət
*xiət
*xjət
*hŋɯd
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kestää is joined to DOM 8FC4 迄.
《說文解字[新附]》(121 [986]) #1215. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #38724. SKES (1955‒1978)
187 (kestää). EEW (1982‒1983) 788 (kestma). 《大字源》(1988) 1735. SSA‒1 (1992) 350 (kestää).
185
SFE #176
DOM 6687
B (to 757A 畺)
暇
Attested gloss
121: ‘freetime’.《說文》閑也。Mandarin: id.; ‘summer’[夏].
Reconstruction
*geŋga(AA2) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
xiá(A2);xià(C)
i
(A2)
(C)
i
(A2)
(C)
i
(C)
[ɕ aː˧˥]
[ɕ aː˧˥]
;[~˥˩]
[ç aː˥]
C
/ɦ3a /
kesa(AA)
Finnish
kesä
(AA)
Veps
keza
‘summer’
Votic
kesä
‘summer’
--
--
Livonian
‘fallow’
‘summer’
i
(C)
Lappish
gæsse
‘summer’
i
(C)
Mordvin
kize/kiza
‘summer’
i
(C)
Mari
--
--
i
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ɕ aː˥]
[ɕ aː˥]
[ɕ aː˧˩˧]
[ɕ aː˥]
(X2)
[ɦoː˩˧]
i
(C2)
[ɕ aː˩],[xaː˩]
(C2)
[haːˑ˩]
(C)
[haː˥˨]
(C2)
Guangzhou
[haː˩]
Hanoi
(C2)
Xiamen
;[~˥˩]
Estonian
hạ
(B1)
,hả
,há
(C1)
(C2)
[haːˑ˧],[heːˑ˧]
Tokyo
か(ka)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
가(ga)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'ɔ
*gragh
*ɣea
*gras
*graas
*kesä
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kesä is joined to DOM 6687 暇.
《說文解字》(121) #4213. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #14036. SKES (1955‒1978) 187. EEW
(1982‒1983) 785‒785. 《大字源》(1988) 865. UEW (1988) 660‒661. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 12
(夏). SSA‒1 (1992) 351.
186
SFE #177
DOM 6625
A3/B (to 5C6F 屯)
春
(← DOM 8405
萅)
Attested gloss
543: ‘spring’(萅).《說文》艸春時生也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷende(AA1) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
chūn(A1)
[t͡ ʂʰuəˑn˥](A1)
Estonian
kevät
‘spring’
Veps
kevaź
‘spting’
Votic
tševäd
‘spring’
ḱävad,kievād
‘spring’
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
--
--
käηgəž/keηež
‘summer’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
/t͡ ʂʰʷ1en /
[t͡ sʰuəˑŋ˩](A)
A
Livonian
[p͡ fʰẽː˧˩]
[t͡ sʰuəˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
Mari
[t͡ ʂʰuˑn˧˩]
[t͡ sʰəˑɲ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰyˑn˧]
[t͡ sʰu̯ ən˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ sʰuˑn˥]
[t͡ sʰɵnˑ˥](A1)
(A1)
xuân
[t͡ sʰu̯ ən˥](A1)
‘spring’
(AA)
Finnish
[t͡ sʰuəˑn˧](A1)
[t͡ sʰuˑn˧˩](A)
(A1)
kevad(AA)
Tokyo
しゅん(shun)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
춘(chun)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȶʻi̯ wən
*thjən
*tɕhiuən
*thjun
*thjun
*keηä
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kevät is joined to DOM 6625 春.
《說文解字》(121) #682 (萅). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #13844 (春); #31253 (萅). SKES
(1955‒1978) 187. EEW (1982‒1983) 791‒792. 《大字源》(1988) 856 (春). UEW (1988) 659. 《汉
语方音字汇》(1989) 294 (春). SSA‒1 (1992) 352.
187
SFE #178
DOM 820C
A3/B (to 5E72 干)
舌
Attested gloss
121: ‘tongue’.《説文》在口，所以言也、別味也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕeda-R(AD2) {>月部(-da)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
shé(A2)
Estonian
keelE(CA)
‘tongue; language’
(A2)
Finnish
kieli,e
(CA)
‘tongue; language’
(A2)
Vepsian
keĺ
‘tongue; language’
(C)
Votic
tšeli,tšili
‘tongue; language’
kēĺ
‘tongue; language’
[ʂɤː˧˥]
[sɤː˧˥]
i
[ɕ eː˥]
/d͡ ʐ3atD/
Livonian
(D)
[səˑʔ˩],[saˑʔ˩]
Lappish
giellâ
‘language; trap’
(A2)
Mordvin
keĺ,käĺ
‘tongue; language’
(A2)
Mari
--
--
(D)
Udmurt
ki̮ l/kə̑l/kı̑ ḷ
‘tongue; language; word’
Komi
ki̮ l/ki̮ v/kɵl
‘tongue; language; word’
Mansi
{kälǟmt-
‘enquiry’}?
köl/ket/keл
‘word;news;languages’(?)
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
śe
‘tongue’
sioδo/sioro
‘tongue; language’
sieja
‘tongue; language’
[ʂɤː˧˥]
[seː˧˩]
[ʂəˑʔ˥]
(D2)
[zɐˑʔ˧]
(D)
[sɤː˧˥]
[sɛːt̚ ˩](D2)
(D2)
[saˑt̚ ˥]
[sit̚ ˑ˩](D2)
Khanty
(D2)
thiệt
[si̯ at̚ ˥],[t͡ siːʔ˥](D2)
Enets
Nganasan
Tokyo
ぜつ(zetsu),(1)
Selkup
šē/sē/sée
‘tongue; language’
Seoul
설(seol)
Kamas
šəkə
‘tongue; language’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȡʻi̯ at
*djat
*dʑiat
*ʟjet
*ɦblj
*ke(ē)le
(1) せつ(setsu).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kieli is joined to DOM 820C 舌.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Asian languages, e.g. Yukaghir kal‘speak’; geinerr ‘tongue, language’; Mongolian kele- ‘speak’; kelen ‘tongue,
language’ (requoted as UEW).
《説文解字》(121) #1437. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) 30277. SKES (1955) 188. EEW
(1982‒1983) 747‒749. 《大字源》(1988) 1463. UEW (1988) 144. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 21.
SSA‒1 (1992) 353.
188
SFE #179
DOM 7981
B (to 6797 林)
禁
Attested gloss
121: ‘taboo’.《說文》吉凶之忌也。Mandarin: ‘prohibit’.
Reconstruction
*genþe-R(AA1);-S(C) {>侵部(-me)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
jīn(A1);jìn(C)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥](A1);[~˥˩](C)
Estonian
kieltä-
‘prohibit’
Veps
ḱeĺta,ḱeĺtä
‘prohibit’
Votic
tšēltää
‘prohibit’
kīeldə
‘prohibit’
Lappish
◆
‘prohibit’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Finnish
(C)
[ciˑn˧˩˧] ;[~˥]
A;C
/k3em /
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˩](A);[~˥](C)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ ẽː˧˩] ;[~˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥](A1);[~˧˩˧](C)
i
(A1)
(C)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧˩] ;[~˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑɲ˥˧](A1);[~˧˥](X1)
(A1)
(C)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧] ;[~˥]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ən˥˧](A1);[~˥](C1)
(A1)
(C1)
(C)
[ciˑm˥˨]
(A1)
[kɐmˑ˥]
‘prohibit’
(CA)
[t͡ ɕiəˑn˧](A1);[~˧˩˧](B)
(B)
keelaS-(CC)
(C1)
;[~˧]
(C1)
gielʹdet
Hanoi
cấm,quắm
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
(C1)
Nganasan
--
--
[kiːm˩]
Tokyo
きん(kin),(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
금(geum)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ki̯ əm
*kjiəm
*kiəm
*krjəm
*krɯm
--
(1) こん(kon), ごん(gon).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kieltää is joined to DOM 7981 禁.
《說文解字》(121) #71. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #24743. SKES (1955‒1978) 188 (kieltää).
EEW (1982‒1983) 749‒750 (keelama). 《大字源》(1988) 1264. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 285; 286.
SSA‒1 (1992) 354 (kieltää).
189
SFE #180
DOM 8CEA
B (to 65A6 斦)
質
Attested gloss
121: ‘pawn’.《說文》以物相贅。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*geþe-R(AA1)-X(B);-S(C) {>物(質)部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
zhì(C)
[t͡ ʂɨː˥˩](C)
Veps
ḱehl,ḱihl
‘engagement’
Votic
◆
‘engagement’
Livonian
◆
‘pawn; engagement’
Lappish
◆
‘engagement’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t͡ ʂɨː˧˩]
[t͡ sɨː˧˩](A2)
(A1)
[t͡ sɨˑʔ˥]
[t͡ saˑʔ˥](D1)
(D)
[t͡ sɨˑʔ˧˥]
[t͡ səːt̚ ˥](D1)
(D)
[t͡ sɨː˥˩] ,[t͡ səˑt̚ ˩]
[t͡ sɐt̚ ˑ˥](D1)
(C1)
chất ,(1)
[t͡ siːˑ˩](C1),[t͡ siːt̚ ˧](D1)
‘engagement’
‘engagement’
/ʈ3ej /;/t͡ ʂ3et /
[t͡ səˑʔ˩](D)
(D1)
Finnish
◆
◆
D
(C)
◆
(AA)
[t͡ sɨː˥˩](C),[~˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩˧](B)
C
kihlA(AA)
Estonian
kihla
tšihla
kīˀl
gihle
Tokyo
しち(shichi),(2)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
질(jil),지(ji)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*tie
̯ ̆ d;ȶie
̯ ̆t
WANG
*trjidh;tjit
(C1)
(C1)
*tiet;tɕiet
(C1)
(C1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*trjits;tjit
*tids;tjid
--
(C2)
(1) chát , chắc , chắt , chớt , chặt . (2)しつ(shitsu), ち(chi).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kihla is joined to DOM 8CEA 質.
◆
An equivalent has been suggested in Latvian: ķīle ‘pawn’ (requoted as SSA).
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (incomplete) languages, e.g. Middle
Swedish gīsl ‘pawn’; Old High German gīsal ‘pawn’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #2239. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #36833. SKES (1955‒1978) 189. EEW
(1982‒1983) 801. 《大字源》(1988) 1401. UEW (1988) 1676. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 63 (质);
64 (质). SSA‒1 (1992) 356.
190
SFE #181
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
kiilaS-(CC)
‘glitter’
Finnish
(CA)
kiiltä-
‘glitter’
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
--
--
Yantai
--
Votic
‘glitter’
1161
--
Livonian
tšīlata
kı̄ lt́ ́ə
‘glitter’
◆
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
dial. kilʹtet
‘glitter’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kiiltää is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 190. EEW
(1982‒1983) 808 (kiilas). 《大字源》(1988) ---.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 358
(kiiltää).
191
SFE #182
DOM 7DCA
A3/B (to 81E4 臤)
緊
Attested gloss
121: ‘twine urgently’.《說文》纏絲急也。Mandarin: ‘tight’.
Reconstruction
*gėnþe(AA1)-X(B) {>真部(-nþe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
jǐn(B)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧˩˧](B)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ ɕiəˑn˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧˩˧](B)
--
--
tšīni(g)
‘fastened’
--
--
Lappish
giddâ
‘fastened’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ ẽː˥˧]
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥˧](B)
(B)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧]
[t͡ ɕiˑɲ˧˥](X1)
(B)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥˩]
[t͡ ɕiːn˧˩˧](B)
(B)
[ciˑn˧˩]
(B1)
[kɐnˑ˧˥]
(B1)
Enets
--
--
(B1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
きん(kin)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
긴(gin)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
khẩn
‘fastened’
Veps
/k4en /
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˥˧](B)
(B)
kiinni
‘fastened’
(CA)
Votic
B
i
kinni(AA)
[kiːn˥˧]
,(1)
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kie
̯ ̆n
*kjinx
*kien
*kjinʔ
*kinʔ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kiinni is joined to DOM 7DCA 緊.
《說文解字》(121) #1940. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #27603. SKES (1955‒1978) 191. EEW
(1982‒1983) 835. 《大字源》(1988) 1367. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 286. SSA‒1 (1992) 358.
192
SFE #183
DOM 6025
B (to 53CA 及)
急
Attested gloss
121: ‘cramped’.《說文》褊也。Mandarin: ‘urgent’.
Reconstruction
*gebe-R(AD2) {>緝部(-be)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jí(A2)
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥](A2)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥](A2)
1958
Estonian
kiireS(AA)
Finnish
(AA)
(B)
[ciː˧˩˧]
Yantai
D
/k3ep /
[t͡ ɕiəˑʔ˩](D)
1161
Taiyuan
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩],[t͡ ɕieː˧˩](A2)
Xi’an
Chengdu
[t͡ ɕiˑʔ˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑʔ˥](D)
(D)
Nanjing
Shanghai
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕiːt̚ ˥](D1)
(D)
Changsha
Nanchang
(D1)
[ciˑp̚ ˩]
Meixian
kiireS
‘hurry’
Veps
kīruh,kiruh
‘hurry’
Votic
tšīre
‘hurry’
Livonian
(A2)
‘hurry; fast’
--
-◆
Lappish
dial. kiiras
‘hurry; fast’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
(D1)
,(1)
(D1)
Guangzhou
[kɐp̚ ˑ˥]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(D1)
Enets
--
--
[kiːp̚ ˧]
Nganasan
--
--
cấp
Xiamen
Tokyo
きゅう(kyū)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
급(geup)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ki̯ əp
*kjəp
(D1)
(D1)
(D1)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kiəp
*krjəp
*krɯb
--
(D1)
(1) gấp , kép , kíp , quắp .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kiire is joined to DOM 6025 急.
《說文解字》(121) #6773. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #10475. SKES (1955‒1978) 191. EEW
(1982‒1983) 812. 《大字源》(1988) 710. UEW (1988) 149.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 85. SSA‒1
(1992) 359.
193
SFE #184
DOM 7532
A1
甲
Attested gloss
121: ‘shiled’.《說文》(1). Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧba-R(AD1)(-X(B)) {>盍部(-ba)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiă(B)
[t͡ ɕiaː˧˩˧](B)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaː˧˩˧](B)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Estonian
kilpi(AA)
‘shield’
Finnish
(AA)
‘shield’
kilpi
Veps
--
--
[c aː˧˩˧]
Votic
--
--
D
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
gâlʹbâ
‘shield’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
i
(B)
/k2ap /
[t͡ ɕiaˑʔ˩](D)
[t͡ ɕ aː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaː˧˩](A2)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ aˑʔ˩]
[t͡ ɕiɐˑʔ˥],[t͡ ɕiˑʔ˥](D1)
i
(D)
[t͡ ɕ aː˧˥],[kaː˧˥]
[kaːt̚ ˥](D1)
i
(D)
Khanty
--
--
(D1)
Hungarian
--
--
(D3)
Nenets
--
--
[kaˑp̚ ˩]
[kaˑp̚ ˧]
Enets
--
--
(D1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
こう(kō),かん(kan)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
갑(gap)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
giáp
(D1)
,(1)
[kaːp̚ ˧],[kaːʔ˧]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kap
*krap
*keap
*krap
*kraab
-(D2)
(D1)
(D1)
(1) 東方之孟，陽气萌動，从木戴孚甲之象。. (2) giẹp , kép , nháp , ráp(D1).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kilpi is joined to DOM 7532 甲.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Indo-European languages, e.g. Latin
clypeus ‘shield worn’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #9690. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #21725. SKES (1955‒1978) 194. EEW
(1982‒1983) 826‒827. 《大字源》(1988) 1167. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 10. SSA‒1 (1992) 364.
194
SFE #185
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Yantai
1161
Estonian
kimpU(AA)
‘bunch’
(AA)
kimppu
‘bunch’
Veps
--
--
--
Votic
--
--
--
Livonian
kimp
‘bunch’
‘bunch’
Finnish
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
kep
‘bunch’
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
gimʹpo
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kimppu is not detected in Chinese.
◆
An equivalent has been suggested in Latvian: ķimpa ‘misfortune; bunch’
(requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 195. EEW
(1982‒1983) 830. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 188. SSA‒1 (1992) 365.
195
SFE #186
DOM 82E6
B (to 53E4 古)
苦
Attested gloss
121: ‘bitter plant’.《說文》大苦，苓也。Mandarin: ‘bitter’.
Reconstruction
*gʷȧƕa(;-R)(AA1)-X(B) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
kǔ(B)
Estonian
(B)
[kʰuː˧˩˧]
(B)
(B)
[kʰuː˧˩˧]
B
/kʰ1o /
‘bitter’; ‘sorrowful’
‘sick’; ‘bitter’
Veps
ḱ ib́ ed
‘sick’
Votic
tšipe̮ a
‘sick’
Livonian
kiˀbd́ i;(+)kɔ̄raz
(B)
Lappish
◆
(+)dial.
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
(B)
Mari
--
--
(B)
Udmurt
(+)kuri̯ t
‘bitter’
[kʰuː˧]
[kʰuː˥˧]
[kʰuː˥˧]
[kʰuː˧]
kārvēs
‘painful’; ‘bitter’
‘bitter’
(X1)
Komi
(+)kuri̯ d
‘bitter’
(B)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--!
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kʰuː˧˥]
[kʰuː˥˩]
(B)
[kʰuː˧˩˧]
(B)
[kʰuː˧˩],[fuː˧˩]
(B1)
[fuː˧˥]
khổ
(AA)
kipeä;(+)karvas
Finnish
[kʰuː˧˩˧]
kibe;(+)kurbA(AA)
(B1)
(B1)
[kʰɔːˑ˥˧]
Tokyo
く(ku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
고(go)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'o
*khagx;-h
*kha
*khaʔ;-s
*khaaʔ;-s
(+)*karwa
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kipeä is joined to DOM 82E6 苦.
(!) A previously suggested equivalent {Khanty korəχ ‘burn’} is rejected, due to
semantic difficulties.
《說文解字》(121) #323.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #30797. SKES (1955‒1978) 196 (kipeä);
(+)167
(karvas). EEW (1982‒1983) 793‒794 (kibe); (+)1054 (kurb). 《大字源》(1988) 1482. UEW
(1988) 128‒129. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 125. SSA‒1 (1992) 368 (kipeä); (+)320 (karvas).
196
SFE #187
DOM 8A18
B (to 5DF1 己)
記
Attested gloss
121: ‘remember’.《說文》疏也。Mandarin: ‘record’.
Reconstruction
*gege-R(AA1)-S(C) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jì(C)
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
‘mail’
Finnish
(AA)
‘book’
kird́ ,kirj
‘reocord’
tšīrja
‘reocord’
kēra
‘reocord’
Lappish
◆
‘book; mail’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
C
/k3ej /
[t͡ ɕiː˥](C)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕiː˥]
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕiː˥]
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥](X1)
(C)
[t͡ ɕiː˥]
[t͡ ɕiːˑ˥](C1)
(C1)
(C)
[ciː˥˨]
(C1)
[kejˑ˧]
(A1)
,ghi
(C1)
kirja
Veps
[ciː˥]
kí,ký
kiriA(AA)
Votic
(C)
(C1)
Estonian
girʹje
Xiamen
[kiːˑ˩]
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
き(ki)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
기(gi)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ki̯ əg
*kjəgh
*kiə
*kjəs
*kɯ
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kirja is joined to DOM 8FF9 記.
《說文解字》(121) #1564. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #35244. SKES (1955‒1978) 198.
EEW(1982‒1983) 843‒844. 《大字源》(1988) 1615.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 88 (记). SSA‒1 (1992)
369‒370.
197
SFE #188
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
---
kirves(AC)
‘axe’
(AC)
‘axe’
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
‘axe’
‘axe’
kirves
Shenyang
--
Veps
◆
Yantai
--
Votic
◆
Livonian
◆
1161
--
kirvez,kervez
tširvez,tšervez
kīraz
‘axe’
◆
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
dial. kerwes
‘axe’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kirves is not detected in Chinese.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic languages (exclusive), e.g. Lithuanian
kirṽ is ‘axe’; Latvian cirvis ‘axe’ (requoted as SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 200. EEW
(1982‒1983) 849. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 373.
198
SFE #189
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Yantai
Estonian
kisku-(AA)
Finnish
(AA)
‘rip, pull’
kisko-
‘pull’
Veps
kiškaita
‘pierce’
--
Votic
tšiskoa
‘draw, peel’
1161
--
Livonian
kīskə
‘rip, pull’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
gâiʹkot
‘rip, pull’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
‘pinch’
Chengdu
--
Mari
śkiŕa-/kster
́ ́ ́ a--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
{keś-
‘rip, pull, cleave’}?
Shanghai
--
Komi
{koś-
‘rip, pull’}?
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
{kö̆ s-
‘rip, hurt’}?
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
*kiśkɜ-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kiskoa is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 201. EEW
(1982‒1983) 850‒851 (kiskuma). 《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988) 162. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
---. SSA‒1 (1992) 373 (kiskoa).
199
SFE #190
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Beijing
--
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Estonian
kida(AA)
‘throat’
(AA)
Finnish
kita
--
Veps
kida
‘throat, mouth’
--
Votic
--
--
--
Livonian
‘throat’
kiˀd
‘entrails of fish’
◆
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
dial. kahtie
‘throat’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
{kooləm/χoləηka
‘palate’}?
Nanchang
--
Khanty
{kotəmnəη/χŏtəηtə
‘palate’}?
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kita is not detected in Chinese.
◆
An equivalent has been suggested in Latvian: ķidas ‘entrails of fish’ (requoted as
SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 201. EEW
(1982‒1983) 796. 《大字源》(1988) ---.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 374.
200
SFE #191
DOM 572D
A3
圭
Attested gloss
121: ‘a sort of jadestone’.《說文》瑞玉也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gėƕa(AA2) {>支部(-ja)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
guī(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
u
(A1)
Veps
kivi
‘stone’
u
(A)
tšivi
‘stone’
kiˀuv,kiˀv,kiˀu
‘stone’
[k eɪ̯ ˥]
Finnish
[k eɪ̯ ˧]
[k əɪ̯ ˧˩]
Votic
1161
A
Livonian
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
‘stone’
u
Yantai
Taiyuan
kivi(AA)
/kʷ4aj /
kivi,e
(AA)
‘stone’
u
(A)
Lappish
--
--
u
(A1)
Mordvin
kev,käv
‘stone’
u
(A1)
Mari
kü,küj
‘stone’
u
(A1)
Udmurt
ke̮
‘millstone’
u
(A1)
Komi
izki
‘millstone’
u
(A1)
Mansi
küw/käw/kaw
‘stone’
köγ/kew
‘stone’
kő
‘stone’
[k eɪ̯ ˩]
[k eɪ̯ ˧˩]
[k eɪ̯ ˥]
[k ɵɪ̯ ˧˩]
[k e̞ ː˥˧]
[k eɪ̯ ˧]
[kuə̯̆ɪ̯ ˥˧](A1)
Khanty
(A1)
[kʋəɪ̯ ˥]
Hungarian
(A1)
Guangzhou
[kʷɐjˑ˥]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Xiamen
khuê ,(1)
[kuə̯̆ɪ̯ ˥](A1)
Tokyo
けい(kei)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
규(gyu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*kiweg
*kwig
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kyue
*kʷe
*kʷee
*kiwe
(A1)
(1) quê, khoai, que .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kivi is joined to DOM 572D 圭.
Equivalents have been suggested in Yukaghir: šäu, χäi ‘stone’ (requoted as UEW).
《說文解字》(121) #9099. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #4887. SKES (1955‒1978) 203. TESz‒2
(1970) 600‒601. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 368. EEW (1982‒1983) 859‒860. 《大字源》(1988) 456. UEW
(1988) 163‒164. SSA‒1 (1992) 378.
201
SFE #192
DOM 8857
B (to 572D 圭)
街
Attested gloss
121: ‘street’.《說文》四通道也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧþa(AA1) {>支部(-ja)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
jiē(A1)
[t͡ ɕieː˥](A1)
Estonian
Veps
kohtas
‘in front of’
Votic
ke̮ hta
‘place’
[c ae̯ ˧˩]
/k2aj /
[t͡ ɕieː˩](A)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ eː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaɪ̯ ˥](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ ɛː˧˩]
i
(A1)
‘place’
◆
kohta
(A1)
A
(AA)
Finnish
[t͡ ɕieː˧](A1),(1)
i
kohtA(AA)
; katu
kuˀodi
‘place’; ‘street’
‘direct’
◆
Lappish
goakʹte; gato
‘nearly’; ‘street, road’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
[kaː˥˧]
[kaɪ̯ ˧]
(A1)
[kaˑɪ̯ ˥˧]
(A1)
[kɛː˥]
(A1)
[kaˑj˥]
Enets
--
--
(A1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
がい(gai),かい(kai)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
가(ga)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
nhai,nhây
(A1)
[keːˑ˥],[ku̯ eˑ˥]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ke ̆g
LI
*krig
(A1)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ke
*kre
*kree
--
(A1)
(1) [kae̯ ˧] ; (+)[ˈka˧ta] ‘place’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kohta is joined to DOM 8857 街.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive) languages, see SFGE #39.
《說文解字》(121) #1267. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #34051. SKES (1955‒1978) 205‒206
(kohta); 172 (katu). EEW(1982‒1983) 894‒896. 《大字源》(1988) 1573. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
45. SSA‒1 (1992) 383 (kohta); 329 (katu).
202
SFE #193
DOM 8831
A3
蠱
Attested gloss
121: ‘parasite’.《說文》腹中蟲也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧþa(AA1) {>支部(-ja)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
gǔ(B)
(B)
[kuː˧˩˧]
‘moth’
Finnish
(C)
‘moth’
koi
Veps
koja,kojeg
‘moth’
(B)
Votic
koi
‘moth’
kuoi,kūoja
‘moth’
[kuː˧˩˧]
B
/k1o /
Livonian
(B)
Lappish
kuåʹjjě
‘moth’
(B)
Mordvin
ki
‘moth’
(B)
Mari
kije
‘moth’
(B)
[kuː˧]
[kuː˥˧]
[kuː˥˧]
[kuː˧]
Udmurt
kej
‘moth’
(X1)
Komi
ke̮ j
‘moth’
(B)
Mansi
kij/käj
‘moth’
(B)
Khanty
kej
‘moth’
(B)
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kuː˧˥]
[kuː˥˩]
[kuː˧˩˧]
[kuː˧˩]
(B1)
Guangzhou
[kuː˧˥]
Hanoi
(B1)
Xiamen
koi(C)
(B)
[kuː˧˩˧]
kổ
Estonian
(B1)
[kɔːˑ˥˧]
Tokyo
こ(ko),や(ya)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
고(go)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ko
*kagx
*ka
*kaʔ
*klaaʔ
*koje
The Finnic etymon of Finnish koi is joined to DOM 8831 蠱.
《說文解字》(121) #8929. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #33867. SKES (1955‒1978) 207. EEW
(1982‒1983) 900. 《大字源》(1988) 1566. UEW (1988) 167‒168. SSA‒1 (1992) 384.
203
SFE #194
DOM 72D7
B (to 53E5 句)
狗
Attested gloss
121: ‘dog’.《說文》犬也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(AA1)-X(B) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
gǒu(B)
Estonian
(B)
[kɤʊ̯˧˩˧]
[kəʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
Finnish
(B)
‘dog’
Veps
koir,koiŕ
‘dog’
Votic
koira
‘dog’
kuoirūnda maˀggə
‘nap (dog’s sleep)’
Lappish
◆
‘dog’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
ki̮ r
‘male dog’
Mansi
kɛ̮̄ r,kēr,χār
‘male, stallion’
Khanty
kar,χor,χar
‘male, stallion’
Hungarian
here
‘male bee’
Nenets
χora
‘male, stallion’
kuða/kura
‘unbolted reindeer’
kúru
‘buck’
Selkup
qor
‘buck’
Kamas
kora
‘buck’
Livonian
[kəʊ̯˧]
[koʊ̯˥˧](B)
(B)
[kəʊ̯˥˧]
[kəɯ̯˧](B)
(X1)
[kɤɯ̯˧˥]
[kəʊ̯˥˩](B)
(B)
[ki̯ ɛʊ̯˧˩˧]
(B1)
[kɐwˑ˧˥]
cẩu
(B1)
Enets
(B1)
Tokyo
[kɔːˑ˥˧],[kaˑʊ̯˥˧]
こう(kō),く(ku)
Seoul
구(gu)
Xiamen
koira
(B)
[cʲɛʊ̯˧˩]
‘dog’
(CA)
[koʊ̯˧˩˧]
/k1ewB/
(B)
koerA(CA)
Nganasan
goairre
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ku
*kugx
*ko
*koʔ
*kooʔ
*koj(e)-ra
The Finnic etymon of Finnish koira is joined to DOM 72D7 狗.
《說文解字》(121) #6268.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #37034. SKES (1955‒1978) 207‒208.
TESz‒2 (1970) 95‒96. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 281. EEW (1982‒1983) 883. 《大字源》(1988) 1683.
UEW (1988) 168‒169. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 209. SSA‒1 (1992) 385.
204
SFE #195
DOM 8AB2
B (to 679C 果)
課
Attested gloss
121: ‘examine’.《說文》試也。Mandarin: ‘lesson’.
Reconstruction
*gʷage-R(AA1)-S(C) {>歌部(-ʁ̩)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
kè(C)
Estonian
(C)
[kʰɤː˥˩]
[kʰɤː˥˩]
u
(C)
[kʰɤː˥],[kʰ oː˥]
/kʰʷ1e
A;C
(AA)
‘experience’
koke-
‘experience’
Veps
--
--
Votic
--
--
koˀktə
‘attempt’
Finnish
(C)
koge-(AA)
◆
/
Livonian
u
(C)
Lappish
kuohađ
‘examine a fish trap’
u
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
--
--
(C)
[kʰ ɤː˥]
[kʰ oː˥]
[kʰoː˧˩˧]
[kʰoː˥]
Udmurt
--
--
(X1)
Komi
--
--
(C1)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
χo-
‘find’
koa-/kua-
‘seek, find’
--
--
[kʰoː˧˥]
[kʰoː˥]
(C1)
[kʰu̯ ɔˑ˥]
[kʰɔː˥˩](C)
(C1)
[fɔː˧]
khóa
(C1)
Nenets
,(1)
Enets
(C1)
[kʰoːˑ˩],[kʰeːˑ˩]
Nganasan
Tokyo
か(ka)
Selkup
qo-/qō-
‘see, find’
Seoul
과(gwa)
Kamas
ku-
‘see, check’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*k'wɑ
WANG
*khuar;-h
(C1)
(B1)
*khuai
(B1)
(B1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*khoj;-s
*khlool;-s
--
(B1)
(1) khoá , khoả , thoả , thuở , thuả .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kokea is joined to DOM 8AB2 課.
《說文解字》(121) #1536. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #35589. SKES (1955‒1978) 208 (kokea).
EEW (1982‒1983) 885 (kogema). 《大字源》(1988) 1630. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 24. SSA‒1
(1992) 386 (kokea).
205
SFE #196
DOM 548C
A3
和
Attested gloss
121: ‘harmony’.《說文》并也。Mandarin: ‘together’.
Reconstruction
*ƕʷeƕe-R(AA2);-S(C) {>歌部(-ʁ̩)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
hé (A2);huò (C)
(A2)
u
(C)
(A2)
u
(C)
[xɤː˧˥]
;[x oː˥˩]
[xɤː˧˥]
Estonian
kogu(AA)
Finnish
koko
(AA)
‘whole; collection’
‘whole’
;[x ɤː˥˩]
Veps
kogo
‘accumulation’
u
(C)
Votic
koko
‘whole’
kogīń(əz)
‘even’
u
(A)
(C)
‘assemble’
u
(A2)
[xɤː˥];[x oː˥]
/ɦʷ3e
A;C
/
Livonian
Lappish
◆
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
(C)
Mari
[x ɤː˩] ;[~˥]
[x ɤː˧˥]
;[~˥]
(A2)
[xoː˧˩]
;[~˧˩˧]
{koγo/kuγu
‘big; important’}?
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(A2)
[xoː˩˧]
(X2)
[ɦuː˩˧];[vm̩ ː˩˧]
(A2)
[xoː˩˧]
(C2)
[fɔːˑ˩];[ʔuɔ̯ˑ˩]
[fɔː˩](A2)
(A2)
[wɔː˧˩]
cường
(A2)
,cương
(A2)
[hoːˑ˧˥]
,(1)
kuåkned
(A1)
Tokyo
わ(wa),か(ka)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
화(hwa)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*g'wɑ
LI
*guar;-h
(A2)
(C2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ɣuai
*goj;-s
*gool;-s
*kokɜ
(C2)
(1) [heːˑ˧˥] ; [hoːˑ˧] , [heːˑ˧] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish koko is joined to DOM 548C 和.
《說文解字》(121) #845. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3490. SKES (1955‒1978) 209. EEW
(1982‒1983) 885‒886. 《大字源》(1988) 404. UEW (1988) 670.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 26.
SSA‒1 (1992) 387.
206
SFE #197
DOM 4E09
A2
三
Attested gloss
121: ‘three’.《說文》从三數。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕambe-R(AA1) {>侵部(-me)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
sān(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[saˑn˥]
‘three’
(AA)
Finnish
kolme
(A1)
Veps
kouḿe
‘three’
(A)
Votic
kelme
̮ ̮ d,ke̮ m
‘three’
kuolm
‘three’
[saˑn˧]
[saˑn˧˩]
‘three’
A;C
/
Livonian
(A)
[sæ̃ ː˩]
[sãː˧˩](A1)
Lappish
golʹbmâ
‘three’
Mordvin
kolmo/kolma
‘three’
kə̑m/kum
kwiń
‘three’
Komi
kujim/kvim
‘three’
Mansi
kōrəm/χūrəm/kūrəm
‘three’
Khanty
kɔləm/χutəm/χuləm
‘three’
három
‘three’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
/s1am
(A1)
Mari
(A1)
Udmurt
[saˑn˥]
[saˑŋ˧˩]
(A1)
[se̞ ː˥˧]
[saˑn˧]
(A1)
(A1)
[saːn˥˧]
(A1)
(C)
(A1)
(C1)
[saˑm˥]
Guangzhou
[saˑm˥]
Hanoi
(A1)
Xiamen
kolmE(AA)
,[~˥˨]
Hungarian
,[~˧]
tam
(A1)
[saːm˥],[sãːˑ˥]
‘three’
Tokyo
さん(san),ぞう(zō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
삼(sam)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*sŭm
*səm;-h
*siuəm
*sum;-s
*suum;-s
*ko(u)lme
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kolme is joined to DOM 4E09 三.
《說文解字》(121) #77. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #12. SKES (1955‒1978) 212. TESz‒2 (1970)
63. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 268‒269. EEW (1982‒1983) 920‒921. 《大字源》(1988) 138. UEW (1988)
174. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 231. SSA‒1 (1992) 391‒392.
207
SFE #198
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
korjaS-(AC)
‘gather’
Finnish
(AC)
‘gather’
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
korjaSkord
́ ́ ata/koŕjata
Yantai
--
Votic
ke̮ rjata
‘put into a hiding place’
1161
--
Livonian
kuoŕŕə
‘gather’
‘gather’
‘gather’/‘turn around’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
goarʹjedit
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish korjata is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 218‒219 (korjata).
EEW (1982‒1983) 955‒956 (korjama). 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1
(1992) 403 (korjata).
