rdheu b gZijZ\e_gby, fu \u[_j_f ebrv ijbgZ^e_`Zs__ d hjlh

E_dpby ?> DZrbjkdh]h ihqblZggZy gZ
I_j\hf Dhg]j_kk_ j_nhjfZlh\-dZev\bgbklh\ Jhkkbb
26- fZy ]
H L?HEH=BB D:EV<BGBAF:
\ khdjZs_gbb
<<?>?GB?
LjZ^bpbhggh dZev\bgbklu \ukhdh p_gyl bamq_gb_ l_heh]bb <k_ hgb kh]eZkgu \ hlghr_gbb __
\Z`ghklb ^ey ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb ojbklbZgbgZ ;_a l_heh]bb g_evay h[hclbkv g_evay hklZ\blv
__ ebrv ^ey ijhn_kkhjh\ mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc
DZev\bgbklkdZy l_heh]by _klv nbehkhnby `bagb hij_^_ey_l ijZ\bevgh_ hlghr_gb_ d fbjm
DZev\bgbklkdZy l_heh]by – g_ kmoZy ZdZ^_fbq_kdZy ^bkpbiebgZ ^ey bamq_gby ebrv \ deZkkZo
[h]hkeh\kdbo rdhe b k_fbgZjbc GZrZ l_heh]by – wlh kZfZ `bagv hkgh\ZggZy gZ Keh\_ ;h`b_f
hgZ g_k_l ^ey gZjh^Z ^moh\gh_ a^hjh\v_ ijZ\bevgh_ fure_gb_ b \_jgh_ fbjh\haaj_gb_
Ihwlhfm iZklhjZf \ k\h_c jZ[hl_ gZ^h ^_eZlv mihj bf_ggh gZ l_eh]bx
A:>:Q: HL;HJ:
DZev\bgbklkdZy rdheZ bf__l [h]Zl_crbc aZiZk l_heh]bq_kdbo ljm^h\ __ kl_gu mdjZrZxl bf_gZ
fgh]bo b fgh]bo \u^Zxsboky [h]hkeh\h\ \ Jhkkbb ijZdlbq_kdb g_ba\_klguo GbdZdZy ^jm]Zy
[h]hkeh\kdZy rdheZ g_ fh`_l ij_^klZ\blv klhevdh jZ\ghp_gguo Z\lhjh\ Gb]^_ g_l klhevdh
]em[hdbo gZmqgh h[hkgh\Zgguo dhff_glZjb_\ d Dgb]Zf ;b[ebb
GZ k_]h^gy dZev\bgbaf – wlh ]hju dgb] b khlgb mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc Fh`gh lhevdh k ]jmklvx ^mfZlv
h lhf dZd h]jZ[e_g gZr gZjh^ \ kn_j_ ^moh\gh]h h[jZah\Zgby Fu klj_fbfky d lhfm qlh[u
dZev\bgbklkdh_ gZke_^b_ klZeh ^hklhygb_f gZr_]h gZjh^Z
Fu bf__f dhehkkZevgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h i_j_^ dZev\bgbklZfb ijhreh]h Fu fh`_f
\hkihevah\Zlvky ieh^Zfb bo [h]hkeh\kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc hi_j_lvky gZ bo ijZdlbq_kdb_
j_dhf_g^Zpbb B \k_ wlh [h]Zlkl\h hq_gv kdhjh fh`_l ihkem`blv gZ ihevam Jhkkbb
JZamf__lky ljm^gh kdZaZlv dh]^Z wlh [h]Zlkl\h fukeb [m^_l ^hklmigh rbjhdbf kehyf gZk_e_gby
B ^_eh a^_kv g_ lhevdh \ yaud_ < dhgp_ dhgph\ gZb\Z`g_cr__ fh`gh i_j_\_klb >_eh \
f_glZebl_l_ gZr_]h khhl_q_kl\_ggbdZ g_ khagZxs_]h agZq_gby l_heh]bb ^ey _]h ih\k_^g_\ghc
