Buckle Down Ohio
Achievement Assessment 6 Reading
Understanding New Words
Lesson 1: Words in Context
Lesson 2: Roots and Affixes
Lesson 3: Using a Dictionary
Unit 2
The Reading Process
Lesson 4: Reading Strategies
Lesson 5: Main Idea, Details, and Theme
Lesson 6: Making Connections
Unit 3
Informational Texts
Lesson 7: Author’s Purpose
Lesson 8: Comparing Informational Texts
Lesson 9: Text and Graphic Features
Unit 4
Literary Texts
Lesson 10: Story Elements
Lesson 11: Literary Devices
Lesson 12: Poetry Elements
Lesson 13: Comparing Literary Texts
Ohio Achievement Assessment
4TH EDITION
Ohio Achievement Assessment
John Miller of Dayton, Ohio, built
many of the best roller coasters in
the world. The one pictured here is
located at Cedar Point in Sandusky.
Unit 1
Student Set OH02048S4
P.O. Box 1270
Littleton, MA 01460-4270
Includes: Student Workbook, Form A
Practice Test, Form B Practice Test
PHONE: 800-776-3454
FAX: 877-365-0111
Individual Products:
www.BuckleDown.com
4BDOH06RD01.indd 1
Student Workbook OH02048W4
Form A Practice Test OH02048A4
Form B Practice Test OH02048B4
Reading
6 READING
Go to www.BuckleDown.com to review our complete line of Achievement and OGT materials for grades 2–12
READING • WRITING • MATHEMATICS • SCIENCE • SOCIAL STUDIES
6
ISBN 978-0-7836-6451-4
51599
9 780783 664514
3/30/10 10:14:30 AM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1
Test-Taking Tips..................................................................................... 3
Unit 1 – Understanding New Words................................................................. 5
Lesson 1: Words in Context.................................................................. 6
Achievement Coverage: AV.A.1, AV.B.3, AV.B.4
Lesson 2: Roots and Affixes................................................................ 19
Achievement Coverage: AV.E.6
Lesson 3: Using a Dictionary.............................................................. 30
Achievement Coverage: AV.C.2, AV.D.5, AV.D.7, AV.F.8
Unit 2 – The Reading Process.......................................................................... 41
Lesson 4: Reading Strategies............................................................... 42
Achievement Coverage: RP.A.1, RP.A.5, RP.B.2, RP.B.4, RP.C.6, RP.D.7,
RP.D.8, IT.E.8, LT.F.6
Lesson 5: Main Idea, Details, and Theme......................................... 61
Achievement Coverage: RP.B.4, RP.D.7, IT.F.4, LT.E.5
Lesson 6: Making Connections.......................................................... 73
Achievement Coverage: RP.B.2, RP.B.3, RP.C.6, IT.B.2
Unit 3 – Informational Texts............................................................................ 87
Lesson 7: Author’s Purpose................................................................. 88
Achievement Coverage: IT.B.2, IT.C.3, IT.D.6, IT.D.7, IT.E.8, LT.F.6
Lesson 8: Comparing Informational Texts..................................... 103
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Achievement Coverage: IT.A.1, IT.C.3, IT.E.8
Lesson 9: Text and Graphic Features............................................... 119
Achievement Coverage: IT.A.1, IT.A.5
Unit 4 – Literary Texts..................................................................................... 137
Lesson 10: Story Elements................................................................ 138
Achievement Coverage: LT.A.1, LT.B.2, LT.C.3, LT.E.5, LT.F.6, LT.G.7
Lesson 11: Literary Devices.............................................................. 153
Achievement Coverage: LT.A.1, LT.B.2, LT.D.4, LT.E.5, LT.G.7
Lesson 12: Poetry Elements.............................................................. 165
Achievement Coverage: LT.F.6, LT.G.7, RP.B.4
Lesson 13: Comparing Literary Texts.............................................. 178
Achievement Coverage: LT.E.5, LT.F.6
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Unit 1 – Understanding New Words
Achievement Coverage: AV.A.1
Lesson 1: Words in Context
What if a little elf always sat on your shoulder while you were
reading? Whenever you came to an unknown word, the elf
would whisper hints about its meaning into your ear.