208
SFE #199
DOM 4E54
A3/B (to 9AD8 高)
喬
Attested gloss
121: ‘high and curve’.《說文》高而曲也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*geƕa-R(AA2) {>宵部(-wa)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qiáo(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˧˥](A2)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiao̯ ˧˥](A2)
1958
i
[cʰ ao̯ ˥]
1161
A
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Finnish
A
/g3aw /;/k3aw /
[t͡ ɕʰiao̯ ˩](A)
[t͡ ɕʰ aʊ̯˧˥]
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˧˩](A2)
i
(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰ ɔo̯ ˩˧]
[d͡ ʑiɔː˩˧](X2)
i
(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰ aʊ̯˩˧]
[t͡ ɕʰiɛʊ̯˧˥](A2)
i
kõrge(AA)
korkea
‘high’
(AA)
‘high’
Veps
korged
‘high’
Votic
ke̮ rke̮ a
‘high’
Livonian
kuordə
‘high’
◆
goarʹgâd
‘high’
kə̑ʀka
kə̑rə̑k/kurə̑k
‘deep’
̮ ́
(+)girez
‘pithy’
ki̮ r;(+)giris
̮ ̮ ́ /gɵ́riś
‘steep slope’; ‘big,rough’
(C)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
Lappish
Mordvin
Mari
Udmurt
Komi
(A2)
Mansi
(+)
◆
‘mountain’(?)
körəs/karəs/kars
‘high’
kěrəš/kǎrəś
‘high’
◆
Khanty
(+)
(A2)
Hungarian
--
--
(A2)
Nenets
--
--
kiều
[ki̯ ă ʊ̯˧˥],[kʰi̯ ă ʊ̯˧˥](A2)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[cʰʲaʊ̯˩]
[kʰiˑw˧˩]
(A2)
Tokyo
きょう(kyō),(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
교(gyo)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'i̯ og;ki̯ og
*gjagw;kjagw
*giô;kiô
*ɦkrjaw;krjaw
*grew;krew
*korkɜ
(1) ぎょう(gyō).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish korkea is joined to DOM 4E54 喬.
《說文解字》(121) #6587. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3990. SKES (1955‒1978) 219. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1103. 《大字源》(1988) 422. UEW (1988) 672; (+)646‒647. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
197 (乔). SSA‒1 (1992) 403.
209
SFE #200
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
kõrbE(AA)
‘desert; wilderness’
(AA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
koŕb
‘desert; wilderness’
Yantai
--
Votic
--
--
1161
--
Livonian
--
--
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
--
--
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
kōrp/χōrp
‘forest’(?)
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Finnish
korpi,e
‘deep forest’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish korpi is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 219. EEW
(1982‒1983) 955‒956. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 405.
210
SFE #201
DOM 9D3F
B (to 5408 合)
鴿
Attested gloss
121: ‘Columbidae’.《說文》鳩屬。Mandarin: ‘dove (bird)’.
Reconstruction
*gabe-R(AD1) {>緝部(-be)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
gē(A1)
(A1)
◆
‘raven’
(AA)
Finnish
◆
(A1)
Veps
--
--
(A)
Votic
--
--
Livonian
--
-‘raven’
[kɤː˥]
[kɤː˧]
[kɤː˧˩]
D
/k1ap /
(D)
korppi
‘raven’
Lappish
◆
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A2)
Mari
--
--
(D)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kəˑʔ˩],[kaˑʔ˩]
[kɤː˧˩]
[koː˧˩]
[koˑʔ˥]
(D1)
[kɐˑʔ˥]
(D)
[koː˧˥]
[kɔːt̚ ˥](D1)
(D1)
[kaˑp̚ ˩]
(D1)
[kɐp̚ ˑ˥]
cáp
korpI(AA)
Estonian
(D3)
,[kaˑp̚ ˧]
(D1)
(D1)
[kaːp̚ ˧]
goarʹpâ
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
갑(gap)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kəp
*kəp
*kəp
*kup
*kuub
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish korppi is joined to DOM 9D3F 鴿.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, e.g.
Swedish korp ‘raven’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #40.
《說文解字》(121) #2370. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #46884. SKES (1955‒1978) 208. EEW
(1982‒1983) 885. 《大字源》(1988) 2020. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 22 (鸽). SSA‒1 (1992) 405.
211
SFE #202
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Yantai
1161
Estonian
kõrsE(AA)
‘stalk’
(AA)
korsi,e
‘stalk’
Veps
--
--
--
Votic
ke̮ rsi
‘stalk’
--
Livonian
--
-‘stalk of grass’
Finnish
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
kårʹså
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish korsi is not detected in Chinese.
Equivalents have been suggested in Baltic languages, e.g. Lithuanian kártis ‘thin
pole’ (requoted as SSA); Latvian kãrts ‘pole’ (LtEW 225. LvEV 387).
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 220. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1108. 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 406.
212
SFE #203
DOM 8033
A1
耳
Attested gloss
121: ‘ear’.《說文》主聽也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕeƕe-R(AA2)-X(B) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
ěr(B)
Estonian
(B)
[ʔəˑɻ˧˩˧]
Finnish
kõrvA(AA)
korva
‘ear’
(AA)
‘ear’
(B)
Veps
korv
‘ear’
(B)
Votic
ke̮ rva
‘ear’
/n̪ 3ej /
[ʔəˑɹ˥˧](B)
Livonian
kūora
‘ear’
Lappish
goarʹve
‘ear’
(B)
Mordvin
--
--
(B)
Mari
--
--
kwar
‘leaf’
[ʔəˑɹ˧˩˧]
[ʔəˑɹ˧˩˧]
B
[ʔəˑɻ˥˧]
[ʔəˑɹ˥˧]
(B)
[ʔəˑɻ˧]
Udmurt
(X2)
Shanghai
[ɦəˑɹ ˩˧],[ɲiː˩˧]
Komi
kor/kur
‘leaf’
Changsha
(B)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
{harap
‘dry grass’}?
(+)χā/kūˀ
‘ear’
(+)kȏ
‘ear’
(+)kou
‘ear’
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
[ʔɤː˥˩]
(B)
[ʔəːˑ˧˩˧]
(B)
[ɲiː˧˩]
Hungarian
(B2)
[jiː˩˧]
Hanoi
nhĩ,nhãi
Xiamen
(B)
Nenets
(B2)
,nhải
(B1)
[nĩːˑ˥˧] ,
Enets
Nganasan
Tokyo
じ(ji);じょう(jō)
Selkup
(+)qō
‘ear’
Seoul
이(i)
Kamas
(+)ku
‘ear’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ȵi̯ əg
LI
*njəgx
(C2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȵiə
*njəʔ
*njɯʔ
*kakta
(C2)
(1) [hĩːˑ˧] , [hiːˑ˧] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish korva is joined to DOM 8033 耳.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive) languages, see SFGE #41.
《說文解字》(121) #7752. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #28999. SKES (1955‒1978) 221. TESz‒2
(1970) 56. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 266. EEW (1982‒1983) 1110‒1111. 《大字源》(1988) 1413. UEW
(1988) 187‒188; (+)197.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 70. SSA‒1 (1992) 408.
213
SFE #204
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
koskE(AA)
‘rapids, waterfall’
(AA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
košk
‘rapids’
Yantai
--
Votic
--
--
1161
--
Livonian
--
--
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
guoiʹkâ
‘rapids’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
kaškȇ/koške/kośk
‘rapids’
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
koś/kośk/kośt
‘rapids’
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Finnish
koski,e
‘rapids’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
*kośke
The Finnic etymon of Finnish koski is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 222. EEW
(1982‒1983) 964. 《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988) 674. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1
(1992) 409.
214
SFE #205
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Yantai
1161
Estonian
kostA-(AA)
‘sound’
(AA)
kosta-
‘revenge’
Veps
--
--
--
Votic
--
--
--
Livonian
Finnish
kuostə
‘respond’
◆
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
dial. goasʹtet
‘revenge’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kostaa is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 223 (kostaa). EEW
(1982‒1983) 967‒968 (kostma). 《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988) 674. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
---. SSA‒1 (1992) 410 (kostaa).
215
SFE #206
DOM 5BB6
A3
家
Attested gloss
121: ‘home house’.《說文》居也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧþa(AA1) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiā(A1)
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaː˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
i
Estonian
Hanoi
Xiamen
ke̮ ta
‘room’
Livonian
kuodā
‘building’
Lappish
goatte
‘hut’
Mordvin
kudo/kud
‘house, room’
kuδə̑/kuδo
kwala
‘summer cottage’
Komi
kola
‘summer cottage’
Mansi
--
--
kat/χot/χat
‘house’
ház
‘house, building’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[t͡ ɕ aː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
Mari
[t͡ ɕ aː˧],[kaː˧]
Guangzhou
‘chicken coop’
(A1)
Changsha
Meixian
koda
/k2a /
[t͡ ɕiaː˩](A)
Shanghai
Nanchang
Veps
Votic
A
[t͡ ɕ aː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaː˥˧],[kaː˥˧](A1)
Nanjing
kota
[c aː˧˩]
i
(A1)
i
Udmurt
(A1)
(A1)
[kaːˑ˥˧]
Khanty
(A1)
[kaː˥]
Hungarian
(A1)
[kaː˥]
(A1)
gia
,nhà
(A2)
(A1)
[kaːˑ˥],[keːˑ˥]
‘house’
(AA)
Finnish
(A)
i
koda(AA)
‘hut’
‘summer cottage’
Tokyo
か(ka),け(ke),こ(ko)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
가(ga),고(go)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kɔ
*krag
*kea
*kra
*kraa
*kota
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kota is joined to DOM 5BB6 家.
Equivalents have been suggested in many languages across the world, e.g. Persian
kad ‘house’; Turkish kota ‘house’; Mongolian qota(n) ‘enclosure; village; town;
house’ (requoted as UEW).
《說文解字》(121) #4533. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #7169. SKES (1955‒1978) 224. TESz‒2
(1970) 76. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 278‒279. EEW (1982‒1983) 880‒881. 《大字源》(1988) 566. UEW
(1988) 190. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 9. SSA‒1 (1992) 411‒412.
216
SFE #207
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
kotkas(AC)
‘eagle’
(AA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
--
--
Yantai
--
Votic
kotko
‘eagle’
1161
--
Livonian
kuotkānəz
‘eagle’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
goasʹkem
‘eagle’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
‘eagle’
Chengdu
--
Mari
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
kutś ́ kan
kutškəž/kutkə̑ž
kutš
Shanghai
--
Komi
kutš
‘eagle’
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Finnish
kotka
‘eagle’
‘eagle’
‘eagle’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
*kočka
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kotka is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 224. EEW
(1982‒1983) 969‒970.《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988) 668.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1
(1992) 412.
217
SFE #208
DOM 9264
A3/B (to 53E5 句)
鉤
Attested gloss
121: ‘hook’.《說文》曲也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(AA1) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
gōu(A1)
‘hook’
koukku
‘hook’
Veps
kouk,kūk
‘hook’
Votic
koukku
‘hook’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘hook’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
(A1)
[kɤʊ̯˥]
[kəʊ̯˧](A1)
Finnish
(A)
[koʊ̯˧˩]
/k1ewA/
(A)
[kəʊ̯˩]
[koʊ̯˧˩](A1)
(A1)
[kəʊ̯˥]
[kəɯ̯˧˩](A1)
(A1)
[kɤɯ̯˥˧]
[kəʊ̯˧](A1)
[ki̯ ɛ̆ʊ̯˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[cʲɛʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[ŋɐwˑ˥]
câu
(A1)
(A1)
Tokyo
[kɔːˑ˥],[kaˑʊ̯˥]
こう(kō),く(ku)
Seoul
구(gu)
Xiamen
(CA)
(+)haakI
(CA)
Estonian
kåuko
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ku
*kug
*ko
*ko
*koo
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish koukku is joined to DOM 9264 鉤.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, see SFGE
#42.
《說文解字》(121) #1453. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #40319. SKES (1955‒1978) 226.
EEW(1982‒1983) 238‒239. 《大字源》(1988) 1804. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 209 (钩). SSA‒1
(1992) 414.
218
SFE #209
DOM 56FA
B (to 53E4 古)
固
Attested gloss
121: ‘solid’.《說文》四塞也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷaƕa(AA2)(-S(C)) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
gù(C)
(C)
[kuː˥˩]
kõva(AA)
‘hard’
(AA)
‘hard’
Finnish
kova
(C)
Veps
kova
‘hard’
(C)
Votic
ke̮ va
‘hard’
‘hard’
[kuː˥˩]
[kuː˥]
C
/k1o /
(C)
Lappish
keva
̮ ̄
◆
goavve
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Livonian
[kuː˥]
[kuː˥]
(C)
[kuː˧˩˧]
(C)
[kuː˥]
‘hard’
Udmurt
--
--
(X1)
Komi
--
--
(C1)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
[kuː˧˥]
[kuː˥]
(C1)
[kuːˑ˥]
(C)
[kuː˥˨]
(C1)
Guangzhou
[kuː˧]
Hanoi
(C1)
cố
Estonian
(C1)
Xiamen
[kɔːˑ˩]
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
こ(ko)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
고(go)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ko
*kagh
*ka
*kas
*kaas
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kova is joined to DOM 56FA 固.
《說文解字》(121) #825. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #4745. SKES (1955‒1978) 227. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1113‒1114. 《大字源》(1988) 445. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 125. SSA‒1 (1992) 415.
219
SFE #210
DOM 67AF
B (to 53E4 古)
枯
Attested gloss
121: ‘withered’.《說文》槀也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷaƕa(AA1) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
kū(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[kʰuː˥]
Finnish
kuiva
‘dry’
(AA)
‘dry’
(A1)
Veps
kuiv
‘dry’
(A)
Votic
kuiva
‘dry’
‘dry’
[kʰuː˧]
[kʰuː˧˩]
A
/kʰ2o /
Livonian
kūja
(A)
Lappish
◆
{ kuife,kuiwe
‘fool’}?
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
(X1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
{kŏjem-/χŏjem-
‘fall’}?
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
[kʰuː˩]
[kʰuː˧˩]
[kʰuː˥]
[kʰuː˧˩]
[kʰuː˧˥]
[kʰuː˧]
(A1)
[kʰuːˑ˥˧]
(A1)
[kʰuː˥]
Khanty
(A1)
[fuː˥]
khô
kuivA(AA)
(A1)
(A1)
Xiamen
[kɔːˑ˥]
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
こ(ko)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
고(go)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'o
*khag
*kha
*kha
*khaa
*kujwa
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kuiva is joined to DOM 67AF 枯.
《說文解字》(121) #3586. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #14579. SKES (1955‒1978) 231. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1021‒1022. 《大字源》(1988) 904. UEW (1988) 196‒197. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
9. SSA‒1 (1992) 426.
220
SFE #211
DOM 83EF
B (to 757A 畺)
華
Attested gloss
121: ‘prosperity’.《說文》榮也。Mandarin: id.; ‘flower’(花).
Reconstruction
*ƕȧƕa(AA1/2) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
huá(A2);huā(A1)
1958
(A2)
(A1)
u
(A2)
(A1)
u
(C)
[x aː˧˥]
Beijing
;[~˥]
[x aː˧˥]
Shenyang
Estonian
u
;[~˧]
Finnish
(A)
[x aː˥] ;[~˧˩]
Yantai
A
/ɦʷ2a /
1161
Lappish
‘flower’
Mari
--
--
u
(A2)
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
;[~˥]
;[~˧˩]
(A1)
;[hoː˥˧]
(A1)
;[~˧]
(A1)
;[~˥˧]
(A2)
[faː˩]
(A1)
;[~˥]
(A2)
[waː˧˩]
hoa
(A1)
;[faː˥]
(A1)
(A2)
Tokyo
[hu̯ aˑ˧˥] ;(2)
か(ka),け(ke);(3)
Seoul
화(hwa)
Xiamen
--
◆
--
[faːˑ˩]
Hanoi
---
(C2)
Guangzhou
Livonian
Mordvin
[faː˩˧]
Meixian
‘flower’
(A1)
,(1)
(A2)
Nanchang
kukka
(A2)
[ɦoː˩˧]
Changsha
--
u
(X2)
Shanghai
--
(A2)
[x aː˩˧]
Nanjing
Veps
Votic
u
[x aː˧˩]
Chengdu
‘flower’
(A)
[x aː˧˥]
Xi’an
kukka
‘prosperity’
(AA)
u
[x aː˩]
Taiyuan
dial. kuke
gukʹka
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*g'wɔ
LI
WANG
*gwrag
u
(A1)
u
*ɣoa
(A1)
(A1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*wra
*gʷraa
--
(A1)
(1) [kʰ aː˧˩] ; [x aː˧˩] . (2) [hu̯ aˑ˥] , [hu̯ eˑ˥] . (3) くわ(kuwa), きゃ(kya).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kukka is joined to DOM 83EF 華.
《說文解字》(121) #3866. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #31119 (華); #30734 (花). SKES
(1955‒1978) 232. 《大字源》(1988) 1497 (華); 1478 (花). 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 15 (华,花).
SSA‒1 (1992) 427.
221
SFE #212
DOM 904E
B (to 54BC 咼)
過
Attested gloss
121: ‘go across’.《說文》度也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷage-R(AA1);-S(C) {>歌部(-ʁ̩)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
guō(A1);guò(C)
u
(A1)
u
(C)
u
(C)
[k oː˥]
u
Estonian
kulge-(AA)
Finnish
(AA)
(C)
;[k oː˥˩]
[k ɤː˥˩]
[k oː˥]
/kʷ1e
A;C
‘run, last’
kulke-
‘walk, travel’
Veps
kulka-
‘walk, travel’
Votic
kūgetada
‘walk, travel’
--
--
/
Livonian
u
(C)
Lappish
golʹgât
‘float’
u
(C)
Mordvin
koĺge-/koĺgə-
‘drip, flow; lick’
(C)
Mari
--
--
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
ki̮ lal-
‘float downstream’
Mansi
--
--
kɔγəl-/χoγət-
‘walk’/’run’
halad-
‘proceed, advance’
χūlā-
‘swim in current’
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[k ɤː˥]
[k oː˥]
[koː˧˩˧]
[koː˥]
(X1)
[kuː˧˥]
(C1)
[koː˥],[kuː˥]
(C1)
[ku̯ ɔˑ˥]
[kʋɔː˥˨](C)
Khanty
Hungarian
(C1)
[kʷɔː˧]
Nenets
(C1)
quá,goá,quớ
;(1)
(C1)
[koːˑ˩],[keːˑ˩] ;(2)
Tokyo
か(ka)
Selkup
qūrā-
‘go by boat’
Seoul
과(gwa)
Kamas
kål-(?)
‘go, walk’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*kwɑ
*kuar;-h
(A1)
(B1)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kuai
*kʷaj;-s
*klool;-s
*kulke-
(A1)
(1) qua , quở . (2) [ku̯ aˑ˥] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kulkea is joined to DOM 904E 過.
Equivalents have been suggested in soma Asian languages: Yukaghir kelu-, kolu‘come, go’; Koryak kule- ‘go’ (requoted as UEW).
《說文解字》(121) #1109. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #39002. SKES (1955‒1978) 233 (kulkea).
TESz‒2 (1970) 31‒32. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 252‒253. EEW (1982‒1983) 1031 (kulgema). 《大字源》
(1988) 1753. UEW (1988) 198. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 40 (过). SSA‒1 (1992) 429‒430 (kulkea).
222
SFE #213
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
kulmU(AA)
‘eyebrow’
(AA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
kuĺm
‘eyebrow’
Yantai
--
Votic
--
--
1161
--
Livonian
gūlma
‘eyebrow’
‘eyebrow’
Finnish
kulma
‘eyebrow’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
◆
‘eyebrow’
semkuĺəm/χuĺəm
‘eyebrow’
gulʹbme
Changsha
--
Mansi
samχuĺum
Nanchang
--
Khanty
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
*kuĺma
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kulma is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 234. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1035. 《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988) 201. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1
(1992) 431.
223
SFE #215
DOM 8F25
B (to 6606 昆)
輥
Attested gloss
121: ‘rolling’.《說文》轂齊等皃。Mandarin: id.; ‘roll’(滚).
Reconstruction
*gʷende(AA1)-X(B) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
gǔn(B)
kulu-(AA)
‘be spent’
Finnish
(AA)
kulu-
‘be spent’
u
(B)
u
(B)
Veps
kuluda
‘be spent’
u
(B)
Votic
kulua
‘be spent’
Livonian
kullə
‘be spent’
Lappish
gollât
‘be spent’
[k əˑn˧˩˧] ,(+)(1)
[k əˑn˧˩˧] ,(+)(2)
[k əˑn˧˩˧]
B
/kʷ1en /
u
(B)
[k əˑŋ˥˧]
u
(B)
[k ẽː˥˧]
Mordvin
--
--
u
(B)
Mari
--
--
u
(B)
Udmurt
--
--
u
(X1)
Komi
--
--
u
(B)
Mansi
kol-/χool-/χol-
‘end, cease, languish’
(B)
Khanty
kŏla-/χŏta-/χŏl-
‘end’
{hull-
‘fall, drop’}(?)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
[k əˑn˥˧]
[k əˑn˧]
[k əˑɲ˧˥]
[k əˑn˥˧]
[ku̯ ən˧˩˧]
[kuˑn˧˩](B)
Hungarian
(B1)
[kʷɐnˑ˧˥]
cỏn
(B1)
(B)
Tokyo
[kuə̯̌ n˥˧]
こん(kon)
Seoul
곤(gon)
Xiamen
Estonian
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kwən
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kwənx
*kuən
*kunʔ
*kluunʔ
*kulɜ-
(A1)
(A1)
(1) [ˈku˥lu] . (2) [ˈku˥ɾu] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kulua is joined to DOM 8F25 輥.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (~ Indo-European) languages, see SFGE
#43.
《說文解字》(121) #9500. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #38391. SKES (1955‒1978) 235‒236
(kulua). TESz‒2 (1970) 164. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 309. EEW (1982‒1983) 1036‒1037 (kulu). 《大字
源》(1988) 1722. UEW (1988) 199‒200.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 295 (滚). SSA‒1 (1992) 429‒430
(kulua).
224
SFE #215
DOM 7FA4
B (to 541B 君)
群
(← DOM 7FA3
羣)
Attested gloss
121: ‘group’(羣).《說文》輩也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷende-R(AA2) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
qún(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰyˑn˧˥](A2)
Estonian
kunta
Veps
-kund
‘group’; ‘ten’
kunt;kont
‘county’; ‘family’
--
--
Lappish
-godʹde
‘group’
Mordvin
koń d́ ä/kuń d́ ä
--
‘friend’(?)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
kānt/kōnt/χɔ̄nt
kantəγjaχ/χăntə
‘war, army’
had
‘army; clan’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(C)
[cʰyˑn˥]
Votic
1161
A
Livonian
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/gʷ3en /
[t͡ ɕʰʸəˑŋ˩](A)
[t͡ ɕʰʸẽː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕʰyˑn˧˩](A2)
(A2)
Mari
[t͡ ɕʰyˑn˩˧]
[d͡ ʑyˑɲ˩˧](X2),(1)
(A2)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˩˧]
[t͡ ɕʰy̑ ən˧˥](A2)
(A2)
Khanty
(A2)
[cʰʲuˑn˩]
Hungarian
(A2)
[kʰʷɐnˑ˧˩]
(A2)
quần,còn,quằn ,(2)
[ku̯ ə̆n˧˥],[kʰu̯ ə̆n˧˥](A2)
‘group’
(AA)
Finnish
[t͡ ɕʰʸəˑn˧˥](A2)
Yantai
Taiyuan
-kondA(AA)
‘municipality; group’
--
‘Khanty people’(?)
Tokyo
ぐん(gun),くん(kun)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
군(gun)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
*g'i̯ wən
*gjən
*giuən
i
(X2)
(A1)
͡
(1) [dʑ ʊˑɲ˩˧] . (2) cơn .
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*gjun
*glun
*kunta
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kunta is joined to DOM 7FA4 群.
《說文解字》(121) #2341 (羣). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #28498 (群); #28497 (羣). SKES
(1955‒1978) 238. TESz‒2 (1970) 13. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 238‒239. EEW (1982‒1983) 930. 《大字
源》(1988) 1396 (群,羣). UEW (1988) 206. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 298 (群). SSA‒1 (1992) 437‒
438.
225
SFE #216
DOM 85A8
B (to 77A2 瞢)
薨
Attested gloss
121: ‘die (of nobles)’.《說文》公矦𣨛也。Mandarin: †id..
Reconstruction
*ƕʷeŋƕe-R(AA1) {>蒸部(-ŋe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
hōng(A1)
(A1)
[xʊˑŋ˥]
u
(A1)
[x əˑŋ˧]
(A)
Yantai
[xuˑŋ˧˩]
1161
A
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/hʷ1eŋ /
u
koolE-(CA)
‘die’
Finnish
(CA)
kuole-
‘die’
Veps
kolda,kouda
‘die’
Votic
kōlle
‘die’
kūolə
‘die’
Livonian
(A)
Lappish
--
--
(A1)
Mordvin
kulo-
‘die’
(A1)
Mari
kole-
‘die’
(A1)
Udmurt
kul-
‘die’
(A1)
Komi
kul-/kuv-
‘die’
(A1)
Mansi
kāl-/χōl-/kōl-/χɔla-
‘die’
kăla-/χăt-/χăl-
‘die’
hal-
‘die’
Nenets
χā-
‘die’
Enets
kā-
‘die’
kūˀa-
‘die’
[x əˑŋ˩]
[xuˑŋ˧˩]
[xoˑŋ˥]
[xoˑŋ˧˩]
[hʊˑŋ˥˧]
[xəˑn˧]
(A1)
[ɸu̯ əŋ˥˧]
[fuˑn˥](A1)
Khanty
Hungarian
(A1)
[kʷɐŋˑ˥]
hoăng
Estonian
(A1)
(A1)
[hɔːŋ˥]
Nganasan
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
qū-/qump-/kua-
‘die’
Seoul
훙(hung),횡(hoeng)
Kamas
kɯ-
‘die’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xəŋ
*həŋ
*xəŋ
*xəŋ
*hmɯɯŋ
*kola-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kuolla is joined to DOM 85A8 薨.
《說文解字》(121) #2551. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #32147. SKES (1955‒1978) 239 (kuolla).
TESz‒2 (1970) 30. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 250‒251. EEW (1982‒1983) 941‒942 (koolma). 《大字源》
(1988) 1526. UEW (1988) 173. SSA‒1 (1992) 439‒440 (kuolla).
226
SFE #217
DOM 9DB4
B (to 96BA 隺)
鶴
Attested gloss
121: ‘crane’.《說文》鳴九臯，聲聞于天。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕaƕa-R(AD1)-S(C) {>藥部(-ƕa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
hè(C)
Estonian
(C)
(A2)
[xɤː˥˩] ,[xaʊ̯˧˥]
[xɤː˥˩](C)
Finnish
(C)
[xɤː˥]
D
/ɦ1ak /
[xəˑʔ˩],[xaˑʔ˩]
u
(A2)
[x oː˧˥]
‘crane’
Veps
kuŕg,kuŕǵ
‘crane’
kurtši
‘crane’
kurg,kūrgəz
‘crane’
Lappish
guorʹgâ
‘crane’
Mordvin
kargo/karga
‘crane’
(A2)
Mari
--
--
(D)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
χārū
‘crane’
Enets
kori
‘crane’
--
--
[xoː˧˩]
[xoˑʔ˥]
(D2)
[ŋoˑʔ˧]
(D)
[xoː˧˥]
[hɔːk̚ ˩](D2)
[hɔˑk̚ ˥]
[hɔˑk̚ ˩](D2)
(D2)
hạc
kurki,e
‘crane’
(AA)
Votic
Livonian
(D)
kurgE(AA)
(D2)
[hɔːk̚ ˥],[hoːʔ˥]
(D2)
Nganasan
Tokyo
かく(kaku)
Selkup
qara/qăra/kāra
‘crane’
Seoul
학(hak)
Kamas
kuro/kuruˀju
‘crane’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'ok
*gakw
*ɣôk
*gawk
*gloowɢ
*karke
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kurki is joined to DOM 9DB4 鶴.
Equivalents have been suggested in some Tungusic languages, e.g. Evenki karav
‘crane’ (requoted as UEW & SSA).
《說文解字》(121) #2400. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #47185. SKES (1955‒1978) 245. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1055‒1056. 《大字源》(1988) 2026. UEW (1988) 128. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 26
(鹤). SSA‒1 (1992) 448.
227
SFE #218
DOM 5589
B (to 4FAF 侯)
喉
(←
㗋)
Attested gloss
121: ‘pharynx’.《說文》咽也。Mandarin: ‘throat’.
Reconstruction
*ƕaƕe-R(AA2) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
hóu(A2)
Estonian
(A2)
[xɤʊ̯˧˥]
[xəʊ̯˧˥](A2)
‘throat’
Veps
kurk
‘throat’
Votic
kurkku
‘throat’
kurk
‘throat, pharynx’
Lappish
◆
‘throat’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[xəʊ̯˥]
/ɦ1ewA/
Livonian
u
(D)
[xəʊ̯˩] ,[x əˑʔ˩]
[xuː˧˥](A2)
(A2)
[xəʊ̯˧˩]
[xəɯ̯˩˧](A2)
(X2)
[ɦɤɯ̯˩˧]
[xəʊ̯˩˧](A2)
(A2)
[hɛˑʊ̯˧˥]
[hɛʊ̯˩](A2)
(A2)
[hɐwˑ˧˩]
hầu
(A2)
(A2)
[hɔːˑ˧˥],[ʔɔːˑ˧˥]
‘throat’
(AA)
kurkku
Finnish
(C)
(A)
kurkU(AA)
gurʹko
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
후(hu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*g'u
*gug
*ɣo
*go
*goo
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kurkku is joined to DOM 5589 喉.
《說文解字》(121) #785 (㗋). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3913. SKES (1955‒1978) 245. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1058‒1059. 《大字源》(1988) 419.《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 211. SSA‒1 (1992)
448‒449.
228
SFE #219
DOM 7D50
B (to 5409 吉)
結
Attested gloss
121: ‘knit’.《說文》締也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gėde(AA1)(-X(B)) {>物(質)部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jiē(A1)
[t͡ ɕieː˥](A1);[~˧˥](A2)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ ɕieː˧˩˧](B);(+)(1)
i
kutoa;(+)tšeüttää
‘knit’; ‘tie’
kuˀddə;(+)kieuž
‘knit’; ‘cord’
Lappish
godđet;(+)kievđa
‘knit’; ‘seine’s rope’
Mordvin
koda-
‘knit’
koe-/kue-;(+)kəl/kə̑l
‘knit’; ‘handle’
ki̮ -/kui̮ -;(+)kal
‘knit’; ‘cord, tie’
ki̮ -/ki̮ j-;(+)ke̮ l/ke̮ v
(+)kǟləw/kɔ̈̄ləj/kāləj
‘knit’; ‘rope, cord, tie’
(+)ketə/keл/kol
‘strap’
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ ɛː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕieː˧˩](A2)
(A1)
Mari
[t͡ ɕ eˑʔ˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑʔ˥](D1)
(D)
Udmurt
Komi
[t͡ ɕ eː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ɛt̚ ˥](D1)
(D)
Mansi
Khanty
[cʲaˑt̚ ˩]
[kiˑt̚ ˧](D3)
kết
(D1)
,(2)
(D1)
[ki̯ at̚ ˧],[kaːt̚ ˧]
‘knit’; ‘rope’
‘knit’
/k4at /
[t͡ ɕiəˑʔ˩](D)
(D1)
;(+)köysi,e
kudoda
D
i
kuto-
‘knit’; ‘rope’
Veps
[c eː˧˩˧]
i
(AA)
Votic
(B)
i
kudu-(AA);(+)köisE
‘rope, cord’
Tokyo
けつ(ketsu),けい(kei)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
결(gyeol)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kiet
LI
WANG
*kit
*kyet
(A1)
(D1)
BAXTER
*kit
(D1)
(D1)
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kiid
*kuδa-;(+)(3)
(D1)
(1) [ˈkɤ˧˥tɤ] ‘ties’. (2) cứt , kiết , chắc , kít . (3) *kälɜ(kewδe).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kutoa is joined to DOM 7D50 結.
《說文解字》(121) #8531. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #27398. SKES (1955‒1978) 141 (kutoa);
(+)266
(köysi). EEW(1982‒1983) 1016 (kuduma);
(+)1158
(köis). 《大字源》(1988) 1354. UEW
(1988) 675; (+)135. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 46 (结). SSA‒1 (1992) 275 (kutoa); (+)486 (köysi).
229
SFE #220
DOM 6708
A1
月
Attested gloss
121: ‘moon’.《說文》闕也。大陰之精。Mandarin: id.
Reconstruction
*ŋgʷeda(AD2)-S(C) {>月部(-da)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
yuè(C)
kuu
‘moon’
[ʔʸeː˥˩]
Veps
ku,kū,kudai
‘moon’
Votic
kū
‘moon’
Livonian
kū
‘moon’
(B)
1161
Nanjing
Finnish
(C)
D
Chengdu
‘moon’
(C)
[ʔʸøː˥˩]
[ʔʸøː˧˩˧]
Xi’an
kuu(C)
(C)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
/ŋʷ3at /
(D)
Lappish
kuojijit
‘(moon) rise’
(A1)
Mordvin
kov/koŋ
‘moon’
(A2)
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
[ʔʸəˑʔ˩]
[ʔʸɛː˧˩]
[ʔʸeː˧˩]
(D)
[ʔʸeˑʔ˥]
i
(D2)
Shanghai
[ɦʸiˑʔ˧],[ɦ oˑʔ˧]
Komi
--
--
Changsha
(D)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
χăw/χŭw
‘month’
Hungarian
hó,hava-
‘month’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
-‘month’
‘moon, month’
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
[ʔʸeː˧˥]
[ɲy̑ ɔt̚ ˩](D2)
(D2)
[ɲʲaˑt̚ ˥]
[jyˑt̚ ˩](D2)
(D2)
nguyệt,ngoạt
[guat
̯ ̚ ˥],[geːt̚ ˥](D2)
Tokyo
げつ(getsu),(1)
Selkup
kıtada
̄ ́ ̄
--
Seoul
월(wol)
Kamas
ki
Xiamen
Nganasan
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ŋiwa
̯ ̆t
*ŋjuat
*ŋiuat
*ŋʷjat
*ŋod
*kuŋe
(1) がつ(gatsu), ごち(gochi).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kuu is joined to DOM 6708 月.
《說文解字》(121) #4289. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #14330. SKES (1955‒1978) 250. TESz‒2
(1970) 125‒126. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 288. EEW (1982‒1983) 1070. 《大字源》(1988) 879. UEW
(1988) 211‒212. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 54. SSA‒1 (1992) 455‒456.
230
SFE #221
DOM 805E
B (to 9580 門)
聞
Attested gloss
121: ‘hear’.《說文》知聞也。Mandarin: id.; ‘smell’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕende-R(AA2) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
wén(A2)
Estonian
u
(A2)
u
(A2)
u
(A)
[ʔ əˑn˧˥]
[ʔ əˑn˧˩] ,[~˥]
A
/ɱ3en /
Veps
kulda
‘hear’
Votic
kūlla
‘hear’
kūlə
‘hear’
Livonian
Lappish
gullât
‘hear’
(A2)
Mordvin
kuĺe-
‘hear’
Mari
kola-
‘hear’
kili
̮ ̮-
‘hear’
Komi
ki̮ l-/ki̮ v-
‘hear’
Mansi
kāl-/kōl-/χūl-
‘hear’
Khanty
kɔl-/koл-/χut-
‘hear’
hall-
‘hear’
Nenets
--!(to #203)
--
Enets
--!(to #203)
--
Nganasan
--!(to #203)
--
Selkup
--!(to #203)
--
Kamas
--!(to #203)
--
[ʋəˑŋ˩]
[ʋẽː˧˥]
u
(A2)
u
(A2)
[ʔ əˑn˧˩]
[ʔ əˑn˩˧]
Udmurt
(X2)
[vəˑɲ˩˧],[məˑɲ˩˧]
u
(A2)
[ʔ əˑn˩˧]
[ʔu̯ ə̆n˧˥](A2)
(A2)
[ʋuˑn˩]
Hungarian
(A2)
[mɐnˑ˧˩]
văn
‘hear’
(A)
(A1)
(A2)
Tokyo
[bu̯ ə̆n˧˥]
ぶん(bun),(1)
Seoul
문(mun)
Xiamen
(C)
‘hear’
(CA)
kuule-
Finnish
[ʔ əˑn˧˥]
kuulE-(CA)
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*mi̯ wən
*mjən
*miən
*mjun
*mɯn
*kule-
(1) もん(mon).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kuulla is joined to DOM 805E 聞.
