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Chapter 10 Section Review Packet
Section 10-1: Laying the Foundations of Government
Match the following terms with the correct definition:
1. George Washington_____
2. Martha Washington_____
3. Electoral college_____
4. John Adams_____
5. New York City_____
6. Precedent_____
7. Alexander Hamilton_____
8. Thomas Jefferson_____
9. Cabinet_____
10. Judiciary Act of 1789_____
11. John Jay_____
12. Edmund Randolph_____
a. First “first lady” of the United States
b. First Vice-President of the United States
c. First capital city of the United States
d. Law which created a federal court system
e. First Attorney General of the United States
f. First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
g. First Secretary of the Treasury
h. First Secretary of State
i. Collective name given to the heads of various
executive departments; President’s close group
of advisors
j. An action that serves as an example to be
followed in the future
k. Group of people chosen by state legislatures
whose job it is to officially select a President
l. First President of the United States
Thoroughly answer the following questions:
13. a) List the various reasons why Americans thought George Washington was a good choice for the
first President of the United States.
a) Well liked by most Americans, North and South; Hero of the Revolutionary War; Strong character,
honesty, and patriotic leader; Good choice of leader to unite the young country
14. a) Explain how the electoral college works.
a) Electors represented the people and the popular vote in their respective states; Met at special state
conventions to cast their votes for President; Could vote for a different candidate if they felt the people
of their state made the wrong choice
15. Describe the concerns of each of the following groups in the year 1790: a) farmers, b) merchants,
and c) manufacturers.
a) Farmers: wanted fair tax laws and the right to settle western lands
b) Merchants: wanted simpler trade laws established by unified government
c) Manufacturers: wanted laws to protect them from foreign competition; establishment of protective
tariffs
16. a) Why did Washington say that his and the government’s actions during his Presidency would be
considered precedents?
a) Because the decisions they made were the first of their kind; would serve as an example for later
generations
17. a) How did Congress plan and set up the executive branch? b) What were some of the major
departments created, and who headed these departments?
a) Set up executive departments each headed by a secretary (minister)
b) Dept. of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton; Dept. of State: Thomas Jefferson; Dept. of Justice
(Attorney General): Edmond Randolph; Dept. of War: Henry Knox
18. a) What act created the federal court system? b) How many “levels” of courts were there, and what
type of court was on each “level”?
a) Judiciary Act of 1789
b) Three levels of courts: Lowest level: District courts; second level: courts of appeal; third level:
Supreme Court
Section 10-2: Hamilton and National Finances
Match the following terms with the correct definition:
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
National debt_____
Bonds_____
Speculators_____
Protective tariff_____
Loose construction_____
Strict construction_____
Bank of the United States_____
a. People who buy items at low prices in the
hope that those items will rise in value
b. The idea that if the Constitution doesn’t
specifically prohibit something, then it is
allowed
c. The idea that unless the Constitution
specifically allows something, then it is
prohibited
d. Certificates that represent money owed;
usually sold by the government to raise money
e. A tax on imports meant to encourage people
to buy domestic, rather than foreign, products
f. Bank created by the US Government as a
place to deposit the government’s money and
mint coins
g. Total amount of money owed to creditors by
the government of a country
Thoroughly answer the following questions:
26. a) Explain how Alexander Hamilton wanted to pay off the national debt. Include the following in
your answer: b) money owed to foreign countries, c) money owed to US citizens, and the d) role of
speculators.
a) Wanted to pay off debt in order to establish American credit; would do so by establishing a national
bank and assuming the Rev War debts of the states
b) First wanted to pay off foreign debts completely
c) Wanted to pay off the bonds owned by American citizens that helped fund the Rev. War
d) Role of speculators: many people felt the system was unfair to Americans because it allowed
speculators to take advantage of bondholders by buying bonds for less than they were actually worth;
Hamilton said it was free enterprise, that no one forced Americans to sell their bonds to speculators,
who took all the financial risk by purchasing the bonds
27. a) Why did Hamilton want the federal government to assume, or take over, state debts? b) What
compromise was made in order to convince some states, like those in the South, to agree to this?
a) Hamilton wanted the federal government to assume state debts because it would increase the federal
government’s control over the states and give it more power and authority
b) In order to get the agreement of some states, Hamilton promised to ensure that the new capital of
Washington, DC was built in a southern state rather than being located in the North, which Southerners
felt was unfair
28. a) What was the primary disagreement between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson?