jZaghp\_lgufb dZjlbgdZfb obljhkie_l_ggufb [Zkgyfb b _e_cguf
imklhkeh\b_f
H^gZdh hlghr_gb_ d l_heh]bb f_gy_lky <k_ [hevr_ jhkkbyg \h\e_dZ_lky \ agZdhfkl\h k
`bagb ^h\hevkl\mxs_]hky
ijhl_klZglkdhc fukevx gZqbgZ_l hp_gb\Zlv agZq_gb_ l_heh]bb <hl ihq_fm fu ^he`gu g_ l_jyy
\j_f_gb ijbklmiblv d hkgh\Zl_evghc ih^]hlh\d_ GZf gZ^e_`bl k_jv_agh bkke_^h\Zlv [h]Zlkl\h
dZev\bgbklkdh]h gZke_^by GZf gm`gh gZmqblvky \b^_lv \k_ l_heh]bq_kdh_ ijhkljZgkl\h
dZev\bgbafZ >ey wlh]h gZ i_j\hf wlZi_ hk\hbf hkgh\gu_ ^hdljbgu \hkijbf_f djm] b^_c
jZkklZ\bf bf_gZ kh]eZkgh ]Zf[mj]kdhfm kq_lm
K^_eZ\ wlh fu kfh`_f ba[_`Zlv eh\mr_d h^ghc ba dhlhjuo y\ey_lky eh\mrdZ [ZjlbZgkl\Z
I_j_\h^u DZjeZ ;ZjlZ gZqbgZxl m gZk ihy\eylvky Dlh-lh kqblZ_l _]h dZev\bgbklhf ?]h lheklu_
dgb]b fh]ml ihdZaZlvky m[_^bl_evgufb Gh fu aZjZg__ ij_^mij_`^Z_f g_ ljZlvl_ \j_fy ;Zjl g_
ihfh`_l \Zf ihkljhblv dj_idmx [h]h[hyag_ggmx h[sbgm ?klv b ^jm]b_ ihfbfh ;ZjlZ fh^gu_
kbj_gu m\e_dZxsb_ k [b[e_ckdh]h imlb K_cqZk gZijbf_j m gZk ihy\behkv fgh]h bghkljZgguo
mqbl_e_c B ihkdhevdm fu gbq_]h ijZdlbq_kdb g_ agZ_f h jZaebqguo gZijZ\e_gbyo \ [h]hkeh\bb
\kydbc bghkljZgguc ijhn_kkhj \uau\Z_l m gZk m\Z`_gb_ AZ\ljZ dh]^Z fu gZmqbfky jZaebqZlv
rdheu b gZijZ\e_gby fu \u[_j_f ebrv ijbgZ^e_`Zs__ d hjlh^hdkZevghfm Zml_glbqghfm
dZev\bgbafm
Fu dZl_]hjbq_kdb ijhlb\ eb[_jZebafZ \ ex[hc _]h nhjf_ Imklv ^Z`_ ih^ \b^hf jZkrbj_gby
hkh\j_f_gb\Zgby Imklv ^Z`_ ih^ gZrbf kh[kl\_gguf ehamg]hf
reformata sed semper
reformanda.
AZ^ZqZ hl[hjZ klhbl ^ey gZk \_kvfZ ZdlmZevgZ <u lhevdh ij_^klZ\vl_ h^gb ljm^u DZev\bgZ
khklZ\eyxl ^_kyldb lhfh\ Ijb[Z\vl_ d wlhfm fgh]hlhfgu_ khqbg_gby imjblZgkdbo Z\lhjh\ ;9,,
\_dZ ljm^u lZdbo \u^Zxsboky [h]hkeh\h\ dZd >`hg Hmwg JbqZj^ ;Zdkl_j b fgh]bo ^jm]bo
<havf_f [he__ iha^gbo >`hgZlZg W^\Zj^k \u qblZeb _]h ijhih\_^v ³=j_rgbdb \ jmdZo
jZa]g_\Zggh]h ;h]Z´ ;; Mhjnbe^ =hj^hg DeZjd Dhjg_ebmk <Zg Lbev Ehjj_g ;_llg_j >`hg
JmkZk JZr^mgb Hl^_evgh kdZ`_f h ]heeZg^kdhc rdhe_ =_jfZg ;Z\bgd K_dev =j_c^Zgmk
>mc_\_j^ :[jZoZf DZci_j DeZZk Kobe^_j b ^jm]b_ HgZ ij_\hkoh^bl \k_ hklZevgu_ rdheu