《說文解字》(121) #7769. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #29104. SKES (1955‒1978) 250 (kuulla).
TESz‒2 (1970) 35. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 253‒254. EEW (1982‒1983) 1072‒1074 (kuulma). 《大字
源》(1988) 1418. UEW (1988) 197‒198. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 297 (闻). SSA‒1 (1992) 456
(kuulla).
231
SFE #216
DOM 70D8
B (to 5171 共)
烘
Attested gloss
121: ‘burn’.《說文》尞也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕʷeŋƕe(AA1) {>東部(-ŋo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
hōng(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[xʊˑŋ˥]
u
Finnish
(A1)
[x əˑŋ˧]
(A)
[xuˑŋ˧˩]
A
/h1oŋ /
‘hot’
‘hot’
Veps
--
--
kūma
‘hot’
kūmi
‘hot’
◆
‘hot’
kumoka
‘fever’
(A)
Lappish
(A1)
Mordvin
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
--
--
(A1)
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[x əˑŋ˩]
[xuˑŋ˧˩]
[xoˑŋ˥]
[xoˑŋ˧˩]
[hʊˑŋ˥˧]
[xəˑn˧]
(A1)
[ɸu̯ əŋ˥˧]
[fuˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
[hʊŋˑ˥]
hong
kuuma
(CA)
Votic
Livonian
u
kuumA(CA)
(A1)
[hɔːŋ˥],[haːŋ˥]
(A1)
gumes
Tokyo
こう(kō),(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
홍(hong)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xuŋ
*huŋ;-h
*xoŋ
*xoŋ;-s
*qhlooŋ;-s
*kūma
(1) ぐ(gu), きょう(kyō), く(ku).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kuuma is joined to DOM 70D8 烘.
《說文解字》(121) #6422. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #19012. SKES (1955‒1978) 251. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1074‒1075. 《大字源》(1988) 1079. UEW (1988) 675‒676. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
367. SSA‒1 (1992) 457.
232
SFE #223
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Beijing
--
Shenyang
Yantai
Estonian
kuusE(CA)
‘six’
(CA)
Finnish
kuusi,e
--
Veps
kuź,kūź
‘six’
--
Votic
kūsi
‘six’
1161
--
Livonian
kūž
‘six’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
guttâ
‘six’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
koto/kota
‘six’
Chengdu
--
Mari
kut
‘six’
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
kwat́
‘six’
Shanghai
--
Komi
kavt́
‘six’
Changsha
--
Mansi
kat/χōt/kōt
‘six’
Nanchang
--
Khanty
kut/χot/χut
‘six’
Meixian
--
Hungarian
hat
‘six’
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
‘six’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
*kutte
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kuusi is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 252. TESz‒2 (1970)
71‒72. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 274‒275. EEW (1982‒1983) 1077. 《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988)
225. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992) 460.
233
SFE #224
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
kuuskE(CA)
‘fir’
(CA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
kuź
‘fir’
Yantai
--
Votic
kūsi
‘fir’
1161
--
Livonian
kūzə(z)
‘fir’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
guossâ
‘fir’
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
kuz
‘fir’
Chengdu
--
Mari
kož
‘fir’
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
ki̮ z/kə̑z
‘fir’
Shanghai
--
Komi
koz/ke̮ z
‘fir’
Changsha
--
Mansi
‘fir’
Nanchang
--
Khanty
χowt/kowt/kɔ̄wt
kol/χol
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
χādī/kāt
‘fir’
Hanoi
--
Enets
kari/kadi
‘fir’
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
kuˀa
‘fir’
Tokyo
--
Selkup
qūt
‘fir’
Seoul
--
Kamas
koˀ,kot
‘fir’
Finnish
kuusi,e
‘fir’
‘fir’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
*ku(o)se
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kuusi is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 253. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1077‒1078. 《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988) 222‒223. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
---. SSA‒1 (1992) 460.
234
SFE #225
DOM 756B
A2/A3
畫
Attested gloss
121: ‘mark borders’.《說文》界也。Mandarin: id.; ‘draw’.
Reconstruction
*ƕȧƕa(AA2)-S(C) {>錫部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
huà(C)
Estonian
Finnish
u
(C)
Veps
◆
‘shoe last’
u
(C)
Votic
◆
‘picture’
[x aː˥˩]
[x aː˥˩]
1161
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
D
/ɦʷ2aj /;/ɦʷ2ek /
;(+)(4)
kuva
kuva
‘picture’; ‘formula’
Livonian
--
--
u
(C)
Lappish
◆
‘picture’
u
(C)
Mordvin
--
--
u
(C)
Mari
--
--
u
(C)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
[x aː˥]
[x aː˥]
[x aː˧˩˧]
[x aː˥]
(X2)
[ɦoː˩˧]
(C1)
[faː˥]
(C2)
,[~˩]
(C2)
[faːˑ˩]
(C)
[faː˥˩]
(C2)
;[waˑk̚ ˩]
[waː˩]
hoạ
(C2)
(D2)
,(1)
(C2)
Tokyo
[hu̯ aˑ˧] ,(2)
かく(kaku),(3)
Seoul
화(hwa),획(hoek)
Xiamen
kuva
(AA)
‘scheme’
(C)
C
Chengdu
kava(AA)
u
[x aː˥]
Xi’an
◆
◆
Yantai
Taiyuan
(+)
govvâ
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*g'wĕg;g'wĕk
(C2)
*gwrigh;gwrik
(C2)
(C2)
WANG
BAXTER
*ɣoek
*gʷrek;-s
(C2)
(C2)
(C2)
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*gʷreeg;-s
--
(C2)
(1) họa , hoạch , vạch , vệt , dạch , vệch . (2) [ʔu̯ aˑ˧] , [ʔu̯ əɪ̯̆˧](C2).
(3) が(ga), かい(kai). (4) kaava(CA).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kuva is joined to DOM 756B 畫.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. English
show ‘show’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #44.
《說文解字》(121) #1934. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #21859. SKES (1955‒1978) 253 (kuva);
(+)268
(kaava). EEW (1982‒1983) (+)741‒742. 《大字源》(1988) 1172. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
16 (画). SSA‒1 (1992) 427 (kuva); (+)268 (kaava).
235
SFE #226
DOM 8EC0
B (to 5340 區)
軀
Attested gloss
121: ‘body’.《說文》體也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕȧƕa(AA2)-S(C) {>錫部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qū(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰyː˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
kube(AA)
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
‘groin’
(AC)
kuveS
‘waist’
Veps
--
--
[cʰyː˧˩]
Votic
--
--
A
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
[kʰɵɥˑ˥]
Nenets
--
--
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(A)
/kʰ3o /
[t͡ ɕʰyː˩](A)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧]
[t͡ ɕʰyːˑ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
(A1)
[cʰiː˥]
(A1)
xo
(A1)
[kʰuːˑ˥]
Tokyo
く(ku)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
구(gu)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'i̯ u
*khjug
*khio
*khjo
*kho
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kuve is joined to DOM 8EC0 軀.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. English
hip ‘hip’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #45.
《說文解字》(121) #5225. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #38137. SKES (1955‒1978) 214‒215.
EEW (1982‒1983) 1011. 《大字源》(1988) 1712. *《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 133 (同区). SSA‒1
(1992) 461.
236
SFE #227
DOM 5074
B (to 5247 則)
側
Attested gloss
121: ‘side’.《說文》㫄也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gege-R(AD1)-S(C) {>職部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
cè(C)
[t͡ sʰɤː˥˩](C),[t͡ ʂaɪ̯ ˥](A)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ sʰɤː˥˩](C)
[t͡ sʰɤː˥](C)
küĺg,külg
‘sidebone’
tšültši
‘side, page’
kilg,külg
‘side; page’
Lappish
◆
‘side of living beings’
Mordvin
--
--
{kə̑l
--
‘body’}?
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
{kül
‘outside’}?
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Livonian
[t͡ sʰeɪ̯ ˧˩],[t͡ seɪ̯ ˧˩]
[t͡ sʰeː˧˩],[t͡ seː˧˩](A2)
(A1)
Mari
[t͡ sʰəˑʔ˥]
[t͡ sʰaˑʔ˥],[t͡ saˑʔ˥](D1)
(D)
Udmurt
[t͡ sɤː˧˥]
[t͡ sɛːk̚ ˥](D1)
(D)
(D1)
trắc,trắt ,trặc
[t͡ sʰi̯ ə̆k̚ ˧](D1)
‘side’
Veps
/t͡ ʂ3ek /
[t͡ sʰeˑʔ˩],[t͡ sʰaˑʔ˩](D)
[t͡ sɛˑk̚ ˩]
[t͡ sɐk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
kylki,e
‘side, page’
(AA)
Votic
D
(D1)
külgE(AA)
Hungarian
(D2)
gilʹgâ
--
Tokyo
そく(soku),(1)
Selkup
{kyl
‘breast’}?
Seoul
측(cheuk)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*tʂi̯ ək
*tsrjək
*tʃiək
*tsrjək
*ʔsrɯg
--
(1) しょく(shoku).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kylki is joined to DOM 5074 側.
《說文解字》(121) #5029. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #897. SKES (1955‒1978) 253. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1168‒1169. 《大字源》(1988) 238. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 18 (侧). SSA‒1 (1992)
461‒462.
237
SFE #228
DOM 5747
B (to 5300 匀)
均
Attested gloss
543: ‘even’.《說文》平徧也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷėnþe-R(AA1) {>真部(-n̪ e)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
jūn(A1)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˥](A1)
Estonian
‘indeed’
Veps
küĺĺaińe
‘full’
Votic
küllä
‘indeed’
kiˀl,kil,kül
‘indeed’
Lappish
gâl
‘indeed’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
(A)
[cyˑn˧˩]
A
/kʷ4en /
[t͡ ɕʸəˑŋ˩](A)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕʸẽː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕyˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˧˩]
[t͡ ɕyˑɲ˥˧],[t͡ ɕiʊˑɲ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˧]
[t͡ ɕy̑ ən˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[cʲuˑn˥]
‘indeed; abundance’
(AA)
kyllä
Finnish
[t͡ ɕʸəˑn˧](A1)
(A1)
küllA(AA)
(A1)
Guangzhou
[kʷɐnˑ˥]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(A1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Selkup
--
--
Kamas
--
--
quân
(A1)
Tokyo
[ku̯ ən˥]
きん(kin),(1)
Seoul
균(gyun)
Xiamen
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kiwe
̯ ̆n
*kwjin
*kiuen
*kʷjin
*kʷin
--
(1) いん(in), うん(un).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kyllä is joined to DOM 5747 均.
《說文解字》(121) #8981. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #4916. SKES (1955‒1978) 253‒254. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1170. 《大字源》(1988) 459. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 298. SSA‒1 (1992) 462.
238
SFE #229
DOM 91D1
A3
金
Attested gloss
121: ‘metal’.《說文》五色金也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷenþe(AA1) {>侵部(-me)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jīn(A1)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥](A1)
Estonian
Finnish
[t͡ ɕiəˑn˧](A1)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧˩](A)
küĺm
‘cold’
tšülmä
‘cold’
kīlma
‘cold’
Lappish
gâlmâs
‘cold’
Mordvin
keĺme/keĺmä
‘cold; frost’
Mari
kəlmə/kə̑lmə̑
ki̮ n,ki̮ m
‘frozen; frost’
Komi
ki̮ n
‘cold, frozen’
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ ẽː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiˑɲ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
Udmurt
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧]
[t͡ ɕiə̯n˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[ciˑm˥]
(A1)
[kɐmˑ˥]
(A1)
kim,ghim,găm
(A1)
[kiːm˥]
‘cold’
Veps
/k3em /
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˩](A)
(A1)
kylmä
‘cold’
(AA)
Votic
A
i
külmA(AA)
‘frost; cold, frozen’
Tokyo
きん(kin),こん(kon)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
김(gim),금(geum)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ki̯ əm
*kjiəm
*kiəm
*krjəm
*krɯm
*ki(ü)lmä
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kylmä is joined to DOM 91D1 金.
《說文解字》(121) #9211. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #40152. SKES (1955‒1978) 254. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1171‒1172. 《大字源》(1988) 1795. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 285. UEW (1988) 663.
SSA‒1 (1992) 462.
239
SFE #230
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Yantai
1161
Estonian
külvaS-(AC)
‘sow’
(AA)
kylvä-
‘sow’
Veps
--
--
--
Votic
tšülvää
‘sow’
--
Livonian
killə
‘sow’
‘sow’
Finnish
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
--
--
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
--
Changsha
--
Mansi
--
--
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
gilʹvet
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kylväta is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 254. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1172 (külvama). 《大字源》(1988) ---. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---. SSA‒1 (1992)
463 (kylväta).
240
SFE #231
DOM 90E1
B (to 541B 君)
郡
Attested gloss
121: ‘municipality’.《說文》縣有四郡。Mandarin: ‘prefecture’.
Reconstruction
*gʷende-R(AA2)-S(C) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
jùn(C)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˥˩](C)
Estonian
küla(AA)
‘village’
Finnish
(AA)
‘village’
[t͡ ɕʸəˑn˥˩](C)
kylä
Veps
külä,küĺä
‘village’
[cyˑn˥]
Votic
tšülä
‘village’
C
Livonian
kilā,külā
‘village’
Lappish
gâlʹlit
‘visit’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
{kül/koäl/kol
‘house’}?
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
(C)
/gʷ3en /
[t͡ ɕʸəˑŋ˥](C)
[t͡ ɕʸẽː˥]
[t͡ ɕyˑn˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˥]
[d͡ ʑyˑɲ˩˧],[d͡ ʑiʊˑɲ˩˧](X2)
(C)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˥] ,[~˩]
[t͡ ɕy̑ ən˩](C2)
(C1)
(C2)
(C)
[cʲuˑn˥˩]
(C2)
Guangzhou
[kʷɐnˑ˩]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(C2)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
Xiamen
quận
,(1)
(A1)
[ku̯ ən˥]
Tokyo
ぐん(gun),くん(kun)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
군(gun)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*g'i̯ wən
WANG
*gjənh
(C2)
(C1)
*giuən
(B1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*gjuns
*gluns
*ki(ü)lä
(C2)
(1) quặn , quấn , quẩn , quạnh .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kylä is joined to DOM 90E1 郡.
《說文解字》(121) #3986. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #39436. SKES (1955‒1978) 254. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1168. 《大字源》(1988) 1770. UEW (1988) 155. SSA‒1 (1992) 463.
241
SFE #232
DOM 5341
A2
十
Attested gloss
121: ‘ten’.《說文》數之具也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕembe(AA2) {>緝部(-be)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
shí(A2)
Estonian
(A2)
[ʂɨː˧˥]
‘ten’
‘ten’
(A2)
Veps
kymmenen
kümńe
(C)
Votic
tšümmē
‘ten’
kim,küm
‘ten’
Finnish
[sɨː˧˥]
[ɕiː˥]
D
/ʐ3ep /
Livonian
(D)
[səˑʔ˩]
‘ten’
Lappish
--
--
(A2)
Mordvin
kemeń/keməń
‘ten’
(A2)
Mari
--
--
(D)
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
[ʂɨː˧˥]
[sɨː˧˩]
[sɨˑʔ˥]
(D2)
[zɐˑʔ˧]
(D)
[sɨː˧˥]
[səˑt̚ ˩](D2)
Khanty
--
--
(D2)
Hungarian
--
--
(D2)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
[səˑp̚ ˥]
[sɐp̚ ˑ˩]
thập
kümme
(D2)
Xiamen
[siːp̚ ˥],[t͡ saːp̚ ˥]
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
じゅう(jū),(1)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
십(sip)
Kamas
--
--
(D2)
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ȡi̯ əp
*djəp
*ʑiəp
*djup
*gjub
*küme(-ne)
(1) じっ(jit), じゅっ(jut).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kymmennen is joined to DOM 5341 十.
《說文解字》(121) #1459. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #2695. SKES (1955‒1978) 254‒255. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1173‒1174. 《大字源》(1988) 348. UEW (1988) 679. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 66.
SSA‒1 (1992) 463.
242
SFE #233
DOM 528D
B (to 50C9 僉)
劍
(← DOM 5292
劒)
Attested gloss
121: ‘sword’(劒).《說文》人所帶兵也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gʷenþa(AA1)-S(C) {>談部(-ma)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiàn(C)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˥˩](C)
1958
i
Estonian
‘nail’
́ ́
künź,kündz
tšǖsi
‘nail’
kīntš
‘nail’
Lappish
gâʒʹʒâ
‘nail, claw’
Mordvin
kenže/keńžä
‘nail, hoof’
kətš/küt́ś /kütš
gizi
̮ ̌ ̮ /gə̑ž ə̑/gizǐ ̮
‘nail, hoof’
Komi
giz
̮ ̌ /gɵž
‘nail, claw’
Mansi
künš/koäš/käš/kos
̆ ṭ š /kŏṇtš/kŏš
kön
‘nails, foot’
--
--
{χada
‘nail’}?
{kóra/kóda
‘nail’}?
{kátu
‘nail’}?
Veps
(C)
Yantai
[c aˑn˥]
Votic
1161
C
Livonian
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
[t͡ ɕ ãː˥]
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˧˩˧](C)
i
(C)
Mari
[t͡ ɕ eˑn˥]
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥](X1)
i
(C)
Udmurt
[t͡ ɕ ẽː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ ɛn˥](C1)
i
(C1)
(C)
[cʰʲaˑm˥˨]
Khanty
Hungarian
(C1)
[kiˑm˧]
Nenets
(C1)
kiếm
(C1)
[ki̯ am˩]
‘nail’
(AA)
Finnish
/k3am /
[t͡ ɕieː˥](C)
küüsE(AC)
Enets
Nganasan
kynsi,e
‘nail’
‘nail, claw’
‘nails, foot’
Tokyo
けん(ken)
Selkup
{qati̮
‘nail’}?
Seoul
검(geom)
Kamas
{kata
‘nail’}?
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kiwa
̯ ̆m
*kjamh
*kiam
*kjams
*kams
*ki(ü)nče
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kymmennen is joined to DOM 528D 劍.
《說文解字》(121) #2800 (劒). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #2228 (劍); #2243 (劒). SKES
(1955‒1978) 255. EEW (1982‒1983) 1185‒1186. 《大字源》(1988) 326 (劍); 327 (劒). UEW
(1988) 157. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 250 (剑). SSA‒1 (1992) 464.
243
SFE #234
DOM 8015
B (to 4E95 井)
耕
Attested gloss
121: ‘plow’.《說文》犂也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧnþa(AA1) {>耕部(-n̪ a)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
gēng(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[kəˑŋ˥]
(A1)
(A)
[kəˑŋ˧˩]
A
/k2eŋ /
‘plow’
Veps
künttä
‘plow’
Votic
tsüntää
‘plow’
kində
‘plow’
Livonian
(A)
Lappish
--
--
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A1)
Mari
küńće-/künče-
‘dig’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
[kəˑŋ˩]
[kəˑŋ˧˩]
[kəˑn˥]
(A1)
[kəˑn˧˩]
(A1)
[kəˑɲ˥˧],[kãˑɲ˥˧]
(A1)
[kəˑn˧]
Mansi
--
--
(A1)
Khanty
--
--
(A1)
Hungarian
--
--
(A1)
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[ki̯ ɛn˥˧],[kaːŋ˥˧]
[kɛˑn˥],[kaˑŋ˥]
[kɐŋˑ˥],[kaˑŋ˥]
canh
‘plow’
(AA)
kyntä-
Finnish
[kəˑŋ˧]
kündA-(AA)
(A1)
(A1)
[ki̯ əŋ˥]
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
경(gyeong)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kĕŋ
*kriŋ
*keŋ
*kreŋ
*kreeŋ
*ki(ü)nčä-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kyntää is joined to DOM 8015 耕.
《說文解字》(121) #2807. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #28907. SKES (1955‒1978) 255 (kyntää).
EEW (1982‒1983) 1175 (kündma). 《大字源》(1988) 1410. UEW (1988) 663‒664. 《汉语方音
字汇》(1989) 339. SSA‒1 (1992) 465 (kyntää).
244
SFE #235
DOM 5751
B (to 4EA2 亢)
坑
Attested gloss
543: ‘hollow’.《玉篇》塹也，壑也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧnþa(AA1) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
kēng(A1)
(A1)
[kʰəˑŋ˥]
Estonian
küna(AA)
Finnish
(AA)
kynä
‘quill > pen’
‘trough’
(A1)
Veps
--
--
(A)
Votic
--
--
kinā,künā
‘small birch bark’
[kʰəˑŋ˧]
[kʰəˑŋ˧˩]
A
/kʰ2eŋ /
Livonian
(A)
Lappish
--
--
(A1)
Mordvin
--
--
(A1)
Mari
--
--
(A1)
Udmurt
--
--
(A1)
Komi
{ke̮ jne̮ s/ke̮ jnes
‘pot, tub’}?
(A1)
Mansi
{ kēnas
[kʰəˑŋ˩]
[kʰəˑŋ˧˩]
[kʰəˑn˥]
[kʰəˑn˧˩]
[kʰãˑɲ˥˧]
◆
‘pot, tub’}?
◆
{ kenȧs
‘pot, tub’}?
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
[kʰəˑn˧]
(A1)
[kʰi̯ ɛn˥˧],[kʰaːŋ˥˧]
(A1)
[haˑŋ˥]
Khanty
(A1)
[haˑŋ˥]
khanh,ganh
(A1)
(A1)
[kʰi̯ əŋ˥],[kʰĩːˑ˥]
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
갱(gaeng)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*k'ăŋ
*khraŋ
*kheaŋ
*khraŋ
*khraaŋ
{*ki(ü)ńä}
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kynä is joined to DOM 5751 坑.
《玉篇》(543). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #4932. SKES (1955‒1978) 255. EEW (1982‒1983)
1174. 《大字源》(1988) 460. UEW (1988) 664‒665. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 339. SSA‒1 (1992)
465.
245
SFE #236
DOM -----
??
Attested gloss
Reconstruction
Attested equivalents:
1958
--
Estonian
küpsE(AA)
‘ripe, baked’
(AA)
Beijing
--
Shenyang
--
Veps
küps
‘ripe, baked’
Yantai
--
Votic
tšühsi
‘ripe, baked’
1161
--
Livonian
küps
‘ripe, baked’
‘ripen, bake’
Finnish
kypsä
‘ripe, baked’
Taiyuan
--
Lappish
◆
Xi’an
--
Mordvin
--
--
Chengdu
--
Mari
--
--
Nanjing
--
Udmurt
{kiśmal-
‘ripen, bake’}?
Shanghai
--
Komi
--
Mansi
{kiś mi̮ --
‘ripen, bake’}?
Changsha
Nanchang
--
Khanty
--
--
Meixian
--
Hungarian
--
--
Guangzhou
--
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
--
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
--
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
--
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
--
Kamas
--
--
gikʹsât
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
--
--
--
--
--
*ki(ü)pśe(ä)
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kypsä is not detected in Chinese.
《說文解字》(121) #---. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #---. SKES (1955‒1978) 256. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1177. 《大字源》(1988) ---. UEW (1988) 665‒666. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) ---.
SSA‒1 (1992) 465.
246
SFE #237
DOM 8A70
B (to 5409 吉)
詰
Attested gloss
121: ‘ask’.《說文》問也。Mandarin: †id..
Reconstruction
*gėde(AA2) {>物(質)部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jié(A2)
[t͡ ɕieː˧˥](A2)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕieː˧˥](A2)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
Estonian
küsi-(AA)
‘ask’
Finnish
(AA)
kysy-
‘ask’
Veps
küzuda
‘ask’
Votic
tšüsüä
‘ask’
kiˀzzə,küˀzzə
‘ask’
Lappish
gâččât
‘ask’
Mordvin
kev(k)st́ ́e-/kiźeft́e--
‘ask’
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(C)
[c eː˥]
D
/kʰ4et /
[t͡ ɕiəˑʔ˩](D)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ ɛː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕieː˧˩](A2)
i
(A1)
Mari
[t͡ ɕ eˑʔ˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑʔ˥](D1)
i
(D)
[t͡ ɕ eː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ɛt̚ ˥](D1)
i
(D)
(D1)
[cʲɛˑt̚ ˩]
[kɐt̚ ˑ˥](D1),(1)
cật
(D2)
(D1)
[kiːt̚ ˧]
--
Tokyo
きつ(kitsu)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
힐(hil)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*k'ie
̯ ̆t
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*khjit
*khiet
*khjit
*khid
*küśe-
(D3)
(1) [kʰiˑt̚ ˧] .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kysy- is joined to DOM 8A70 詰.
Equivalents are detected in Germanic (exclusive) languages, see SFGE #46.
《說文解字》(121) #1688. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #35440. SKES (1955‒1978) 256 (kysyä).
EEW(1982‒1983) 1179 (küsima). 《大字源》(1988) 1624. UEW (1988) 680. SSA‒1 (1992) 466
(kysyä).
247
SFE #238
DOM 8E1E
B (to 5C45 居)
踞
Attested gloss
121: ‘squat’.《說文》蹲也。Mandarin: †id..
Reconstruction
*gʷeƕa(AA1)-S(C) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jù(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
Finnish
kükkI(AA)
kyykky
‘squat’
(CA)
‘squat’
Veps
küktä
‘squat’
Votic
--
--
kikkə,kükkə
‘squat’
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
[kɵɥˑ˧]
Nenets
--
--
(C1)
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
(C)
[cyː˥]
C
/k3o /
[t͡ ɕyː˥](C)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[t͡ ɕyː˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[t͡ ɕyː˧˥](X1)
(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[t͡ ɕyː˥](C1)
(C1)
(C)
[ciː˥˩]
(C1)
cú
(C1)
[kuːˑ˩]
Tokyo
きょ(kyo),こ(ko)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
거(geo)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ki̯ o
*kjagh
*kia
*kjas
*kas
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kyykky is joined to DOM 8E1E 踞.
《說文解字》(121) #1387. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #37642. SKES (1955‒1978) 257. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1167. 《大字源》(1988) 1700. SSA‒1 (1992) 467.
248
SFE #239
DOM 638C
B (to 5C1A 尚)
掌
Attested gloss
121: ‘palm of hand’.《說文》手中也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*geŋƕa-R(AA1);-X(B) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
zhăng(B)
[t͡ ʂaˑŋ˧˩˧](B)
Estonian
kämbaL(AA)
‘palm of hand’
Finnish
(AA)
kämmen
‘palm of hand’
Veps
kämeń
‘palm of hand’
Votic
tšämmäl
‘palm of hand’
--
--
Lappish
kææmad
‘palm of hand’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
{kömənkăγər
‘fist’}?
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
[t͡ saˑŋ˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ ɕiaˑŋ˧˩˧](B)
/t͡ ʂ3aŋ /
͡ ː̃ ˥˧](B)
[tsa
B
Livonian
[t͡ ʂaˑŋ˥˧]
[t͡ saˑŋ˥˧](B)
(B)
[t͡ ʂaˑŋ˧]
[t͡ saˑɲ˧˥](X1)
(B)
[t͡ saˑn˥˩]
[t͡ sɔːŋ˧˩˧](B)
(B)
[t͡ sɔːŋ˧˩]
[t͡ sœˑŋ˧˥](B1)
(B)
Khanty
(B1)
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
chưởng
[t͡ si̯ ɔŋ˥˧](B1),(1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
しょう(shō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
장(jang)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ȶi̯ aŋ
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
*tjaŋx
*tɕiaŋ
*tjaŋʔ
*tjaŋʔ
(B1) ͡
(B1)
͡
̃ ̯ ̃ ˥˧] , [tsi̯ aŋ˥˧] .
(1) [tsı̯ ə̃ ̆ ʊ
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kämmen is joined to DOM 638C 掌.
UEW
*käme(-ne)
《說文解字》(121) #7788.《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #12248. SKES (1955‒1978) 260. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1131. 《大字源》(1988) 786. UEW (1988) 137. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 308. SSA‒1
(1992) 471.
249
SFE #240
DOM 8ECA
A1
車
Attested gloss
121: ‘vehicle’.《說文》輿輪之緫名。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕȧƕa(AA2)-S(C) {>錫部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
jū(A1);chē(A1)
[t͡ ɕyː˥];[t͡ ʂʰɤː˥](A1)
◆
Finnish
◆
[t͡ ɕyː˧];[t͡ sʰɤː˧](A1)
[cyː˧˩];[t͡ ɕʰieː˧˩](A)
/k3o /;/ ͡tʂʰ3a /
[t͡ ɕyː˩];[t͡ sʰɤː˥](A)
A
A
[t͡ ɕyː˧˩];[t͡ ʂʰɤː]
[t͡ ɕyː˥];[t͡ sʰeː˥](A1)
(A1)
‘cart’
--
--
◆
‘cart’
Livonian
◆
‘cart’
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
[t͡ ɕyː˧];[t͡ sʰɤː˧]
[t͡ ɕyːˑ˥˧];[t͡ sʰaːˑ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
(A1)
‘cart’
Veps
[t͡ ɕyː˧˩];[t͡ ʂʰeː˧˩]
[t͡ soː˥˧](A1)
[ciː˥];[t͡ sʰaː˥]
[kɵɥˑ˥];[t͡ sʰɛː˥](A1)
kärry
(AA)
Votic
(A1)
(A1)
käru(AA)
Estonian
(C1)
kärräd
kärrəd
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
xa,xe,xơ,se ,xế
[kuːˑ˥];[t͡ sʰi̯ aˑ˥](A1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
きょ(kyo),しゃ(sha)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
차(geo),거(cha)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*ki̯ o;ȶʻi̯ ɔ
*kjag;khrjiag
*kia;tɕhya
*kja;thjᴀ
*kla;khlja
--
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kärry is joined to DOM 8ECA 車.
Equivalents have been suggested in Germanic (exclusive) languages, e.g. Middle
Swedish kärra ‘cart’ (requoted as SSA). See also SFGE #47.
《說文解字》(121) #9463. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #38172. SKES (1955‒1978) 262. EEW
(1982‒1983) 1145. 《大字源》(1988) 1712. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 20 (车). SSA‒1 (1992) 477.
250
SFE #241
DOM 7FC5
B (to 652F 支)
翅
Attested gloss
121: ‘wing’(翄).《說文》翼也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*geþa(AA1)(-S(C)) {>支部(-ja)}
(← DOM 7FC4
翄)
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
chì(C)
[t͡ ʂʰɨː˥˩](C);(+)(1)
Estonian
käsi,e(AA)
‘arm, hand’
Finnish
(AA)
‘arm, hand’
[t͡ sʰɨː˥˩](C);(+)(2)
[t͡ sʰɨː˥](C)
C
Veps
käźi
‘arm, hand’
Votic
tšäsi
‘arm, hand’
keˀiž,keˀž
‘arm, hand’
Lappish
giettâ
‘hand’
Mordvin
ked́ /käd́
‘hand’
kit
‘hand’
Udmurt
ki
‘hand’
Komi
ki
‘hand’
Mansi
kät/kɔ̈̄t/kɔ̄t/kāt
köt/ket
‘hand’
kéz
‘hand’
Nenets
--
--
Enets
--
--
Nganasan
--
--
A
/ʂ3ej /;/g4ej /
[t͡ sʰɨː˥](C)
Livonian
[t͡ sʰɨː˥]
[t͡ sʰɨː˧˩˧],[t͡ sɨː˧˩˧](C)
(C)
Mari
[t͡ ʂʰɨː˥]
[t͡ sʰɨː˧˥](X1)
(C)
[t͡ sʰɨː˥]
[t͡ sʰɨːˑ˥˩](C1)
(C1)
[t͡ sʰɨː˥˩]
[t͡ sʰiː˧](C1)
(C)
Khanty
Hungarian
(C1)
thứ
[t͡ sʰiːˑ˩](C1)
käsi,e
‘hand’
Tokyo
し(shi)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
시(si)
Kamas
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
*ɕie
̯ ̆ g;g'ie
̯ ̆g
*hrjigh;gjig
*ɕie;gie
(A1)
(A1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xjes;gje
*qhjes;ge
*käte
(B)
(1) [ˈkɤ˥tʂɨ]
‘arm-’; [ˈkɤ˥tʂɨ]
‘tickle’. (2) [ˈka̠ ˧˩˧tɕi] ‘arm-’; [ˈkɤ˧˥tɕi](A2)
‘tickle’.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish käsi is joined to DOM 7FC5 翅.
《說文解字》(121) #2239 (翄). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #28642 (翅); #28641 (翄). SKES
(1955‒1978) 263. TESz‒2 (1970) 478. MSzFE‒2 (1971) 362. EEW (1982‒1983) 1146‒1147. 《大
字源》(1988) 1401 (翅,翄). UEW (1988) 140. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 65 (翅). SSA‒1 (1992)
479‒480.
251
SFE #242
DOM 6212
A3
戒
Attested gloss
121: ‘warn’.《說文》警也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧge(AA1)-S(C) {>職部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiè(C)
[t͡ ɕieː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕieː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
i
(C)
[c ae̯ ˥],[kaː˥]
C
/k2aj /
[t͡ ɕieː˥](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕ ɛː˥]
[t͡ ɕiaː˧˥],[kaː˧˥](X1)
i
(C)
‘command’
Finnish
(AA)
käske-
‘command’
Veps
käskta
‘command’
Votic
tšähsiä
‘command’
käskə
‘command’
Lappish
--
--
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
-‘command, hope, want’
Komi
kosi̮ -/koṡ ̮kesji
̮ ̮ -/kosji
Udmurt
(C)
[kaɪ̯ ˥]
‘promise, want’
Mansi
--
--
(C)
Khanty
--
--
(C)
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
[kaˑɪ̯ ˥˩]
[cʲaɪ̯ ˥˩]
(C1)
[kaˑj˧]
(C1)
Enets
--
--
(C1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
かい(kai)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
계(gye)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Xiamen
giới
käski-(AA)
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ ɛː˥]
[t͡ ɕiaɪ̯ ˧˩˧](C)
i
Estonian
[kaˑɪ̯ ˩]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*kæg
*krəgh
*keək
*krəks
*krɯɯgs
*käske-
The Finnic etymon of Finnish käskeä is joined to DOM 6212 戒.
《說文解字》(121) #1758. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #11548. SKES (1955‒1978) 263 (käskeä).
EEW (1982‒1983) 1147‒1148 (käksima). 《大字源》(1988) 754. UEW (1988) 653‒654. SSA‒1
(1992) 480 (käskeä).
