CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CONTENT
General overview of HCFCs, HFCs and Natural refrigerants
(tables)
Prof. Dr. Risto Ciconkov, dipl. ing.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
University “Sv. Kiril & Metodij”
Skopje, R. Macedonia
TEWI factor
What are: Refrigerant blends; Zeotropic and Azeotropic
refrigerants; Temperature glide
Delagate to IIR
Applications ranges of refrigerants
(low, medium and high evaporating temperatures)
Member of
Lubricants: types of oils, specifics
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
REFRIGERANTS
SAFETY GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS
ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
Toxicity classification:
Medium/Long terms
refrigerants
Transitional/Service
refrigerants
HCFC
HCFC/HFC
Single subs.
HCFC
Blends
HCFC/HFC
Single subs.
HFC
R22
R123
R142b
Based on
R22
R134a
R125
R32
R143a
R152a
HFC
Class A: toxicity has not been identified at concentrations ≤ 400 ppm,
based on TLV.
Natural
Blends
R404A
R507A
R407C
R410A
Single subs.
Blends
R717 (NH3)
R290
R1270
R600a
R170
R600a/
R290
R290/R170
R723
Class B: there is evidence of toxicity at concentrations below 400 ppm,
based on TLV.
Flammability Classification:
Class 1: No flame propagation in air at 21°C and 1,01 bar;
Class 2: Lower flammability limit (LFL) > 0.10 kg/m3 at 21°C and 1,01 bar
and heat of combustion < 19 000 kJ/kg;
Class 3: Highly flammable LFL ≤ 0.10 kg/m3 at 21°C and 1,01 bar
or heat of combustion ≥ 19 000 kJ/kg.
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
REFRIGERANTS
SAFETY GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS
FLAMMABILITY
HCFC REFRIGERANTS
TOXICITY
Lower
Higher
No Flame propagation
A1
B1
Lower flammability
A2
B2
Higher flammability
A3
B3
Refrigerant
type
Composition
(Formula)
R22
CHClF2
R123
CHCl2CF3
R124
CHClFCF3
R142b
CCIF2CH3
Substitute
for
ODP
(R11=1.0)
GWP (100 y)
(CO2=1.0)
Safety
group
R502 (R12)
0,05
1500
A1
R11
0,02
77
B1
0,02
470
A1
0,06
1800
A1
R114;
R12B1
ASHRAE standard
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
HFCFC/HFC (Blends) Service/Transitional Alternatives
HFC Refrigerants – Single
(Medium/Long Term Alternatives)
Refrigerant
type
Composition
(Formula)
R401A
R22/152a/124
R401B
R22/152a/124
R409A
R22/142b/124
R413A
R134a/218/600a
R402A
R22/125/290
R402B
R22/125/290
R403B
R22/218/290
R408A
R22/143a/125
Substitute
for
R12
R502
ODP
(R11=1.0)
GWP (100 y)
(CO2=1.0)
Safety
group
Refrigerant
type
Composition
(Formula)
0,03
970
A1
0,035
1060
A1
R134a
CF3CH2F
0,05
1290
A1
R152a
CHF2CH3
0
1770
A2
R125
CF3CHF2
0,02
2250
A1
0,03
1960
A1
R143a
CF3CH3
0,03
3570
A1
R32
CH2F2
0,026
2650
A1
Substitute
for
ODP
(R11=1.0)
R12 and R22
(mainly used
as part
components
for blends)
0
GWP (100 y)
(CO2=1.0)
1300 (1300)
A1
140 (120)
A2
2800 (3400)
A1
3800 (4300)
A2
650 (550)
A2
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
HFC Refrigerants – Blends
(Medium/Long Term Alternatives)
Refrigerant
type
Composition
(Formula)
Substitute
for
Safety
group
Natural Refrigerants (Long Term Alternatives)
ODP
GWP (100 y)
(R11=1.0) (CO2=1.0)
Safety
group
Refrigerant
type
Composition
(Formula)
Substitute
for
ODP
(R11=1.0)
GWP (100 y)
(CO2=1.0)
Safety
group
R407C
R32/125/134a
1525
A1
R717
NH3
0
B2
R410A
R32/125
1725
A1
R723
NH3/R-E170
8
B2
R417A
R125/134a/600
1950
A1
R290
C3H8
3
A3
R1270
C3H6
3
A3
R744