a) Hamilton felt that the federal, or central, government, should hold the most political power; Jefferson
felt that the states should hold the most political power to prevent tyranny on the part of the federal
government; Hamilton wanted an economy based on urban growth, trade, and manufacturing; Jefferson
wanted an economy based on agriculture and land ownership
29. a) What is the purpose of a protective tariff? b) Who would the tariff help, and c) who would the
tariff hurt?
a) Protective tariffs place taxes on imports; thus, price of imports is raised and made too expensive,
encouraging people to purchase lower priced domestically made products;
b) This would help domestic industries and manufacturers grow
c) Would hurt farmers and plantation owners who would have to pay higher prices for imports and
would suffer as a result of retaliatory tariffs placed on their exports in other countries
30. a) What were the arguments for a national bank? B) What were some of the arguments against it?
Include a discussion of loose versus strict construction in your answer.
a) Arguments for: Hamilton felt the government needed a place to deposit its money, rather than it
being dispersed in state or privately owned banks; also wanted a government institution to mint coins
on behalf of the federal government; Hamilton used “loose construction” in interpreting the
Constitution, saying the necessary and proper clause gave Congress the power to create a bank, and
that unless something is specifically prohibited in the Constitution, it is therefore allowed
b) Arguments against: Jefferson and anti-Federalists felt it gave the federal government too much power
over the nation’s finances; claimed that Congress had no such power to create a bank, that the
necessary and proper clause did not apply because the bank was merely “convenient” rather than
“necessary”; used “strict construction” to interpret the Constitution, which is to say that unless the
Constitution specifically allows something, then it is prohibited
Section 10-3: Troubles Ahead
Match the following terms with the correct definition:
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
French Revolution_____
Neutrality Proclamation_____
Edmond Genet_____
Privateers_____
Jay’s Treaty_____
Thomas Pinckney_____
Right of Deposit_____
Pinckney’s Treaty_____
Thoroughly answer the following questions:
a. US Ambassador to Spain during
Washington’s Presidency
b. French ambassador who angered George
Washington with his demands
c. Private ships hired or allowed by a country to
attack its enemies
d. Treaty negotiated between the US and
Britain by Chief Justice John Jay
e. Treaty negotiated between the US and Spain
by Thomas Pinckney
f. Popular democratic/republican revolution
that began in 1789
g. Declaration by the United States that the
country would not take sides with countries at
war in Europe
h. Allowed American ships to transfer good
without paying fees on their cargo
39. a) What was the French Revolution and why did it occur? b) How did other countries like Great
Britain respond to the Revolution? c) What was President Washington’s response to the conflict?
a) French Revolution was a democratic/republican revolution in France beginning in 1789 in which the
people wished to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic like that of the United States
b) Other European monarchs, worried about their own governments/power, declared war on France
and wished to restore the monarchy there
c) Washington’s response: The Neutrality Proclamation, or declaration that the United States would not
take sides in the conflict(s)
40. a) Who was “Citizen Genet” and why did he come to the United States? b) How did Washington
respond to his demands? c) How did then Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson respond to Washington’s
actions and why?
a) Edmund Genet was the French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution, came
to the US to gain American support for the Revolution and their war against Great Britain
b) Washington rejected his demands that the US provide money and support for France and then threw
Genet out of the country
c) Thomas Jefferson, a supporter of France and its revolution, resigned as Secretary of State
41. Explain a) Jay’s Treaty and b) Pinckney’s Treaty, and c) what was the result of these treaties in the
United States?
a) Jay’s Treaty: Britain still refused to remove soldiers from the American frontier as they promised in
the Treaty of Paris of 1783; British ships were attacking American ships in order to prevent them from
trading with France; the treaty at least got the British to agree to remove their soldiers from American
soil and Britain agreed to pay for goods lost or damaged by raids on American shipping
b) Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain refused to recognize the borders of the US and Florida and they closed the
port of New Orleans to American shipping on the Mississippi; treaty finalized the border b/t US and
Florida, reopened New Orleans to American shipping with the “right of deposit”, or ability to ship goods
through NO without paying fees
c) Many Americans saw Jay’s Treaty as “selling out” to Britain by Washington and his government and
were thus unhappy with it. The British agreed to do things that they had already agreed to in the past,
giving the impression that the treaty itself was barely worth the paper it was written on
Section 10-4: Challenges at Home
Match the following terms with the correct definition:
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
Little Turtle_____
Anthony Wayne_____
Battle of Fallen Timbers_____
Treaty of Greenville_____
Whiskey Rebellion_____
a. Rebellion by farmers who opposed high
taxes on their whiskey production
b. General who led an army to defeat a
confederation of native American tribes
c. Battle in which Little Turtle and his allies
were defeated by the United States
d. Leader of a confederation of native
American tribes on the frontier
e. Treaty that ended the conflict between the
United States and a confederation of native
American tribes
Thoroughly answer the following questions:
47. a) Why did native Americans under the leadership of Little Turtle go to war with the United States?