\dexqZy b Zf_jbdZgkdmx dZd ih dhebq_kl\m lZd b ih ]em[bg_ b hkgh\Zl_evghklb bkke_^h\Zgbc
ihklZgh\db ijh[e_f hllhq_gghklb nhjfmebjh\hd [h]Zlkl\m ijZdlbq_kdh]h hiulZ Ihbklbg_
]heeZg^kdZy dZev\bgbklkdZy rdheZ – mqbl_ev \k_o kh\j_f_gguo dZev\bgbklh\ Klhbl eb ]h\hjblv
qlh \k_ wlb Z\lhju [m^ml ^ey gZk fhsg_crbf hjm`b_f \ [bl\_ gZ ihe_ b^_c
BlZd iha\hevl_ baeh`blv gZrb hkgh\gu_ aZ^Zqb
"
Ij_`^_ \k_]h gZf gZ^e_`bl ihemqblv ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h kZfhf ij_^f_l_ hk\hblv l_jfbgheh]bx
<lhjh_ ihgylv hkgh\gu_ b^_b hlh[jZlv Z\lhjh\ ^ey bamq_gby \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v Ihgylv
l_g^_gpbb b gZijZ\e_gby kh\j_f_gghc dZev\bgbklkdhc fukeb IhdZ ih^h`^Zlv k bkke_^h\Zgb_f
qZklguo \hijhkh\ ij_^hklZ\b\ bo ke_^mxs_fm ihdhe_gbx
< lj_lvbo ihgylv dZd \hkihevah\Zlvky [h]Zl_crbf hiulhf ij_ih^Z\Zgby l_heh]bb rbjhqZcrbf
kehyf gZk_e_gby LZd`_ fu ^he`gu ihfhqv ^_em h[jZah\Zgby gZjh^Z ;h`b_]h B hj]Zgbah\Zlv
gZbemqrbf h[jZahf ^_eh h[mq_gby kem`bl_e_c
< q_l\_jluo hij_^_eblv qlh ke_^m_l ijbf_gblv \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v \ iheblbq_kdhc `bagb
h[s_kl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb h[eZklb rdhevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby \ p_jdh\ghf ^hfhkljhbl_evkl\_
dZev\bgbklkdhc imjblZgkdhc ebl_jZlmju ij_`^_ \k_]h ljm^h\
< iyluo hj]Zgbah\Zlv i_j_\h^
kZfh]h @ZgZ DZev\bgZ
Ih gZr_fm fg_gbx \uiheg_gb_ lZdh]h ieZgZ [m^_l g_h[oh^bf_crbf we_f_glhf ih^]hlh\db d
^_em J_nhjfZpbb
KBKL?FGHKLV <HAAJ?GBC D:EV<BGBKLKDHC L?HEH=BB
DZev\bgbklkdmx l_heh]bx ij_^klZ\eyxl qZs_ \k_]h dZd iylv l_abkh\ baeh`_gguo \ DZghgZo
>hjlkdh]h Kbgh^Z H ]j_oh\ghklb q_eh\_dZ h[ ba[jZgbb _]h dh kiZk_gbx h kf_jlb Ojbklh\hc aZ
K\hc gZjh^ – P_jdh\v h \_jghklb ;h]Z h \_jghklb k\yluo ke_^mxsbo ih imlb kiZk_gby
< kmsghklb kbkl_fZ baeh`_gZ ijZ\bevgh gh wlb iylv l_abkh\ – ebrv h^gZ kljZgbpZ ba
fgh]hlhfgh]h mq_[gbdZ HklZ\Zlvky lhevdh gZ wlhc kljZgbp_ g_ijZ\bevgh b g_jZamfgh Ex^b
gZau\Zxsb_ k_[y dZev\bgbklZfb b ih\lhjyxsb_ ebrv wlb l_abku – _klv iZjh^by gZ