Well, we won’t try to convince you that elves exist. But we do want
you to believe in little helpers that give you hints about unknown
words. What are these little helpers? Other words.
To see how this works, read the following sentences.
Getting ready for a sleepover at her cousin’s
house, Olivia packed her new bizaflak. She was amazed that it
could hold not only a ton of clothes but also a board game, her
favorite pillow, and all her CDs.
You may not know what a bizaflak is, but the other words in the paragraph give you
plenty of hints. You know a bizaflak is something that is packed before a sleepover. You
know it holds clothes and a lot of other items. Use these clues to answer the following
question.
1. What is a bizaflak?
a type of game
a kind of travel bag
a piece of clothing
a kind of sleeping bag
See how easy it can be? (By the way, you won’t find bizaflak in any dictionary.
We made it up.)
Using context clues means figuring out the meaning of a word by looking at the other
words around it. Here are some tips for using this important skill.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
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Lesson 1: Words in Context
Achievement Coverage: AV.A.1
TIP 1:Let the rest of the sentence tell you what kind of word to
expect.
The other words in a sentence can tell you what kind of word is coming up next. For
example, look at the following sentence:
Nothing is as tasty as a good, homemade _______.
You can probably guess that the missing word names a type of food.
How can you tell? The word tasty hints that the missing word describes something that
can be eaten. Also, the words tasty, good, and homemade are adjectives; the job of an
adjective is to describe a noun (a person, place, thing, or idea). So the missing word is
probably a noun.
You pick up on these context clues quickly because of your experience with the English
language. You can use that same speedy brain of yours on the following sentences and
question.
When Tom was a baby, he was easily frightened by loud noises. Many times,
Mom assuaged Tom’s fears by singing him a lullaby.
2. What does the word assuaged mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
angered
calmed
enjoyed
worsened
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3. How do you know?
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Unit 1 – Understanding New Words
Achievement Coverage: AV.A.1, AV.B.3
TIP 2:Look for examples that give hints to the meaning of the
unknown word.
The author may give examples that can provide hints to the meaning of an unknown
word.
Holly decided to sign her writings with a pseudonym, just as Theodor Geisel
had used “Dr. Seuss.”
4. Which of these is the best definition of pseudonym?
A.
B.
C.
D.
fancy handwriting
imaginary friend
secret code
false name
TIP 3:Look for comparisons and analogies.
Comparisons show how things are similar. Like comparisons, analogies show
similarities, but usually with specific pictures, or images.
The spacecraft orbited Saturn like a speck of dust caught in a giant tornado.
The phrase “like a speck of dust caught in a giant tornado” tells us a lot of information.
For one thing, we know that a tornado is wind that twists around and around in
circles. So we can guess that the spacecraft flew around Saturn in great loops. The
word orbit means “to go in a circular path around something.”
Saturn’s most amazing moon is Titan. Titan’s atmosphere looks like orange
juice steam rising off the ground.
5. What does the word atmosphere mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
large object that orbits a planet
layer of air around a planet or moon
ship that moves through space
layer of dirt covering the surface of Earth
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Now read these sentences, looking for comparisons. Then answer Number 5.
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Lesson 1: Words in Context
Achievement Coverage: AV.B.3
TIP 4:Look in the selection for other words with a similar
meaning.
Synonyms are words that have similar meanings. For example, large is a synonym for
big. They both mean about the same thing. When you are reading a selection and you
come across an unknown word, look for synonyms in the selection that give you hints
about what the word might mean. This may save you a trip to the dictionary!
Read the following sentences, then answer the questions that follow.
Charlie is quite ambitious. He wants to do well in his chosen profession,
politics.
