Atomic Nucleus
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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Printed: January 23, 2015
AUTHOR
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
www.ck12.org
C HAPTER
Chapter 1. Atomic Nucleus
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Atomic Nucleus
• Identify the nucleus of the atom.
• Describe the size and mass of the nucleus.
• Explain what holds the nucleus together.
An atomic bomb explodes and generates a huge mushroom cloud. The tremendous energy released when the bomb
explodes is incredibly destructive. Where does all the energy come from? The answer is the nucleus of the atom.
At the Heart of It All
The nucleus (plural, nuclei) is a positively charged region at the center of the atom. It consists of two types of
subatomic particles packed tightly together. The particles are protons, which have a positive electric charge, and
neutrons, which are neutral in electric charge. Outside of the nucleus, an atom is mostly empty space, with orbiting
negative particles called electrons whizzing through it. The Figure 1.1 shows these parts of the atom.
Size and Mass of the Nucleus
The nucleus of the atom is extremely small. Its radius is only about 1/100,000 of the total radius of the atom. If an
atom were the size of a football stadium, the nucleus would be about the size of a pea! You can see another sports
analogy comparing the size of the nucleus and atom at this URL:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1o-FsxAkvZk (1:06)
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FIGURE 1.1
MEDIA
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URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/54907
Electrons have virtually no mass, but protons and neutrons have a lot of mass for their size. As a result, the nucleus
has virtually all the mass of an atom. Given its great mass and tiny size, the nucleus is very dense. If an object the
size of a penny had the same density as the nucleus of an atom, its mass would be greater than 30 million tons! You
can learn more about the size and mass of the nucleus at this URL:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tfy0sIVfVOY (2:03)
MEDIA
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URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/699
Holding It All Together
Particles with opposite electric charges attract each other. This explains why negative electrons orbit the positive
nucleus. Particles with the same electric charge repel each other. This means that the positive protons in the nucleus
push apart from one another. So why doesn’t the nucleus fly apart? An even stronger force—called the strong
nuclear force—holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. You can learn more about these forces in the
nucleus by watching the video at this URL:
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Chapter 1. Atomic Nucleus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdFsb2sWrW4 (6:27)
MEDIA
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URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/54908
Q: Can you guess why an atomic bomb releases so much energy when it explodes?
A: When an atomic bomb explodes, the nuclei of atoms undergo a process called fission, in which they split apart.
This releases the huge amount of energy that was holding together subatomic particles in the nucleus.
Summary
• The nucleus is a small, dense region at the center of the atom. It consists of positive protons and neutral
neutrons, so it has an overall positive charge.
• The nucleus is just a tiny part of the atom, but it contains virtually all of the atom’s mass.
• The strong nuclear force holds together protons and neutrons in the nucleus and overcomes the electric force
of repulsion between protons.
Vocabulary
• nucleus: Tiny region in the center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons and makes up almost all of
the atom’s mass.
Practice
Watch this short video about how the nucleus was discovered, and then answer the questions below.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8RuO2ekNGw (0:48)
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URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/54909
1. Describe the scientific procedure that was used to discover the nucleus.
2. What evidence led scientists to conclude that atoms consist mostly of empty space with a very small, positively
charged mass at the center?
3. Reflect on the method used in the experiment. Why was it important to send positive—as opposed to neutral
or negative—particles toward the gold foil?
Review
1. Describe the nucleus of the atom.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Why is the nucleus positive in charge?
Explain why the nucleus is very dense.
Outline the forces that act on particles in the nucleus.
If you made a three-dimensional model of an atom and its nucleus, how would you represent the atom? How
would you represent nucleus? Explain your choices.
References
1. Zachary Wilson. Nucleus of an atom. CC BY-NC 3.0
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