CHAPTER FOURTEEN: A New Spirit of Change (1830-1860)
LESSON 14-1: The Hopes of Immigrants, pgs. 450-455
OBJECTIVE(S): For the student to be able to:
1) identify various immigrant groups in the mid-1800's and
why these people chose to come to America
2) explain the challenges immigrants faced in America
VOCABULARY, TERMS AND NAMES TO UNDERSTAND FOR THIS LESSON:
emigrant(451)- person who leaves a country
immigrant(451)- person who settles in a new country
steerage(451)- the cheapest deck on a ship
"push" factor(452)- a reason or force that causes people to leave their native land
"pull" factor(452)- a reason or force that causes people to choose to move to a new place
famine(455)- severe shortage of food leading to starvation
nativist(455)- native-born American who wanted to eliminate foreign influence
prejudice(455)- a negative feeling that is not based on facts
Know-Nothing Party(455)- political party in U.S. during the 1850s that was anti-immigrant and Roman Catholics
Complete the following items.
Patterns of Immigration
1. List some hardships immigrants experienced on board ships coming to America.
a. overcrowding [451]
b. disease
c. filthy conditions
2. List the remaining two "push" factors that caused immigrants to leave their country.
a. population growth [451]
b. crop failures
c. religious unrest
[Irish by British, 453]
3. List four "pull" factors that attracted and brought immigrants to the United States.
a. freedom [451]
c. available land
b. economic opportunity
b. opportunity to start over
4. List three other groups that came to the United States and why they came.
a. Germans (largest group of 1800s) [452]
:came because of economic opportunity
b. Scandinavians [453]
:came because of the available land
c. Irish [453-454]
:fleeing hunger caused by the Irish Potato Famine (1845)
Americans Support Manifest Destiny
5. TRUE / FALSE: Because there were more manufacturing jobs in this area, more immigrants moved into the
southern United States rather than the northern area. [454, opposite - more manufacturing and jobs in the north]
6. TRUE / FALSE: Overcrowding, crime, pollution and cities not having the resources to deal with the rapid
population growth were among the problems new immigrants face in larger American cities. [454]
7. TRUE / FALSE: All Americans were grateful for the immigrants and the cultural ideas they brought with them.
[455, nativists wanted to eliminate foreign influences brought by the immigrants]
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LESSON 14-2: Reforming American Society, pgs. 456-461
OBJECTIVE(S): For the student to be able to:
1) identify reform movements that attempted to improve society in America
2) explain the efforts of labor movement to improve working conditions
3) identify specific areas of daily life that some reformers focused on
improving
VOCABULARY, TERMS AND NAMES TO UNDERSTAND FOR THIS LESSON:
Second Great Awakening(457)- renewal of religious faith in the 1790s and early 1800s
temperance movement(458)- push toward the drinking of less alcohol
Shaker(458)- member of a Christian sect that practiced communal living and did not allow marriage or childbearing
labor union(459)- group of workers who band together to seek better working conditions
strike(459)- to stop work to demand better working conditions
evangelicalism(*)- the doctrine/belief that each person can experience a sudden conversion and experience a new
spiritual relationship with God
Horrace Mann(460)- reformer who advocated improving education
Dorthea Dix(461)- reformer who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of the mentally ill
Complete the following items.
A Spiritual Revival
1. Select one of the following statements that best describes the Second Great Awakening. [458]
a. a movement driven by the idea that immigrants were arriving in too large of numbers; numbers should be limited
b. a religious movement that inspired people with the message that through Christianity, salvation was available to
everyone. (unlike the Puritan beliefs that only some people could be saved)
2. TRUE / FALSE: Though not everyone followed the ideas of the Second Great Awakening, it did create an interest
to reform society in other ways. [458]
3. What did the temperance movement try to eliminate? [458] alcohol
Maine and other states passed laws banning liquor but the laws were later repealed
