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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cultural studies : an introduction to global awareness.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7637-7516-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Civilization, Modern—21st century. 2. World politics—21st century. 3. Economic history—21st century. 4. Social history—21st century. I.
Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
CB428.C835 2010
909.83—dc22
2009047437
6048
Printed in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
I NTR O D U C TI O N
INTRODUCTION
What
W
hat Is
Is Global
Global Awareness?
Awareness?
Global Cultures, Interactions, and Relationships
4
Global Economics, Trade, and Markets
10
Environmental Concerns, Natural Resources, and Global Growth
Ethics, Religion, Poverty, Wealth, and Human Rights
17
Technology, Education, and the Competition for Jobs
20
INTRODUCTION REVIEW
CHAPTE R
CHAPTER
1
2
15
23
The
T
he Middle
Middle East
East
LESSON 1 The Middle East: An Introduction
24
24
26
Why the Middle East Is Viewed as a Cradle of Western Civilization
27
The Characteristics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
34
The Changes in the Middle East During the Twentieth Century
37
The Different Groups of People Who Live in the Middle East
42
LESSON 1 REVIEW
47
LESSON 2 The Arab-Israeli Conflict
48
Historical Events That Contributed to the Founding of Modern Israel
49
Historical Events Associated With the Six-Day War of 1967
56
How the Yom Kippur War of 1973 Affected Arab-Israeli Relations
61
The Various Attempts at Lasting Peace in the Middle East
65
LESSON 2 REVIEW
71
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LESSON 3 The Persian Gulf Wars
72
The Historical Situation of Iraq Under the Rule of Saddam Hussein
The Historical Events Associated With the 1991 Persian Gulf War
Events Surrounding the 2003 US Invasion of Iraq
83
US Attempts to Stabilize Iraq Since the 2003 Invasion
87
LESSON 3 REVIEW
91
LESSON 4 Islamic Fundamentalism and Terrorism
The General Impact of Terrorism in the World
93
How Radical Islamist Beliefs Contribute to Terrorism
The Events Associated With the 9/11 Attacks and
the Global War on Terror
101
LESSON 4 REVIEW
73
76
92
97
109
LESSON 5 US Interests and Regional Issues
in the Middle East
110
The Importance of the Production and Distribution of Oil and Energy
The Clash Between Middle Eastern and Western Cultures
115
The Importance of Nuclear Nonproliferation and the Iranian Issue
for the United States
120
The Importance of the Water Problem in the Middle East
124
LESSON 5 REVIEW
CHAPTE R
CHAPTER
2
111
127
Asia
A
sia
128
128
LESSON 1 Asia: An Introduction
130
A Geographical Overview
131
The Major Religions of Asia
134
The Main Ethnic Groups of Asia
140
LESSON 1 REVIEW
iv
151
Contents
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LESSON 2 Japan, Korea, and China
152
The History of Unitary Government and the Rule of Warlords in China
Causes of the Shift From Isolation to Openness in Japan
159
The Impact of Domination and Division on Korea
163
The Political and Economic Impact of World War II on China and Japan
Japan, South Korea, and China as Economic Powerhouses
171
LESSON 2 REVIEW
153
167
175
LESSON 3 India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan
176
The Precolonial History of the Mughals in the Indian Subcontinent
177
The Encounter With Europe and the Colonial Period in the Region
182
The History of the Struggle for Independence in South Asia
184
What Caused the Partition and War Between India and Pakistan
187
How Muslim-Hindu Strife Affects the Politics and Economics of South Asia
Which Groups Have Struggled for Control in Afghanistan and Why
193
LESSON 3 REVIEW
190
199
LESSON 4 Environmental and Social Issues in Asia
200
The Impacts of Industrialization and Pollution in China and India
201
The Interactions Between Asia’s Rich Cities and Its Poor Rural Areas
205
The Role of Women in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan
210
China’s One-Child Policy
213
The Challenges of Human Trafficking and Sex Tourism in Asia
215
LESSON 4 REVIEW
219
LESSON 5 US Interests and Regional Issues in Asia
220
The Dilemma That North Korea Creates for the United States
221
Important Issues of Nuclear Nonproliferation in India and Pakistan
225
The Impacts of Global Wages, Labor, Outsourcing, and Offshoring
in the United States
228
Why Asia Represents a New Target Market for US Corporations
232
The Effects of Asian Imports on the US Market and Economy
235
Human Rights Issues in Various Asian Nations
237
LESSON 5 REVIEW
243
Contents
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CHAPTE R
CHAPTER
3
Africa
A
frica
244
244
LESSON 1 Africa: An Introduction
246
The Five Major Regions of Africa
247
The Natural Resources of Africa
250
The Distinctive Characteristics of African Culture
254
The Main Ethno-Linguistic Groups in Africa
257
The Main Language Groups in Africa
260
How Islam, Christianity, and Indigenous Religions
Influence Africa
261
LESSON 1 REVIEW
265