CO2
1
A1
R22
R422D
0
R125/134a/600a
2230
A1
R22
0
Diverse
0
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
TEWI FACTOR - EXAMPLE
TEWI = Total Equivalent Warming Impact
800000
TEWI = Direct emission + Indirect emission [kgCO2-eq]
Dir e c t emis s io n
700000
TEWI = (Leakage + Recovery losses) + Energy consumption
600000
TEWI = GWP⋅ m⋅ x⋅τ + GWP⋅ m(1 - α) + τ ⋅ E ⋅ β
500000
Ind ir e c t emis s io n
50% leakage
20% leakage
400000
GWP – Global Warming Potential
300000
m [kg] – refrigerant charge in the system
200000
x [%] – Leakage rate per year
100000
τ [years] – System operating time
α [%] – recycling factor
0
R134a
R410A
R404A
R134a
R410A
R404A
E [kWh] – energy consumption per year
β [kgCO2/kWh] – grid emission factor
to/tc = -10/40oC; m = 15 kg; Qe = 13.5 kW;
τh = 5000 h/year; τ = 15 years; β = 1 kgCO2/kWh
LCCP - Life Cycle Climate Performance
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
Blends, Zeotropic and Azeotropic refrigerants
Blends, Zeotropic and Azeotropic refrigerants
Azeotropes have thermodynamic properties similar to single substance.
R12 alternatives: R134a and R600a (which are single substances).
Zeotropic fluid: different vapor pressures of components
Fractionation
There is not a single HFC substance as an alternative for R22 and R502.
Blend is a mixture of two or more substances.
Temperature glide (temperature change) during evaporation and
condensing processes.
Most common HFC alternatives for R22: R407C and R410A
R407C: glide 5 to 7oC
R407C: R32/125/134a
R410A: glide < 1oC
- zeotropic
near-azeotropic refrigerant
Leaks from evaporator and condenser are critical (when phase change).
The composition of blend will become different.
R410A: R32/125 - near-azeotropic
The plant always has to be charged with liquid refrigerant.
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
p
The use of blends with a high temperature glide is not recommended for
plants with flooded evaporators.
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
TEMPERATURE GLIDE
TEMPERATURE GLIDE
3
pc, Tc
2
p
T
pc
3
pc
2
2
t 3=con st
4
pe
4
1
pe
t3
1
pe
t1
t4
pe, T e
pc
3
1
4
h
t=const
s
h
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
APPLICATION RANGES
REFRIGERANT WITH A TEMPERATURE GLIDE
R134a
R404A R507A
2-stage
R407C
R410A
R717
R723
2-stage
Piston
2-stage
Screw
2-stage
R290/600a
R290 R1270
2-stage
R600a
R744 (CO2)
Evaporation 40
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
20
0
-20
-40
-60
o
-80 C
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
CHOICE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
International Institute
of Refrigeration
LUBRICANTS
Traditional oils
Mineral
oil
(MO)
Alkylbenzene
(AB)
Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, Skopje
New lubricants
Polyalphaolefin
(PAO)
Polyol
ester
(POE)
Polyvinylether
(PVE)
Poly-alkilglycol
(PAG)
International Conference
NH3 NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH
3 NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
(H)CFC
NH3
T
HFC + blends
Hydrocarbons
Ammonia Refrigeration Technology
NH3; R723
Good suitability
Application with limitations
No suitable
Critical with moisture
7-9 May 2009, Ohrid, Macedonia
T Under testing
www.mf.ukim.edu.mk
Recommended by Bitzer GmbH
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
Thank you
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008