Instructions :
1) The solution set is a guideline for assessment (Refer R.B .Mishra for diagrams )
2) Relevant answer with respect to the question need to be awarded with marks.
Q.1
a. What is Artificial Intelligence? Discuss three dimensional model of Artificial Intelligence .
Ans: Definition -1 mark
The art and science of bringing learning,adaptation and self-organization to the machine .
Science of computation- logic of cognition
(Any other standard relevant definition to be awarded marks)
Diagram of Three-dimensional model of AI- 1 mark pg 5
Listing of AI Dimension- 1 mark pg 5
Logic,Cognition,Computation- x-direction
Knowledge,Reasoning and Interface –y-direction
Correlated systems of physical origin such as
Explanation of each dimension – 1 mark each pg 5,6,7
b. What is Temporal logic. State the properties of Temporal domain structure .
Ans: Definition – 1 mark pg 50
Properties on Temporal Domain Structure- pg 51
Each property (1/2 mark each)
10 properties are listed (5 marks )
c. State any three equivalence laws with their derivations.
Ans: Three equivalence laws with derivations (2 marks each law) pg 33
1. Contradiction
p
T
F
⌐p
F
T
p ᴧ ⌐p
F
F
2. Distributive Laws
3. De Morgan’s law
Likewise any equivalence law stated and derived properly (2 marks each)
d. What are quantifiers? State the type of quantifiers.Convert the following sentences to predicate
forms
i) All dogs have tail
ii) Everybody loves somebody sometime
iii) Marcus was man
Ans: Pg 34
A quantifier is a symbol that permits us to state the range or scope of the variable in a predicate
logic expression.
The use of alphabet increases the expressive power of propositional logic, a subset of predicate
logic. Since it is cumbersome to express assertion involving words for all or each,quantifiers are used to
express in an efficient and effective manner.( 1 mark)
There are two quantifers (1 mark each for each quantifier)
1) Universal qunatifier –symbol V
The individual variables Xi (i >=1). The variables Xi range over the domain of interpretation.
Any example for the above quantifier.
2) Existential qunatifier – symbol Ǝ
This quantifier asserts that there exists atleast one assignment for x.
Any example for the above quantifier.
Convert the sentence into predicate form
1) All dogs have tail
V x(dogs(x) → hastails(x))
2) Everybody loves somebody sometime
FOR-ALL(x)[Person(x) --> THERE-EXISTS(y, t) [Person(y) and Time(t) and Loves-at-time(x,y,t)]]
3) Marcus was a man
Man(Marcus)
Q.2
a.Explain the structure and components of Rule Based System.
Ans. Chp 6 pg 123
Rule based system –method for knowledge representation. Diagram and listing of components 1.5
mark
User
I/O Mechanism
Knowledge
Base
Query
Processor
Inference
Engine
Working
Memory
Rule-based system structure
It consists of three components : Knowledge-base ,Working memory, Inference engine
(3 components 1.5 mark each ;3*1.5=4.5)
Knowledge base- 2 parts- Fact memory and Rule memory (its explanation)
Working memory- dynamic database- contains current information of the problem-information
gathered through online q-a dialogue session -three different types of questionnaire explained with an
example -binary, numeric ,alphanumeric – information converted to prolog structure-pushed to static
memory(rule base)
Inference engine- facts –true- from static and dynamic database(fact and working memory)-facts-usedderive-conclusions-rules-rulebase-unification
Rule succeeds-rule fired-added to working memory
Two functions-inference engine 1) selection phase-order in which the rules are tested-alternate rulesflipped flopped
2. Execution phase-interprets-selected rules-draw inference-alters system dynamic behavior
Instantiation-processing step for inference engine
b. What is semantic net?Explain the salient features of semantic nets.
Ans. Definition 1 mark –Information represented as set of nodes-connected to each other by labeled
arcs- defines relationship among nodes
Diagram of semantic net explained with an example 2 mark
Salient features ( 3 features 1 mark each)
Semantic distance, Multiple Inheritance, Scooping
c. Explain in brief Alpha-beta search algorithm.
Ans. Pg 79,80
Alpha-beta pruning explained (3 marks)
Example drawn and explained (3 marks)
d. Discuss the different methods involved in Case Based Reasoning process.
Ans. Any Six methods (6 marks)
Case Representation, Frame-based , Attribute-value pair, Object-oriented, Text based constraint,
Feature vector, Hierarchical case, Integrated multimedia, Generalized case.
Q.3
a. Describe the various methods of machine learning with their merits and demerits.
Ans: Pg 197
Method s- Rote learning ,learning by induction, learning by analogy, learning by instruction,learning by
explanation (merits and demerits) 3 marks and 3 marks
b. Write a note on Version space
Ans: Pg 197-198
Explanation 3 marks
Diagram with example 3 marks
c. Outline the general view of knowledge acquisition system.
Ans : Pg 194
Diagram with each component explained –three components- expert , knowledge engineer and
computing machine
d. Explain Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence with an example.
Ans: Overcome drawback of Bayes probabilistic theory-certainty factor model-ability to model the
narrowing hypothesis set –accumulation of evidence. (1 mark)
Further explanation on evidence gathering process –belief functions (2 marks)
Example ( 3 marks)
Q.4
a. Explain Generate and Test problem in brief.
Ans: Refer Anindita Das Pg 346,347
Explanation with all details (5 mark)
Generate and Test-Planning algorithm-assures to find a solution if done methodically-solution exists.
Applicable to both forward and backward propagation.
Useful for small number of possible solutions
Algorithm generates possible solution paths and verifies its feasibility
Advantages and Disadvantages
Diagram (1 mark)
b. What is backtracking? State the limitations of back tracking.
Ans: Refer Anindita Das Pg 405
Backtracking explanation (3 marks)
Limitations (3 marks)
c. State the algorithmic approach for planning.
Ans:
d. What are planning agents?Explain
Ans: Pg 340 Refer Anindita Das
Planning agents-Problem solving agents+Knowlegde based agents –Defintion (1 mark)
Steps in planning (2 marks)
Explanation (3 marks)
Q.5
a. Explain the features of prolog.
Ans. Refer Anindita Das Pg. 610
Facts and Rules with proper explanation and example (3 marks each)
b. Discuss any two web based expert systems.
Ans: Refer R.B. Mishra Pg. 283,284,285,
Any two 3 marks each expert system
c. Explain syntactically the List and Structures
Ans: Refer Anindita Das Pg. 618,624
List –group of objects-collection of terms
Denoted by [] brackets
Features : members in a list ,joining two list
Syntax of list representation (3 marks)
Structure :Explanation and syntax (3 marks)
d. Describe the structure of an expert system.
Ans: Diagram (1 mark) diagram of chp 6 of R.B.Mishra Pg.123
Explanation of each of the component (5 mark) Pg. 266,267