Worker's Rights
4. What did factory workers do to try and improve the poor conditions and unfair treatment in manufacturing jobs?
[459] formed labor unions and went on strike to improve conditions and pay
5. TRUE / FALSE: The panic of 1837 made jobs more scarce and brought an end the labor movement. [459]
Social Reform
6. Who is credited with promoting educational reform including emphasis on public education?
[460] Horace Mann
7. TRUE / FALSE: Though few schools during the 1800s accepted African Americans, Alexander Twilight (1823)
and Mary Jane Patterson (1862) were the first male and female African Americans to earn college degrees. [460]
8. List three other areas of society that reformers worked to improve/change during the 1800s.
a. treatment of mentally ill [461]
b. disabilities (deaf/blind)
c. prisons
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LESSON 14-3: Abolition and Women's Rights, pgs. 464-471
OBJECTIVE(S): For the students to be able to:
1) describe the efforts of abolitionists in the 1800s to end slavery
2) explain how the abolition movement led to the fight for women's rights;
3) identify key people and events in the women's rights movement
4) summarize the social and cultural changes that transformed America in
the mid-1800s
VOCABULARY, TERMS AND NAMES TO UNDERSTAND FOR THIS LESSON:
abolition(465)- the movement to stop slavery
Fredrick Douglass(466)- abolitionist and journalist who became an influential lecturer in the North and abroad
Sojourner Truth(466)- abolitionist and feminist who spoke against slavery and for the rights of women
Underground Railroad(467)- a series of escape routes used by slaves escaping the South
Harriet Tubman(467)- conductor on the Underground Railroad who led enslaved people to freedom
Elizabeth Cady Stanton(468)- reformer who helped organize the first women's rights convention
Seneca Falls Convention(469)- the first women's right convention, help in Seneca Falls, New York
suffrage(469)- the right to vote
Complete the following items.
Abolitionists Protest Slavery
1. TRUE / FALSE: An abolitionist was a person who wanted to "abolish" (bring an end to) slavery in the United
States in the 1800s. [465]
2. List three abolitionists .
a. William Lloyd Garrison [466]
Sarah and Angelina Grimke
b. Fredrick Douglass
c. Sojourner Truth
3. TRUE / FALSE: Though he wanted to, President John Quincy Adams was unable to read anti-slavery petitions to
congress and was barred from legally defending Africans who caused a rebellion on the slave ship Amistad.
[466] ignoring gag-order Adams read the petitions anyway and did successfully defend the slaves
4. Using the Underground Railroad system, how many trips did former slave Harriet Tubman make guiding escaped
slaves to freedom? [467, 19]
5. By what method did Henry Brown escape slavery to arrive a free man in Philadelphia in 1849?
[468, shipped in box - shipping was $86 and took 27 hours from Richmond, Virginia to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]
The Fight for Women's Rights
6. Name two women who led the push for women's rights in the mid 1800s.
a. Lucretia Mott
b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton [468]
7. TRUE / FALSE: In the 1800s women were not able to hold public office (be an elected official) or even vote. They
were not able to be part of a jury and their property and earnings legally belonged to their husband.
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From Creating America: Beginnings through World War 1
LESSON 14-2: American Literature and Art, pgs. 429-432
OBJECTIVE(S): For the students to be able to:
1) to analyze how writers shaped American literature
2) list famous American artists and authors who worked during this period
of America's History
VOCABULARY, TERMS AND NAMES TO UNDERSTAND FOR THIS LESSON:
romanticism(429)- writing that stressed the individual, imagination, creativity, and
emotional. It drew inspiration from nature
Hudson River school(430)- a group of artists living in the Hudson River valley. Painted many landscape scenes
transcendentalism(431)- a 19th century philosophy that taught the spiritual world is more important than the physical
world and that people can find truth within themselves through feeling and intuition.
civil disobedience(431)- peacefully refusing to obey laws one considers unjust
Complete the following items.
Creating American Art
1. What French artist traveled to the United States and became well know for his drawings of American wildlife?
John James Audubon [431]
Audubon Society (preserving bird and wildlife habitat) was named in John James Audubon's honor
2. List three important American writers who created their works during this time period.
a. Henry David Thoreau [429, 431]
Walt Whitman [432]
b. Edgar Allen Poe [432]
Nathaniel Hawthorne [432]
c. Ralph Waldo Emerson [431]
Herman Melville [432]
Washington Irving [429]
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