252
SFE #243
DOM 85CF
B (to 536C 臧)
藏
Attested gloss
121: ‘conceal’.《說文》匿也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧŋga(AA2) {>陽部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
cáng(A2);zàng(C)
[t͡ sʰaˑŋ˧˥](A2);(1)
Estonian
Veps
kättut,kät́kud
‘cradle’
Votic
tšätšüd
‘cradle’
--
--
Lappish
gieŧʹkât
‘swaddle’
Mordvin
kekše-/käše-
‘conceal’
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
Nenets
--
--
/d͡ z1aŋ /
[t͡ sʰãː˩](A),(3)
Livonian
[t͡ sʰaˑŋ˧˥] ,(4)
[t͡ sʰaˑŋ˧˩](A2);(5)
(A2)
(A2)
;(6)
(X2)
[zãˑɲ˩˧]
[t͡ saˑn˩˧](A2);[~˩](C2)
[t͡ sʰɔːŋ˧˥] ;[~˩]
[t͡ sʰɔˑŋ˥](A1);[~˥˩](C)
[t͡ sʰɔˑŋ˧˩]
(C2)
(A2)
(A2)
‘conceal’; ‘cradle’
‘conceal’; ‘cradle’
A;C
(A2)
(AA)
kätke-;kätkyt
Finnish
[t͡ sʰaˑŋ˧˥](A2);(2)
[t͡ sʰaˑŋ˥];[t͡ saˑŋ˥](C)
[t͡ sʰaˑŋ˩˧]
kätke-;kätki(AA)
;(7)
(C2)
Enets
--
--
Xiamen
thàng ;tạng
[t͡ sɔːŋ˧˥](A2);[~˧](C2)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
ぞう(zō),そう(sō)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
장(jang)
Kamas
--
--
Hanoi
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*dz'ɑŋ
*dzaŋ;-h
*dzaŋ
*ɦtshaŋ;-s
*zaaŋ;-s
*käčke(C)
(C)
u
(A) ͡
(C)
i
(A2) ͡
͡
͡
͡
͡
(1) [tsaˑŋ˥˩] . (2) [tsaˑŋ˥˩] . (3) [tsʰ ãː˩] ; [tsʰãː˥] . (4) [tɕʰ aˑŋ˧˥] ; [tsaˑŋ˧˩](C).
(5) [t͡ saˑŋ˧˩˧](C). (6) [t͡ saˑŋ˥](C). (7) [t͡ sɔˑŋ˩](C2).
The Finnic etymon of Finnish kätkeä is joined to DOM 85CF 藏.
《說文解字》(121) #695. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #32264. SKES (1955‒1978) 264 (kätkeä;
kätkyt). EEW (1982‒1983) 1149 (kätkema; kätki). 《大字源》(1988) 1529. UEW (1988) 649. 《汉
语方音字汇》(1989) 307; 306. SSA‒1 (1992) 481 (kätkeä; kätkyt).
253
SFE #244
DOM 53BB
A3/B (to 𠙴)
去
Attested gloss
121: ‘leave’.《說文》人相違也。Mandarin: ‘go’.
Reconstruction
*geƕa(AA1)(-S(C)) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
qù(C)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥˩],[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
Estonian
(C)
[cʰyː˥]
B;C
/kʰ3o /
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥](C),[kəˑʔ˩](D)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥],[t͡ ɕʰiː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰyː˧˩˧],[t͡ ɕʰieː˧˩˧](C)
‘go’; ‘disappear’
käˀuvə
‘go’
Lappish
◆
‘go, do’; ‘demolish’
Mordvin
--
--
gǣvvât;(+)(2)
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
Khanty
--
--
Hungarian
--
--
,[~˧˥]
Nenets
--
--
(B1)
(C)
[cʰiː˥˨],[çiː˥˨]
(C1)
(B1)
Enets
--
--
(C1)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
きょ(kyo),こ(ko)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
거(geo)
Kamas
--
--
Xiamen
khứ
tšävva;(+)ävitä
‘go, leave’}?
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥],[kʰɤː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ ɛˑ˧˩˧](B)
Hanoi
‘go’
{keje-/kaje-
(C1)
(C1)
kä(v)uda
Udmurt
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥],[kʰiː˥]
[t͡ ɕʰyː˧˥],[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥](X1)
[hɵɥˑ˧]
Veps
Votic
Mari
(C)
Guangzhou
‘go’; ‘disappear’
‘go’; ‘disappear’
Livonian
(C)
(C)
käy- \käve-;(+)(1)
Finnish
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥˩](C)
käi-(C);(+)hävi-(AA)
,khử
[kʰuːˑ˩],[kʰiːˑ˩]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*k'i̯ o
LI
*khjag-x;-h
(AC)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*khia
*khja-ʔ;-s
*kha-ʔ;-s
*käwe-
◆
(1) häviS- . (2) hǣvâtit.
The Finnic etymon of Finnish käydä is joined to DOM 53BB 去.
《說文解字》(121) #3147. 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #3070. SKES (1955‒1978) 264 (käydä);
(+)100
(hävitä). EEW (1982‒1983) 1126‒1127 (käima); (+)459‒460 (hävima).《大字源》(1988) 372.
UEW (1988) 654‒655. 《汉语方音字汇》(1989) 135. SSA‒1 (1992) 482 (käydä); (+)212 (hävitä).
254
SFE #245
DOM 7AAE
B (to 8EAC 躬)
窮
(← DOM 7AC6
竆)
Attested gloss
121: ‘limited’(竆).《說文》極也。Mandarin: ‘poor’.
Reconstruction
*gʷembe(AA2) {>侵(冬)部(-me)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qióng(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰiʊˑŋ˧˥](A2)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰʸəˑŋ˧˥](A2)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
(C)
[cʰyˑŋ˥]
A
/g3oŋ /
[t͡ ɕʰʸəˑŋ˩](A)
[t͡ ɕʰyˑŋ˧˥]
[t͡ ɕʰʸoˑŋ˧˩](A2)
(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰ oˑŋ˩˧]
[d͡ ʑiʊˑŋ˩˧](X2)
i
(A2)
[t͡ ɕʰiˑn˩˧]
[t͡ ɕʰi̯ uŋ˧˥](A2)
(A2)
Estonian
kehvA(AA)
‘poor’
Finnish
(AA)
‘poor’
köyhä
Veps
ḱöuh
‘week, bad; poor’
Votic
tšöühä
‘poor’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘poor’
Mordvin
--
--
Mari
--
--
Udmurt
--
--
Komi
--
--
Mansi
--
--
gǣfe
Khanty
--
--
(A2)
Hungarian
--
--
(A2)
[cʰʲuˑŋ˩]
Guangzhou
[kʰʊŋˑ˧˩]
Nenets
--
--
Hanoi
(A2)
Enets
--
--
,(2)
Nganasan
--
--
Tokyo
きゅう(kyū)
Selkup
--
--
Seoul
궁(gung)
Kamas
--
--
Xiamen
cùng
,(1)
(A2)
[ki̯ ɔŋ˧˥]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*xi̯ uŋ
LI
*hjuŋ;-x
(A2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
UEW
*xioŋ
*xjoŋ;-ʔ
*qhoŋ;-ʔ
--
(A2)
(1) khùng , còng .
The Finnic etymon of Finnish köyhä is joined to DOM 7AAE 窮.
《說文解字》(121) #4650 (竆). 《大漢和辞典》(1955‒1960) #25593 (窮); #25686 (竆). SKES
(1958) 266. EEW (1982‒1983) 762‒763. 《大字源》(1988) 1298 (竆). 《汉语方音字汇》(1989)
369 (穷). SSA‒1 (1992) 486.
255
3.2. Sino-Finno-Germanic etymons
256
SFGE #1
DOM 63A9
B (to 5944 奄)
掩
Attested gloss
121: ‘cover’.《說文》斂也。Mandarin: id; ‘defend’.
Reconstruction
*ƕemba(AA1)-X(B) {>談部(-ma)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
yăn(B)
(B)
Finnish
i
(B)
Veps
◆
‘lovely’
i
(B)
Votic
◆
‘lovely’
‘lovely’
[ʔ ɛˑn˧˩˧]
[ʔ aˑn˧˩˧]
[ʔ aˑn˧˩˧]
B
armaz
armaz
Livonian
i
(B)
Lappish
◆
‘sad’
i
(B)
/ʔ3am /
[ʔ eː˥˧]
[ʔ ãː˥˧]
ārmaz
(h)arˀmēs
Gothic
arms
‘arm’
i
(B)
Danish
arm
‘arm’
i
(B)
[ʔ aˑn˥˧]
[ʔ eˑn˧]
Swedish
arm
‘arm’
(X1)
Norwegian
arm
‘arm’
(B)
Icelandic
‘arm’
Changsha
i
[ʔ ẽː˥˩]
(B)
O.N.
armur
armr
(B)
O.E.
earm
‘arm’
(B1)
English
arm
arm
‘arm’
arm
ar(a)m
‘arm’
Arm
‘arm’
[ʔi̯ ɛn˧˩˧]
[jaˑm˧˩]
Guangzhou
[jiˑm˧˥]
Hanoi
(C1)
Xiamen
armas
◆
[ʔiː˧˥]
Meixian
‘lovely’
i
◆
Shanghai
Nanchang
‘lovely’
(AC)
◆
armas(AC)
Estonian
ém
O.L.G.
(B1)
[ʔi̯ am˥˧]
(A1)
,[~˥]
Dutch
Tokyo
えん(en)
O.H.G.
Seoul
엄(eom)
German
‘arm’
‘arm’
‘arm’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ʔi̯ am
*ʔjiamx
*iam
*ʔrjomʔ
*qromʔ
*arma-
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Latin armus ‘shoulder of animal’; Old Church Slavonic ramo ‘shoulder’
(requoted as DEOB).
SFE #9. SAOB (1901) A2266. SEOB (1922) 18. ODEE (1966) 50. KLUGE (2002) 60. DEOB
(2004) 32.
257
SFGE #2
DOM 75C2
B (to 52A0 加)
痂
Attested gloss
121: ‘scar’.《說文》疥也。Mandarin: id.
Reconstruction
*gȧba-R(AA1) {>歌部(-ʁ̩)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiā(A1)
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaː˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
i
(A)
[c aː˧˩]
A
/k2a /
[t͡ ɕiaː˩](A)
[t͡ ɕ aː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ aː˧˩]
i
(A1)
(A1)
armI(AA)
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
arpi
‘scar’
(AA)
‘scar’
Veps
--
--
Votic
--
--
Livonian
◆
‘scar’
Lappish
◆
‘scratch, small wound’
Gothic
--
--
Danish
ar;arp;(+)skorpe
‘scar’
ärr;(+)skorpa
‘scar’
arr;arp;(+)skorpe
‘scar’
ör;(+)skorpa
‘scar’
Swedish
ärb,aŕb
arʹbâ
[kaː˥˧]
[t͡ ɕiaː˧](A1)
Norwegian
(A1)
O.N.
err,ørr
‘scar’
O.E.
--
--
English
◆
‘scar’
O.L.G.
--
---
--
Icelandic
[kaːˑ˥˧]
(A1)
[kaː˥]
(A1)
[kaː˥]
(A1)
gia
(A1)
scar
Xiamen
[kaːˑ˥]
Dutch
Tokyo
か(ka)
O.H.G.
---
Seoul
가(ga)
German
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ka
*krar
*keai
*kraj
*kraal
*arwaz
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Ancient Greek ἐσχάρα ‘scab left from a burn’ (requoted as ODEE).
SFE #14. SEOB (1922) 1222 (ärr); 743 (skorpa). ODEE (1966) 794. SAOB (1972) S4625 (skorpa).
DEOB B (2004) 32 (ar); 33 (arp); (+)376 (skorpe).
258
SFGE #3
DOM 4E8B
B (to 4E4B 之)
事
Attested gloss
121: ‘occupation’.《說文》職也。Mandarin: ‘matter’.
Reconstruction
*þeþe(AA2);-S(C) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
shì(C)
Estonian
(C)
[ʂʐ̩ː˥˩]
[sz̩ ː˥˩],[seɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
◆
‘matter’;
(A)
Finnish
asia; sakko
Vepsian
azī, aź
‘matter’
aźźa
‘matter’
ažā
‘matter’
◆
‘matter’; ‘fine’
(C)
[sz̩ ː˥]
/d͡ ʐ 3ejC/;/t͡ ʂ3ejC/
asiA(A)
Votic
Livonian
‘matter’; ‘fine’
(C)
Lappish
(C)
Gothic
sakjō ~ sakan
‘dispute’ ~ ‘accuse’
(C)
Danish
sag ~ †sage
‘matter’ ~ ‘accuse’
(C)
Swedish
sak ~ saka
‘matter’ ~ ‘accuse’
Norwegian
sak ~ saka
‘matter’ ~ ‘accuse’
Icelandic
‘matter’ ~ ‘accuse’
O.N.
sök ~ saka
sǫk ~ saka
O.E.
sæć, sacu ~ sacan
‘strife’, ‘matter’ ~ ‘accuse’
sake
saka ~ sakan
‘sake’
zaak
sahha ~ sahhan
‘matter’
Sache
‘matter’
[sz̩ ː˥]
[sz̩ ː˥]
[sz̩ ː˧˩˧]
[sz̩ ː˥]
(X2)
[zz̩ ː˩˧]
(C1)
[sz̩ ː˥]
(C2)
,[~˩]
(C2)
[sz̩ ːˑ˩]
(C)
[sz̩ ː˥˩],[seː˥˩]
(C2)
Guangzhou
[siː˩]
Hanoi
(C2)
English
sự
O.L.G.
(C2)
Xiamen
[suːˑ˧],[taˑɪ̯ ˧]
Dutch
Tokyo
じ(ji),ず(zu)
O.H.G.
Seoul
사(sa)
German
ašʹše; sakʹko
‘matter’ ~ ‘dispute’
‘matter’ ~ ‘cause’
‘matter’ ~ ‘dispute’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*dʐʻi̯ əg;tʂi̯ əg
*dzrjəgh;ts~
*dʒiə;tʃiə
*ɦsrjəs;tsrjəs
*zrɯ;ʔsrɯ
*sakō-
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #16. SEOB (1922) 685‒686. SAOB (1963) S137. ODEE (1966) 782. KLUGE (2002) 778.
DEOB (2004) 358.
259
SFGE #4
DOM 5773
B (to 6556 幺)
坳
Attested gloss
121: ‘hollow’.《說文》地不平也。Mandarin: †id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕȧ(ŋ)ƕe(AA1)(-S(C)) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Tokyo
Seoul
ào(C)
(C)
[ʔaʊ̯˥˩]
[ʔao̯ ˥˩](C)
(C)
[ʔao̯ ˥]
/ʔ2awA;C/
Estonian
aukU ~ ava-(A)
Finnish
(A)
aukko ~avaS-
‘hole’ ~ ‘open’
Vepsian
avāt́a, avaita
‘open’
aukko
‘hole’ ~
ouk ~ ovātə
‘hole’ ~ ‘open’
‘open’
Votic
Livonian
(C)
‘hole’ ~ ‘open’
(C)
[ɣao̯ ˥]
[ŋaʊ̯˥](C)
Lappish
◆
Gothic
--
--
(C)
Danish
våge
‘hole in ice’
Swedish
vak
‘hole in ice’
Norwegian
våk
‘hole in ice’
Icelandic
‘hole in ice’
O.N.
vök
vǫk
O.E.
--
--
English
◆
‘track of ship’
O.L.G.
--
--
Dutch
◆
‘hole in ice’
O.H.G.
--
--
German
◆
‘hole in ice’
[ŋaʊ̯˧˩˧]
[ʔɔo̯ ˥](C)
(X1)
[ʔɔː˧˥]
(A1)
[ŋaʊ̯˧]
[ŋaˑʊ̯˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[ʔaʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[ʔaˑw˥]
ao
(C1)
,[~˧]
(A1)
(A1)
[ʔaˑʊ̯˥]
あう(au),えう(eu)
요(yo)
ǡʹvēd
‘hole in ice’
wake
wak
Wake
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ʔʊg
*ʔrəgw;-h
*eu
*ʔriw;-s
*qrɯɯw;-s
*wakwō-
This etymon was likely limited in Sino-Finno-Scandinavian.
SFE #18. SEOB (1922) 1078‒1079. ODEE (1966) 989. KLUGE (2002) 969. DEOB (2004) 508.
260
SFGE #5
DOM 5143
A3
元
Attested gloss
121: ‘start’.《說文》始也。Mandarin: id.; ‘first’.
Reconstruction
*ŋgwenda(AA2) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
yuán(A2)
(A2)
[ʔʸɛˑn˧˥]
Veps
(C)
Votic
[ʔʸaˑn˧˥]
[ʔʸaˑn˥]
1161
/ŋw3anA/
(A)
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Finnish
(A2)
Yantai
Taiyuan
Estonian
;(+)ensi;(3)
‘fore’; ‘first’;(3)
eźi;(+)ende
‘fore’; ‘before’
‘fore’; ‘before’; ‘always’
jeˀd;(+)enst; āinagi
‘fore’; ‘before’; ‘only’
◆
‘fore’;(4)
Gothic
ains
‘one’
Danish
en
‘one’, ‘a’
Swedish
en
‘one’, ‘a’
Norwegian
en
‘one’, ‘a’
‘one’
Lappish
(A2)
[ʔʸãː˧˥]
(A2)
[ʔʸaˑn˧˩]
(A2)
[ʔʸeˑn˩˧]
,(1)
‘fore’; ‘before’;(2)
◆
[ʔʸeː˩]
[ɲʸøː˩˧],[ɦʸøː˩˧]
esi,e
(AA)
◆
Livonian
(X2)
esi,e(AA);(+)enne;(2)
(A2)
esi;(+)enne; ain(a)
ietis/ätas;(+)(4)
[ʔʸẽː˩˧]
[ɲy̑ ɔn˧˥](A2)
Icelandic
O.N.
einn
einn
(A2)
O.E.
ān
‘one’, ‘a’
one; a(n)
‘one’; ‘a’
[ɲʲaˑn˩]
(A2)
[jyˑn˧˩]
English
‘one’
(A1)
O.L.G.
ēn
‘one’; ‘a’
(A2)
Dutch
‘one’, ‘a’
Tokyo
げん(gen),がん(gan)
O.H.G.
een
ein
Seoul
원(won)
German
ein
‘one’, ‘a’
Hanoi
Xiamen
nguyên
[gu̯ an˧˥]
‘one’, ‘a’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ŋiwa
̯ ̆n
LI
WANG
*ŋjuan
(X2)
◆
*ŋiuan
(AA)
◆
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ŋkjon
*ŋon
*aina-
(AA)
◆
(AA)
(1) [ɦyː˩˧] . (2) aina
‘always’; ainoa
‘only’. (3) aina
‘always’. (4)
◆
◆
enni, ienni ‘earlier’; āin ‘always’; aidʹno ‘only’.
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Sanskrit ōen ‘one’; Latin ūnus ‘one’; Lithuanian víenas ‘one’ (requoted as
DEOB).
SFE #23. SAOB (1922) E532. SEOB (1922) 119. ODEE (1966) 627 (one); 1 (a); 33 (an). KLUGE
(2002) 233. DEOB (2004) 106~107.
261
SFGE #6
DOM 5283
B (to 756B 畫)
劃
Attested gloss
121: ‘cut’.《說文》錐刀曰劃。Mandarin: ‘scratch’; ‘stroke’.
Reconstruction
*ƕȧge(AA2)-S(C) {>錫部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
huá(A2);huà(C)
u
(A2)
(C)
u
(A2)
(C)
u
(C)
[x aː˧˥]
;[~˥˩]
[x aː˧˥]
;[~˥˩]
◆
Finnish
◆
/ɦʷ2ek /
u
--
--
◆
‘wound’
Livonian
◆
‘wound’
‘wound’
(A)
ɔ̄v
havve
(D)
Lappish
◆
u
(A2)
(C)
Gothic
--
--
u
(A2)
(C)
Danish
hug ~ hugge
‘wound’ ~ ‘hew’
u
(D)
Swedish
hugg ~ hugga
‘wound’ ~ ‘hew’
u
(D2)
Norwegian
hugg ~ hugga
‘wound’ ~ ‘hew’
Icelandic
högg ~ höggva
‘hew’
O.N.
hǫgg ~ hǫggva
hēawan
‘hew’
hew
hauwan
‘hew’
houwen
houwan
‘hew’
hauen
‘hew’
[x aˑʔ˩] ,[x aː˩]
[x aː˧˥]
,[~˥]
[x aː˧˩]
;[~˧˩˧]
[x aˑʔ˥] ;(1)
[ɦ ɐˑʔ˧]
(A2)
[faː˩˧]
;(2)
(C2)
[faːˑ˩]
;[ʋaˑk̚ ˥]
[waː˧˩] ;[faˑk̚ ˩](D2)
(A2)
[faː˩]
(D2)
O.E.
English
,(3)
(A2)
[hu̯ aˑ˧˥] ,(4)
O.L.G.
Tokyo
かく(kaku)
O.H.G.
Seoul
획(hoek)
Xiamen
āva
u
(D2)
Hanoi
‘wound’
Veps
(A2)
Guangzhou
haava
‘wound’
(CA)
Votic
[x aː˥]
D
haavA(CA)
Estonian
hoạch
Dutch
German
‘hew’
‘hew’
‘hew’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*g'wĕk
*gwrik
*ɣoek
*gʷrek
*gʷreeg
*hawwan
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Lithuanian kauti ‘beat’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #25. SEOB (1922) 219. SAOB (1932) H1316 (hugg); H1320 (hugga). ODEE (1966) 429.
KLUGE (2002) 396. DEOB (2004) 171.
262
SFGE #7
DOM 6572
B (to 9AD8 高)
敲
Attested gloss
121: ‘strike horizontally’.《說文》橫擿也。Mandarin: ‘knock’.
Reconstruction
*ƕeŋga(AA1) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qiāo(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰiao̯ ˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
hakkaS-(AC)
‘start’
Finnish
(AC)
‘hack’
hakkaS-
Veps
--
--
(A)
Votic
akata
‘hack’
A;C
Livonian
akkə
‘catch, set out; start’
Lappish
--
--
Gothic
--
--
Danish
hak ~ hakke
‘hack’
Swedish
hack ~ hacka
‘hack’
Norwegian
hakk ~ hakke
--
‘hack’
O.N.
--
--
O.E.
haccian
‘hack’
hack
--
‘hack’
‘hack’
O.H.G.
hakken
hacchōn
German
hacken
‘hack’
i
[cʰ ao̯ ˧˩]
/kʰ2aw /
[t͡ ɕʰiao̯ ˩](A)
[t͡ ɕʰ aʊ̯˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥],[kʰaʊ̯˥](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰ ɔo̯ ˧],[kʰɔo̯ ˧˩]
i
(A1)
(A1)
[kʰɔː˥˧]
(A1)
[kʰaʊ̯˧]
[kʰaˑʊ̯˥˧](A1)
Icelandic
(A1)
[kʰaʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[hʰawˑ˥]
(A1)
xao,sao
,xào
English
(A2)
(A1)
[kʰaˑʊ̯˥]
,[kʰaːˑ˩]
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Seoul
고(go),교(gyo)
O.L.G.
(C1)
Dutch
--
--
‘hack’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*k'ŏg
*khragw;-h
*kheô
*khraw;-s
*khraaw;-s
--
This etymon has an irregular distribution.
SFE #28. SEOB (1922) 244. SAOB (1930) H8 (hack); H12 (hacka). ODEE (1966) 422. KLUGE
(2002) 381. DEOB (2004) 188.
263
SFGE #8
DOM 641C
B (to 53DF 叟)
搜
Attested gloss
(1): ‘seek’.《方言》求也。Mandarin: ‘seek’.
Reconstruction
*þeƕe(AA1) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
sōu(A1)
◆
Finnish
◆
Vepsian
--
--
Votic
◆
‘seek’
Livonian
--
--
[səʊ̯˩]
[soʊ̯˧˩](A1)
Lappish
◆
‘acquire’
Gothic
sōkjan
‘seek’
(A1)
Danish
søge
‘seek’
Swedish
söka
‘seek’
Norwegian
søke
‘seek’
‘seek’
O.N.
sækja
sœ́ kja
O.E.
sēćan
‘visit, inquire, pursue’
seek\sought
sōkian
‘seek’
‘seek’
O.H.G.
zoeken
suohhen
German
sucken
‘seek’
(A1)
[soʊ̯˥]
[səʊ̯˧](A1)
(A)
[soʊ̯˧˩]
/ʂ3ewA/
(A)
[səʊ̯˥]
[səɯ̯˧˩](A1)
(A1)
[sɤɯ̯˥˧]
[səʊ̯˧](A1)
Icelandic
(A1)
[sɛˑʊ̯˥˧]
[sɛʊ̯˥](A1)
(A1)
Guangzhou
[sɐwˑ˥]
Hanoi
(A1)
Xiamen
hage-(AA)
Estonian
sưu
(B1)
,[~˧˥]
English
O.L.G.
[sɔːˑ˥],[t͡ sʰiǎ̯ ʊ̯]
(A1)
Tokyo
そう(sō)
Seoul
수(su)
Dutch
‘prosecute’
(AA)
hake-
‘seek’
ake̮ a
hākkȃt
‘seek’
‘seek’
‘seek’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ʂi̯ ʊg
*srjəgw
*ʃiu
*srju
*sru
*sōkia-
(1) First attested in personal literatures dating to BC.
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Old Irish saigim ‘seek’; Latin sāgīre ‘trace’; Greek ἡγέομαι ‘I lead the way’
(requoted as SAOB).
SFE #29. SEOB (1922) 941. ODEE (1966) 806. KLUGE (2002) 897. SAOB (2002) S16496.
DEOB (2004) 443.
264
SFGE #9
DOM 5BD2
A3
寒
Attested gloss
121: ‘freeze’.《說文》凍也。Mandarin: ‘cold’.
Reconstruction
*ƕanda-R(AA2) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
hán(A2)
(A2)
[xaˑn˧˥]
(A2)
[xaˑn˧˥]
(C)
[xaˑn˥]
A
/ɦ1an /
(A)
[xæ̃ ː˩]
[xãː˧˥](A2)
Finnish
◆
Vepsian
◆
‘frost’
Votic
◆
‘frost’
Livonian
◆
‘frost’
Lappish
◆
‘dew; fog’
halla
‘frost’
(AA)
‘frost’
hala
alla, halla
ɔ̄la
suolʹdne
Gothic
kalds
‘cold’
Danish
kold; køl ~ kjøle
‘cold’; ‘chill’
(A2)
Swedish
kall; kyl ~ kyla
‘cold’; ‘chill’
kold ~ kjøle
‘cold’ ~ ‘chill’
kaldur; kala\(1)
‘cold’ ~ ‘suffer frostbite’
[xaˑŋ˩˧]
(X2)
[ɦøː˩˧]
Norwegian
(A2)
Icelandic
(A2)
O.N.
kaldr ~ kæla
‘cold’ ~ ‘chill’
(A2)
O.E.
cald; cōl
‘cold’ ~ ‘cool’
(A2)
English
cold; cool; chill
‘cold’; ‘cool’; ‘chill’
O.L.G.
kald
‘cold’
Dutch
koud; koel
‘cold’; ‘cool’
kalt; kuoli ~ kuolen
‘cold’
kalt; kühl ~ kühlen
‘cold’; ‘chill’
[xaˑn˩˧]
[hɔːn˧˥]
[hɔˑn˩]
Guangzhou
[hɔˑn˧˩]
Hanoi
(A2)
(A2)
Tokyo
[haːn˧˥],[kua̯ ˑ˧˥]
̃
かん(kan)
Seoul
한(han)
Xiamen
◆
(A2)
[xaˑn˧˩]
hàn
hallA(AA)
Estonian
O.H.G.
German
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*g'ɑn
*g'ɑn
*ɣan
*gan
*gaan
*kalda-
(1) kelur\kól.
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Latin gelū ‘frost’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #31. SEOB (1922) 292 (kall); 380 (kyla). SAOB (1935) K138 (kall); (1938) K3491 (kyla)..
ODEE (1966) 190 (cold); 213 (cool); 169 (chill). KLUGE (2002) 462 (kalt); 544 (kühl). DEOB
(2004) 233.
265
SFGE #10
DOM 96C1
B (to 5382 厂)
雁
Attested gloss
121: ‘bird’.《說文》鳥也。Mandarin: ‘wild goose’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕȧnda(AA2)-S(C) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
yàn(C)
hani,e(AA)
Estonian
◆
‘goose’
i
(C)
Finnish
◆
i
(C)
Veps
◆
‘goose’
i
(C)
Votic
◆
‘goose’
[ʔ ɛˑn˥˩]
[ʔ aˑn˥˩]
[ʔ aˑn˥]
C
/ŋ2an /
(AA)
hanhi,e
hanh
́ ́ /hane̮ h/hane̮ z
ane̮
‘goose’
Livonian
--
--
i
(C)
Lappish
--
--
i
(C)
Gothic
--
--
Danish
gås\gæs;and\ænder
‘goose’; ‘duck’
[ʔ eː˥]
[ʔ ãː˥]
(C)
[ŋaˑn˧˩˧]
i
(C)
[ʔ eˑn˥]
(X1)
[ʔiː˧˥]
Swedish
gås\gäss;and\änder
‘goose’; ‘wild duck’
(X2)
Norwegian
gås\gjess;and\ender
‘goose’; ‘duck’
(C2)
Icelandic
gæs;önd\endur
‘goose’; ‘duck’
,[ŋe̞ ː˩˧]
(C1)
[ŋaˑn˥]
,[~˩]
(C2)
O.N.
gás;ǫnd
‘goose’; ‘duck’
(C)
O.E.
gōs;gandra
‘goose’; ‘gander’
(C2)
English
goose\geese;gander
‘goose’; ‘gander’
[ŋaːn˩]
[ɲʲaˑn˥˨]
[ŋaˑn˩]
O.L.G.
--
--
(C2)
Dutch
gans;gander;eend
‘goose’; ‘gander’; ‘duck’
Tokyo
がん(gan)
O.H.G.
gans;anat,anit
‘goose’; ‘duck’
Seoul
안(an)
Gans;Ente
‘goose’; ‘duck’
Hanoi
Xiamen
ngạn
(C2)
[gaːn˧]
German
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ŋan
*ŋranh
*ŋean
*ŋrans
*ŋraans
*gans-
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Lithuanian žąsìs ‘goose’; Latin anser ‘goose’; Greek χήν ‘goose, swan’; Sanskrit
haṁsá-ḥ ‘goose, swan’ (requoted as SAOB & DEOB).
SFE #34. SEOB (1922) 214 (gås); 11 (and). SAOB (1929) G1559 (gås); (1898) A1277 (and).
ODEE (1966) 406 (goose); 388 (gander). KLUGE (2002) 329 (Gans); 246 (). DEOB (2004) 170
(gås); 29 (and).
266
SFGE #11
DOM 5805
B (to 81E4 臤)
堅
Attested gloss
121: ‘hard’.《說文》剛也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gėnþe-R(AA2) {>真部(-nþe)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jiān(A1)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
i
◆
Finnish
◆
Vepsian
(+)käŕźida
‘endure’
(+)tšärsiä
‘endure’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘devout’; ‘endure’
Gothic
hardus ~ gahardjan
‘hard’
Danish
hård ~ hærde
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
Swedish
hård ~ härda
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
Norwegian
hård ~ herde
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
harður ~ herða
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
O.N.
harðr ~ herða
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
O.E.
hard, heard ~ hierdan
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
English
hard ~ harden
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
O.L.G.
hard ~ herdian
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
Dutch
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
(A)
[c aˑn˧˩]
Votic
A
/k4an /
[t͡ ɕieː˩](A)
[t͡ ɕ ãː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaˑn˥](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ eˑn˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiː˥˧](A1)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ ẽː˧]
[t͡ ɕiɛ̯n˥˧](A1)
i
(A1)
i
Icelandic
(A1)
[c aˑn˥]
(A1)
[kiˑn˥]
kiên
hardaS(AC);(+)(2)
Estonian
(A1)
,(1)
(A1)
(AC) )
hartaS
;(+)(3)
hárhtēs;(+)gierʹdât
Tokyo
[kia̯ n˥]
けん(ken)
O.H.G.
hard ~ harden
hart
Seoul
견(gyeon)
German
hart ~ härten
Xiamen
‘devout’; ‘endure’
‘devout’; ‘endure’
‘hard’ ~ ‘harden’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*kien
WANG
*kin
(A1)
*kyen
(A1)
(C1)
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*kin
*kiin
*harðú-
(A2)
(1) keng , kiêng , gắn , ghiền .
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Greek kratýs ‘strong’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #38. SEOB (1922) 254 (hård); 259 (härda). SAOB (1932) H1829 (hård); H2092 (härda).
ODEE (1966) 427. KLUGE (2002) 393‒394. DEOB (2004) 201.
267
SFGE #12
DOM 5C11
A3/B (to 4E3F 丿)
少
Attested gloss
121: ‘few’. 《說文》不多也。Mandarin: id.; ‘young’.
Reconstruction
*ƕamba-R(AA1)(-S(C)) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
shăo(B);shào(C)
Estonian
harvA(AA);(3)
‘sparse’; ‘fragile’
(B)
(C)
Finnish
Veps
harv
‘sparse’
(B)
(C)
Votic
arva;abraz
‘sparse’; ‘fragile’
ɔ̄ra;aˀbbərz,aˀbrəz
◆
harʹve;hāurēs
‘sparse’; ‘fragile’
[ʂaʊ̯˧˩˧] ;[~˥˩]
[sao̯ ˧˩˧](B);[~˥˩](C)
i
[ɕ ao̯ ˧˩˧] ;[~˥]
B;C
/h1aw
/
Livonian
(B)
(C)
harva
(AA)
;(4)
‘sparse’; ‘fragile’
[sao̯ ˥˧] ;[~˥]
[ʂaʊ̯˥˧](B);[~˥](C)
Lappish
Gothic
fawai
‘few’
(B)
Danish
få
‘few’
Swedish
få
‘few’
Norwegian
få
‘few’
‘few’
O.N.
fár
fár
O.E.
fēaw
‘few’
‘few’
(C)
[saʊ̯˥˧] ;[~˧˩˧]
[ʂɔo̯ ˧](B);[~˥](C)
(X1)
[sɔː˧˥]
(B)
(C1)
(B)
(C)
[saʊ̯˥˩] ;[~˥]
[sɛˑʊ̯˧˩˧](B);[~˥](C1)
Icelandic
[saʊ̯˧˩] ;[~˥˨]
(B1)
[siˑw˧˥]
(C1)
;[~˧]
‘sparse’; ‘fragile’
‘few’
;(1)
(B1)
[si̯ aʊ̯˥˧] ,(2)
O.L.G.
few
--
Dutch
--
--
Tokyo
しょう(shō),せう(seu)
O.H.G.
fao,fō
‘few’
Seoul
소(so)
--
--
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
thiểu
English
(B1)
German
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ɕi̯ og
WANG
*hrjagw-x;-h
(C2)
(B1)
BAXTER
*ɕiô
(B1)
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*hljew-ʔ;-s
(B1)
(C1)
*hmjew-ʔ;-s -. (2) [t͡ si̯ oˑ˥˧](B1); [si̯ aʊ̯˩](C1). (3)
(1) thẹo , thểu , thỉu , thẻo , thiếu
habras(AC). (4) hauras(AC).
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Latin parvus ‘small’; puer ‘boy’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #39. SEOB (1922) 165~166. SAOB (1926) F1931. ODEE (1966) 353. DEOB (2004) 148.
268
SFGE #13
DOM 5BAE
A1
宮
Attested gloss
121: ‘room’.《說文》室也。Mandarin: ‘palace’.
Reconstruction
*gʷembe(AA1)(-S(C)) {>侵(冬)部(-me)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
gōngu(A1)
(A1)
[kʊˑŋ˥]
u
(A1)
[k əˑŋ˧]
◆
Finnish
◆
Vepsian
◆
‘tribe; relative’
Votic
◆
‘tribe; relative’
‘family; household, house’
(A)
[kuˑŋ˧˩]
A
‘tribe’
(A)
heimo
‘tribe’
heim,hīm
e̮ imo
Livonian
◆
(A)
Lappish
◆
‘tribe’
(A1)
Gothic
haims
‘village’
(A1)
Danish
hjem
‘home’
(A1)
Swedish
hem
‘home’
(A1)
Norwegian
hjem
‘home’
‘world’
/k3oŋ /
u
[k əˑŋ˩]
[kuˑŋ˧˩]
[koˑŋ˥]
[koˑŋ˧˩]
[kɷˑŋ˥˧]
aim
hæiʹbmo
(A1)
Icelandic
(A1)
O.N.
heimur
heimr
(A1)
O.E.
hām
‘village; house’
(A1)
English
home
hēm
‘home’
‘house, home’
O.H.G.
heem
heima
German
Heim
‘home’
[kəˑn˧]
[kuːŋ˥˧]
i
[c uˑŋ˥]
[kʊŋˑ˥]
cung
hõimU(A)
Estonian
(A1)
O.L.G.