6. Circle the word or phrase that has about the same meaning as ambitious.
7. What does the word ambitious mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
focused on ideas
focused on speed
focused on success
focused on courage
TIP 5:Look for clues to the word’s opposite meaning.
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Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Large and small are antonyms. The
sentence or paragraph in which the unknown word appears will sometimes give you
clues to the antonym of the word. If you can figure out what a word’s opposite is, then
you can make a good guess about its meaning.
Read the following sentence, then answer Numbers 8 and 9.
Although Erica spoke in a serious voice, I found her story about trolls playing
Frisbee on her lawn to be quite hilarious.
8. Circle a word in the sentence that means the opposite of hilarious.
9. What does the word hilarious mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
scary
interesting
untrue
funny
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Unit 1 – Understanding New Words
Achievement Coverage: AV.A.1
TIP 6:Look for other clues given by the author.
Sometimes an author will define a difficult word in the text or in a footnote.
A footnote is an explanation that appears beneath the text. An author might also
explain a new term by restating the idea in a different way.
Read the following sentences. Then answer Numbers 10 through 12.
Mr. Harvey explained that living in a homogeneous society—one in
which everyone was the same—would be banal, or terribly boring. He said
that diversity1 is what makes a community colorful and active.
1diversity:
variety; made up of unlike elements
10. Which of the following is the best definition of homogeneous?
A.
B.
C.
D.
all alike
great in size
split into parts
uninteresting
11. What is the meaning of banal?
colorful
terrible
boring
active
12. What is diversity?
A.
B.
C.
D.
activity
boredom
similarity
variety
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A.
B.
C.
D.
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Lesson 1: Words in Context
Achievement Coverage: AV.A.1
TIP 7:Plug in each answer choice in place of the unknown word.
With a vocabulary question, it may also help to insert
each choice in the place of the unknown word.
The choice that fits best in the context of the
selection is most likely the correct answer.
Try this tip on the following selection and
question.
The knights were indignant. What could
this mere child know about slaying dragons
and saving kingdoms? How dare this unworthy
youngster challenge the best of them to a contest!
Now read the question and look at the choices. (Don’t answer the question yet.)
13. What does the word indignant mean in this selection?
A.
B.
C.
D.
joyous
saddened
insulted
frightened
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Even if you don’t know exactly what indignant means, you can probably figure out the
answer. Substitute each answer choice in place of the word indignant in the selection,
as follows.
A. The knights were joyous. What could this mere child know about slaying
dragons and saving kingdoms? How dare this unworthy youngster challenge
the best of them to a contest!
B. The knights were saddened. What could this mere child know about slaying
dragons and saving kingdoms? How dare this unworthy youngster challenge
the best of them to a contest!
C. The knights were insulted. What could this mere child know about slaying
dragons and saving kingdoms? How dare this unworthy youngster challenge
the best of them to a contest!
D. The knights were frightened. What could this mere child know about slaying
dragons and saving kingdoms? How dare this unworthy youngster challenge
the best of them to a contest!
Which answer choice makes the most sense when it is plugged into the selection?
Go back to Number 13 and circle the correct answer.
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Unit 1 – Understanding New Words
Achievement Coverage: AV.B.4
TIP 8:Figurative language means something other than what
it says.
Figurative language is language that doesn’t mean exactly what it says. For example,
when people say, “You just hit the nail on the head,” they’re probably not talking about
building something with a hammer and nails. They are speaking figuratively. They
mean that you just said something that’s exactly right.
You can use the vocabulary tools in this lesson to figure out the meanings of figurative
phrases.
Read the following paragraph. Then answer Numbers 14 and 15.
You should see what it’s like at dinner at my house. It’s a real circus. I have
a baby brother and two-year-old twin sisters, Kate and Allie. The twins love
throwing food more than eating it. Mom tries to keep everything neat and
tidy, but as soon as one of them throws a piece of food at the other, a food
fight breaks out. Soon, everything is chaos. The dog starts barking, the baby
starts crying, I start laughing, and Mom goes crazy.