dZev\bgbklh\
DZev\bgbaf ]h\hjbl ij_`^_ \k_]h h km\_j_gghklb ;h]Z H aZ\_l_ ;h]Z k q_eh\_dhf Bf_ggh \ wlbo
^h]fZlZo – dexq d ihgbfZgbx dZev\bgbklkdhc kbkl_fu ;h] khl\hjbe fbj \ dhlhjhf \k_
\aZbfhk\yaZgh b g_ijhlb\hj_qb\h Wlhl fbj hljZ`Z_l kmsghklv ;h]Z b kmsghklv ?]h Keh\Z b[h
Keh\h ;h`b_ lZd`_ \k_ \aZbfhk\yaZgh b g_l ijhlb\hj_qbc Kh]eZkgh mq_gbx dZev\bgbklh\
;b[eby – kbkl_fgh_ Hldjh\_gb_ ;h`b_ kms_kl\h\Z\r__ ^h kha^Zgby fbjZ ;h] _klv Ebqghklv
;h] ^_ckl\m_l b mijZ\ey_l \k_f b gug_ Hg hkms_kl\ey_l K\hx \hex bkihevamy gZk \ dZq_kl\_
K\hbo hjm^bc <hl ihq_fm fu dZev\bgbklu aZgbfZ_f Zdlb\gmx `bag_ggmx ihabpbx
< bguo kbkl_fZo gZijbf_j \ jZkijhkljZg_gghc \ Jhkkbb ljZ^bpbhgghc rdhe_ g_l q_ldh]h
hlebqby l\hj_gby hl L\hjpZ Z wlh kdZau\Z_lky gZ hglheh]bq_kdhc ihabpbb \ lZdhf kemqZ_
klbjZ_lky jZaebqb_ f_`^m g_h[oh^bfuf b kemqZcguf [_kdhg_qguf b dhg_qguf Gh ebrv lZdh_
hlebqb_ iha\hey_l ]h\hjblv h \hafh`ghklb jZpbhgZevghc Zj]mf_glZpbb Dh]^Z `_ gZklZ\eyxl \
mq_gbb h L_habk_ h[h`_gbb lh ^ey jZpbhgZevghc Zj]mf_glZpbb g_ hklZ_lky f_klZ
M^_eyy agZqbl_evgh_ \gbfZgb_ ihklb`_gbx IjhfukeZ ;h`b_]h \ bklhjbb fu ihdZau\Z_f qlh
\_kvfZ k_jv_agh hlghkbfky d \eZklb ;h]Z DZev\bgbklkdh_ mq_gb_ h Ijhfuke_ ;h`b_f ]h\hjbl h
ih\k_^g_\ghf mijZ\e_gbb ;h`b_f fu gZoh^bfky ih^ ?]h iheguf dhgljhe_f < wlhf oZjZdl_jgZy
q_jlZ dZev\bgbklkdhc l_heh]bb Fu g_ [hbfky bgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv ijhbkoh^ysb_ kh[ulby
khh[jZagh \he_ ;h`b_c ]h\hjbf h ijhbkoh^ys_f dZd ZdlmZebaZpbb \heb ;h]Z
D:EV<BGBKLKD:Y L?HEH=BY B JHKKBY
< Jhkkbb aZ \k_ __ ]h^u kms_kl\h\Zgby gbq_]h g_ [ueh k^_eZgh ^ey ihklb`_gby dZev\bgbafZ G_
bamqZebkv ^hdljbgu g_ i_j_\h^bebkv ljm^u Ih k_c ^_gv g_ ba\_klgu \Z`g_crb_ [h]hkeh\u b
^_yl_eb J_nhjfZpbb ;he__ lh]h kdjhfgu_ k\_^_gby ^hoh^b\rb_ ^h jhkkbyg bkdZ`Zebkv DZd
ijZ\beh ijb[_]Zeb d ke_^mxs_fm ^h\h^m ihkemrZcl_ qlh gZibkZe h DZev\bg_ lZdhc-lh _]h
kh\j_f_ggbd <hkoblbl_evguc ^h\h^ Kh\j_f_ggbd >Z fZeh eb qlh h^bg kh\j_f_ggbd gZibr_l h
^jm]hf IhqblZcl_ qlh ihgZibkZeb kh\j_f_ggbdb h i_j\hf ij_ab^_gl_ KKKJ Ihjhc