(A1)
[kiɔ̯ŋ˥],[kiə̯ŋ]
Dutch
Tokyo
きゅう(kyū),ぐう(gū)
Seoul
궁(gung)
‘home; world’
‘domicile’
‘house’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ki̯ ʊŋ
*kjəŋw
*kiuəm
*kjuŋ
*kuŋ
*haima-
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Old Irish cōim ‘dear’; Latvian sàime ‘servant; family’; Old Church Slavonic
sěmǐja ‘servant’; Greek kṓmē ‘village’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #42. SEOB (1922) 232. SAOB (1930) H722. ODEE (1966) 445‒446. KLUGE (2002) 402.
DEOB (2004) 184.
269
SFGE #14
DOM 9472
B (to 8944 襄)
鑲
Attested gloss
121: ‘mould’.《說文》作型中膓也。Mandarin: ‘inlay’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕeŋƕa-R(AA1) {>陽部(-ŋa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
xiāng(A1)
hõlmA(AA)
Estonian
◆
‘hem’
i
(A1)
Finnish
◆
i
(A1)
Veps
--
--
i
(A)
Votic
◆
‘hem’
Livonian
◆
‘hem’
Lappish
◆
‘hem’
[ɕ aˑŋ˥]
[ɕ aˑŋ˧]
[s aˑŋ˧˩]
A
A
/n̪ 3aŋ /;/ɳ3aŋ /
[ɕiãː˩](A)
i
(A1)
[ɕ ãː˧˩]
(AA)
helma
‘hem’
e̮ lma
ē̮ lma,īlma,ǖlma
hælʹbme
Gothic
hilms
‘helmet’
i
(A1)
Danish
hjelm
‘helmet’
i
(A1)
Swedish
hjälm
‘helmet’
i
(A1)
Norwegian
hjelm
‘helmet’
i
(A1)
Icelandic
O.N.
hjálmur
hjalmr
‘helmet’
(A1)
(A1)
O.E.
helm
‘helmet’
(A1)
English
helm
helm
‘helmet’
‘helmet’
O.H.G.
helm
helm
German
Helm
‘helmet’
[ɕ aˑŋ˥]
[s aˑŋ˧˩]
[ɕ ãˑɲ˥˧]
[ɕ aˑn˧]
[ɕi̯ ɔŋ˥˧]
[sʲɔˑŋ˥]
[sœˑŋ˥]
tương
(A1)
O.L.G.
(A1)
[si̯ ɔŋ˥]
Tokyo
じょう(jō),(1)
Seoul
양(yang)
Dutch
‘helmet’
‘helmet’
‘helmet’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ȵi̯ aŋ;ni̯ aŋ
*njaŋ;nrjaŋ
*ȵiaŋ;niaŋ
*njaŋ;nrjaŋ
*njaŋ;naŋ
*helma-
(1) しょう(shō), にょう(nyō), そう(sō).
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Sanskrit śárman- ‘protection, cover’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #46. SEOB (1922) 239. SAOB (1931) H1010. ODEE (1966) 435. KLUGE (2002) 406. DEOB
(2004) 184.
270
SFGE #15
DOM 57A3
B (to 52A6 劦)
協 (= DOM 52A6 劦)
Attested gloss
121: ‘cooperate’’(劦).《說文》同力也。Mandarin: ‘assist’
Reconstruction
*ƕėba-R(AD2) {>葉部(-ba)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
xié(A2)
(A2)
Finnish
i
(A2)
Vepsian
--
--
i
(C)
Votic
◆
‘ease’
[ɕ eː˧˥]
[ɕ eː˧˥]
1161
D
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
/ɦ4ap /
helppo
(AA)
‘easy’
helppo
Livonian
--
--
i
(D)
Lappish
◆
‘ease’
i
(A2)
Gothic
hilpan
‘help’
i
(A2)
Danish
hjælp ~ hjælpe\(1)
‘help’
i
(D)
hjälp ~ hjälpa
‘help’
hjelp ~ hjælpe\(2)
‘help’
‘help’
O.N.
hjálp ~ hjálpa
hjalp
O.E.
help ~ helpan
‘help’
‘help’
O.L.G.
help
helpa
Dutch
hulp ~ helpen\(3)
‘help’
hilfa,helfa ~ helfan
‘help’
Hilfe ~ helfen\(4)
‘help’
[ɕ eʔ˩]
[ɕ eː˧˥]
[ɕ eː˧˩]
[ɕ eˑʔ]
Swedish
i
(D2)
[ɦiˑʔ˧],[ɦ ɐˑʔ˧]
i
Norwegian
(D)
[ɕ eː˧˥]
Icelandic
(D2)
[ɕiɛ̯t˩]
[çiaˑp˥](D2)
(D2)
[hiˑp˩]
hiệp
(D2)
English
(D1)
,hiếp
(D2)
Tokyo
[hia̯ p˥]
きょう(kyō)
Seoul
협(hyeop)
Xiamen
‘ease’
i
[ç eː˥]
Xi’an
◆
◆
Yantai
Taiyuan
hõlpU(AA)
Estonian
O.H.G.
German
hælʹpo
‘help’
‘help’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*g'iap
*giap
*ɣyap
*gep
*ɦleeb
*helpō-
(1) hjalp\hulpet. (2) hjalp\hulpet. (3) hielp. (4) half\geholfen\hülfe\hilft.
A credible equivalent has been suggested in Lithuanian: šel̃pti ‘help’ (requoted as
DEOB).
SFE #48. SEOB (1922) 239. SAOB (1931) H1015 (hjälp); H1018 (hjälpa). ODEE (1966) 436.
KLUGE (2002) 412 (Hilfe); 405 (helfen). DEOB (2004) 185.
271
SFGE #16
DOM 563C
A1
嘼
Attested gloss
121: ‘cattle’.《說文》㹌也。Mandarin: ‘land animal’.
Reconstruction
*ƕewe(AA1)-S(C) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
shòu(C)
◆
Finnish
◆
Veps
◆
‘elk’
Votic
◆
‘elk’
Livonian
◆
‘deer’
[səʊ̯˥]
[ʂoʊ̯˥](C)
Lappish
◆
‘elk’
Gothic
dius
‘animal’
(C)
Danish
dyr
‘animal’
Swedish
djur
‘animal’
dyr
‘animal’
‘animal’
(C)
[ʂɤʊ̯˥˩]
[səʊ̯˥˩](C)
i
(C)
Yantai
[ɕ əʊ̯˥]
1161
C
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
hirvE(AA)
Estonian
/ʂ3ew /
(C)
[səʊ̯˧˩˧]
[ʂəɯ̯˥](C)
(X1)
hirvi,e
‘deer’
(AA)
‘elk’
hirvoi
irvi
īra,īrva
sârvâ
[sɤɯ̯˧˥]
[səʊ̯˥](C1)
Norwegian
(C1)
O.N.
dýr
dýrr
O.E.
dēor
‘animal’
English
deer
dior
‘deer’
‘animal’
O.H.G.
dier
tior
German
Tier
‘animal’
Icelandic
[səʊ̯˥]
[t͡ sʰuː˥˩](C)
(C1)
[sɐwˑ˧]
(C1)
thú
O.L.G.
(C1)
[si̯ əʊ̯˩]
Tokyo
きゅう(kyū),(1)
Seoul
휴(hyu)
Dutch
‘animal’
‘animal’
‘animal’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ɕi̯ ʊg
*hrjəgwh
*ɕiu
*hjus
*qhljus
*deuza-
(1)く(ku), ちゅう(chū).
This etymon was likely limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #63. SAOB (1918) D1766. SEOB (1922) 94‒95. ODEE (1966) 250. KLUGE (2002) 916‒917.
DEOB (2004) 99.
272
SFGE #17
DOM 7FBD
A1
羽
Attested gloss
121: ‘feather of birds’.《說文》鳥長毛也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕʷeba(AA2)-X(B) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
yŭ(B)
Estonian
juusE(CA);†hivu
(B)
Finnish
hiusE
(CA)
(B)
Vepsian
́ ́ d́
hibus;hib
‘hair’; ‘soft skin’
(B)
Votic
ivuz
‘hair’
ibūks
‘hair’
--
--
[ʔyː˧˩˧]
[ʔyː˧˩˧]
[ʔyː˧˩˧]
B
/ʕ3o /
Livonian
;hipiä
‘hair’; ‘body’
‘hair’; ‘soft skin’
(B)
Lappish
(B)
Gothic
hiwi
‘form, appearance’
(B)
Danish
†hy
‘complexion; skin’
(B)
Swedish
hy
‘complexion; skin’
Norwegian
‘complexion’
Icelandic
hy
--
O.N.
hý
‘down of birds’
O.E.
hēw,hēow
‘appearance; colour’
‘hue’
O.L.G.
hue
--
[ʔuːˑ˥˧]
Dutch
--
--
Tokyo
う(u)
O.H.G.
--
--
Seoul
우(u)
German
--
--
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
[ʔyː˥˧]
[ʔyː˥˧]
[ʔyː˥˧]
[ʔyː˧]
(X2)
[ɦyː˩˧]
(B)
[ʔyː˥˩]
(B)
[ʔyːˑ˧˩˧]
(B)
[ʔiː˧˩]
(B2)
Guangzhou
[jyː˩˧]
Hanoi
(B2)
Xiamen
vũ
English
(B)
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*gi̯ wo
*gwjagx
*ɣiua
*wjaʔ
*ɢʷaʔ
--
This etymon was likely limited in Sino-Finno-Gothic.
!: Previously suggested equivalents after “Indo-European root *(s)keu ‘cover’ are
rejected. {!! All suggested etymological links between Germanic CV(V)C roots and
Indo-European *CV(V) roots (without C2) ought to be rejected.}
SFE #64. SEOB (1922) 250. SAOB (1932) H1588; (+)H1589. ODEE (1966) 451.
273
SFGE #18
DOM 5A66
A3/B (to 5E1A 帚)
婦
Attested gloss
121: ‘wife’.《說文》从女持帚灑掃也。Mandarin: id.; ‘madam’.
Reconstruction
*ƕewe-R(AA2)-S(C) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
fù(C)
(C)
‘whore’
Finnish
◆
(C)
Veps
--
--
(C)
Votic
◆
‘whore’
‘whore’
[fuː˥˩]
[fuː˥˩]
[fuː˥]
B
huora
hōr(r)a
Livonian
◆
(C)
Lappish
◆
‘whore’
(C)
Gothic
--
--
Danish
hore
‘whore’
Swedish
hora
‘whore’
Norwegian
hore
‘whore’
Icelandic
‘whore’
O.N.
hóra
hóra
O.E.
hore
‘whore’
whore
--
‘whore’
‘whore’
‘whore’
/bv3ew /
[fuː˥]
[fuː˥]
[fuː˧˩˧]
(C)
(C)
[fuː˥]
(X2)
[vm̩ ː˩˧]
(C1)
[fuː˥]
(C2)
,[~˩]
(C2)
[ɸuːˑ˩]
(C)
[fuː˥˨]
(C2)
[fuː˩],[pʰowˑ˩]
phụ
‘whore’
(AA)
◆
hoorA(AA)
Estonian
English
(C2)
O.L.G.
(C2)
[huːˑ˧],[puːˑ˧]
uor
fuorra
Tokyo
ふ(fu)
O.H.G.
hoer
huora
Seoul
부(bu)
German
Hure
Xiamen
Dutch
‘whore’
--
‘whore’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*b'i̯ əg
*bjəgx
*biə
*bjəʔ
*bɯʔ
*hōrōn
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #73. SEOB (1922) 242. SAOB (1932) H1209. ODEE (1966) 1005. KLUGE (2002) 428.
DEOB (2004) 186.
274
SFGE #19
DOM 8B02
B (to 80C3 胃)
謂
Attested gloss
121: ‘report’.《說文》報也。Mandarin: ‘claim; be called’.
Reconstruction
*ƕʷede-R(AA2)(-S(C)) {>物部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
wèi(C)
hüüdA-(CA)
Estonian
◆
‘yell’
u
(C)
Finnish
◆
u
(C)
Vepsian
--
--
u
(C)
--
--
[ʔ eɪ̯ ˥˩]
[ʔ eɪ̯ ˥˩]
(CA)
huuta-
‘yell’
Yantai
[ʔ əɪ̯ ˥]
Votic
1161
C
/яʷ3ej /
Livonian
--
--
Taiyuan
(C)
Lappish
◆
‘bark’
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
[ʋeɪ̯ ˥]
(C)
Gothic
haitan
‘call, invite, order’
u
(C)
Danish
hedde
‘be called’
u
(C)
Swedish
heta
‘be called’
u
(X2)
Norwegian
hete
‘be called’
u
(C2)
Icelandic
‘be called’
O.N.
heita
heita
O.E.
hātan
‘call, invite’
--
--
[ʔ eɪ̯ ˥]
[ʔ eɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[ʔ ɵɪ̯ ˥]
[h e̞ ː˩˧]
[ʔ eɪ̯ ˩]
[ʔuə̯̌ ɪ̯ ˩](C2)
ə
(C)
[ʋiː˥˨],[ʋu ɪ̯ ˥˨]
(C2)
‘be called’
[wɐjˑ˩]
English
(C2)
O.L.G.
hētan
‘be called’
Dutch
heten
heizan
‘be called’
heissen
‘be called; call, order’
vị
(C2)
Tokyo
[ʔuə̯̌ɪ̯ ˧]
い(i)
O.H.G.
Seoul
위(wi)
German
Xiamen
hüttʹedh
u
‘call, order’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*gi̯ wəd
*gwjədh
*ɣiuət
*wjuts
*ɢuds
*hait-
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
!: Previously suggested equivalents after an Indo-European root {*kēi- ‘set in
movement’} (without matching C2 = d ) are rejected.
SFE #76. SEOB (1922) 235. SAOB (1931) H860. KLUGE (2002) 404. DEOB (2004) 177.
275
SFGE #20
DOM 8E8D
B (to 7FDF 翟)
躍
Attested gloss
121: ‘hurry’.《說文》迅也。Mandarin: ‘jump’.
Reconstruction
*þeƕa(AD2)-S(C) {>藥部(-ƕa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
yuè,yào(C)
Beijing
i
i
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
hüppaS-(AC)
‘jump’
(C)
Finnish
hyppäS-
(AC)
‘jump’
(C)
Vepsian
hüpaita
‘jump’
(h)üpätä
‘jump’
[ʔʸøː˥˩],[ʔ aʊ̯˥˩]
[ʔʸeː˥˩],[ʔ aʊ̯˥˩]
(B)
[ʔʸøː˧˩˧]
Votic
D
/я3ak /
Livonian
--
--
(D)
Lappish
--
--
(A1)
Gothic
--
--
i
(C)
Danish
hop ~ hoppe
‘jump’
i
(D)
Swedish
hopp ~ hoppa
‘jump’
i
(D2)
Norwegian
hopp ~ hoppe
‘jump’
Icelandic
‘jump’
[ʔʸəˑʔ˩]
[ʔʸoː˧˩]
[ʔ aʊ̯˧˩˧]
[ʔ oˑʔ˥]
[ɦ ɐˑʔ˧]
i
(D)
[ʔ oː˧˥]
[ʔiɛ̯̌ʊ̯˩](C2),(1)
O.N.
hopp ~ hoppa
hopp ~ hoppa
(D2)
O.E.
hoppian
‘hop’
(C2)
English
hop
--
‘hop’
‘jump’
O.H.G.
hoppen
--
German
hüpfen
‘jump’
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ljewk
*lewɢ
*huppian
i
[ʔ ɔˑk˥]
[jœˑk˩]
dược
,(2)
(D2)
[ʔiɔ̯k˩],[ʔio̯ ʔ˥]
O.L.G.
(D2)
Dutch
Tokyo
やく(yaku),てき(teki)
Seoul
약(yak),적(jeok)
‘jump dance’ ~ ‘jump’
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*di̯ ok
LI
*rakw
(D2)
WANG
*ʎiôk
(C1)
(D1)
(1) [ʔiɔ̯k˩] . (2) [jœˑk˧] , [tʰɪkˑ˥] .
This etymon was likely limited in Sino-Finno-Scandinavian.
!: Previously suggested equivalents after an Indo-European root {*keu- ‘bend’}
(without matching C2 = ƕ ) are rejected.
SFE #78. SEOB (1922) 242. SAOB (1932) H1171 (hopp); H1176 (hoppa). ODEE (1966) 447.
KLUGE (2002) 428. DEOB (2004) 186.
276
SFGE #21
DOM 8A61
B (to 7FBD 羽)
詡
Attested gloss
121: ‘boast’.《說文》大言也。Mandarin: ‘boast; humility’.
Reconstruction
*ƕʷeƕa(AA1)(-X(B)) {>魚部(-ʔa)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
xǔ(B)
Estonian
Finnish
häpy ~ häpe-
‘shame’ ~ ‘be shamed’
(B)
Vepsian
--
--
(B)
äpiä/häppiä
‘shame’
äbī
‘shame’
‘shame’
[ɕyː˧˩˧]
[ɕyː˧˩˧]
[çyː˧˩˧]
Votic
1161
B
Livonian
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
/hʷ3o /
(AA)
(B)
Lappish
◆
(B)
Gothic
--
--
Danish
◆
‘shy; shyness’
Swedish
◆
‘shy; shyness’
‘shy; shyness’
[ɕyː˥˧]
[ɕyː˥˧]
(B)
[ɕyː˥˧]
(B)
[ɕyː˧]
(X1)
hǣppȃd
sky
skygg
Norwegian
◆
(B)
Icelandic
--
--
(B)
O.N.
--
--
O.E.
sćēoh
‘shy’
shy
--
‘shy’
schuw ~ schuwen
skiuhen
‘shy’
scheu ~ sheuen
‘shy’
[ɕyː˧˥]
[ɕyː˥˧]
[ɕyː˧˩˧]
(B)
[hiː˧˩]
(B1)
[hɵɥˑ˧˥]
hủ
‘shame’
(B)
Yantai
Taiyuan
häbi(AA)
English
(B1)
O.L.G.
(B)
Xiamen
[huːˑ˥˧]
Dutch
Tokyo
く(ku)
O.H.G.
Seoul
후(hu)
German
skygg
--
‘shy’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*xi̯ wo
*hwjagx
*xiua
*hwjaʔ
*qhʷaʔ
--
This etymon was likely limited in Sino-Finno-Scandinavian.
SFE #84. SEOB (1922) 763. ODEE (1966) 825. SAOB (1974) S5502. KLUGE (2002) 800. DEOB
(2004) 383.
277
SFGE #22
DOM 8EDB
B (to 5384 厄)
軛
Attested gloss
121: ‘yoke’.《說文》轅前也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋgȧga(AD1)-S(C) {>錫部(-ga)}
(≤ DOM 8EF6
軶)
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
è(C)
◆
(C)
Finnish
◆
(C)
Vepsian
--
--
Votic
--
--
Livonian
◆
‘yoke’
Lappish
--
--
[ʔɤː˥˩]
[ʔɤː˥˩]
i
(B)
Yantai
[ʔ eː˧˩˧]
1161
D
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
/ʔ2ek /
[ɣəˑʔ˩],[ɣaˑʔ˩]
(D)
‘yoke’
(AC)
ikeS
‘yoke’
iˀgž
(A1)
Gothic
juk
‘pair (of ox)’
(A2)
Danish
åg
‘yoke’
(D)
Swedish
ok
‘yoke’
Norwegian
åk
‘yoke’
Icelandic
‘yoke’
O.N.
ok
--
O.E.
ġeoc
‘yoke’
English
yoke
juk
‘yoke’
juk
juh,joh
‘yoke’
Joch
‘yoke’
[ŋeɪ̯ ˧˩]
[ŋeː˧˩]
[ʔəˑʔ˥]
(D1)
[ʔɐˑʔ˥]
(C1)
[ʔɤː˥]
(D1)
[ʔiɛ̯t˥],[ʔia̯ k˥]
[ʔaˑk˩](D1)
[ʔaˑk˧],[ŋaˑk˧]
ách
ikkeS(AC)
Estonian
(D3)
(D1)
O.L.G.
(D1)
[ʔiːk˧],[ʔeːʔ˧]
Dutch
Tokyo
あく(aku);やく(yaku)
Seoul
액(aek)
O.H.G.
German
--
‘yoke’
‘yoke’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ʔĕk
*ʔrik
*ek
*ʔrek
*qreeg
*juka-
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Old Church Slavonic igo ‘yoke’; Latin jugum ‘yoke’; Greek ζυγόν ‘yoke’;
Sanskrit yugám ‘yoke’ (requoted as SEOB and SAOB).
SFE #88. SEOB (1922) 544. SAOB (1949) O509. ODEE (1966) 1020. KLUGE (2002) 452. DEOB
(2004) 520.
278
SFGE #23
DOM 4E5F
A1
也
Attested gloss
121: ‘vulvae’.《說文》女陰也。Mandarin: ‘yeah; also’.
Reconstruction
*ƕeƕa(AA2) {>歌部(-ʁ̩)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
yě(B)
‘yes’
(C)
‘yes’
◆
jah,jaa(C)
Estonian
i
(B)
Finnish
◆
i
(B)
Veps
--
--
i
(B)
Votic
--
--
[ʔ eː˧˩˧]
[ʔ eː˧˩˧]
[ʔ eː˧˩˧]
B
/я3a /
jaa
Livonian
--
--
i
(B)
Lappish
◆
‘yes’
i
(B)
Gothic
ja
‘yes’
i
(B)
Danish
ja
‘yes’
Swedish
ja
‘yes’
Norwegian
ja
‘yes’
Icelandic
‘yes’
O.N.
já
--
O.E.
geá
‘yes’
English
‘yes’
O.L.G.
yea
jā
Dutch
ja
‘yes’
[ʔ eː˥˧]
[ʔ ɛː˥˧]
[ʔ eː˥˧]
i
i
(B)
[ʔ ɛː˧],[ʔ eː˧]
(X2)
[ɦaː˩˧]
i
i
(B)
[ʔ eː˥˩],[ʔ aː˥˩]
(B)
[ʔi̯ aˑ˧˩˧]
(A2)
[jaː˩]
(B2)
[jaː˩˧]
dã,giã
(B2)
,dạ
(B1)
(B)
[ʔi̯ aˑ˥˧] ,(1)
jā
--
‘yes’
Tokyo
や(ya)
O.H.G.
jā
‘yes’
Seoul
야(ya)
German
ja
‘yes’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*dia
LI
*rarx
(C2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ʎiai
*ljᴀjʔ
*laalʔ
--
(C2)
(1) [ʔi̯ aˑ˧] , [ʔaːˑ˧] .
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Cumbric ie ‘yes’; Breton ya ‘yes’ (requoted as SAOB).
SFE #99. SEOB (1922) 277‒278. SAOB (1934) J2. ODEE (1966) 1018. KLUGE (2002) 449.
DEOB (2004) 210.
279
SFGE #24
DOM 5177
A3
具
Attested gloss
121: ‘set together’.《說文》共置也。Mandarin: ‘get’.
Reconstruction
*gʷede(AA2)(-S(C)) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jù(C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Estonian
(A)
[cyː˧˩]
/g3o /
[t͡ ɕyː˥](C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[d͡ ʑyː˩˧](X2)
(C)
(C2)
[kɵɥˑ˩]
[kuːˑ˧],[kʰuːˑ˧]
Seoul
구(gu)
--
--
joudə
‘be able to’
◆
‘spare time’/‘be able to’
Gothic
bigitan
‘open, find’
Danish
gide\gad
‘like’
gitta
‘be able to’
gidde\gadd
‘be able to’
‘ability’ ~ ‘be able to’
O.N.
geta
geta
O.E.
gietan
‘get’
‘get’
O.L.G.
get
begetan
Dutch
--
--
vergessen
--
‘forget’
English
(C2)
ぐ(gu),く(ku)
‘be able to’
Icelandic
[cʰiː˥˩]
Tokyo
jouta
Norwegian
(C2)
(C)
cụ
Vepsian
Swedish
[t͡ ɕyː˥] ,[~˩]
[t͡ ɕʰyː˩](C2)
(C1)
‘be able to’; ‘get’
Lappish
[t͡ ɕyː˥]
[t͡ ɕyː˧˩˧](C)
(C2)
‘be able to’; ‘get’
jouta-;joutu-
Livonian
(C)
(CA)
Finnish
Votic
C
jõudA-;jõudu-(CA)
O.H.G.
German
joawʹdo/jåutēt
‘to obtain, reach’
‘catch’
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*g'i̯ u
*gjugh
*gio
*gjos
*gos
*getan
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #112. SEOB (1922) 188. SAOB (1928) G439. ODEE (1966) 396. KLUGE (2002) 952. DEOB
(2004) 156.
280
SFGE #25
DOM 5929
A3
天
Attested gloss
121: ‘top’.《說文》顚也。Mandarin: ‘sky’; ‘day’.
Reconstruction
*þėmbe-R(AA1) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
tiān(A)
Finnish
jumala
i
(A1)
Vepsian
jumal
‘deity’
i
(A)
jumala
‘deity’
jumāl
‘deity’
◆
‘deity’
[tʰ ɛˑn˥]
[tʰ aˑn˧]
[tʰ aˑn˧˩]
/tʰ4an /
Xiamen
Livonian
i
(A)
Lappish
i
(A1)
[tʰ eː˩]
[tʰ ãː˧˩]
(AA)
(j)ibmel
‘deity’
Gothic
himins
‘sky’
i
(A1)
Danish
himmel
‘sky’
i
(A1)
Swedish
himmel
‘sky’
Norwegian
himmel
‘sky’
Icelandic
‘sky’
O.N.
himinn
himinn
O.E.
heofon
‘heaven’
heaven
himil
‘heaven’
hemel
himil
‘sky’
Himmel
‘sky’
[tʰ aˑn˥]
[tʰ eˑn˧˩]
(A1)
Changsha
Hanoi
Votic
A
i
Guangzhou
‘deity’
(A1)
[tʰiː˥˧]
Meixian
jumalA(AA)
i
Shanghai
Nanchang
Estonian
(A1)
[tʰ ẽː˧]
(A1)
[tʰiɛ̯n˥˧]
[tʰiɛˑn˥](A1)
(A1)
[tʰiˑn˥]
thiên,yêu
English
(A1)
i
[tʰ aˑn˥],[tʰĩːˑ˧]
O.L.G.
(A1)
Dutch
Tokyo
てん(ten)
O.H.G.
Seoul
천(cheon)
German
‘sky’
‘sky’
‘sky’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*t'iən
*thiən
*thyən
*hlin
*qhl'iin
*hemina
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #115. SEOB (1922) 236. SAOB (1931) H892. ODEE (1966) 433. KLUGE (2002) 412‒413.
DEOB (2004) 182.
281
SFGE #26
DOM 5544
B (to 8C56 豖)
啄
Attested gloss
121: ‘peak’.《說文》鳥食也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*þȧŋga(AA1) {>屋部(-go)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
zhuó(A2)
[t͡ ʂuoː˧˥](A2)
Estonian
‘drink’
juvva (jōn, jūn)
‘drink’
jūodə
‘drink’
jukkât/juhka-
‘drink’
Gothic
drigkan
‘drink’
Danish
drik ~ drikke\(1)
‘drink’
Swedish
dryck ~ dricka\(2)
‘drink’
Norwegian
drikk ~ drikke\(3)
‘drink’
‘drink’
O.N.
drykkr ~ drekka\(4)
drykkr
O.E.
drync ~ drincan
‘drink’
English
drink;(5)
‘drink’
O.L.G.
drinkan
‘drink’
Dutch
drank ~ drinken\(6)
‘drink’
trunc ~ trinkan
‘drink’
Trunk ~ trinken\(7)
‘drink’
Lappish
[p͡ foː˧˩]
[t͡ suaː˧˩](A2)
(A1)
(D)
Nanchang
(D1)
Xiamen
joda
Livonian
[t͡ soː˧˥],[t͡ saː˧˥],[toː˧˥]
Hanoi
Vepsian
/ʈ2ak /;/t1ok /
[t͡ suəˑʔ˩](D)
Changsha
Guangzhou
‘drink’
D
Shanghai
Meixian
juo-
Votic
[tuˑʔ˥]
[t͡ soˑʔ˥](D1)
Nanjing
(D)
Icelandic
[tɔːk˥]
(D1)
[tuˑk˩]
(D3)
[tœˑk˧]
trốc
,[tœˑŋ˥]
(A1)
(D1)
(D1)
[toːk˧],[teːʔ˧]
Tokyo
たく(taku)
Seoul
탁(tak)
‘drink’
(C)
Finnish
[t͡ suɤː˧](A1)
[t͡ suoː˧˩˧](B)
D
joo-(C) (juua)
O.H.G.
German
‘drink’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*tŭk;tuk
*truk;tuk
*teok;tok
*trok;tok
*rtoog;toog
*drenk-
(1) drak\drukket. (2) drack\druckit. (3) drakk\drukket. (4) drakk\drukkið. (5)
drank\drunk. (6) dronk. (7) trank\getrunken\tränke.
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #116. SEOB (1922) 100 (dricka); 102 (dryck). SAOB (1922) D2216 (dryck); D2097 (dricka).
ODEE (1966) 290. KLUGE (2002) 930. DEOB (2004) 93.
282
SFGE #27
DOM 6168
B (to 65E2 既)
慨
Attested gloss
121: ‘indignant’.《說文》忼慨，壯士不得志也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gade(AA1)-S(C) {>物部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
kăi(B)
(B)
(C)
‘envious’
Finnish
◆
(B)
Vepsian
◆
‘envious’
(B)
Votic
--
-‘envious’
[kʰaɪ̯ ˧˩˧] ,[~˥˩]
[kʰae̯ ˧˩˧]
[kʰae̯ ˧˩˧]
C
kateS
kade̮ h
Livonian
◆
(B)
Lappish
◆
‘envious’
(B)
Gothic
hatis ~ hatan
‘hate’
(C)
Danish
had ~ hade
‘hate’
(B)
Swedish
hat ~ hata
‘hate’
(X1)
Norwegian
hat ~ hate
‘hate’
(C1)
Icelandic
O.N.
hatr ~ hata
hatr ~ hata
‘hate’
(B)
O.E.
hete ~ hatian
‘hate’
hate
heti ~ hatōn
‘hate’
‘hate’
‘hate’
/kʰ1aj /
[kʰae̯ ˥˧]
[kʰaɪ̯ ˥˧]
[kʰaɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[kʰæː˧]
[kʰe̞ ː˧˥]
[kʰaɪ̯ ˥]
[kʰaˑɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
(B)
[kʰɔɪ̯ ˧˩]
(C1)
Guangzhou
[kʰɔˑj˧]
English
Hanoi
(C1)
O.L.G.
khái
‘envious’
(AC)
◆
kateS(AC)
Estonian
kaˀd
gāđâš
(C1)
Dutch
Tokyo
がい(gai),かい(kai)
O.H.G.
haat ~ haten
haz ~ hazzēn
Seoul
개(gae)
German
Haß ~ hassen
Xiamen
[kʰaˑɪ̯ ˩]
‘hate’
‘hate’
‘hate’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*k'əd
*khədh
*khyət
*khəts
*khɯɯds
*hatiz
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Breton cas ‘hate’; Greek κῆδος ‘sorrow’; Avestan sādra ‘sorrow’ (requoted as
DEOB and SAOB).
SFE #129. SEOB (1922) 228. SAOB (1930) H518 (hat); H520 (hata). ODEE (1966) 430. KLUGE
(2002) 395‒396. DEOB (2004) 171.
283
SFGE #28
DOM 6E9D
B (to 5193)
溝
Attested gloss
121: ‘ditch’.《說文》水瀆。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(-R)(CA1) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
gōu(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[koʊ̯˥]
[kəʊ̯˧](A1)
(A)
[koʊ̯˧˩]
/k1ewA/
kaivo ~ kaiva-
‘well’ ~ ‘dig’
Vepsian
kaiv ~ kaida
‘well’ ~ ‘dig’
kaivo ~ kaivaa
‘well’ ~ ‘dig’
kouv ~ kouvə
‘well’ ~ ‘dig’
◆
‘well’ ~ ‘dig’
Livonian
[kəʊ̯˩]
[koʊ̯˧˩](A1)
Lappish
Gothic
graba ~ graban
‘grave’ ~ ‘dig’
(A1)
Danish
grav ~ grave
‘ditch’; ‘grave’ ~ ‘dig’
Swedish
grav ~ gräva
‘grave’ ~ ‘dig’
Norwegian
grav ~ grave
‘grave’ ~ ‘dig’
gröf ~ grafa; gróf
‘grave’ ~ ‘dig’
O.N.
grǫf ~ grafa
‘grave’ ~ ‘dig’
O.E.
græf ~ grafan
‘grave’
English
grave
graf ~ graban
‘grave’
graf ~ graven
grab ~ graban
‘grave’ ~ ‘dig’
Grab ~ graben
‘grave’ ~ ‘dig’
[kəʊ̯˥]
[kəɯ̯˧˩](A1)
(A1)
[kɤɯ̯˥˧]
[kəʊ̯˧](A1)
[kiɛ̯̆ʊ̯˥˧](A1)
Icelandic
(A1)
[kɛʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[kɐwˑ˥],[kʰɐwˑ˥]
câu
(A1)
O.L.G.
(A1)
Tokyo
[kɔːˑ˥],[kaˑʊ̯˥]
こう(kō)
Seoul
구(gu)
Xiamen
‘well’ ~ ‘dig’
(CA)
Finnish
Votic
(A)
kaevU(CA) ~ (1)
Dutch
O.H.G.
German
gaiʹvo ~ goaiʹvot
‘grave’ ~ ‘dig’
‘grave’ ~ ‘dig’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ku
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*kug
*ko
*ko
*koo
*graban
(CC)
(1) kaevaS- .
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Latvian grebt ‘hollow’; Russian гроб ‘grave’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #132. SEOB (1922) 199 (grav); 207 (gräva). SAOB (1929) G851 (grav); G1189 (gräva).
ODEE (1966) 411. KLUGE (2002) 367. DEOB (2004) 161.
284
SFGE #29
DOM 544A
A3/B (to 53E3 口)
告
Attested gloss
121: ‘accuse’.《說文》所以告人也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(-R)(AA1)(-S(C)) {>覺部(-ƕe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
gào(C)
◆
Finnish
◆
Vepsian
--
--
Votic
◆
‘accuse’
Livonian
◆
‘accuse’
Lappish
◆
‘accuse’; ‘yearn for’
Gothic
--
--
Danish
◆
‘complaint’ ~ ‘complain’
Swedish
◆
‘complain’
Norwegian
◆
‘complaint’ ~ ‘complain’
Icelandic
--
--
O.N.
--
--
O.E.