LESSON 2 The Shadow of Western Colonialism
The Precolonial Period of African History
267
The Colonial Period of African History
271
The History and Impacts of African Independence
LESSON 2 REVIEW
266
277
285
LESSON 3 Dictators, Leadership Challenges,
and Ethnic Clashes
286
How Ethnic and Sectarian Politics Undermine Democracy
in Africa
287
The Tensions Between Arabs and Africans in Sudan
291
The Tensions Between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda
296
The Tensions Between Afrikaners, English, and Africans
in Zimbabwe and South Africa
300
The Civil Wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo
304
LESSON 3 REVIEW
vi
311
Contents
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LESSON 4 AIDS, Health, Poverty, and Human Rights
312
The Main Health Challenges in Africa
313
The Extent and Impact of AIDS in Africa
316
The Recurring Problems With Famine in Africa
323
The Main Environmental Issues Facing Africa
328
Human Rights Issues in Africa
334
LESSON 4 REVIEW
339
LESSON 5 US Interests and Regional Issues in Africa
340
The Challenges of Resources and Commerce in the Regions of Africa
341
Immigration Trends Associated With Africa
345
Challenges Associated With Piracy and Lawlessness in Somalia
349
US and European Development Efforts in Africa
352
LESSON 5 REVIEW
CHAPTE R
CHAPTER
4
359
Russia
R
ussia a
and
nd tthe
he F
Former
ormer
Soviet
S
oviet R
Republics
epublics
3
360
60
LESSON 1 Russia and the Former Soviet Republics:
An Introduction
362
The Geographic Locations of Russia and the Former Soviet Republics
The Major Religious Groups of Russia and the Former Soviet Republics
The Historical Context of Russia From the Kievan Rus Through
the Time of Peter the Great
372
How Events of the Nineteenth Century and World War I Contributed
to the October Revolution
375
The Economic and Political Impacts of World War II and the Cold War
on Russia
379
The Effects of the Fall of Communism
383
LESSON 1 REVIEW
363
369
387
Contents
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LESSON 2 Economic Restructuring:
Communism and Capitalism
388
The Characteristics of Communism as an Economic System
389
The Economic and Political Influence of Marx, Lenin, and Stalin
on Communism in Russia
392
How the Soviet Economic System Worked and Eventually Failed
397
The Importance of the Export of Resources for the Restructured
Russian Economic System
404
LESSON 2 REVIEW
409
LESSON 3 Russia and the Republics
410
The Political and Economic Influence of Russia on the Ukraine,
Belarus, and Moldova
411
The Political and Economic Influence of Russia on the Baltic States
The Political and Economic Influence of Russia on Armenia,
Georgia, and Azerbaijan
421
The Political and Economic Influence of Russia on Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan
426
LESSON 3 REVIEW
433
LESSON 4 Russia and World Relationships
434
The Historic Relationship Between Russia and the United Nations
The Historic Relationships Between Russia and Neighboring
European Nations
438
The Historic Relationships Between Russia and China, Japan,
and Korea
445
The Historic Relationship Between Russia and the United States
LESSON 4 REVIEW
viii
415
435
451
455
Contents
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LESSON 5 US Interests and Regional Issues in Russia
and the Former Soviet Republics
456
The Impact of the Restructured Russian Economic System
on Worldwide Democracy
457
The Russia-US Challenges of Nuclear Threats, Nonproliferation,
and Missile Defense
462
The Effects on the United States Caused by Russian Oil Production
and Distribution
466
The Importance of the Cooperation in Space Between Russia
and the United States
469
LESSON 5 REVIEW
CHAPTE R
CHAPTER
5
473
Latin
L
atin A
America
merica
4
474
74
LESSON 1 Latin America: An Introduction
476
The Geographic Locations of the Major Regions of Latin America
477
The Major Religious Groups and Languages of Latin America
484
The Region’s History Before and After the European Conquest
487
Some Key Historical Events Associated With Latin America
Since Independence
499
LESSON 1 REVIEW
507
LESSON 2 Economic Reform, Leadership,
and the Political Pendulum
508
The Challenges of the Region’s Economic Systems
509
The Challenges Related to the Political Struggle for Power
515
How Weak Governments, Corruption, and Crime Affect
Economic Development
524
The Struggle for Power Between Church and State
526
How Free Trade Agreements Have Affected the Region
529
LESSON 2 REVIEW
533
Contents
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ix
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LESSON 3 Cartels and the Growing Drug Trade
534
The Key Factors That Drive and Sustain the Drug Trade
536
How the Drug Trade Undermines Local Governments
and Damages Economies
539
How the US and Local Governments Have Tried to Cut Off
the Drug Trade
543
LESSON 3 REVIEW
549
LESSON 4 Poverty, Educational Limitations,
and Environmental Challenges
550
How Reliance on Commodities Versus Manufactured Goods
Impacts Poverty
551
The Impact of Racial and Socioeconomic Divisions
in Latin America