aZkhfg_\Z_rvky ^Z h[ h^ghf eb wlh q_eh\_d_ ]h\hjblky
"
H^gZdh fu [_amkeh\gh ijbagZ_f \ ij_`g_f ijhlb\h^_ckl\bb dZev\bgbafm [ue Ijhfuke ;h`bc
PZjb b dhffmgbklu g_ kemqZcgh khijhlb\eyebkv a^_kv _klv k\hy ijbqbgZ < wlhf y\kl\_ggh
ijhkfZljb\Z_lky ;h`by \hey ;h] ohl_e ihdZaZlv Jhkkbb gZkdhevdh iZ]m[gh [m^_l ^ey g__
KZfZ bklhjby ihdZau\Z_l ]^_
ij_g_[j_]Zxl dZev\bgbafhf lZf b gZb[he__ kd\_jgh h[klhyl ^_eZ Ij_g_[j_`_gb_
dZev\bgbafhf g_ ijhoh^bl ^Zjhf
nZjZhgh\h mihjkl\h g_ijbylby [b[e_ckdh]h ojbklbZgkl\Z
< ]h^m Jhkkby hdZau\Z_lky [_kkbevghc i_j_^ dhffmgbafhf Jhkkbckdh_ h[s_kl\h g_ kfh]eh
ijhlb\hklhylv _]h gZklmie_gbx gZ ojbklbZgkl\h KjZ\gbf Jhkkbx k NjZgpb_c <h \j_fy
J_nhjfZpbb lZf iylv^_kyl ijhp_glh\ gZk_e_gby [ueh dZev\bgbklZfb ]m]_ghlu Ihke_ klZ
iylb^_kylb e_l h`_klhq_gghc [hjv[u k gbfb dhjhe_\kdhc \eZklb d gZqZem ;9,,, \_dZ dZev\bgbklh\
ihqlb g_ hklZehkv dh]h m[beb dh]h ba]gZeb B qlh `_" >moh\guc \Zdmmf h[jZah\Z\rbcky ihke_
ba]gZgby [b[e_ckdbo ojbklbZg aZihegbe Zl_baf \ g_fZehc kl_i_gb kihkh[kl\h\Z\rbc
NjZgpmakdhc j_\hexpbb B \h \j_fy wlhc j_\hexpbb kZgdxehlu lukyqZfb mgbqlh`Zxl
dZlhebq_kdbo k\ys_ggbdh\ =hgbl_eb dZev\bgbklh\ kZfb ihiZ^Zxl ih^ gh` ]bevhlbgu G_ljm^gh
^h]Z^Zlvky qlh hklZgvky \h NjZgpbb [h]h[hyag_ggu_ b [eZ]hq_klb\u_ ]m]_ghlu gbdZdhc
j_\hexpbb ihdehgyxs_cky b^_ZeZf ik_\^hijhk\_s_ggh]h [_a[h`by g_ [ueh [u b \ ihfbg_ <
^h\_jr_gb_ dh \k_fm ;h] gZkueZ_l gZ NjZgpbx gZihe_hgh\kdh_ \h_ggh_ [_amfb_ aZ]m[b\r__
ihqlb \k_ \ajhkeh_ fm`kdh_ gZk_e_gb_ kljZgu
: l_ gZjh^u m dhlhjuo o\Zlbeh mfZ ijb\_qZlv dZev\bgbaf jZkp\_eb b mdj_ibebkv B ]eZ\gh_ hgb
gbdh]^Z g_ bklj_[eyeb kh[kl\_ggh_ gZk_e_gb_ @beb jZ[hlZeb b mqbebkv dZev\bgbafm
A:DEXQ?GB?
L_heh]by dZev\bgbafZ – wlh jmdh\h^kl\h ih khab^Zgbx ebqghklb k_fvb p_jd\b h[s_kl\Z
]hkm^Zjkl\Z ?keb fu ohlbf ihfhqv Jhkkbb \uclb gZ imlv ijhk\_s_ggh]h kljhbl_evkl\Z \
khhl\_lkl\bb kh Keh\hf ;h`bbf fu ^he`gu ihfhqv _c h\eZ^_lv dZev\bgbklkdbf mq_gb_f Ieh^u
gZr_c jZ[hlu
_keb fu [m^_f ^\b]Zlvky mihjgh b g_ihdhe_[bfh ihy\ylky g_aZf_^ebl_evgh
B ^Z [eZ]hkeh\bl gZk =hkih^v