--
--
English
--
--
O.L.G.
klaga
‘complaint’
Dutch
‘complaint’ ~ ‘complain’
O.H.G.
klacht ~ klagen
klaga ~ klagōn
German
Klage ~ klagen
‘complaint’ ~ ‘complain’
(C)
[kaʊ̯˥˩]
[kao̯ ˥˩](C)
(C)
[kao̯ ˥]
/k1awC/
(C)
[kao̯ ˥]
[kaʊ̯˥](C)
(C)
[kaʊ̯˧˩˧]
[kɔo̯ ˥](C)
(X1)
[kɔː˧˥]
(A1)
,[~˥˧]
(C1)
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˥] ,[~˧]
[kaˑʊ̯˥](C1)
(C)
[kaʊ̯˥˨]
(C1)
[kowˑ˧]
tuyến
(C1)
(C1)
[koːˑ˩]
Tokyo
こう(kō),こく(koku)
Seoul
고(go),곡(gok)
kaebaS-(CC)
Estonian
‘accuse’
(CC)
kaipaS-
‘accuse’; ‘yearn for’
kaivata
kaibə
gaiʹbedit
klage
klaga
klage
‘complaint’ ~ ‘complain’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*kʊg
*kəgw;-h
*kuk
*kuk;-s
*kuug;-s
*klakan
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Middle Irish glām ‘cry, curse’; Sanskrit gárhati ‘complaint, blame’ (requoted as
DEOB and SAOB).
SFE #133. SEOB (1922) 313. SAOB (1936) K1046. KLUGE (2002) 491. DEOB (2004) 222.
285
SFGE #30
DOM 993B
B (to 7F94 羔)
餻
Attested gloss
121[986]: ‘cake’.《說文[新附]》餌屬。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(AA1) {>幽部(-we)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
gāo(A1)
kakkU(AA)
‘cake’
(AA)
‘cake’
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
Vepsian
--
--
Votic
◆
‘thin pancake’
Livonian
◆
‘cake’
[kaʊ̯˩]
[kaʊ̯˧˩](A1)
Lappish
◆
‘bread’
Gothic
--
--
(A1)
Danish
kage
‘cake’
Swedish
kaka
‘cake’
Norwegian
kake
‘cake’
Icelandic
‘cake’
O.N.
kaka
--
O.E.
--
--
cake
--
‘cake’
koek
kuocho
‘cake’
Kuchen
‘cake’
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˥]
[kao̯ ˧](A1);(1)
(A)
[kao̯ ˧˩]
/k1awA/
(A)
[kaʊ̯˥]
[kɔo̯ ˧˩](A1)
(A1)
[kɔː˥˧]
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˧]
[kaˑʊ̯˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[kaʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[kowˑ˥]
câu
English
(A1)
O.L.G.
(A1)
[koːˑ˥]
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Seoul
고(go)
Dutch
O.H.G.
German
kakku
kakku
kak
gakʹko
--
--
‘cake’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kʊg
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*kəgw
*ku
*ku
*kluu
*kakōn
(A2)
(1) [ˈka˧˥ka]
‘crispy rice’.
Previously suggested equivalents after PIE *gag- ‘something round’ are rejected.
Cakes do not have to be round.
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #134. SEOB (1922) 290. SAOB (1935) K60. ODEE (1966) 135. KLUGE (2002) 543. DEOB
(2004) 214.
286
SFGE #31
DOM 5CB8
B (to 5E72 干)
岸
Attested gloss
121: ‘high bank’.《說文》水厓而高者。Mandarin: ‘bank’.
Reconstruction
*ŋƕanda-R(AA2)-S(C) {>元部(-na)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
àn(C)
Estonian
(C)
[ʔaˑn˥˩]
Finnish
kallas
‘bank’;(+)‘rock’
;(+)(3)
‘bank’;(+)‘rock’
Veps
(+)kaĺ
‘rock’
(C)
Votic
kalle̮ z;(+)kaĺĺo
‘bank’;(+)‘rock’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
◆
‘big rock in water’
Gothic
hallus
‘rock’
Danish
--
--
häll
--
‘flat rock’
--
--
[ʔaˑn˥]
C
/ŋ1an /
(C)
[ɣæ̃ ː˥]
[ŋãː˥](C)
(C)
[ŋaˑn˧˩˧]
(C)
[ʔaˑŋ˥]
Swedish
(X2)
[ŋøː˩˧],[ɦøː˩˧]
(C1)
[ŋaˑn˥]
,[~˩]
Norwegian
(C2)
Icelandic
galʹle
--
(C2)
O.N.
hallr
‘rick, stone’
(C)
O.E.
hyll
‘hill’
English
‘hill’
O.L.G.
hill
--
Dutch
--
--
O.H.G.
--
--
German
--
--
[ŋɔːn˩]
[ŋaˑn˥˩]
(C2)
[ŋɔˑn˩]
(C2)
,(1)
(C2)
Tokyo
[gaːn˧],[hua̯ ˑ̃ ˧]
がん(gan)
Seoul
안(an)
Xiamen
(AC)
(C)
[ʔaˑn˥˩]
ngạn
kallas(AC);(+)(2)
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*ŋɑn
*ŋanh
(A2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ŋan
*ŋans
*ŋgaans
--
(A1)
(1) ngàn , ngan .
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Latin collis ‘hill’; Lithuanian kalnas ‘mountain’ (requoted as ODEE).
SFE #137. SEOB (1922) 256. SAOB (1932) H1933. ODEE (1966) 441.
287
SFGE #32
DOM 8CB4
B (to 81FE 臾)
貴
Attested gloss
121: ‘expensive’.《說文》物不賤也。Mandarin: id., ‘dear’.
Reconstruction
*gʷede-R(AA1)-S(C) {>物部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
guì(C)
Estonian
u
(C)
u
(C)
u
(C)
[k eɪ̯ ˥˩]
[k əɪ̯ ˥]
1161
C
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
/kʷ3ej /
(AC)
‘dear’; ‘gold’
Veps
kaĺiž;(+) kuld,kūd
‘dear’; ‘gold’
Votic
◆
kaĺliz;(+) kulta
‘dear’; ‘gold’
◆
kaĺĺ;(+) kūlda
‘dear’; ‘gold’
◆
‘dear’; ‘gold’
Livonian
kallis
u
(C)
Lappish
u
(C)
Gothic
gulþ
‘gold’
u
(C)
Danish
guld
‘gold’
u
(C)
Swedish
guld
‘gold’
Norwegian
gull
‘gold’
Icelandic
‘gold’
O.N.
gull
gull
O.E.
gold
‘gold’
English
gold
gold
‘gold’
‘gold’
‘gold’
[k eɪ̯ ˥]
[k eɪ̯ ˥]
[k eɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[k ɵɪ̯ ˥]
[k e̞ ː˧˥],[t͡ ɕyː˧˥]
u
(X1)
u
(C1)
[k eɪ̯ ˥]
[ku̯ əɪ̯̆˥˩](C1)
(C)
[kʋiː˥˩]
(C1)
[kʷɐjˑ˧]
(C1)
(A1)
Tokyo
き(ki)
O.H.G.
goud
gold
Seoul
귀(gwi)
German
Gold
Dutch
◆
kāllas;(+) golʹle
O.L.G.
Xiamen
◆
◆
quý,quí ,quư
[ku̯ əɪ̯̆˩](C1)
Hanoi
‘dear’; ‘gold’
;(+) kulta
Finnish
[k eɪ̯ ˥˩]
Yantai
kallis(AC);(+)◆kuldA
‘gold’
‘gold’
‘gold’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ki̯ wəd
*kwjədh
*kiuət
*kjuts
*kluds
*gulþa
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Lithuanian zèlts ‘gold’; Old Church Slavonic zlato ‘gold’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #138. SEOB (1922) 209‒210. SAOB (1929) G1310. ODEE (1966) 405. KLUGE (2002) 365.
DEOB (2004) 166.
288
SFGE #33
DOM 96DE
B (to 595A 奚)
雞
Attested gloss
121: ‘Gallus gallus’.《說文》知時畜也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gėþa(AA1) {>支部(-ja)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jī(A1)
[t͡ ɕiː˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕiː˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
(A)
[ciː˧˩]
A
/k4aj /
[t͡ ɕiː˩](A)
Veps
◆
‘hen’
Votic
◆
‘hen’
Livonian
◆
kanā
‘hen’
◆
‘cock’
Danish
hane; høne
‘cock’; ‘hen’
†hane; höna
‘cock’; ‘hen’
Norwegian
hane; høne
‘cock’; ‘hen’
Icelandic
hani; hæna
‘cock’; ‘hen’
O.N.
hani; hæna
‘cock’; ‘hen’
O.E.
hana; henn
‘cock’; ‘hen’
‘hen’
O.L.G.
hen
hano; hōn
Dutch
haan; hoen
‘cock’; ‘hen’
O.H.G.
hano; huon
‘cock’; ‘hen’
Hahn; Huhn
‘cock’; ‘hen’
[t͡ ɕiː˧]
[t͡ ɕiːˑ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[kɛˑ˥]
(A1)
[kɐjˑ˥]
English
(A1)
(A1)
계(gye)
kana
hana
(A1)
Seoul
kana
Gothic
Swedish
Tokyo
kana
‘hen’
(A1)
[keːˑ˥],[ku̯ eˑ˥]
けい(kei)
Xiamen
‘hen’
Finnish
◆
dial. katniɛ
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiː˥](A1)
kê,ke
‘hen’
(AA)
◆
Lappish
(A1)
[t͡ ɕiː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiː˥˧](A1)
kana(AA)
Estonian
German
‘cock’; ‘hen’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*kieg
*kig
*kye
*ke
*kee
--!
!: Previously suggested equivalents after an Indo-European root {*kan- ‘sing’} are
rejected, due to semantic gaps.
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #139. SEOB (1922) 224‒225 (hane); 263‒264 (höna). SAOB (1930) H410 (hane); (1932)
H2352 (höna). ODEE (1966) 436. KLUGE (2002) 383 (Hahn); 425 (Huhn). DEOB (2004) 174
(hane); 200 (høne).
289
SFGE #34
DOM 8DDF/6839
B (to 826E 艮)
跟 /根
Attested gloss
121: ‘heel’/‘root’.《說文》足踵也/木株也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gande(AA1) {>文部(-ne)} (Germanic:-R)
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
gēn (A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[kəˑn˥]
Finnish
kandA; kandU(AA)
kanta; kanto
(AA)
‘stem’; ‘root’
‘heel’; ‘root’
(A1)
Veps
kand
‘heel’; ‘root’
(A)
Votic
kanta; kanto
‘heel’; ‘root’
kand
‘heel’; ‘root’
◆
‘back of the knee’; ‘stump’
[kəˑn˧]
[kəˑn˧˩]
A
/k1en /
Livonian
(A)
[kəˑŋ˩]
Lappish
(A1)
Gothic
grunduwaddjus
‘ground wall’
(A1)
Danish
grund
‘ground’
(A1)
Swedish
grund
‘ground’
(A1)
Norwegian
grunn
‘ground’
(A1)
Icelandic
[kiɛ̯n˥˧]
[kɛˑn˥](A1)
O.N.
grund
grund
‘ground’
(A1)
O.E.
grund
‘ground’
(A1)
English
‘ground’
;(1)
O.L.G.
ground
grund
(A1)
Dutch
‘ground’
Tokyo
こん(kon)
O.H.G.
grond
grunt
Seoul
근(geun)
German
Grund
‘ground’
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
[kẽː˧˩],[kaɪ̯ ]
gadʹdo; guoddo
[kəˑn˥]
[kəˑn˧˩]
[kəˑɲ˥˧]
[kəˑn˧]
Guangzhou
[kɐnˑ˥]
Hanoi
(A1)
Xiamen
căn
[kuːn˥]
‘ground’
‘ground’
‘ground’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kən
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*kən
*kyən
*kən
*kɯɯn
*grunþ-
(A2)
(B2)
(1) cằn ;cỗi .
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #144. SEOB (1922) 203‒204. SAOB (1929) G997. ODEE (1966) 416. KLUGE (2002) 376.
DEOB (2004) 163.
290
SFGE #35
DOM 755C
A3
畜
Attested gloss
121: ‘farm animal’.《說文》田畜也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕeƕe-R(AD1)(-S(C)) {>覺部(-ƕe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
xù;chù(C)
[ɕyː˥˩];[t͡ ʂʰuː˥˩](C)
Estonian
kariA(AA)
‘herd’
Finnish
(AA)
‘herd’
[ɕyː˥˩];[t͡ sʰuː˥˩](C)
[çyː˧˩˧](B);[t͡ sʰuː˥](C)
D
D
/h3ok /;/ʈʰ3ok /;(1)
[ɕʸəˑʔ˩];[t͡ suəˑʔ˩](D)
Veps
--
--
Votic
karja
‘herd’
kɔ̄ŕ a
◆
dial. garʹje
‘herd’
Gothic
harjis
‘crowd’
Danish
hær
‘army’
Swedish
här
‘old land army’
Norwegian
hær
‘army’
Icelandic
‘army’
O.N.
herr
herr
O.E.
here
‘army’
--
--
Livonian
Lappish
[ɕyː˧˩];[p͡ fʰuː˧˩]
[ɕʸoː˧˩];[t͡ sʰuː˧˩](A2)
(A1)
[suˑʔ˥];[t͡ ʂʰuˑʔ˥]
[ɕioˑʔ˥];[t͡ sʰoˑʔ˥](D1)
(D)
[ɕ əʊ̯˧˥];[t͡ sʰəʊ̯˧˥]
[ɕiu̯ k̚ ˥];[t͡ sʰuːk̚ ˥](D1)
i
(D)
[çʲuˑk̚ ˩]
[t͡ sʊk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
karja
(D1)
English
(D1)
‘herd’
‘army’
húc,súc
[hiɔ̯k̚ ˧];[tʰiɔ̯k̚ ˧](D1)
O.L.G.
heri
‘army’
Dutch
‘old army’
Tokyo
ちく(chiku);(2)
O.H.G.
heer
heri
Seoul
휵(hyuk);축(chuk)
German
Heer
‘army’
Hanoi
Xiamen
‘army’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*xi̯ ʊk;thi̯ ʊg
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*hjəkw;thrjəgwh
*xiuk;thiuk
*xjuk;thrjuks
*hlug;lhugs
*harja-
C
(1) /ʈʰ3ew /. (2) きく(kiku), きゅう(kyū).
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #146. SEOB (1922) 258. SAOB (1932) H2058. KLUGE (2002) 399. DEOB (2004) 197.
291
SFGE #36
DOM 4FCA
B (to 590B 夋)
俊
Attested gloss
121: ‘elite’.《說文》伉也。Mandarin: ‘beautiful’.
Reconstruction
*ƕʷende(AA2)-S(C) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
jùn(C)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˥˩](C)
Estonian
kaunis(AC)
‘beautiful’
Finnish
(AC)
kaunis
‘beautiful’
Veps
--
--
Votic
kauniz
‘beautiful’
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
--
--
Gothic
skauns
‘beautiful’
Danish
◆
‘beautiful’
Swedish
◆
‘beautiful’
Norwegian
◆
‘beautiful’
Icelandic
--
--
O.N.
--
--
O.E.
scīene
‘beautiful’
English
sheen
skōni
‘sheen’
schoon
scōni
‘beautiful’
schön
‘beautiful’
[t͡ ɕʸəˑn˥˩],[t͡ suəˑn˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥](C)
C
/tsʷ3en /
[t͡ ɕʸəˑŋ˥](C)
[t͡ ɕʸẽː˥]
[t͡ ɕyˑn˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ syˑn˥]
[t͡ ɕyˑɲ˧˥],[t͡ ɕiˑɲ˧˥] (X1)
(C)
[t͡ səˑn˥]
[t͡ ɕy̑ ən˥](C1)
(C1)
[t͡ suˑn˥˩]
[t͡ sɵnˑ˧](C1)
(C)
(B1)
tuấn,toáng
͡ ̯ ən˩](C1)
[tsu
O.L.G.
Tokyo
しゅん(shun)
O.H.G.
Seoul
준(jun)
Hanoi
Xiamen
Dutch
German
skøn
skön
skjønn
‘beautiful’
‘beautiful’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*g'ia
̯ ̆n
*gjanh
*gian
*gjans
*gans
*skauni-
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #157. SEOB (1922) 778. ODEE (1966) 818. SAOB (1976) S6111. KLUGE (2002) 823.
DEOB (2004) 387.
292
SFGE #37
DOM 8CFC
B (to 5193 冓)
購
Attested gloss
121: ‘buy’.《說文》以財有所求也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(AA1)(-S(C)) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
gòu(C)
kaupA(CA)
Estonian
◆
(C)
[kɤʊ̯˥˩]
[kəʊ̯˥˩](C)
Finnish
◆
Veps
--
--
(C)
Votic
◆
‘merchandise’
Livonian
◆
‘merchandise’
[kəʊ̯˥]
[koʊ̯˥](C)
Lappish
◆
‘commerce’
Gothic
kaupōn
‘buy’
(C)
Danish
køb ~ købe
‘buy’
Swedish
köp ~ köpa
‘buy’
kjøp ~ kjøpe
‘buy’
‘salary’ ~ ‘buy’
O.N.
kaup ~ kaupa
kaup ~ kaupa
O.E.
cēap ~ cīepan
‘trade’ ~ ‘buy’
cheap
‘cheap’
[koʊ̯˥]
/k1ewC/
(C)
[kəʊ̯˧˩˧]
[kəɯ̯˥](C)
(X1)
[kɤɯ̯˧˥]
[kəʊ̯˥](C1)
Norwegian
Icelandic
(C1)
[ki̯ ɛʊ̯˥]
(C)
[cʲɛʊ̯˥˩]
(C1)
[kɐwˑ˧],[kʰɐwˑ˧]
kấu
(C1)
English
kauppa
‘merchandise’
(CA)
‘commerce’
kauppa
kōp
gawʹpe
‘buy’
O.L.G.
kōp ~ kōpian
‘buy’
(C1)
Dutch
koop ~ kopen
‘buy’
Tokyo
こう(kō)
O.H.G.
kouf ~ kouffen
‘buy’
Seoul
구(gu)
Kauf ~ kaufen
‘buy’
Hanoi
Xiamen
[kɔːˑ˩]
German
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ku
*kugh
*ko
*kos
*koos
*kaupian
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Latin caupo ‘tradesman’; Old Church Slavonic kupiti ‘buy’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #158. SEOB (1922) 389‒390. SAOB (1936) K3805 (köp); K3810 (köpa). ODEE (1966) 166.
KLUGE (2002) 479. DEOB (2004) 250.
293
SFGE #38
DOM 656C
A3
敬
Attested gloss
121: ‘respectfully’.《說文》肅也。Mandarin: ‘respect’.
Reconstruction
*geŋga(AA1)-S(C) {>耕部(-n̪ a)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
jìng (C)
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˥˩](C)
kinki-(AA)
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
kenkkäS-
‘give a present’
(AC)
‘give a present’
Veps
--
--
[ciˑŋ˥]
Votic
--
--
C
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
--
--
Gothic
--
--
Danish
◆
‘give’
Swedish
◆
‘give’
Norwegian
◆
‘give’
Icelandic
◆
‘give’
O.N.
◆
‘give’
O.E.
scencan
‘give’
--
--
O.L.G.
skenkio ~ skenkian
‘give’
Dutch
schenken\schonk
‘give’
scenken
‘give’
Schenke ~ schenken
‘tavern’ ~ ‘give’
(C)
/k3eŋ /
[t͡ ɕiəˑŋ˥](C)
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧˩˧](C)
(C)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑɲ˧˥](X1)
(C)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ən˥](C1)
(C1)
(C)
[ciˑn˥˨]
(C1)
[kɪŋˑ˧]
kính
English
(C1)
(C1)
[ki̯ əŋ˩]
Tokyo
けい(kei),きょう(kyō)
Seoul
경(gyeong)
O.H.G.
German
skænk ~ skænke
skänk ~ skänka
skjenk ~ skjenke
skenkja
skenkr ~ skenkja
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*kie
̯ ̆ŋ
*kjiŋh
*kieŋ
*krjeŋs
*kreŋs
*skankian
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #170. SEOB (1922) 772. SAOB (1975) S5853+S5854 (skänk); S5859 (skänka). KLUGE
(2002) 799. DEOB (2004) 385.
294
SFGE #39
DOM 8857
B (to 572D 圭)
街
Attested gloss
121: ‘street’.《說文》四通道也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gȧþa(AA1) {>支部(-ja)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
jiē(A1)
[t͡ ɕieː˥](A1)
Estonian
[t͡ ɕieː˧],[kae̯ ˧](A1);(1)
i
(A1)
[c ae̯ ˧˩]
A
/k2aj /
[t͡ ɕieː˩](A)
[t͡ ɕ ɛː˧˩]
i
(A1)
‘place’
◆
kohta
Veps
kohtas
‘in front of’
Votic
ke̮ hta
‘place’
; katu
kuˀodi
‘place’; ‘street’
‘direct’
◆
goakʹte; gato
‘nearly’; ‘street, road’
Gothic
gatwŏ
‘street’
Danish
gade
‘street’
Lappish
(A1)
(AA)
Finnish
Livonian
[t͡ ɕ eː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕiaɪ̯ ˥](A1)
i
kohtA(AA)
Swedish
gata
‘street’
(A1)
Norwegian
gate
‘street’
(A1)
Icelandic
‘street’
O.N.
gata
gata
O.E.
geat
‘gate’
English
◆
‘gate’
[kaː˥˧]
[kaɪ̯ ˧]
(A1)
[kaˑɪ̯ ˥˧]
(A1)
[kɛː˥]
(A1)
[kaˑj˥]
gate
O.L.G.
--
--
(A1)
Dutch
--
--
Tokyo
がい(gai),かい(kai)
O.H.G.
gazza
‘lane’
Seoul
가(ga)
German
Gasse
‘lane’
Hanoi
Xiamen
nhai,nhây
(A1)
‘road’
[keːˑ˥],[ku̯ eˑ˥]
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ke ̆g
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*krig
*ke
*kre
*kree
*gatwŏn
(A1)
(1) [ˈka˧ta] ‘place’.
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #192. SEOB (1922) 181. SAOB (1928) G150. ODEE (1966) 391. KLUGE (2002) 332. DEOB
(2004) 150.
295
SFGE #40
DOM 9D3F
B (to 5408 合)
鴿
Attested gloss
121: ‘Columbidae’.《說文》鳩屬。Mandarin: ‘dove (bird)’.
Reconstruction
*gabe-R(AD1) {>緝部(-be)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
gē(A1)
(A1)
◆
‘raven’
(AA)
Finnish
◆
(A1)
Veps
--
--
(A)
Votic
--
--
Livonian
--
-‘raven’
[kɤː˥]
[kɤː˧]
[kɤː˧˩]
D
/k1ap /
(D)
korppi
‘raven’
Lappish
◆
(A1)
Gothic
--
--
(A2)
Danish
ravn
‘raven’
(D)
Swedish
korp
‘raven’
Norwegian
korp
‘raven’
‘raven’
O.N.
hrafn
hrafn
O.E.
hræfn
‘raven’
English
raven
--
‘raven’
raaf
hraban
‘raven’
Rabe
‘raven’
[kəˑʔ˩],[kaˑʔ˩]
[kɤː˧˩]
[koː˧˩]
[koˑʔ˥]
(D1)
[kɐˑʔ˥]
(D)
[koː˧˥]
[kɔːt̚ ˥](D1)
Icelandic
(D1)
[kaˑp̚ ˩]
(D1)
[kɐp̚ ˑ˥]
cáp
korpI(AA)
Estonian
(D3)
,[kaˑp̚ ˧]
(D1)
O.L.G.
(D1)
[kaːp̚ ˧]
Tokyo
こう(kō)
Seoul
갑(gap)
Dutch
O.H.G.
German
goarʹpâ
‘raven’
--
‘raven’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*kəp
*kəp
*kəp
*kup
*kuub
*hrabnaz
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Latin corvus ‘raven’; Greek κόϱαξ ‘raven’ (requoted as DEOB & SAOB).
SFE #201. SEOB (1922) 345. SAOB (1937) K2453. ODEE (1966) 741. KLUGE (2002) 738.
DEOB (2004) 341.
296
SFGE #41
DOM 8033
A1
耳
Attested gloss
121: ‘ear’.《說文》主聽也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ŋƕeƕe-R(AA2)-X(B) {>之部(-ʔe)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
ěr(B)
Estonian
(B)
[ʔəˑɻ˧˩˧]
Finnish
Veps
korv
‘ear’
Votic
ke̮ rva
‘ear’
/n̪ 3ej /
[ʔəˑɹ˥˧](B)
Livonian
kūora
‘ear’
goarʹve
‘ear’
(B)
Gothic
ausō
‘ear’
(B)
Danish
øre
‘ear’
Swedish
öra
‘ear’
‘ear’
Icelandic
øre
eyra
O.N.
eyra
‘ear’
O.E.
ēare
‘ear’
ear
ōra
‘ear’
‘ear’
O.H.G.
oor
ōra
German
Ohr
‘ear’
[ʔəˑɹ˧˩˧]
B
Lappish
[ʔəˑɻ˥˧]
[ʔəˑɹ˥˧]
(B)
[ʔəˑɻ˧]
(X2)
Changsha
(B)
Guangzhou
‘ear’
(B)
[ʔəˑɹ˧˩˧]
[ɦəˑɹ ˩˧],[ɲiː˩˧]
Meixian
korva
‘ear’
(AA)
(B)
Shanghai
Nanchang
kõrvA(AA)
Norwegian
[ʔɤː˥˩]
(B)
[ʔəːˑ˧˩˧]
(B)
[ɲiː˧˩]
(B2)
[jiː˩˧]
Hanoi
nhĩ,nhãi
Xiamen
(B)
English
(B2)
,nhải
(B1)
[nĩːˑ˥˧] ,
O.L.G.
Dutch
Tokyo
じ(ji);じょう(jō)
Seoul
이(i)
‘ear’
‘ear’
‘ear’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*ȵi̯ əg
LI
*njəgx
(C2)
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ȵiə
*njəʔ
*njɯʔ
*auzan-
(C2)
(1) [hĩːˑ˧] , [hiːˑ˧] .
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Old Irish āu ‘ear’; Latin auris ‘ear’; Greek οὖς ‘ear’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #203. SEOB (1922) 1238‒1239. ODEE (1966) 297. KLUGE (2002) 664. DEOB (2004) 518.
297
SFGE #42
DOM 9264
A3/B (to 53E5 句)
鉤
Attested gloss
121: ‘hook’.《說文》曲也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*gaƕe(AA1) {>侯部(-ʔo)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
gōu(A1)
Estonian
(A1)
[kɤʊ̯˥]
[kəʊ̯˧](A1)
◆
haakI(CA)
‘hook’
(CA)
koukku
‘hook’
Veps
kouk,kūk
‘hook’
Votic
koukku
‘hook’
Livonian
--
--
[kəʊ̯˩]
[koʊ̯˧˩](A1)
Lappish
◆
‘hook’
Gothic
--
--
(A1)
Danish
hage
‘hook’
Swedish
hake
‘hook’
[kɤɯ̯˥˧]
[kəʊ̯˧](A1)
[ki̯ ɛ̆ʊ̯˥˧](A1)
Norwegian
hake
--
‘hook’
O.N.
--
--
(A1)
O.E.
hōc
‘hook’
hook
hako
‘hook’
haak
hāko
‘hook’
Haken
‘hook’
Finnish
(A)
[koʊ̯˧˩]
/k1ewA/
(A)
[kəʊ̯˥]
[kəɯ̯˧˩](A1)
(A1)
Icelandic
[cʲɛʊ̯˥]
(A1)
[ŋɐwˑ˥]
câu
English
(A1)
O.L.G.
(A1)
Tokyo
[kɔːˑ˥],[kaˑʊ̯˥]
こう(kō),く(ku)
Seoul
구(gu)
Xiamen
(+)
Dutch
O.H.G.
German
kåuko
--
‘hook’
‘hook’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ku
*kug
*ko
*ko
*koo
*kakan-
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Russian коготь ‘claw’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #208. SEOB (1922) 220. SAOB (1930) H56. ODEE (1966) 447. KLUGE (2002) 381. DEOB
(2004) 171.
298
SFGE #43
DOM 8F25
B (to 6606 昆)
輥
Attested gloss
121: ‘rolling’.《說文》轂齊等皃。Mandarin: id.; ‘roll’(滚).
Reconstruction
*gʷende(AA1)-X(B) {>文部(-ne)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
gǔn(B)
kulu-(AA)
‘be spent’
Finnish
(AA)
kulu-
‘be spent’
u
(B)
u
(B)
Veps
kuluda
‘be spent’
u
(B)
Votic
kulua
‘be spent’
Livonian
kullə
‘be spent’
Lappish
gollât
‘be spent’
[k əˑn˧˩˧] ;(1)
[k əˑn˧˩˧] ;(2)
[k əˑn˧˩˧]
B
/kʷ1en /
u
(B)
[k əˑŋ˥˧]
u
(B)
[k ẽː˥˧]
Gothic
--
--
u
(B)
Danish
hjul
‘wheel’
u
(B)
Swedish
hjul
‘wheel’
u
(X1)
Norwegian
hjul
‘wheel’
u
(B)
Icelandic
O.N.
hjól
hjól
‘wheel’
(B)
O.E.
hwēol
‘wheel’
English
wheel
--
‘wheel’
wiel
--
‘wheel’
--
--
[k əˑn˥˧]
[k əˑn˧]
[k əˑɲ˧˥]
[k əˑn˥˧]
[ku̯ ən˧˩˧]
[kʋəˑn˧˩](B)
(B1)
[kʷɐnˑ˧˥]
cỏn
(B1)
O.L.G.
(B)
Tokyo
[kuə̯̌ n˥˧]
こん(kon)
Seoul
곤(gon)
Xiamen
Estonian
Dutch
O.H.G.
German
‘wheel’
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*kwən
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*kwənx
*kuən
*kunʔ
*kluunʔ
*hwéhwula-
(A1)
(A1)
(1) [ˈku˥lu] . (2) [ˈku˥ɾu] .
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Old Church Slavonic kolo ‘wheel’ (requoted as SEOB).
SFE #214. SEOB (1922) 239. SAOB (1931) H994. ODEE (1966) 1001. DEOB (2004) 185.
299
SFGE #44
DOM 756B
A2/A3
畫
Attested gloss
121: ‘mark borders’.《說文》界也。Mandarin: id.; ‘draw’.
Reconstruction
*ƕȧƕa(AA2)-S(C) {>錫部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
huà(C)
(C)
Finnish
u
(C)
Veps
◆
‘shoe last’
u
(C)
Votic
◆
‘picture’
[x aː˥˩]
[x aː˥˩]
1161
C
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
D
/ɦʷ2aj /;/ɦʷ2ek /
(CA)
;kaava
kuva
kuva
‘picture’; ‘formula’
Livonian
--
--
u
(C)
Lappish
◆
govvâ
‘picture’
u
(C)
Gothic
skuggwa
‘mirror’
u
(C)
Danish
--
--
u
(C)
Swedish
--
--
Norwegian
--
--
Icelandic
--
--
O.N.
--
--
O.E.
scēawian
‘inspect’
show
skawon
‘show’
schouwen
scouwōn
‘inspect’
schauen
‘look’
[x aː˥]
[x aː˥]
[x aː˧˩˧]
[x aː˥]
(X2)
[ɦoː˩˧]
(C1)
[faː˥]
(C2)
,[~˩]
(C2)
[faːˑ˩]
(C)
[faː˥˩]
(C2)
;[waˑk̚ ˩]
[waː˩]
hoạ
(C2)
(D2)
English
,(1)
O.L.G.
(C2)
Dutch
Tokyo
[hu̯ aˑ˧] ,(2)
かく(kaku),(3)
Seoul
화(hwa),획(hoek)
Xiamen
kuva
(AA)
‘scheme’
u
[x aː˥]
Xi’an
◆
◆
Yantai
Taiyuan
kava(AA)
Estonian
O.H.G.
German
‘inspect’
‘look’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
*g'wĕg;g'wĕk
(C2)
*gwrigh;gwrik
(C2)
(C2)
WANG
BAXTER
*ɣoek
*gʷrek;-s
(C2)
(C2)
(C2)
(1) họa , hoạch , vạch , vệt , dạch , vệch
(3) が(ga), かい(kai).
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*gʷreeg;-s
--
(C2)
. (2) [ʔu̯ aˑ˧]
, [ʔu̯ əɪ̯̆˧](C2).
SFE #225. ODEE (1966) 823. KLUGE (2002) 795.
300
SFGE #45
DOM 8EC0
B (to 5340 區)
軀
Attested gloss
121: ‘body’.《說文》體也。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕȧƕa(AA2)-S(C) {>錫部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
qū(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥](A1)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕʰyː˧](A1)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
kube(AA)
Estonian
◆
Finnish
◆
kuveS
‘waist’
Veps
--
--
[cʰyː˧˩]
Votic
--
--
A
Livonian
--
--
Lappish
--
--
Gothic
hups
‘hip, haunch, waist’
Danish
◆
‘hip’
Swedish
◆
‘hip’
Norwegian
◆
‘hip’
Icelandic
--
--
O.N.
--
--
O.E.
hype
‘hip’
hip
--
‘hip’
‘hip’
‘hip’
(A)
/kʰ3o /
[t͡ ɕʰyː˩](A)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧]
[t͡ ɕʰyːˑ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
(A1)
[cʰiː˥]
(A1)
[kʰɵɥˑ˥]
English
(A1)
O.L.G.
xo
(A1)
hofte
höft
hofte
[kʰuːˑ˥]
Dutch
Tokyo
く(ku)
O.H.G.
heup
huf
Seoul
구(gu)
German
Hüfte
Xiamen
‘groin’
(AC)
--
‘hip’
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*k'i̯ u
*khjug
*khio
*khjo
*kho
*hupi-
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #226. SEOB (1922) 262. SAOB (1932) H222. ODEE (1966) 441. KLUGE (2002) 425. DEOB
(2004) 185‒186.
301
SFGE #46
DOM 8A70
B (to 5409 吉)
詰
Attested gloss
121: ‘ask’.《說文》問也。Mandarin: †id..
Reconstruction
*gėde(AA1) {>物(質)部(-de)}
Attested equivalents:
Beijing
jié(A2)
[t͡ ɕieː˧˥](A2)
Shenyang
[t͡ ɕieː˧˥](A2)
1958
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
i
Estonian
küsi-(AA)
‘ask’
Finnish
(AA)
kysy-
‘ask’
Veps
küzuda
‘ask’
Votic
tšüsüä
‘ask’
kiˀzzə,küˀzzə
‘ask’
gâččât
‘ask’
Gothic
--
--
Danish
gåde ~ gætte
‘riddle’ ~ ‘guess’
gåta ~ gissa
‘riddle’ ~ ‘guess’
gåte ~ gjette
‘riddle’ ~ ‘guess’
‘riddle’ ~ ‘guess’
O.N.
gáta
--
O.E.
--
--
guess;(+)quiz
‘guess’; ‘quiz’
O.L.G.
--
--
Dutch
gissen
--
‘guess’
--
--
(C)
[c eː˥]
D
/kʰ4et /
[t͡ ɕiəˑʔ˩](D)
Livonian
Lappish
[t͡ ɕ ɛː˧˩]
[t͡ ɕieː˧˩](A2)
i
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ eˑʔ˥]
[t͡ ɕiˑʔ˥](D1)
i
(D)
Swedish
Norwegian
[t͡ ɕ eː˧˥]
[t͡ ɕi̯ ɛt̚ ˥](D1)
i
(D)
Icelandic
(D1)
[cʲɛˑt̚ ˩]
[kɐt̚ ˑ˥](D1),(1)
cật
English
(D2)
(D1)
[kiːt̚ ˧]
Tokyo
きつ(kitsu)
Seoul
힐(hil)
O.H.G.
German
--
--
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
*k'ie
̯ ̆t
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*khjit
*khiet
*khjit
*khid
*gātian
(D3)
(1) [kʰiˑt̚ ˧] .
This etymon is limited in Sino-Finno-Germanic.
SFE #237. SEOB (1922) 214 (gåta); 188 (gissa). SAOB (1929) G1565 (gåta); G429 (gissa).