a) Angered by American settlers settling/stealing their land in the Northwest Territory (Great Lakes
region)
48. a) Who was sent to fight Little Turtle? b) What major battle took place and what was its result? c)
What treaty ended the conflict and what were its terms?
a) General Anthony Wayne and the Grand Army of the Republic
b) Battle of Fallen Timbers; native Americans and Little Turtle defeated
c) Treaty of Greenville ended the conflict, with both sides recognizing land claims and promised not to
settle/attack each other in the future; natives received $20,000
49. a) What was the Whiskey Rebellion? b) How did President Washington respond?
a) Farmers that produced whiskey were angered by high taxes and launched a rebellion
b) Washington responded by sending an army of 13,000 men; farmers gave up
50. a-c) What were three key messages (warnings) in President Washington’s famous farewell speech?
a) Warned of the problems of a massive public debt
b) Don’t get involved in foreign alliances or entanglements
c) Warned of the evils of political parties
Section 10-5: John Adams’ Presidency
Match the following terms with the correct definition:
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
Political parties_____
Federalist Party_____
Democratic-Republican Party_____
XYZ Affair_____
Alien and Sedition Acts_____
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions_____
USS Constitution_____
12th Amendment_____
a. Acts that allowed the deportation of
foreigners that were a threat to the United
States and allowed the arrest of those critical of
the government
b. Party name chosen by the anti-Federalists
c. Political party that believed in a strong
central government
d. Political statements passed by two state
legislatures declaring the Alien and Sedition
Acts unconstitutional
e. Scandal in which 3 French agents demanded
payment in order for the United States to even
negotiate with France
f. Oldest commissioned warship in the US Navy;
named for its thick oak hull
g. Groups that help elect government officials
and shape government policies
h. Amendment to the Constitution that placed
the vote for vice-President on a separate ballot
than that of the President
Thoroughly answer the following questions:
59. a) What were the goals of the Federalist Party? b) Who was their primary candidate in the election
of 1796?
a) Wanted to make the federal government stronger; wanted to promote industry, trade, and
manufacturing; establish strong tariffs on imports
b) John Adams was the 1796 Federalist candidate for President
60. a) What were the goals of the Democratic-Republican Party? b) Who was their primary candidate in
the election of 1796?
a) Goals of the DRP, or anti-Federalists, wanted to make states stronger politically; wanted to promote
agriculture over trade and manufacturing; did not want tariffs on imports
b) Thomas Jefferson was the DRP candidate in 1796
61. a) What was the XYZ Affair? b) How did the American people react to this scandal?
a) XYZ Affair refers to three French secret agents (X, Y, and Z) who demanded a bribe of $250k and a
loan of $12 million from the United States in order to negotiate a treaty respecting American neutrality
in the war between Britain and France; French needed money to support their war effort.
b) American people were angry at this demand, wanted to declare war on the France; slogan for many
was “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute”
62. a) How did President Adams respond to the threat of war with France?
a) Declared the neutrality of the United States, but at same time increased the size of the navy and
created a standing army
63. In order to “protect” the country from “traitors”, a) Congress passed what acts? b) What did these
acts allow the government to do?
a) Alien and Sedition Acts
b) Allowed the President to throw foreigners out of the country at will; also allowed the government to
prosecute those that were critical of the President, especially in the press
64. a) What resolutions were passed by the state legislatures of two Southern states and why? b) What
two men were primarily responsible for these resolutions? c) What was the purpose of these
resolutions?
a) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in response to the Alien and Sedition Act
b) Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
c) To state that states had the right to declare acts of the federal government unconstitutional if they
felt they did not agree with the Constitution; in other words, introduced the idea of “states’ rights”
65. a) Who won the election of 1800? b) Why was the election controversial and c) what did it lead to?
a) Thomas Jefferson
b) Election was controversial because it resulted in a tie for VP; vote for VP went to Congress where it
took a long time to break the deadlock
c) Led to the 12th Amendment which made the vote for President and VP separate on the ballot