556
How Poor Education, Urban Overcrowding, and High Population
Growth Contribute to Poverty
562
Th Challenges of Environmental Pollution and Deforestation
566
LESSON 4 REVIEW
571
LESSON 5 US Interests and Regional Issues
in Latin America
572
The History of US Relations With Cuba
573
The History of US Relations With Haiti
578
The Challenges of Migration From Latin America
to the United States
583
The Effects on the United States of the Political
and Economic Challenges in Latin America
LESSON 5 REVIEW
x
588
593
Contents
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CHAPTE R
CHAPTER
6
Europe
E
urope
594
594
LESSON 1 Europe: An Introduction
596
The Geographic Locations of the Major Nations of Europe
597
How Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire Influenced
Europe’s Development
603
How Christianity, Islam, and Judaism Affected the Development
of Europe
609
How Nationalism Destroyed the Continental European Empires
619
How Marxism, Socialism, and Fascism Affected the Development
of Europe
624
LESSON 1 REVIEW
629
LESSON 2 The European Union
630
The Origins of the European Union
631
The Countries That Are Members of the European Union
634
The Political and Economic Structure of the European Union
636
The Importance of the Euro as a World Currency
641
LESSON 2 REVIEW
647
LESSON 3 Immigration, Terrorist Cells,
and Ethnic Strife
648
Why European Countries Have Permitted Immigration
649
Why Immigrants Have Had Difficulty Assimilating Into
European Societies
653
The Difficulties al-Qaeda and Its Allies Have Posed for Europe
659
The Background of Ethnic and Religious Strife in Northern Ireland
664
LESSON 3 REVIEW
673
Contents
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LESSON 4 The Creation and Collapse of Yugoslavia
674
How Yugoslavia Was Created After World War I
675
How World War II Affected Yugoslavia
679
The Role of Josip Broz Tito in Uniting Yugoslavia After World War II
How Yugoslavia Dissolved Into Seven Independent Countries
688
The History of Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans
695
683
LESSON 4 REVIEW
701
LESSON 5 US Interests and Regional Issues
in Europe
702
Why the United States Intervened in the Two World Wars and Fought
the Cold War
704
The Historic Purpose and Current Activities of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
711
The Importance of Trade With Europe to the US Economy
717
The Development of Human Rights and Democracy in Eastern Europe
Following the Soviet Union’s Collapse
720
LESSON 5 REVIEW
References
Glossary
Index
xii
729
731
763
773
Contents
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Preface
Cultural Studies: An Introduction to Global Awareness is a customized course about
the world’s cultures. The course is specifically created for the US Army, Marine Corps,
Navy, and Air Force Junior ROTC programs. It is designed to introduce students
to the study of world affairs, regional studies, and cultural awareness. It delves
into history, geography, religions, languages, culture, political systems, economics,
social issues, environmental concerns, and human rights. It looks at major events
and significant figures that have shaped each region.
In this age when the Internet, trade, airplanes, satellites, and cell phones connect
people everywhere, it’s more important than ever to understand the world’s cultures.
Even if you never leave the United States, you may find yourself working with or
managing people from different parts of the world. If you end up working overseas,
you’ll find that the more insight you have into other countries’ history and customs,
the more successfully you’ll navigate your way around new and exciting lands.
Features in this book include detailed topographical (mountains, rivers, etc.) and
political maps. Colored boxes add brief additional information about related topics,
while fastFacts offer extra tidbits of information. The photos provide glimpses
of present-day life in these lands. You will see how people dress and what their
cities, cars, streets, buildings, and homes look like. While historical photos can
be extremely interesting, this textbook supplies you with pictures of what these
countries look like today.
“Chapter 1: The Middle East” reviews the region from its earliest days as the cradle
of Western civilization and the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It then
looks at the more recent challenges of war and terrorism. It considers changes the
Middle East underwent in the twentieth century and the spread of nuclear weapons
there in the twenty-first. Any discussion of this region must include its most soughtafter natural resource: oil.
“Chapter 2: Asia” begins with a general overview of Eastern religions and the region’s
peoples. You’ll study Japan, Korea, and China in East Asia, as well as India, Pakistan,
and Afghanistan in South Asia. The chapter looks at what unites and what divides
these countries. The chapter also tackles Asia’s environmental and social challenges
and researches the region’s impact on US security and its economy.