ODEE (1966) 418 (guess);(+)734 (quiz). DEOB (2004) 170 (gåde); 169 (gætte).
302
SFGE #47
DOM 8ECA
A1
車
Attested gloss
121: ‘vehicle’.《說文》輿輪之緫名。Mandarin: id..
Reconstruction
*ƕȧƕa(AA2)-S(C) {>錫部(-ge)}
Attested equivalents:
1958
Beijing
Shenyang
Yantai
1161
Taiyuan
Xi’an
Chengdu
Nanjing
Shanghai
Changsha
Nanchang
Meixian
Guangzhou
Hanoi
Xiamen
Tokyo
Seoul
jū(A1);chē(A1)
[t͡ ɕyː˥];[t͡ ʂʰɤː˥](A1)
◆
Finnish
◆
[t͡ ɕyː˧];[t͡ sʰɤː˧](A1)
[cyː˧˩];[t͡ ɕʰieː˧˩](A)
--
--
◆
‘cart’
Livonian
◆
‘cart’
Lappish
--
--
Gothic
--
--
Danish
◆
‘cart’
Swedish
◆
‘cart’
Norwegian
◆
‘cart’
Icelandic
--
--
O.N.
◆
‘cart’
O.E.
--
--
English
◆
‘car’
O.L.G.
--
--
Dutch
◆
‘cart’
O.H.G.
◆
‘cart’
German
◆
‘cart’
[t͡ ɕyː˧˩];[t͡ ʂʰɤː]
[t͡ ɕyː˥];[t͡ sʰeː˥](A1)
(A1)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕyː˧];[t͡ sʰɤː˧]
[t͡ ɕyːˑ˥˧];[t͡ sʰaːˑ˥˧](A1)
(A1)
[ciː˥];[t͡ sʰaː˥]
[kɵɥˑ˥];[t͡ sʰɛː˥](A1)
(A1)
(A1)
‘cart’
Veps
A
[t͡ ɕyː˧˩];[t͡ ʂʰeː˧˩]
[t͡ soː˥˧](A1)
kärry
‘cart’
(AA)
Votic
/k3o /;/ ͡tʂʰ3a /
[t͡ ɕyː˩];[t͡ sʰɤː˥](A)
A
käru(AA)
Estonian
(C1)
xa,xe,xơ,se ,xế
[kuːˑ˥];[t͡ sʰi̯ aˑ˥](A1)
きょ(kyo),しゃ(sha)
차(geo),거(cha)
kärräd
kärrəd
kærre,karre
kärra
kjerre
kerra
car
kar
karra,karro
Karre,Karren
Previous reconstructions:
KARLGREN
LI
WANG
BAXTER
ZHENGZHANG
DEOB P-G
*ki̯ o;ȶʻi̯ ɔ
*kjag;khrjiag
*kia;tɕhya
*kja;thjᴀ
*kla;khlja
◆
*karriōn
Credible equivalents have been suggested in some other Indo-European languages,
e.g. Latin carrus ‘van’ (requoted as DEOB).
SFE #240. SEOB (1922) 387. SAOB (1939) K3757. ODEE (1966) 144. KLUGE (2002) 473.
DEOB (2004) 249 (kærre); 217 (karre).
303
4. Phonological results
Since this study has run from A to K, some regular sound changes of
initials can be summarised. For instance, sound changes between Finnish
and Beijing Mandarin are:
Finnish Beijing Mandarin Number of etymons
0ʔ22
*x-(x,ɕ2)
2
0͡
*k-(k,tɕ2)
02
0n1
ɻ02
*x-(x,ɕ2)
h30
͡
*kʰ-(kʰ,tɕʰ2)
h6
*s-(s,ɕ1)
h9
͡
*k-(k,tɕ2)
h5
͡
*tsʰ-(tsʰ,tɕʰ1)
h2
tʂh2
ɻh2
͡
*k-(k,tɕ2)
j8
jʔ7
͡
*kʰ-(kʰ,tɕʰ2)
j1
*x-(x,ɕ2)
j3
͡
*ts-(ts,tɕ1)
3
j͡
*k-(k,tɕ2)
k43
ʔk6
͡
*kʰ-(kʰ,tɕʰ2)
k25
*x-(x,ɕ2)
k15
*ts-(ts,t͡ ɕ1)
k5
sk4
*tsʰ-(tsʰ,t͡ ɕʰ1)
k4
Detailed correspondences are demonstrated in the following pages. Irregular initials are marked with dotted grey backgrounds.
304
DOM
Estonian
Finnish
Beijing
Meixian
Guangzhou
(18)
隘
0ahtaS(AC)
0ahtaS(AC)
ʔ[ʔaɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
ʔ-/j-/ʋ[ʔaɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
ʔ-/j-/w1[ʔaˑj˧](C1)
垣
aedA(CA)
aita(CA)
[ʔʸɛˑn˧˥](A2)
[jaˑn˩](A2)
[wuˑn˧˩](A2)
蘊
ala(AA)
ala(AA)
[ʔyˑn˥˩](C)
[ʋuˑn˧˩](B)
[ʔʷɐnˑ˧](C1)
幺
algaS-(AC)
alka-(AA)
[ʔiaʊ̯˥](A1)
[jiˑw˥](A1)
淹
ammuta-
ammenta-
[ʔiɛˑn˥](A1)
[jaʊ̯˥](A1)
[jaˑm˥](A1)
揚
ambU-(AA)
ampu-(AA)
[ʔiaˑŋ˧˥](A2)
[jɔˑŋ˩](A2)
[jœˑŋ˧˩](A2)
恩
andA-(AA)
anta-(AA)
[ʔəˑn˥](A1)
[ʔɛˑn˥](A1)
[jɐnˑ˥](A1)
掩
armas(AC)
armas(AC)
[ʔiɛˑn˧˩˧](B)
[jaˑm˧˩](B)
[jiˑm˧˥](B1)
(CA)
[ʔaʊ̯˥˩]
[ʔaʊ̯˥]
[ʔaˑw˥](A1)
erä(AA)
[ʔiː˥˩](C)
[jiː˥˩](C)
[jiː˩](C2)
esi,e(AA)
esi,e(AA)
[ʔʸɛˑn˧˥](A2)
軛
ikkeS(AC)
ikeS(AC)
[ʔɤː˥˩](C)
[ɲʲaˑn˩](A2)
[ʔaˑk̚ ˩](D1)
[jyˑn˧˩](A2)
[ʔaˑk̚ ˧](D3)
意
iga(AA)
ikä(AA)
[ʔiː˥˩](C)
惡
ilge(AA)
ilkeä(AA)
[ʔɤː˥˩](C)
[jiː˥˨](C)
[ʔaˑk̚ ˩](D1)
[jiː˧](C1)
[ʔɔˑk̚ ˧](D3)
尤
ilu(AA)
ilo(AA)
[ʔiɤʊ̯˧˥](A2)
[jəʊ̯˩](A2)
[jɐwˑ˧˩](A2)
飲
ime-(AA)
ime-(AA)
[ʔiˑn˧˩˧](B)
[jiˑm˧˩](B)
[jɐmˑ˧˥](B1)
爺
isa(AA)
isä(AA)
[ʔieː˧˥](A2)
[jaː˩](A2)
[jɛː˧˩](A2)
依
istu-(AA)
istu-(AA)
[ʔiː˥](A1)
[jiː˥](A1)
[jiː˥](A1)
(4)
0aegA(CA)
0aika(CA)
ʔ[ʔaɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
/ŋ-/(ŋ, ɲ)
坳
aukU
aukko
異
eri(AA)
元
礙
(AA)
(CA)
(AA)
(C)
(A1)
[jiˑm˥](A1)
[ŋɔɪ̯ ˥˩]
ŋ[ŋɔˑj˩](C2)
(A2)
(C)
昂
aja-
aja-
[ʔaˑŋ˧˥]
[ŋɔˑŋ˥](A1)
[ŋɔˑŋ˧˩](A2)
傲
arvaS-(AC)
arvaS-(AC)
ammu-(AA)
ammu-(AA)
[ŋaʊ̯˥˩](C)
[ɲiˑm˩](A2)
[ŋowˑ˩](C2)
吟
[ʔaʊ̯˥˩](C)
[ʔiˑn˧˥](A2)
[ŋɐmˑ˧˩](A2)
305
DOM
Estonian
Finnish
Beijing
Meixian
Guangzhou
(2)
0ansa(AA)
*x-(x,ɕ2)
*ƕ-(h,ç,f2)
*ƕ-(h,f2,w2)
陷
0aasA(CA)
活
ela-(AA)
elä-(AA)
(2)
0-
0-
i
(C)
[ɕ ɛˑn˥˩]
[xuoː˧˥](A2)
*k-(k,t͡ ɕ2)
痂
armI
arpi
景
ilmA(AA)
ilma(AA)
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˧˩˧](B)
(1)
0ema(AA)
0emä(AA)
n[niaˑŋ˧˥](A2)
0inimene
0ihminen
ɻ[ɻəˑn˧˥](A2)
娘
(2)
(人)
(AA)
(AA)
(AA)
(AA)
(C)
(C)
[haˑm˥˨]
[faˑt̚ ˥](D2)
[haˑm˩](C2)
[wuˑt̚ ˩](D2)
/k-/(k,c)
k-
(A1)
[kaː˥]
[kaː˥](A1)
[ciˑn˧˩](B)
[kɪŋˑ˧˥](B1)
/ŋ-/(ŋ,ɲ)
n[nœˑŋ˧˩](A2)
(A2)
[ɲʲɔˑŋ˩]
/ŋ-/(ŋ,ɲ)
[ɲiˑn˩]
[ɲʲuˑk̚ ˥](D2)
j[jɐnˑ˧˩](A2)
[juˑk̚ ˩](D2)
(A2)
ihu
iho
[ɻɤʊ̯˥˩]
Metathesis
事
asiA(AA)
asia(AC)
住
asu-(AA)
asu-(AA)
[ʂɨː˥˩](C)
[t͡ ʂuː˥˩](C)
[sɨː˥˩](C)
[t͡ shuː˥˩](C)
[siː˩](C2)
[t͡ syː˩](C2)
自
ise(AA)
itse(AA)
[t͡ sɨː˥˩](C)
[t͡ sʰɨː˥˩](C)
[t͡ siː˩](C2)
東
ida(AA)
itä(AA)
[tʊˑŋ˥](A1)
[tuˑŋ˥](A1)
[tʊŋˑ˥](A1)
肉
(4)
306
DOM
Estonian
Finnish
Beijing
Meixian
Guangzhou
(21)
hhaava(CA)
*x-(x,ɕ2)
*ƕ-(h,ç,f2)
*ƕ-(h,f2,w2)
劃
hhaavA(CA)
[x aː˧˥]
[faː˩]
[waː˧˩](A2)
香
haisU(CA)
haju(AA)
[ɕiaˑŋ˥](A1)
[çʲɔˑŋ˥](A1)
[hœˑŋ˥](A1)
校
halgU(AA)
halkeS-(AC)
[ɕiaʊ̯˥˩](C)
[kaʊ̯˥˩](C)
[haˑw˩](C2)
寒
hallA(AA)
halla(AA)
[xaˑn˧˥](A2)
[hɔˑn˩](A2)
[hɔˑn˧˩](A2)
壞
halbA(AA)
halpa(AA)
[xuaɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
[faɪ̯ ˥˨](C)
[waˑj˩](C2)
含
hambaS(AC)
hampaS(AC)
[xaˑn˧˥](A2)
[haˑm˩](A2)
[haˑm˧˩](A2)
号
hauku-(CA)
haukku-(CA)
hõlpU(AA)
helppo(AA)
[haʊ̯˩](A2)
[çʲaˑp̚ ˥](D2)
[howˑ˧˩](A2)
協
[xaʊ̯˥˩](C)
[ɕieː˧˥](A2)
形
hingE
(AA)
(AA)
(A2)
欣
hõõnukene
幸
u
(A2)
(A2)
[hiˑp̚ ˩](D2)
[ɕiˑŋ˧˥]
[çiˑn˩]
[jɪŋˑ˧˩](A2)
hieno(AA)
[ɕiˑn˥](A1)
[çʲuˑn˥](A1)
[jɐnˑ˥](A1)
himU(AA)
himo(AA)
[ɕiˑŋ˥˩](C)
[hɛˑn˥˨](C)
[hɐŋˑ˩](C2)
毀
hukkaS-(AC)
hukkaS-(AC)
[xueɪ̯ ˧˩˧](B)
[fəɪ̯ ˥](A1)
[wɐjˑ˧˥](B1)
渾
hullU(AA)
hullu(AA)
[xuəˑn˧˥](A2)
[fəˑn˩](A2)
[wɐnˑ˧˩](A2)
呼
hoogU(CA)
huoku-(CA)
[xuː˥](A1)
[fuː](A1)
[fuː˥](A1)
護
hoolE(CA)
huoli,e(CA)
[xuː˥˩](C)
[fuː˥˨](C)
[wuː˩](C2)
婦
hoorA(CA)
huora(CA)
[fuː˥˩](C)
[fuː˥˨](C)
[fuː˩](C2)
好
hubane(AA)
hupa(AA)
hea
hyvä
[haʊ̯˧˩](B)
[çiː˧˩](B)
[howˑ˧˥](B1)
喜
[xaʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
[ɕiː˧˩˧](B)
[hejˑ˧˥](B1)
狠
händA(AA)
häntä(AA)
[xəˑn˧˩˧](B)
[hɛˑn˩](A2)
[hɐnˑ˧˥](B1)
詡
häbi(AA)
häpy(AA)
[ɕyː˧˩˧](B)
[çiː˧˩](B)
[hɵɥˑ˧˥](B1)
害
häda(AA)
hätä(AA)
[xaɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
[hɔɪ̯ ˥˨](C)
[hɔˑt˧](D3)
(9)
哀
hhaige(CA)
hhaikea(CA)
ʔ[ʔaɪ̯ ˥](A1)
ʔ-/j-/ʋ[ʔɔɪ̯ ˥](A1)
ʔ-/j-/w[ʔɔˑj˥](A1)
雁
hani,e(AA)
hanhi,e(CA)
[ʔiɛˑn˥˩](C)
[ɲʲaˑn˥˨](C)
[ŋaˑn˩](C2)
音
heli(AA)
heleä(AA)
[ʔiˑn˥](A1)
液
higi(AA)
hiki,e(AA)
[ʔieː˥˩](C)
[jiˑm˥](A1)
[jiˑt̚ ˥](D2)
[jɐmˑ˥](A1)
[jɪk̚ ˑ˩](D2)
銀
hindA(AA)
hinta(AA)
[ʔiˑn˧˥](A2)
[jiˑn˩](A2)
[ŋɐnˑ˧˩](A2)
羽
juusE(CA)
hiusE(CA)
[ʔyː˧˩˧](B)
[jiː˧˩](B)
[jyː˩˧](B2)
謂
hüüdA-(CA)
huuta-(CA)
[ʔueɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
躍
hüppaS-(AC)
hyppäS-(AC)
[ʔʸøː˥˩](C)
[ʋiː˥˨](C)
[jɔˑk̚ ˥](D2)
[wɐjˑ˩](C2)
[jœˑk̚ ˩](C2)
häiri-(CA)
häiriS-(CC)
[ʔaɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
[ŋɔɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
[ŋɔˑj˩](C2)
(礙)
henki,e
(A2)
307
DOM
Finnish
Beijing
Meixian
Guangzhou
hhakkaS-(AC)
*ƕ-(h,ç,f2)
*ƕ-(h,f2,w2)
敲
hhakkaS-(AC)
*kʰ-(kʰ,t͡ ɕʰ2)
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥](A1)
丘
haudA(CA)
hauta(CA)
棄
heitA-(CA)
heittä-(CA)
[t͡ ɕʰiɤʊ̯˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
起
ärkaS-(AC)
heräS-(AC)
騎
härgA(AA)
(去)
(9)
(6)
搜
Estonian
(A1)
[hawˑ˥](A1)
[kʰaʊ̯˥]
[çʲəʊ̯˥](A1)
[jɐwˑ˥](A1)
[çiː˥˨](C)
[hejˑ˧](C1)
[çiː˧˩](B)
[hejˑ˧˥](B1)
härkä(AA)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥](A2)
[cʰiː˩](A2)
[kʰejˑ˧˩](A2)
hävi-(AA)
häviS-(AC)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥˩](C)
[cʰiː˥˨](C)
[hɵɥˑ˧](C1)
hhage-(AA)
hhake-(AA)
*s-(s,ɕ1)
s[sɛʊ̯˥](A1)
s[sɐwˑ˥](A1)
[sɛʊ̯˥](A1)
[sɐwˑ˥](A1)
(AA)
[sɤʊ̯˥]
[sɤʊ̯˥](A1)
餿
hapu
須
hariA(AA)
harja(AA)
[ɕyː˥](A1)
[siː˥](A1)
[sowˑ˥](A1)
少
harvA(AA)
harva(AA)
hõlmA(AA)
helma(AA)
鼠
hiirE(CA)
hiiri,e(CA)
[ʂuː˧˩˧](B)
[saʊ̯˧˩](B)
[sʲɔˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ sʰuː˧˩](B)
[siˑw˧˥](B1)
鑲
[ʂaʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
[ɕiaˑŋ˥](A1)
嘼
hirvE(AA)
hirvi,e(AA)
[t͡ sʰuː˥˩](C)
[sɐwˑ˧](C1)
唇
huulE(CA)
huuli,e(CA)
[ʂɤʊ̯˥˩](C)
[t͡ ʂʰuəˑn˧˥](A2)
[suˑn˩](A2)
[sɵnˑ˧˩](A2)
捨
hülgaS-(AC)
hylkäS-(AC)
[saː˧˩](B)
[sɛː˧˥](B1)
(5)
hhardaS(AC)
hhartaS(AC)
[ʂɤː˧˩˧](B)
*k-(k,t͡ ɕ2)
/k-/(k,c)
[cʲaˑn˥]
k[kiˑn˥](A1)
(CA)
(CA)
[kʊˑŋ˥]
[cʲuˑŋ˥](A1)
[kʊŋˑ˥](A1)
[kuaˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥](A1)
[kʋɔˑŋ˥](A1)
[kʷɐŋˑ˥](A1)
[cʲaˑn˥](A1)
[kaˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥](A1)
*tsʰ-(tsʰ,t͡ ɕʰ1)
[cʲaˑn˥](A1)
[kaˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiɛˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ʂʰɨː˧˥](A2)
tsʰ[t͡ sʰʲɛˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ sʰɨː˩](A2)
tsʰ[t͡ sʰiˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ sʰiː˧˩](A2)
ts[t͡ siˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ sʰɛˑt̚ ˥](D2)
ts[t͡ sɐnˑ˥](A1)
[t͡ saˑk̚ ˩](D2)
堅
happo
(AA)
(A1)
[t͡ ɕ ɛˑn˥]
i
(A1)
(A1)
(A1)
[sœˑŋ˥](A1)
[syː˧˥](B1)
宮
hõimU
heimo
光
homme(AA)
huomen(CA)
間
hooneS(CC)
huoneS(CC)
艱
--
huono(CA)
(2)
芊
hheinA(CA)
hheinä(CA)
遲
hilja(AA)
hiljaa(AA)
(2)
珍
hhelmes(AC)
hhelmi,e(AA)
翟
hüüpI(CA)
hyypiä(CA)
tʂ[t͡ ʂəˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ʂaɪ̯ ˧˥](A2)
(2)
柔
hhõõru-(CA)
hhiero-(CA)
ɻ[ɻɤʊ̯˧˥](A2)
j[jəʊ̯˩](A2)
j[jɐwˑ˧˩](A2)
人
endA(AA)
hän(A)
[ɻəˑn˧˥](A2)
[ɲiˑn˩](A2)
[jɐnˑ˧˩](A2)
308
DOM
(8)
Estonian
Finnish
jja(A)
jja(A)
Beijing
*k-(k,t͡ ɕ2)
Meixian
Guangzhou
/k-/(k,c)
[kaː˥]
k[kaː˥](A1)
[cʲaɪ̯ ˧˩](B)
[cʲɔˑk̚ ˩](D1)
[kaˑj˧˥](B1)
[kœˑk̚ ˧](D3)
[kɔˑn˥](A1)
[kɔˑn˥](A1)
[ciː˥˩](C)
[kɐjˑ˧](C1)
[t͡ ɕiaˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
[kɔˑŋ˥](A1)
[kɔˑŋ˥](A1)
[cʰiː˥˩](C)
[kɵɥˑ˩](C2)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
[cʰʲaˑn˥˨](C)
[kiˑn˧](C1)
[ciː˥˩]
[kɐjˑ˧](C1)
解
jaga-
jaka-
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕieː˧˩˧](B)
腳
jalgA(AA)
jalka(AA)
[t͡ ɕiaʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
(乾)
janu(AA)
jano(AA)
繼
jätkaS-(AC)
jatka-(AA)
[kaˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
江
jõgi,e(AA)
joki,e(AA)
具
jõudA-(CA)
jouta-(CA)
腱
jänes(AC)
jänis(AC)
加
(AA)
(AA)
(AA)
(AA)
(A1)
(C)
(繼)
järgE
järki,e
(7)
也
jjah(C)
jjaa(C)
ʔ[ʔieː˧˩˧](B)
j[jaː˩](A2)
j[jaː˩˧](B2)
矣
juba
jo(A)
[ʔiː˧˩˧](B)
[jiː˧˩](B)
[jiː˩˧](B2)
御
juhti-(AA)
johta-(AA)
[ʔyː˥˩](C)
[ɲiː˥˩](C)
[jyː˩](C2)
遇
juhtu-(AA)
johtu-(AA)
[ʔyː˥˩](C)
[ɲiː˥˩](C)
[jyː˩](C2)
勇
julge-(AA)
julkeS-(AC)
[ʔiʊˑŋ˧˩˧](B)
曰
juttu(AA)
juttu(AA)
[ʔʸøː˥](A1)
[juˑŋ˧˩](B)
[jaˑt̚ ˥](D2)
[jʊŋˑ˩˧](B2)
[jyˑt̚ ˩](D2)
凝
jää(C)
jää(C)
[ɲiˑn˩](A2)
[jɪŋˑ˧˩](A2)
jjano(AA)
/kʰ-/(kʰ,cʰ)
乾
jjanu(AA)
[niˑŋ˧˥](A2)
*kʰ-(kʰ,t͡ ɕʰ2)
懈
jjaksaS-(AC)
凶
[t͡ ɕʰ ɛˑn˧˥]
[cʰʲaˑn˩]
kʰ[kʰiˑn˧˩](A2)
jjaksa-(AA)
*x-(x,ɕ2)
*ƕ-(h,ç,f2)
*ƕ-(h,f2,w2)
[ɕ eː˥˩]
[haɪ̯ ˥˩]
[kaˑj˧](C1)
julmA(AA)
julma(AA)
[ɕiʊˑŋ˥](A1)
[çʲuˑŋ˥](A1)
[hʊŋˑ˥](A1)
湖
järvE(AA)
järvi,e(AA)
[fuː˩](A2)
[wuː˧˩](A2)
(7)
漿
jjahu(AA)
jjauha-(CA)
[xuː˧˥](A2)
*ts-(ts,t͡ ɕ1)
聚
jõukU(CA)
joukko(CA)
[t͡ ɕiaˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
ts[t͡ sʲɔˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
ts[t͡ sœˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ sɵɥˑ˩](C2)
走
jooksE-(AA)
juokse-(AA)
足
juurE(CA)
juuri,e(CA)
[t͡ sɤʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ suː˧˥](A2)
[t͡ sɛʊ̯˧˩](B)
[t͡ sʲuˑk˩](D1)
[t͡ sɐwˑ˧˥](B1)
[t͡ sʊkˑ˥](D1)
稷
iva(AA)
jyvä(AA)
迹
jälgE(AA)
jälki,e(AA)
[t͡ ɕiː˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
[t͡ siˑt̚ ˩](D1)
[t͡ sʲaˑk̚ ˩](D1)
[t͡ sɪk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
[t͡ sɪk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
肢
jäse(AA)
jäsen(AA)
[t͡ ʂɨː˥](A1)
[t͡ sɨː˥](A1)
[t͡ siː˥](A1)
(3)
i
i
(A2)
(C)
(A2)
(C)
309
DOM
Estonian
Finnish
(43)
kkaarE(CA)
kkaari,e(CA)
弓
(CA)
kaikki,e
(CA)
Beijing
*k-(k,t͡ ɕ2)
Meixian
Guangzhou
/k-/(k,c)
[kʊˑŋ˥]
[t͡ ɕieː˥](A1)
[cʲuˑŋ˥]
k[kʊŋˑ˥](A1)
[cʲaɪ̯ ˥](A1)
[kaˑj˥](A1)
(A1)
(A1)
皆
kõikE
溝
kaevaS-(CC)
kaiva-(CA)
[kɤʊ̯˥](A1)
[cʲɛʊ̯˥](A1)
[kɐwˑ˥](A1)
告
kaebaS-(CC)
kaipaS-(CC)
kakkU(AA)
kakku(AA)
[kaʊ̯˥˨](C)
[kaʊ̯˥](A1)
[kowˑ˧](C1)
餻
[kaʊ̯˥˩](C)
[kaʊ̯˥](A1)
貴
kallis(AC)
kallis(AC)
[kʋiː˥˩](C)
[kʷɐjˑ˧](C1)
鷄
kana(AA)
kana(AA)
[kueɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕiː˥](A1)
[kɛː˥](A1)
[kɐjˑ˥](A1)
杠
kangI(AA)
kanki,e(AA)
[kɔˑŋ˥](A1)
兼
kaasa
kansa
[kaˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥](A1)
[kɔˑŋ˥](A1)
(CA)
[cʲaˑm˥]
[kiˑm˥](A1)
瞼
kaasE(CA)
kansi,e(AA)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˧˩˧](B)
[cʲaˑm˧˩](B)
[kiˑm˧˥](B1)
跟
kandA(AA)
kanta(AA)
[kɛˑn˥](A1)
[kɐnˑ˥](A1)
懼
kartA-(AA)
kartta-(AA)
[kəˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
[cʰiː˧˩](B)
[kɵɥˑ˩](C2)
溉
kastA-(AA)
kasta-(AA)
[kaɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
[kʰɔɪ̯ ˧˩](B)
[kʰɔˑj˧](C1)
高
kasva-(AA)
kasva-(AA)
kauge(CA)
kaukaa(CA)
[kaʊ̯˥](A1)
[cʲəʊ̯˧˩](B)
[kowˑ˥](A1)
久
[kaʊ̯˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiɤʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
購
kaupA(CA)
kauppa(CA)
kederA(AA)
kehrä(AA)
[cʲɛʊ̯˥˩](C)
[cʲaˑn˧˩](B)
[kɐwˑ˧](C1)
卷
[kɤʊ̯˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕʸɛˑn˧˩˧](B)
荊
kingA(AA)
kenkä(AA)
[ciˑn˥](A1)
[kɪŋˑ˥](A1)
敬
kinki-(AA)
kenkkäS-(AC)
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiˑŋ˥˩](C)
[ciˑn˥˨](C)
[kɪŋˑ˧](C1)
禁
keelaS-(CC)
kieltä-(CA)
[ciˑm˥˨](C)
[kɐmˑ˧](C1)
緊
kinni(AA)
kiinni(CA)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˧˩˧](B)
[ciˑn˧˩](B)
[kɐnˑ˧˥](B1)
急
kiireS(AA)
kiireS(AA)
[ciˑp̚ ˩](D1)
[kɐp̚ ˑ˥](D1)
甲
kilpi(AA)
kilpi(AA)
[t͡ ɕiː˧˥](A2)
[t͡ ɕiaː˧˩˧](B)
[kaˑp̚ ˩](D1)
[kaˑp̚ ˧](D3)
記
kiriA(AA)
kirja(AA)
[t͡ ɕiː˥˩](C)
[ciː˥˨](C)
[kejˑ˧](C1)
圭
kivi(AA)
kivi,e(AA)
[kʷɐjˑ˥](A1)
[kʋəɪ̯ ˥](A1)
街
kohtA(AA)
kohta(AA)
[kueɪ̯ ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕieː˥](A1)
[kɛː˥](A1)
[kaˑj˥](A1)
蠱
koi(C)
koi(C)
[kuː˧˩˧](B)
[kuː˧˩](B)
[kuː˧˥](B1)
狗
koerA(CA)
koira(CA)
korpI(AA)
korppi(AA)
[cʲɛʊ̯˧˩](B)
[kaˑp̚ ˩](D1)
[kɐwˑ˧˥](B1)
鴿
家
koda(AA)
kota(AA)
[kɤʊ̯˧˩˧](B)
[kɤː˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiaː˥](A1)
[kaː˥](A1)
[kaː˥](A1)
鉤
haakI(CA)
koukku(CA)
[kɤʊ̯˥](A1)
[cʲɛʊ̯˥](A1)
[ŋɐwˑ˥](A1)
(AA)
(A1)
[kowˑ˥](A1)
[kɐwˑ˧˥](B1)
[kyˑn˧˥](B1)
[kɐp̚ ˑ˥](D1)
310
DOM
Estonian
(AA)
Finnish
Beijing
u
(C)
Meixian
kulge-
kulke-
[k oː˥˩]
[kʋɔː˥˨]
[kʷɔː˧](C1)
輥
kulu-(AA)
kulu-(AA)
結
kudu-(AA)
kuto-(AA)
[kuəˑn˧˩˧](B)
[t͡ ɕieː˥](A1)
[kuˑn˧˩](B)
[cʲaˑt̚ ˩](D1)
[kʷɐnˑ˧˥](B1)
[kiˑt̚ ˧](D3)
均
küllA(AA)
kyllä(AA)
[cʲuˑn˥](A1)
[kʷɐnˑ˥](A1)
金
külmA(AA)
kylmä(AA)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕiˑn˥](A1)
[ciˑm˥](A1)
[kɐmˑ˥](A1)
郡
küla(AA)
kylä(AA)
[cʲuˑn˥˩](C)
[kʷɐnˑ˩](C2)
劍
küüsE(AC)
kynsi,e(AA)
[t͡ ɕyˑn˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥˩](C)
[cʰʲaˑm˥˨](C)
[kiˑm˧](C1)
耕
kündA-(AA)
kyntä-(AA)
詰
küsi-(AA)
kysy-(AA)
[kəˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕieː˧˥](A2)
[kɛˑn˥](A1)
[cʲɛˑt̚ ˩](D1)
[kɐŋˑ˥](A1)
[kɐt̚ ˑ˥](D1)
[t͡ ɕyː˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕyː˥](A1)
[ciː˥˩](C)
[kɵɥˑ˧](C1)
[ciː˥](A1)
[kɵɥˑ˥](A1)
[cʲaˑn˥](A1)
[kiˑn˥](A1)
[cʲaɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
[kaˑj˧](C1)
/ŋ-/(ŋ,ɲ)
[ɲiː˥˩]
ŋ[jiː˩](C2)
kükkI
kyykky(CA)
(車)
käru(AA)
kärry(AA)
(堅)
kärsi-(AA)
kärsi-(AA)
戒
käski-(AA)
käske-(AA)
[t͡ ɕiɛˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕieː˥˩](C)
(6)
kkaksE(AA)
kkaksi,e(AA)
ʔ[ʔɐˑɻ˥˩](C)
踞
二
(AC)
(AC)
(C)
(C)
Guangzhou
過
(AA)
(AA)
(C)
岸
kallas
kallas
[ʔaˑn˥˩]
[ŋaˑn˥˩](C)
[ŋɔˑn˩](C2)
耳
kõrvA(AA)
korva(AA)
[ʔəˑɻ˧˩˧](B)
[ɲiː˧˩](B)
[jiː˩˧](B2)
(謂)
kutsu-(AA)
kutsu-(AA)
[ʔueɪ̯ ˥˩](C)
月
kuu(C)
kuu(C)
[ʔʸøː˥˩](C)
[ʋiː˥˨](C)
[ɲʲaˑt̚ ˥](D2)
[wɐjˑ˩](C2)
[jyˑt̚ ˩](D2)
聞
kuulE-(CA)
kuule-(CA)
[ʔuəˑn˧˥](A2)
[ʋuˑn˩](A2)
[mɐnˑ˧˩](A2)
311
DOM
(25)
Estonian
Finnish
Beijing
Meixian
Guangzhou
k-
k-
*kʰ-(kʰ,t͡ ɕʰ2)
/kʰ-/(kʰ,cʰ)
kʰ-
(AC)
(AC)
(B)
(B)
慨
kateS
kateS
[kʰaɪ̯ ˧˩˧]
[kʰɔɪ̯ ˧˩]
[kʰɔˑj˧](C1)
虧
kadu-(AA)
katoS-(AC)
[kʰueɪ̯ ˥](A1)
[kʰʋəɪ̯ ˥](A1)
[kʰʷɐjˑ˥](A1)
鯤
kala(AA)
kala(AA)
[kʰuˑn˥](A1)
[kʷɐnˑ˥](A1)
彊
kange(AA)
kankea(AA)
[kʰuəˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiaˑŋ˧˥](A2)
[cʰʲɔˑŋ˩](A2)
[kʰœˑŋ˧˩](A2)
牽
kandA-(AA)
kanta-(AA)
[cʰʲaˑn˥](A1)
[hiˑn˥](A1)
蹺
kargaS-(AC)
karkaS-(AC)
[t͡ ɕʰiɛˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥](A1)
[cʰʲaʊ̯˥](A1)
[hiˑw˥](A1)
磽
karge(AA)
karkea(AA)
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˥](A1)
[kʰaʊ̯˥](A1)
[haˑw˥](A1)
抗
katke-(AA)
katkeS-(AC)
[kʰaˑŋ˥˩](C)
[kʰɔˑŋ˥˩](C)
[kʰɔˑŋ˧](C1)
窺
katsu-(AA)
katso-(AA)
[kʰueɪ̯ ˥](A1)
[kʰʋəɪ̯ ˥](A1)
[kʰʷɐɪ̯ ˑ˥](A1)
靠
kaudu(CA)
kautta(CA)
[kʰaʊ̯˥˨](C)
[kʰaˑw˧](C1)
輕
kõhnA(AA)
kehno(AA)
[kʰaʊ̯˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕʰiˑŋ˥](A1)
[cʰiˑn˥](A1)
[hɪŋˑ˥](A1)
圈
keha(AA)
kehä(AA)
[cʰʲaˑn˥](A1)
[hyˑn˥](A1)
气
keetA-(CA)
keittä-(CA)
[t͡ ɕʰʸɛˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
刻
kellA(AA)
kello(AA)
[hejˑ˧](C1)
[kʰɐk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
祈
kerjaS-(AC)
kerjäS-(AC)
[kʰɤː˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˧˥](A2)
[çiː˥˨](C)
[kʰɛˑt̚ ˩](D1)
迄
kestA-(AA)
kestä-(AA)
[t͡ ɕʰiː˥˩](C)
[cʰiː˩](A2)
[hiˑt̚ ˩]
[kʰejˑ˧˩](A2)
[hɐt̚ ˑ˥](D1)
苦
kibe(AA)
kipeä(AA)
[kʰuː˧˩˧](B)
[kʰuː˧˩](B)
[fuː˧˥](B1)
課
koge-(AA)
koke-(AA)
[kʰɔː˥˩](C)
[fɔː˧](C1)
喬
kõrge(AA)
korkea(AA)
[kʰɤː˥˩](C)
[t͡ ɕʰiaʊ̯˧˥](A2)
[cʰʲaʊ̯˩](A2)
[kʰiˑw˧˩](A2)
枯
kuivA(AA)
kuiva(AA)
[kʰuː˥](A1)
[fuː˥](A1)
群
-kondA(AA)
kunta(AA)
[kʰuː˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰyˑn˧˥](A2)
[cʰʲuˑn˩](A2)
[kʰʷɐnˑ˧˩](A2)
軀
kube(AA)
kuveS(AC)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥](A1)
[cʰiː˥](A1)
[kʰɵɥˑ˥](A1)
坑
küna(AA)
kynä(AA)
[haˑŋ˥](A1)
[haˑŋ˥](A1)
去
käi-(C)
käy-(C)
[kʰəˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ ɕʰyː˥˩](C)
[cʰiː˥˨](C)
[hɵɥˑ˧](C1)
窮
kehvA(AA)
köyhä(AA)
[t͡ ɕʰiʊˑŋ˧˥](A2)
[cʰʲuˑŋ˩](A2)
[kʰʊŋˑ˧˩](A2)
312
DOM
(15)
畜
Estonian
Finnish
Beijing
Meixian
Guangzhou
k-
k-
*x-(x,ɕ2)
*ƕ-(h,f2,w2)
[t͡ sʊk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
(AA)
kariA
karja
[ɕyː˥˩]
(AA)
毫
karvA
karva
[xaʊ̯˧˥](A2)
[haʊ̯˩](A2)
[howˑ˧˩](A2)
項
kaelA(AA)
kaula(AA)
[ɕiaˑŋ˥˩](C)
[hɔˑŋ˥˩](C)
[hɔˑŋ˩](C2)
合
kõlbaS-(AC)
kelpaS-(AC)
[xɤː˧˥](A2)
[haˑp̚ ˥](D2)
[hɐp̚ ˑ˩](D2)
回
kordA(AA)
kerta(AA)
[xueɪ̯ ˧˥](A2)
核
keskE(AA)
keski,e(AA)
[xɤː˧˥](A2)
[fiː˩](A2)
[hɛˑt̚ ˥](D2)
[wuˑj˧˩](A2)
[hɐk̚ ˑ˩](D2)
暇
kesa(AA)
kesä(AA)
[ɕiaː˧˥](A2)
[haː˥˨](C)
[haː˩](C2)
和
kogu(AA)
koko(AA)
[xɤː˧˥](A2)
[fɔː˩](A2)
[wɔː˧˩](A2)
(寒)
kõle(AA)
kolea(AA)
[xaˑn˧˥](A2)
[hɔˑn˩](A2)
[hɔˑn˧˩](A2)
華
--
kukka(AA)
[xuaː˧˥](A2)
[faː˩](A2)
[waː˧˩](A2)
薨
koolE-(CA)
kuole-(CA)
[xʊˑŋ˥](A1)
鶴
kurgE(AA)
kurki,e(AA)
[xɤː˥˩](C)
[fuˑn˥](A1)
[hɔˑk̚ ˥](D2)
[kʷɐŋˑ˥](A1)
[hɔˑk̚ ˩](D2)
喉
kurkU(AA)
kurkku(AA)
[xɤʊ̯˧˥](A2)
[hɛʊ̯˩](A2)
[hɐwˑ˧˩](A2)
烘
kuumA(CA)
kuuma(CA)
[xʊˑŋ˥](A1)
[fuˑn˥](A1)
[hʊŋˑ˥](A1)
畫
kava(AA)
kuva(AA)
[faː˥˩](C)
[waː˩](C2)
(5)
k-
k-
[xuaː˥˩](C)
*ts-(ts,t͡ ɕ1)
ts[t͡ suˑn˥˩](C)
ts[t͡ sɵnˑ˧](C1)
[t͡ sʰuˑn˥](A1)
[t͡ səˑt̚ ˩](D1)
[t͡ sʰɵnˑ˥](A1)
[t͡ sɐt̚ ˑ˥](D1)
[t͡ sœˑŋ˧˥](B1)
[t͡ sɔˑŋ˩](C2)
s-
俊
(AA)
*ƕ-(h,ç,f2)
[çʲuˑk̚ ˩](D1)
(AA)
(AC)
kaunis
(AC)
kaunis
[t͡ ɕyˑn˥˩](C)
[t͡ ʂʰuəˑn˥](A1)
春
kevad
(AA)
kevät(AA)
質
kihlA(AA)
kihla(AA)
掌
kämbaL(AA)
kämmen(AA)
[t͡ ʂɨː˥˩](C)
[t͡ ʂaˑŋ˧˩˧](B)
(藏)
kätke-(AA)
kätke-(AA)
[t͡ saˑŋ˥˩](C)
[t͡ sɔːŋ˧˩](B)
[t͡ sʰɔˑŋ˥˩](C)
(4)
k-
k-
s-
s-
(A)
(AA)
(A2)
[ʂɤː˧˥](A2)
[sʋəɪ̯ ˩]
[saˑt̚ ˥](D2)
[sɵɥˑ˧˩](A2)
[sit̚ ˑ˩](D2)
kolme(AA)
[saˑn˥](A1)
[saˑm˥](A1)
[saˑm˥](A1)
kümme
kymmenen
[ʂɨː˧˥](A2)
[səˑp̚ ˥](D2)
[sɐp̚ ˑ˩](D2)
k-
k-
*tsʰ-(tsʰ,t͡ ɕʰ1)
[t͡ sʰɤː˥˩](C)
tsʰ[t͡ sɛˑk̚ ˩](D1)
[t͡ sʰaː˥](A1)
tsʰ[t͡ sɐk̚ ˑ˥](D1)
[t͡ sʰɛː˥](A1)
[t͡ sʰɨː˥˩](C)
[t͡ sʰɔˑŋ˥](A1)
[t͡ sʰiː˧](C1)
[t͡ sʰɔˑŋ˧˩](A2)
誰
kes
kenE
[ʂeɪ̯ ˧˥]
舌
keelE(CA)
kieli,e(CA)
三
kolmE(AA)
十
(4)
側
külgE
(AA)
kylki,e
(AA)
車
käru
翅
käsi,e(AA)
käsi,e(AA)
[t͡ ʂʰɤː˥](A1)
[t͡ ʂʰɨː˥˩](C)
藏
kätke-(AA)
kätke-(AA)
[t͡ sʰaˑŋ˧˥](A2)
(AA)
kärry(AA)
(A2)
313
5. Statistical results
According to the etymological results, percentages of shared etymons
between key languages / language groups have been calculated. The results are:
Chinese / Finnish = 212/245 = 86.5%
Germanic / Finnish = 50/245 = 20.4% (Sino-Finno-Germanic = 47)
Baltic / Finnish = 14/245 = 5.7% (Sino-Finno-Baltic = 11)
Estonian / Finnish = 242/245 = 98.8%
Veps / Finnish = 183/245 = 74.7%
Votic / Finnish = 217/245 = 88.6%
Livonian / Finnish = 183/245 = 74.7%
Lappish / Finnish = 210/245 = 85.7%
Mordvin / Finnish = 80/245 = 32.7%
Mari / Finnish = 55/245 = 22.4%
Permic / Finnish = 63/245 = 25.7%
Mansi / Finnish = 48/245 = 19.6%
Khanty / Finnish = 57/245 = 23.3%
Hungarian / Finnish = 45/245 = 18.4%
Nenets / Finnish = 30/245 = 12.2%
Enets / Finnish = 26/245 = 10.6%
Nganasan / Finnish = 22/245 = 9.0%
Selkup / Finnish = 28/245 = 11.4%
Kamas / Finnish = 26/245 = 10.6%
It is noticeable that the percentage of shared etymons between Chinese
and Finnish (86.5%) is even higher than the percentage between Lappish
and Finnish (85.7%).