14. What does the phrase “It’s a real circus” mean in this selection?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It tastes good.
It is expensive.
It is out of control.
It involves elephants.
15. What clues does the paragraph give about the meaning of “It’s a real circus”?
Word Alert
simile – a type of figurative language that compares two ideas using the word like or as
The wind howled like a wolf.
metaphor – a type of figurative language that states or suggests one thing is another
The good news was music to my ears.
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Lesson 1: Words in Context
Achievement Coverage: AV.A.1
TIP 9:Look carefully at words with multiple meanings.
Some words can have more than one meaning. For example, pool can mean a game, a
small body of water, or a place to swim. Pool can even be a verb, as in, “We pooled our
money to buy a new DVD.” Make sure you always go back to the reading selection to
see how a word is used.
Read the following sentence, and then answer Number 16.
In Japan, it is customary for people to bow to each other when they meet.
16. In this selection, what does bow mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a bend of the body as a sign of respect
a weapon used to shoot arrows
a knot formed by looping a ribbon
the forward part of a ship
There are lots of words that have multiple meanings. Remember to always look closely
at the context in which they are used.
Summing Up
When trying to figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word, remember the
following tips:
• Let the rest of the sentence tell you what kind of word to expect.
• Look for examples that give hints to the meaning of the unknown word.
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• Look for comparisons and analogies.
• Look in the selection for other words with a similar meaning.
• Look for clues to the word’s opposite meaning.
• Look for other clues given by the author.
• Plug in each answer choice in place of the unknown word.
• Figurative language means something other than what it says.
• Look carefully at words with multiple meanings.
Reading Achievement Practice begins on the following page.
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Reading Achievement Practice
English: A Living Language
Greta Anderson and Rick Zollo
1
Do you know of a good history book? We do, and we’ll bet you’ve
already read some of it. It’s the dictionary. The English language tells many tales
about England, the island where it was born. It also hints at the many groups of
people English speakers have mingled with over the years. In many dictionaries,
you can the read short versions of these tales. In each word entry, abbreviations
such as OE, Gk, and Sp1 tell where the word originated and give hints about how
the word found its way into the English language.
England—Where It All Began
2
For centuries (from 43 c.e. to 410 c.e., to be exact), Rome ruled England
and the Celtic people. But England was far, far away from the government
headquarters in Rome. The Romans built some roads, towns, and army camps in
England. Their Latin language, however, was not widely learned by the Celts.
4
The languages these tribes spoke gave us most of our basic words today.
The words a, and, the, is, have, go, see, get, to, for, and of are all Anglo-Saxon
words. In fact, most of our single-syllable words have German roots: man, stink,
breathe, work, and ground are just a few. The Anglo-Saxons did not use the
same letters we use, however. They wrote in runes, or pictures.
5
In the centuries that followed, Christian missionaries arrived on the island.
The Anglo-Saxons eventually adopted the alphabet those missionaries used: the
Roman alphabet, the same alphabet we use today.
1OE,
Gk, and Sp: Old English, Greek, and Spanish
cruel, brutal
2ruthless:
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3
When the Romans departed, other people took over the island. Germanic
tribes from Europe sailed across the North Sea looking for land and riches.
In the face of these ruthless2 invaders, the Celts scattered to Wales and Ireland.
England became the new home of three Germanic tribes: the Angles, the
Saxons, and the Jutes.
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Reading Achievement Practice
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6
In 1066, the Normans crossed the English Channel to claim England as
theirs. William the Conqueror and the rest of the Norman people spoke French,
which at the time was very similar to Latin. They made their conquest complete
by forcing anyone who dealt with them (mostly royals and wealthy landowners)
to use the French language.
7
Of course, there’s more to life than what happens in courts and castles.
After the French soldiers congratulated themselves on a successful attack, they
began to look for wives. The women they found spoke Old English and liked that
language just fine. So the men went on speaking French and the women went
on speaking English, and eventually they understood each other. Middle English,
a mix of words from French and English, was born.