“Chapter 3: Africa” covers a continent subject to outside influences, from Arab
merchants and Islam to European traders and Christianity. Ethnic clashes have long
marred the region. Pirates patrol some areas and hinder trade. AIDS, malaria, and
other diseases kill thousands each year. Yet Africa is rich with natural resources, such
as oil and diamonds, and US and European development agencies are working hard
to help. This chapter looks at the area’s potential and what’s being done to encourage it.
xiii
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“Chapter 4: Russia and the Former Soviet Republics” tracks the Cold War struggle
between communism and capitalism. You’ll study how the Soviet Union’s economy
operated and why it failed. In addition, the chapter deals with Russia’s relationships
with Asia, Europe, America, and the United Nations. It also looks ahead to such
things as the challenges to US-Russian relations.
“Chapter 5: Latin America” reviews the region’s history before and after European
conquest. It considers the tug-of-war between church and state, the effects of wide
social and economic divisions, and struggles with weak governments and corruption.
The chapter also examines the effects of poverty and population growth on the
region and its flow of migrants northward.
“Chapter 6: Europe” explains how the ancient Greeks and Romans molded Europe’s
character. It shows how their influence eventually extended to the founding principles
of the United States. The chapter also delves into Europe’s colonial ambitions, the
effects of new nationalism on old empires, and the effects of fascism and communism.
The chapter looks in depth at the collapse of Yugoslavia into seven independent
countries, and the violence involved. And you’ll explore the European Union’s
history, including its expansion to include countries trying to leave Russia’s
sphere of influence.
By the time you finish this course, you will have a greater understanding of the
world around you. This knowledge will help you interpret trends and events abroad.
We dedicate this book to everyone in our JROTC programs and trust it will help
you in any future endeavors that bring you into contact with other cultures.
Lawrence J. Goodrich and Linda Sackie
xiv
Preface
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Acknowledgements
Cultural Studies: An Introduction to Global Awareness is the culmination of a collaborative
effort by the Jeanne M. Holm Center for Officer Accessions and Citizen Development
(Holm Center) Curriculum Directorate. The team involved in the creation of this
new cultural studies course was under the direction of Charles Nath III, PhD, Director
of Curriculum for the Holm Center at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, and Roger
Ledbetter, Chief, AFJROTC Curriculum. They facilitated an exceptional leadership
team resulting in a superb product for all the JROTC programs. Special thanks go
to Holm Center Curriculum’s Linda Sackie, an instructional systems specialist and
the primary Air Force editor, reviewer, and significant contributor for this project.
We commend Linda’s continued selfless dedication and outstanding efforts to produce
the best academic materials possible for all JROTC units worldwide.
We are indebted to our academic consultants/reviewers who provided sustained
leadership and guidance for the course: Colonel John Gurtcheff (retired), AFJROTC
Unit SC-873, Crestwood HS, Sumter, South Carolina; Dr. Nath; Mr. Ledbetter; and
Mr. Kevin Lynn, Curriculum Area Manager/instructor from Holm Center Curriculum’s
Senior ROTC and Officer Training School staff. Additionally, thanks to the following
for providing their expertise: Lieutenant Colonel Valerie Lofland (retired), AFJROTC
Unit CT-941, Naugatuck HS, Naugatuck, Connecticut; Colonel Ben Pittman (retired),
AFJROTC Unit SC-954, Wade Hampton HS, Greenville, South Carolina; Chief Master
Sergeant Howard Vosburgh (retired), AFJROTC Unit OH-941, Laurel Oaks Career
Development Center, Wilmington, Ohio; Colonel Robert Penny (retired), AFJROTC
Unit NC-939, Jesse O. Sanderson HS, Raleigh, North Carolina; Colonel Al Dunlap
(retired), AFJROTC Unit TX-081, Abilene HS, Abilene, Texas; Major Leslie Buerki
(retired), AFJROTC Unit OH-941, Laurel Oaks Career Development Center,
Wilmington, Ohio; Senior Master Sergeant Mike Wetzel (retired), AFJROTC Unit
CA-20052, Great Oak HS, Temecula, California; and Kimberly Combs-Hardy, PhD,
Chief of Educational Technology, Holm Center Curriculum.
We would like to express our gratitude to the High Stakes Writing, LLC, team
for all its hard work in publishing this new book. That team consisted of contractors
at High Stakes Writing, LLC—Lawrence J. Goodrich; Katherine Dillin; Sarah Beth
Glicksteen; and Ruth Walker—subcontractors from Perspectives, Inc.—Philip G.
Graham, PhD; Nancy Berger, PhD; Emily Davis; Mark Davis; Mary Jean Lavery; and
Suzanne M. Perry—numerous personnel from Jones and Bartlett—including Christopher
Will; Anne Spencer; and Wendy Swanson—and Mia Saunders of Mia Saunders Design.
All of the people involved with this project were superbly committed to make this
academic course a showcase for 21st century skills, teaching, and learning. Through
their efforts, we believe this course will continue, once again, our tradition of sustaining
a “world-class” academic program.
xv
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