Even if it is assumed that all the Sino-Finno-Germanic etymons (47)
and Sino-Finno-Baltic (11) are not native in either Finnish or Chinese,
thus Chinese shares these etymons with Finnish due to different Germanic
or Baltic sources (For Sino-Germanic etymological studies, see CHANG
1988, ZHOU 2002, GAO 2005, 2008), Chinese still shares with Finnish
154/245 = 62.9% etymons. These 154 etymons are currently considered as
either ‘Finno-X / Uralic’ or ‘of uncertain origins’. It is reasonable to redefine them as ‘Sino-Finnic (Sino-Uralic)’.
314
Distribution of etymons
Legends: ET ‒ Estonian. FI ‒ Finnish. Ve ‒ Vepsian. Vo ‒ Votic. Li ‒ Livonian. SE ‒ Lappish. Mo ‒ Mordvin. Ma ‒ Mari. Pm ‒ Permic
(Udmurt / Komi). Mn ‒ Mansi. Kn ‒ Khanty. HU ‒ Hungarian. Ne ‒ Nenets. En ‒ Enets. Ng ‒ Nganasan. Se‒ Selkup. Ka ‒ Kamas. O ‒
Other languages. █ ‒ detected. ◆ ‒ detected but suggested as a loan word by some references. ? ‒ detected with doubt (counted). ! ‒
detected by some referrences, rejected by the present study (uncounted). In the last row: Sk ‒ detected in the most Scandinavian
languages. G ‒ detected in the most Germanic languages in addition to Scandinavian. G2 ‒ detected or suggested in some Indo-European
languages in addition to Germanic. B ‒ suggested in Baltic languages. B2 ‒ suggested in some Indo-European languages in addition to
Baltic. IE ‒ suggested in some other Indo-European languages. Tr ‒ suggested in some Turkic languages. Tn ‒ suggested in some
Tungusic languages. A ‒ suggested in some Asian languages. Y ‒ suggested in Yukaghir. W ‒ suggested in many languages across the
world.
###
DOM
ET
FI
Ve
Vo
Li
SE
Mo
Ma
Pm
1
隘
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
2
礙
█
█
█
█
█
◆
3
垣
█
█
█
█
█
◆
4
昂
█
█
█
█
█
█
?
5
蘊
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
6
幺
█
█
█
█
7
淹
█
█
█
8
吟
█
█
9
揚
█
█
10
陷
◆
◆
11
恩
█
█
12
掩
◆
13
Ne
En
Ng
Se
Ka
O
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
?
█
█
█
█
█
█
?
█
█
█
█
█
?
?
W
◆
█
█
█
◆
◆
◆
█
█
█
█
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
◆
14
痂
◆
◆
15
傲
█
█
█
█
█
◆
16
事
█
█
█
█
█
◆
17
住
█
█
█
█
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
18
HU
█
█
█
Kn
G2
◆
◆
Mn
█
B2
█
█
█
G2
?
?
G
◆
Sk
19
坳
█
█
█
█
█
◆
?
20
異
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
=
18
20
20
17
18
15
18
9
3
?
?
█
█
█
6
6
7
Sk
4
█
█
█
█
█
4
4
2
4
4
Sk
315
###
DOM
ET
FI
Ve
Vo
Li
SE
21
活
█
█
█
█
█
█
22
娘
█
█
█
█
█
█
23
元
█
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
24
25
瘀
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
26
哀
█
█
█
◆
█
27
香
█
█
█
█
◆
28
敲
█
█
█
█
29
搜
◆
◆
◆
30
校
█
█
█
█
█
◆
31
寒
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
32
壞
█
█
33
含
◆
◆
◆
◆
34
雁
◆
◆
◆
◆
█
█
35
█
Mo
Ma
Pm
Mn
Kn
HU
Ne
En
Ng
Se
Ka
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
A
█
G2
█
G2
█
█
G
G2
◆
█
O
?
?
B2
◆
B
◆
B2
◆
36
餿
█
█
█
█
█
◆
37
須
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
38
堅
█
█
█
█
39
少
█
█
█
█
40
号
█
█
█
█
41
丘
█
█
█
█
█
█
42
宮
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
G2
43
芊
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
B
44
棄
█
█
█
█
█
◆
45
音
█
█
█
█
█
46
鑲
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
47
珍
█
█
█
█
◆
48
協
◆
◆
◆
49
形
█
█
◆
◆
30
30
50
=
27
█
█
█
29
█
█
█
█
B
█
█
◆
?
█
G2
?
G2
◆
G2
G
◆
█
◆
20
█
?!
◆
?!
?!
G
◆
22
26
5
4
3
3
4
4
2
2
2
2
1
316
###
DOM
ET
FI
Ve
51
起
█
█
█
52
欣
█
█
█
◆
53
柔
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
54
55
鼠
56
Vo
Li
SE
Mo
Ma
Pm
█
█
?
Mn
Kn
HU
Ne
█
█
█
◆
En
Ng
Se
Ka
O
◆
◆
◆
█
█
A
◆
57
液
█
█
█
█
█
58
遲
█
█
█
█
█
◆
59
幸
█
█
█
█
█
◆
60
銀
█
█
█
█
█
◆
61
█
█
█
█
◆
62
█
█
█
◆
B
◆
G
63
嘼
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
64
羽
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
65
G
66
毀
█
█
█
█
◆
67
渾
█
█
█
█
◆
68
呼
█
█
█
█
█
69
護
█
█
█
█
█
◆
70
光
█
█
█
█
█
71
間
█
█
█
█
◆
72
艱
█
█
█
◆
73
婦
◆
◆
74
好
█
█
█
75
唇
█
█
█
76
謂
◆
◆
77
捨
█
█
█
█
78
躍
█
█
█
█
79
喜
█
█
█
█
80
翟
█
█
█
█
=
25
29
30
23
27
◆
█
█
◆
◆
?
◆
█
█
█
█
◆
G
█
█
█
G
◆
◆
█
█
█
█
Sk
█
?!
█
19
25
6
2
3
?!
█
█
3
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
317
###
DOM
81
ET
FI
Ve
Vo
█
█
█
█
Li
SE
Mo
█
█
82
人
█
█
█
█
█
83
狠
█
█
█
█
█
84
詡
█
█
█
█
◆
85
騎
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
86
害
█
█
█
█
█
◆
87
肉
█
█
88
軛
◆
◆
89
意
█
█
█
█
90
惡
█
█
█
█
91
景
█
█
92
尤
█
█
93
飲
█
94
爺
95
█
█
?
Ma
?
Pm
Mn
Kn
HU
?!
!
!
!
En
Ng
Se
Ka
O
█
█
█
A
█
█
?
◆
█
Ne
◆
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
依
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
96
自
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
97
東
█
█
█
█
█
◆
98
加
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
G
99
也
◆
◆
◆
G2
100
解
█
█
█
█
101
懈
█
█
█
█
102
腳
█
█
█
█
█
103
乾
█
█
█
◆
104
繼
█
█
█
█
█
█
105
漿
█
█
█
█
█
█
106
矣
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
107
御
█
█
108
遇
█
█
█
█
◆
109
江
█
█
█
█
█
110
聚
█
█
█
29
30
30
22
=
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
?
Y
?!
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
G
█
█
█
█
24
24
█
█
█
◆
26
█
11
7
8
█
█
█
5
4
█
█
4
3
?!
5
5
7
4
318
###
DOM
111
ET
FI
◆
◆
Ve
Vo
Li
SE
Mn
Kn
HU
Ne
En
Ng
Se
Ka
O
█
◆
G
█
◆
具
█
█
113
勇
█
█
114
凶
◆
█
115
天
█
█
█
█
█
◆
116
啄
█
█
█
█
█
█
117
綫
█
█
█
█
█
█
118
走
█
█
█
█
█
█
119
曰
█
█
█
█
◆
120
足
█
█
█
█
█
121
稷
█
█
█
█
◆
122
迹
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
◆
123
Pm
G
112
█
Ma
◆
◆
█
Mo
?!
◆
█
?!
█
█
G
█
█
█
█
G
█
?!
█
?!
█
?
█
█
B2
█
█
█
█
█
124
腱
125
湖
◆
◆
126
肢
█
█
127
凝
█
█
█
█
128
弓
█
█
█
█
129
恨
◆
◆
◆
130
虧
█
█
█
█
131
皆
█
█
█
█
132
溝
█
█
█
█
█
█
133
告
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
G2
134
餻
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
G
135
二
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
136
鯤
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
137
岸
█
█
█
█
138
貴
█
█
█
█
139
雞
◆
◆
◆
140
彊
█
█
28
29
30
=
█
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
B
◆
◆
◆
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
(1)
?
█
G2
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
Tr
█
G2
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
A
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
Tn
◆
G2
█
◆
G
◆
◆
◆
G
█
█
█
◆
█
23
27
22
28
13
10
7
6
8
8
5
5
5
5
5
(1) suggested in Siberian Turkic.
319
###
DOM
ET
FI
Ve
Vo
Li
SE
Mo
141
杠
█
█
█
█
█
◆
142
兼
█
█
█
█
█
█
143
瞼
█
█
█
█
█
█
144
跟
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
145
牽
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
146
畜
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
147
蹺
█
█
█
█
█
◆
148
磽
█
█
█
█
149
懼
█
█
150
毫
◆
◆
151
溉
█
152
高
153
Ma
Pm
█
█
█
█
◆
█
Mn
Kn
HU
Ne
En
Ng
Se
Ka
O
Tn
█
█
█
█
G
█
█
█
█
█
Y
G
?
█
?!
?!
?!
█
█
◆
◆
◆
◆
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
█
█
◆
抗
█
█
█
█
█
154
窺
█
█
█
█
155
久
█
█
156
項
◆
◆
157
健
◆
◆
◆
158
購
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
G2
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
G
█
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
█
█
159
160
靠
161
◆
162
輕
█
█
163
卷
█
█
164
圈
█
█
165
气
█
█
█
166
刻
◆
◆
◆
167
合
█
█
168
誰
█
█
169
荊
█
█
170
敬
◆
◆
28
30
30
=
█
█
◆
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
?
◆
?
B2
◆
G
◆
█
B
?
█
█
█
?
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
◆
◆
█
█
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
█
?
G2
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
W
G
20
28
25
24
8
9
8
5
6
3
3
2
2
2
2
320
###
DOM
171
ET
FI
Ve
Vo
Li
SE
Mo
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
█
◆
█
█
172
祈
█
█
173
回
█
█
█
█
174
核
█
█
█
█
█
175
迄
█
█
◆
◆
176
暇
█
█
█
█
█
█
177
春
█
█
█
█
█
178
舌
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
179
禁
█
█
█
█
█
◆
180
質
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
◆
181
182
緊
█
█
183
急
█
█
184
甲
█
█
█
█
185
█
?
█
?
?
█
█
Kn
Ng
Se
Ka
?
?
█
O
B
█
█
?
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
187
記
█
█
█
█
█
◆
188
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
189
█
█
█
█
█
█
190
█
█
█
◆
█
191
固
█
█
█
█
█
◆
192
街
█
█
█
█
█
█
193
蠱
█
█
█
█
█
█
194
狗
█
█
█
█
█
◆
195
課
◆
█
█
█
196
和
█
█
█
█
█
◆
197
三
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
30
30
23
A
G
IE
█
█
22
En
█
█
=
Ne
◆
█
200
HU
█
█
喬
Mn
█
苦
199
Pm
█
186
198
Ma
B
█
█
?
█
█
?
?
?
█
█
█
G
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
4
4
█
█
█
█
█
4
4
?
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
◆
█
█
24
23
28
9
7
12
8
8
6
2
321
###
DOM
ET
FI
201
鴿
◆
◆
█
█
█
█
█
204
█
█
█
205
█
█
家
█
█
█
█
208
鉤
◆
█
█
█
209
固
█
█
█
█
█
◆
210
枯
█
█
█
█
█
?
211
華
212
過
202
203
206
耳
207
213
Ve
Vo
Li
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
SE
Mo
Kn
HU
Ne
En
Ng
Se
Ka
O
◆
B
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
?
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
█
█
G2
?
█
█
█
█
█
◆
◆
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
215
群
█
█
█
█
216
薨
█
█
█
█
█
217
鶴
█
█
█
█
█
█
218
喉
█
█
█
█
█
◆
219
結
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
220
月
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
221
聞
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
222
烘
█
█
█
█
◆
█
223
█
█
█
█
█
█
224
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
◆
█
█
█
225
畫
◆
◆
226
軀
◆
◆
227
側
█
█
█
█
█
◆
228
均
█
█
█
█
█
█
229
金
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
◆
29
30
25
21
28
G2
W
◆
█
22
Mn
G2
輥
=
Pm
◆
214
230
Ma
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
Y
G2
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
Tn
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
G
◆
G
22
?
?
█
█
█
14
9
11
8
12
10
?
5
4
4
6
6
322
###
DOM
ET
FI
Ve
Vo
Li
SE
231
郡
█
█
█
█
█
█
232
十
█
█
█
█
█
233
劍
█
█
█
█
█
234
耕
█
█
█
█
█
235
坑
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
236
詰
█
█
█
238
踞
█
█
█
239
掌
█
█
█
240
車
◆
◆
241
翅
█
█
242
戒
█
243
藏
244
245
Mn
Kn
HU
Ne
En
Ng
Se
Ka
?
?
?
?
?
O
?
█
█
█
█
█
?
?
?
█
█
█
?
█
G
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
去
█
█
█
█
窮
█
█
█
█
14
15
15
13
13
18
█
◆
◆
ET
Pm
█
█
◆
DOM
Ma
█
237
=
Mo
?
G2
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
4
3
1
█
█
█
█
?
◆
◆
12
9
FI
Ve
Vo
Li
SE
20
20
17
18
15
27
30
30
20
29
25
29
30
23
29
30
30
28
29
28
5
4
5
1
1
1
En
1
1
Ng
Se
Mo
Ma
Pm
Mn
Kn
HU
Ne
Ka
18
9
3
6
6
7
4
4
4
2
4
4
22
26
5
4
3
3
4
4
2
2
2
2
1
27
19
25
6
2
3
3
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
22
26
24
24
11
7
8
5
5
7
5
4
4
4
3
30
23
27
22
28
13
10
7
6
8
8
5
5
5
5
5
30
30
20
28
25
24
8
9
8
5
6
3
3
2
2
2
2
22
30
30
23
24
23
28
9
7
12
8
8
6
4
4
2
4
4
22
29
30
22
25
21
28
14
9
11
8
12
10
5
4
4
6
6
14
15
15
13
13
12
9
5
4
5
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
212
242
245
183
217
183
210
80
55
63
48
57
45
30
26
22
28
26
86.5
98.8
100
74.7
88.6
74.7
85.7
32.7
22.4
25.7
19.6
23.3
18.4
12.2
10.6
9.0
11.4
10.6
323
6. Conclusions
This study has gone through the preset procedure.
1) Has gathered 245 Finnic etymons that expect further etymological
studies.
2) Has reviewed that the Finnic etymon have equivalents in previous
studies.
3) Has researched that the Finnic etymons have equivalents in Chinese.
4) Has summarised some regular sound changes.
5) Has calculated percentages of shared etymons. The percentage of
shared etymons between Chinese and Finnish is as high as 86.5%. Even if
the all Sino-Finno-Germanic and Sino-Finno-Baltic etymons are ruled out,
the percentage is still as remarkable as 62.9%, even higher than the percentage between Mordvin and Finnish.
6) Has concluded etymological relationships. Chinese and Finnic languages share several etymons from different Germanic sources. Chinese
and Finnic share much more etymons possibly from a common source,
that is reasonable to be defined as ‘Sino-Finnic (Sino-Uralic)’.
324
Abbreviations
DOM ‒ Chinese etymon.
SFE ‒ Sino-Finnic/-Uralic etymon.
SFGE ‒ Sino-Finno-Germanic etymon.
-‒ the equivalent is absent, the etymon is not detected.
-?! ‒ the doubted equivalent is caveated (rejected) by the present study.
-! ‒ the equivalent is caveated (rejected) by the present study.
◆
〇 ‒ the equivalent has been suggested as a loan word.
〇? ‒ the equivalent is doubted in the primary reference.
〇?? ‒ the equivalent is highly doubted in the primary reference.
〇(?) ‒ the doubt is eliminated by the present study.
(+)〇 ‒ the equivalent within Uralic or Germanic is added by the present study.
A, E, I, U ‒ stem vowel apocopes.
S ‒ fricative apocopes.
† ‒ archaic. dial. ‒ dialect. vulg. ‒ vulgar language.
( )
‒ classifications of tones and lengths.
‒ A toneme (平).
(A1)
‒ A1 toneme (陰平).
(A2)
‒ A2 toneme (陽平).
(B)
‒ B toneme (上).
(B1)
‒ B1 toneme (陰上).
(B2)
‒ B2 toneme (陽上).
(C)
‒ C toneme (去).
(C1)
‒ C1 toneme (陰去).
(C2)
‒ C2 toneme (陽去).
(D)
‒ D toneme (入).
(D1)
‒ D1 toneme (with a short vowel) (上陰入).
(D2)
‒ D2 toneme (陽入).
(D3)
‒ D3 toneme (with a long vowel) (下陰入).
(AA)
‒ short V1 + short V2.
(AC)
‒ short V1 + long V2 (short V2 followed by -S).
(CA)
‒ long V1 + short V2.
(CC)
‒ long V1 + long V2 (short V2 followed by -S).
(A1)
325
References
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雍熙三年(986): 《說文解字》, 東京(開封); 其印本：1963: 《說文解字》, 北
京:中華書局.
543 = 顧野王(撰) [梁]大同九年(543): 《玉篇》, 建康(南京); 其印本：2004: 《原本
玉篇殘卷》, 北京: 中華書局.
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印本：2005: 《宋本廣韻•永祿本韻鏡》, 南京: 江蘇教育出版社.
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《韻鏡》; 其翻本：清原宣賢(跋) [和]永禄七年(1564): 《韻鏡》, 京都; 其印本：
2005:《宋本广韵•永禄本韵镜》, 南京: 江蘇教育出版社.
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1989 = 《汉语方音字汇（第二版）》, 北京: 文字改革出版社.
1998 = 中国社会科学院语言研究所、商务印书馆编辑部(编) 1998: 《新华字典（第
九版）
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1999 = 教育部语言文字应用研究所、中华书局编辑部(编) 1999: 《中华字典》, 北
京：中华书局.
BAXTER, W. H. 1992: A handbook of Old Chinese phonology. Berlin & New York: de
Gruyter.
BC = Old Chinese literatures Before Christ.
CHANG, T.-T.(張聰東) 1988: “Indo-European vocabulary in Old Chinese: A new thesis
on the emergence of Chinese language and civilization in the Late Neolithic Age”,
Sino-Platonic Papers 7, Philadelphia.
DEOB = N. Å. NIELSEN 1966(2004): Dansk Etymologisk Ordbog: Ordenes Historie (5.
Udgave), København: Gyldendal.
[DING, S.]丁声树 1958: 《古今字音对照手册》, 北京: 科学出版社.
EEW = J. MÄGISTE 1982–1983: Estnisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Helsinki:
Finnisch-Ugrische Gesellschaft.
GAO, J.(高晶一) 2005: Comparison of Swadesh 100 Words in Finnic, Hungarian, Sinic
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[GAO, J.]高晶一 2008: 《汉语与北欧语言：汉语与印欧语言及乌拉尔语言同源探究》,
北京: 中国社会科学出版社.
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Archives d'Études Orientales 12/13/19/24, Leyde(Leiden): E. J. Brill; 其譯本：高本
漢(B. KARLGREN)(著)，趙元任、羅常培、李方桂(譯) 1940: 《中國音韻研究》, 上
海: 商務印書館; 其修本：同署 1987: 《中國音韻研究》, 北京: 商務印書館.
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Antiquities 29), Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities; 其译本：高本汉(B.
KARLGREN)(著)，潘悟雲等(譯) 1997: 《漢文典（修訂版）
》, 上海: 上海辭書出
版社.
KLUGE = F. KLUGE (& A. GÖTZE & A. SCHIRMER & W. MITZKA & E. SEEBOLD)
1881–1883(2002): Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (24. Auflage),
Berlin & New York: de Gruyter.
[LI, F.]李方桂 1980: 《上古音研究》, 北京: 商務印書館.
[LIU, D.]刘丹青 1997: 《南京话音档》, 上海: 上海教育出版社.
LtEW = E. FRAENKEL 1962–1965, Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg:
Carl Winter Universitätsverlag & Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
LvEV = K. KARULIS 1992, Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca, Rīga: Avots.
MSzFE = A magyar szókészlet finnugor elemei 1. 1967, 2. 1971, 3. 1978, Budapest:
Akadémiai Kiadó.
ODEE = C. T. ONIONS 1966(1985): The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[QIAN, N.]钱乃荣 1992: 《当代吴语研究》, 上海: 上海教育出版社.
[QIAN, Z.]钱曾怡 1982: 《烟台方言报告》, 济南: 齐鲁书社.
SAOB = Svenska Akademiens ordbok 1898–2005, Stockholm: Svenska Akademien.
SEOB = E. HELLQUIST 1922: Svensk etymologisk ordbok, Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups
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[SHI, X.]施向东 2000: 《汉语和藏语同源体系的比较研究》, 北京: 华语教学出版社.
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TOIVONEN & E. ITKONEN & A. J. JOKI 1958, 3. E. ITKONEN & A. J. JOKI 1962, 4. E.
ITKONEN & A. J. JOKI 1969, 5. E. ITKONEN & A. J. JOKI & R. PELTOLA 1975, 6. E.
ITKONEN & A. J. JOKI & R. PELTOLA 1978, 7. Sanahakemisto 1981, Helsinki:
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1/2/3 (2 painos), Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura & Kotimaisten Kielten
327
Tutkimuskeskus.
TESz = A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára 1. 1967, 2. 1970, 3. 1976, Budapest:
Akadémiai Kiadó.
Thiều, Chửu 1942: 《Hán Việt Tự Điển(漢越字典)》, Hà Nội(河内): Ðuốc Tuệ.
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埠胡志明): Nhà xuất bản Trẻ.
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Akadémiai Kiadó.
Vũ, Văn Kính 1999: 《Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm(大字典[字宁]喃)》, Thành phố Hồ Chí
Minh(城埠胡志明): Nhà xuất bản Văn Nghệ.
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[YU, M.]俞敏 1989：“汉藏同源字谱稿”,《民族语文》1989-1, 2.
[ZHENGZHANG, S.]郑张尚芳 2003: 《上古音系》, 上海: 上海教育出版社.
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328
Resümee
TARTU ÜLIKOOL
EESTI JA ÜLDKEELETEADUSE INSTITUUT
SOOME-UGRI OSAKOND
Jingyi Gao (originaal: GAO JINGYI(高晶一) )
Sissejuhatus hiina-läänemeresoome etümoloogilistesse uuringutesse
(originaal: Introduction to Sino-Finnic Etymological Studies)
Magistritöö
Juhendaja: dots. Tõnu Seilenthal
2010
Lehekülgede arv: 328
Annotatsioon:
Käeoleva uurimustöö eesmärgiks on uurida suurt hulka hiina ja läänemeresoome keelte ühiseid etümoloogilisi üksusi (algsõnu). Teisisõnu on
hiina ja läänemeresoome keeltes paljudel algsõnadel ühine päritolu.
Uurimuse peamine osa koosneb etümoloogilisest võrdlusest hiina ja läänemeresoome keelte vahel ja täiendavast võrdlusest nende keelte ja teiste
uurali keelte või germaani keelte vahel.
Uurimuse menetlus, meetod ja tulemus on järgmised:
1. Kokku koguda läänemeresoome algsõnad, mis ootavad edasist etümoloogilist uurimist.
Soome keele etümoloogiline sõnaraamat on läbi vaadatud tähestikulises
järjekorras A-st K-ni. Sellest on kokku kogutud 245 algsõna, mis täidab
järgmisi tingimusi:
1) On monolekseemne.
2) On soome keeles ühe- või kahesilbiline (välja arvatud SFE #115
jumala).
3) On olemas nii soome kui eesti keeles (3 erandit).
4) On üldine soome keele sõna, levinud nii ida- kui läänemurretes.
5) Soome keeles on esimene kirjalik esinemus Agricola oma.
Paar erandit on lubatud, kui üks tingimus viimasest kolmest on täitmata,
aga üks lisatingimus on täidetud:
329
6) On olemas mitmetes teistes uurali keeltes või hiina keeles.
2. Arvustada nende läänemeresoome algsõnade etümoloogilisi vasteid
teistes keeltes varasematest uurimustest.
Peamised etümoloogilised sõnaraamatud olid töö juures järgmised:
Suomen kielen etymologinen sanakirja (SKES) 1955–1981;
A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára (TESz) 1967–1976;
A magyar szókészlet finnugor elemei (MSzFE) 1967–1978;
Estnisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (EEW) 1982–1983;
Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (UEW) 1986–1991;
Suomen sanojen alkuperä (SSA) 1992–2000;
Svensk etymologisk ordbok (SEOB) 1922;
Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (ODEE) 1966;
Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (Kluge) 2002;
Dansk Etymologisk Ordbog (DEOB) 2004.
Summaarselt on käsitletud 18 uurali ja 12 germaani keelt.
3. Uurida nende läänemeresoome algsõnade etümoloogilisi vasteid hiina
keeles.
Hiina keele etümoloogilised üksused on töödeldud autori poolt. Hiina
etümoloogiline üksus on nimetatud DOM-iks.
DOM-i juurde kuuluvad glüüfid ja algtähendused on võetud hiina keele
kahest esimesest ja kahest viimasest monomorfeemlisest sõnaraamatust.
《說文解字》121;
《玉篇》543;
《新华字典》1998;
《中华字典》1999.
Hääldused on võetud eirenevatest kirjakeeltest ja murretest Kaug-Idas
(Hiinas, Koreas, Jaapanis ja Vietnamis). Summaarselt on vaadeldud 18
kirjakeelt ja murret.
Alghääldused on rekonstrueeritud autori poolt. Teiste iseseisevate autorite poolt rekonstrueeritud alghääldused on tsiteeritud.
Tulemuseks on see, et läänemeresoome korpusest 212 algsõnal on hiina
vasted.
4. Kokku võtta fonoloogilisi vastavusi.
On näidatud fonoloogilised vastavused eesti keele, soome keele ning
hiina keele Pekingi, Meixiani ja Guangzhou murde vahel.
330
Tulemusena on välja pakutud, et näiteks soome keele ja mandariini
keele vahel on peamisteks vastavusteks:
0 ~ ʔ (22 algsõna); h ~ x (30 algsõna); h ~ s (9 algsõna);
j ~ k (8 algsõna); j ~ ʔ (7 algsõna);
k ~ k (43 algsõna); k ~ kʰ (25 algsõna); k ~ x (15 algsõna).
5. Arvutada ühiste algsõnade protsente.
Statistikatabelid on süstemaatiliselt esitatud.
Tulemuseks on järgmised keeltevaheliste ühiste algsõnade protsendid:
hiina / soome = 212/245 = 86.5%
germaani / soome = 50/245 = 20.5% (hiina-soome-germaani = 47)
balti / soome = 14/245 = 5.7% (hiina-soome-balti = 11)
eesti / soome = 242/245 = 98.8%
vepsa / soome = 183/245 = 74.7%
vadja / soome = 217/245 = 88.6%
liivi / soome = 183/245 = 74.7%
saami / soome = 210/245 = 85.7%
mordva / soome = 80/245 = 32.7%
mari / soome = 55/245 = 22.4%
permi / soome = 63/245 = 25.7%
mansi / soome = 48/245 = 19.6%
handi / soome = 57/245 = 23.3%
ungari / soome = 45/245 = 18.4%
neenetsi / soome = 30/245 = 12.2%
eenetsi / soome = 26/245 = 10.6%
nganassaani / soome = 22/245 = 9.0%
sölkupi / soome = 28/245 = 11.4%
kamassi / soome = 26/245 = 10.6%
6. Teha järeldusi etümoloogiliste seoste kohta.
Läänemeresoome keeltes ja hiina keeles on hulk ühiseid algsõnu, mis
pärinevad eri germaani keeltest. Läänemeresoome keeltes ja hiina keeles
on suurem hulk ühiseid algsõnu, mis on hetkel määritletud kui ‘soome-X /
uurali päritoluga’ või ‘teatamatu päritoluga’ sõnad, kusjuures on mõistlik
pakkuda ‘hiina-läänemeresoome (hiina-uurali)’ päritolu.
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