Chapter 19 Section 1
The Scientific Revolution
_____ 1
geocentric theory
A
the posing and testing of theories about the natural world that
began in the mid-1500s in Europe
_____ 2
Scientific
Revolution
B
the theory that sun is the center of the universe, and the earth,
moon, and planets revolve around sun
_____ 3
scientific method
C
Aristotle proposed the theory that states the earth was the center of
the universe and that the sun, moon, and planets revolved around
the earth.
_____ 4
heliocentric
theory
D
a five-step process used to investigate scientific hypotheses
_____ 5
Rene Descartes
A
Early proponent of the scientific method; urged gaining knowledge
through experimentation
_____ 6
Francis Bacon
B
was a Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive
astronomical and planetary observations. Tycho was well known
in his lifetime as an astronomer and alchemist.
_____ 7
Nicolaus
Copernicus
C
French scholar who used reason – logic and math – to prove basic
truths
_____ 8
Tycho Brahe
D
_____ 9
Johannes Kepler
E
was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key
figure in the 17th century scientific revolution. He is best known
for his laws of planetary motion,
Polish astronomer who recognized the inaccuracy of the geocentric
theory; his complete model of the solar system supported the
heliocentric theory:
A
In his law of universal gravitation, this English scientist explained
that gravity affects objects on earth as well as in the universe.
B
Italian astronomer who built the first telescope and published a
book that supported Copernicus’s heliocentric theory, and stood
trial for heresy. His theories and findings brought him into direct
conflict with the Church.
_____ 12 Andres Vesalius
C
was an English physician who was the first to describe correctly
and in exact detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood
being pumped around the body by the heart.
_____ 13
William Harvey
D
Dutch scientist credited with inventing the microscope; was the
first person to describe bacteria, red blood cells, yeast and other
microorganisms
_____ 14
Antony van
Leeuwenhoek
E
Was an anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most
influential books on human anatomy,. Vesalius is often referred to
as the founder of modern human anatomy.
_____ 10
_____ 11
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
_____ 15 Robert Hooke
A
_____ 16 Robert Boyle
B
was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and
gentleman scientist, also noted for his writings in theology. He is
best known for the formulation of Boyle's law. The father of
modern chemistry.
was a French noble prominent in the histories of chemistry and
biology. He stated the first version of the law of conservation of
mass, recognized & named oxygen & hydrogen, helped construct
the metric system & wrote the first extensive list of elements.
_____ 17
Antoine
Lavoisier
C
Ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial before the Inquisition for his
controversial views
_____ 18
Pope Urban VII
D
English physicist & inventor; used an early microscope to describe
the appearance of plants at a microscopic level; credited with
creating the term "cell"
Chapter 19 Section 2
The Enlightenment
_____ 1
Enlightenment
the arrangement between individuals and their government: people
A give up some of their personal freedoms in exchange for order, peace,
and safety
_____ 2
salons
B
_____ 3
social contract
C Monarchs who ruled according to Enlightenment ideas.
_____ 4
philosophes
D
the time during which philosophers emphasized the use of reason to
understand truth, also known as the Age of Reason
_____ 5
enlightened
despots
E
French term for the philosophers of the Enlightenment
_____ 6
Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
A was an eighteenth-century British writer, philosopher, and feminist.
_____ 7
Baron de
Montesquieu
B
_____ 8
Voltaire
was an English philosopher regarded as one of the most influential of
C Enlightenment thinkers. Tabula rasa, "government with the consent of
the governed"; rights of life, liberty and property
_____ 9
Denis Diderot
was a French philosopher, art critic and writer. He was a prominent
D figure during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as chief
editor of and contributor to the Encyclopédie.
_____ 10
Mary
Wollstonecraft
E
was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy.
The author of the Wealth of Nations, the first modern work of
economics. He is widely cited as the father of modern economics
_____ 11
Adam Smith
F
French thinker who believed people were naturally good but that
society corrupts
_____ 12
Thomas
Hobbes
G
English political philosopher whose ideas about government later
influenced the writers of the Constitution
_____ 13
John Locke
Witty French writer who supported justice, liberty, and religious
H tolerance enlightened despots rulers inspired by Enlightenment ideas
to make social reforms
social gatherings at which writers, artists, and thinkers discussed their
ideas
writer who argued in favor of separation of power and checks and
balances in government
Chapter 19 Section 3
The American Revolution
_____ 1
Member of committee tasked with writing the Declaration of
Independence
A
Stamp Act
_____ 2
Played a leading role in negotiating the main points of the
American Constitution.
B
Thomas Jefferson
C
Benjamin Franklin
(1765) A law passed by the British parliament that raised tax
_____ 3 money by requiring the American colonists to pay for an official
stamp whenever they bought paper items.
_____ 4
Appointed Commander-in-Chief of Continental Army in 1775 by
Continental Congress;
D
George
Washington
_____ 5
A system of government in which power is divided between a
central, or federal, government and individual states.
E
Treaty of Paris
_____ 6
Wrote a draft of the Declaration of Independence incorporating
ideas of Locke and Rousseau.
F
James Madison
G
federal system
(1783) The agreement that officially ended the American
_____ 7 Revolution and established British recognition of the independence
of the United States.
1. What patriot group was responsible for the Boston Tea Party?
2. Who wrote the pamphlet “Common Sense?”
3. Where did the Continental Army spend the winter of 1777?
4. Who surrendered to Washington in October of 1781 at Yorktown?
5. Picture Search: What Prussian general helped transform the Continental Army in 1777?
6. What document was the basis for the first government of the United States?
7. What are the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution known as?
8. What European country was America’s strongest ally in the American Revolution?