8
In the mid-1400s, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in
Germany. A printing press is a machine that prints writing on paper. Before its
invention, texts were all written out by hand. Several years later, William Caxton
brought the technology home to England. Once the English language was
printed, people began to standardize3 uses and spellings for words.
American English—A Cultural Blend
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9
Not long after the arrival of the printing press came the Age of Exploration.
Europeans made their way to the Americas. The English, Spanish, Portuguese,
French, and Dutch all tried to grab parts of the “New World.” But England
dominated most of colonial North America, and its language became the talk
of the land.
10
When the English first arrived, many Native American nations lived on the
huge continent. Many of their words such as chocolate, tomato, and potato,
and place-names such as Massachusetts and Ohio, worked their way into
the English vocabulary.
11
Slaves were brought over mostly from Africa, and they also added to the
language. Words such as gumbo and jazz came from African languages. Much
of today’s music and fashion draws from African-American heritage,4 and with
these new trends come new words.
3standardize:
4heritage:
to make the same or alike
background and past customs
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Reading Achievement Practice
12
Spanish influences can be heard in words such as buffalo, ranch,
barbecue, and California. Spanish continues to impact English; the largest group
of new U.S. citizens comes from Spanish-speaking lands.
13
America’s melting pot has led to a language stew. The English language
contains more than 600,000 words, and it’s still growing. In fact, English has more
words than any other language. So many words, and each with a tale to tell.
Use the selection to answer questions 1 – 10.
1. “It also hints at the many groups
of people English speakers have
mingled with over the years.”
2.
Which word is a synonym for
mingled in the sentence above?
“In each word entry,
abbreviations such as OE, Gk,
and Sp tell where the word
originated and give hints about
how the word found its way into
the English language.”
What does the word originated
mean?
A. fought
B. created
C. mixed
A. came from
D. split
B. ended up
C. was understood
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D. was written
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Reading Achievement Practice
3.
“When the Romans departed,
other people took over the
island.”
5.
What does the word departed
mean in the sentence above?
R
“They made their conquest
complete by forcing anyone who
dealt with them (mostly royals
and wealthy landowners) to use
the French language.”
What does the word conquest
mean in the sentence above?
A. left
B. came to
A. defeat
C. destroyed
B. takeover
D. lived in
C. travels
D. knowledge
“The Anglo-Saxons eventually
adopted the alphabet those
missionaries used: the Roman
alphabet, the same alphabet we
use today.”
6.
What does the word courts mean
in the sentence above?
A. used
B. rejected
A. a place where kings and
queens live
C. accepted
B. the end of a small street
D. learned
C. a place where legal cases
are heard
D. an open space for playing a
sport
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“Of course, there’s more to life
than what happens in courts and
castles.”
Which word is an antonym for
adopted in the sentence above?
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4.
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7.
8.
Reading Achievement Practice
What do the selection and
footnote suggest about English
words before people began to
standardize them?
9.
“Spanish continues to impact
English; the largest group of new
U.S. citizens comes from Spanishspeaking lands.”
A. They came from many
different languages.
Which word is a synonym for
impact in the sentence above?
B. They were printed on paper
with a printing press.
A. affect
C. They were spelled like the
entries in a dictionary.
B. crash into
D. They were used and spelled
in different ways.
D. destroy
C. replace
10. “America’s melting pot has led to
a language stew. The English
language contains more than
600,000 words, and it’s still
growing.”
“But England dominated most of
colonial North America, and its
language became the talk of the
land.”
What does the word dominated
mean in the sentence above?
In the first sentence above, what
does the author mean by the
phrase language stew?
A. traveled
C. controlled
B. a mixture of words from
many different languages
D. ignored
C. a group of words that each
have their own history
D. a language spoken by
people around the world
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A. a language that keeps
getting bigger and bigger
B. fought
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