Thermal Energy Storage Research at
Energy Technology
TES Research in KTH- EGI
Advanced TES concepts using e.g. phase change materials
(PCM) for high energy storage capacity for any temperature.
1.
2.
3.
PCM for TES- Material development
•
Systematic Design of cheap PCM
•
Polyols as renewable and safe PCM
TES Components Study
•
TES Fundamental Modelling
•
Stratified TES Enhancement
•
PCM Heat Transfer Enhancement
TES Systems Assessments
•
Passive Building with Free Cooling
•
“Heat on Wheels”: Mobile TES with PCM
•
TES for District Heating and Cooling
•
Thermal Microgrid with Advanced Storage for the
Polygeneration
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
Participates in the IEA’s implementing
agreement on energy storage
(IEA/ECES)
Annex 28: Integration of
Renewable Energies by Distributed
Energy Storage Systems
Annex 24, 29: Advanced Material
Design for Compact TES+ contd
with new annex
Annex 30: Thermal Energy Storage
for Cost Effective Energy
Management and CO2 Mitigation
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2
What Do We Do?
T-history
Heat Transfer
Enhancement
Characterization
Methods Development
Components
Market
KTH TESResearch
Infrastructure
Mobile TES
Systemsstudies
Materials
Characterization
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
Dynamic Simulations,
Optimization
TES in LDHC
TES in Polygeneration
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Current TES Projects at KTH
Components
Materials (PCMs)
•
•
•
Polyols, Alkanes
Systematic design of cost-effective
blends using phase diagrams, THistory
5 years (2012-2016)
Applications
•
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
•
•
•
•
Heat on Wheels- Mobile TES with
PCMs
TES applications with Heat Pumps
Experimental, theoretical
Techno-economic analysis,
optimization
3 years (2014-2016)
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
•
•
•
•
•
Heat transfer enhancement
Heat Exchangers
Single and multi-PCM design
Experimental, theoretical
5 years (2016-2020)
Systems
1. Low Temperature DHC
• Theoretical, techno-economic analysis
• 4 years (2014-2017)
2. Polygeneration with Thermal Microgrid
• Design and development of thermal
microgrid and PCM storage by modelling
• 4 years (2016-2019)
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1. PCM- Materials Development
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Systematic Design of Cost-effective
Phase Change Materials
PCMs for Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
Cheap PCM with
sharp temperatures of
phase change and
no phase segregation
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
6
Solid A +
Solid B
1
0
(a)
Tm,A
Temperature
isotherm
Solid solution SA +
Solid solution SB
SA+
TmA Liquid
P
Solid
Solution
SA
Solid
Solution
SB
Solid Solution
SA +
Solid Solution
SB
CC
SA3B
E
Liquid +
SB
Tm,B
SA
E
SA3B
+
SAB
SA+
SA3B
SAB
1
XA, Component A
0
0
1
Tm,A
T1
XB, Component B
1
XA, Component A
(g)
XE
Solid P
+ Liquid
Solid A
+ Solid P
1
0
0
1
Solid B
+ Liquid
Tm,B
TE
E
Solid B
+ Solid P
XP
X1
XB, Component B
XA, Component A
(h)
XE
1
0
TE1
Solid A
+ Liquid
E
T1
Solid AB
Solid AB
+ Liquid
+ Liquid
Liquid +
Solid B
P
Solid A +
Solid AB
T
P
Liquid
TmB
Solid AB + Solid
AB3
+ Solid
T
E E2
AB3
Solid B +
Solid AB3
AB3
Solid A
+
Solid B
1
0
CC
P
Temperature
TE
TmB
SAB 4
X4
Miscible Liquid
A+B
Solid A
+ Liquid
TP
Solid B
+
Liquid
SB
(f)
TmA
P
E
0
XE1 X1 XE2 X2
XP
XB, Component B
XA, Component A
0
1
0
Miscible Liquid
A+ B
Temperature
Temperature
Miscible liquid
A+ B
Solid A
+
Liquid
1
(e)
(d)
AB
XE
XB, Component B
1
X2
X1
XP
XB, Component B
XA, Component A
SB+
Liquid
P
SB +
SAB
solvus
0
0
Miscible Liquid
A+B
SAB + Liquid
SA +
Liquid
TP
Solid
solution
Eutectic reaction
SB
CC
AB
solidus
Temperature
SA3B +
Liquid
Miscible Liquid
A+B
Liquidus
1
(c)
A3B
Miscible liquid
A+ B
E
SA
XB, Component B
XA, Component A
1
(b)
solidus
TE Solid solution
0
Temperature
Liquidus
1
0
XB, Component B
XA, Component A
0
1
AB2
XB, Component B
XA, Component A
1
S
Solid solution
A+B
S
Solid solution
A+B
S
Solid solution
A+B
0
Miscible liquid
A+ B
Temperature
Miscible liquid
A+ B
Temperature
Temperature
Miscible liquid
A+ B
0
1
XE1
X1
nB, Component B
nA, Component A
XP
X2
XE2
1
0
(i)
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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Blend PCMs Design → Phase Diagrams
Peritectic
Congruent Melting
S
Solid solution
A+B
0
1
XB, Component B
XA, Component A
Composition
Miscible Liquid
A+B
TmA
1
0
Sharp temperature,
No phase
segregation if no
supercooling
Miscible Liquid
A+B
T1
Temperature
Temperature
Sharp temperature,
No phase segregation:
same density
Solid A
+ Liquid
TE1
E
Solid AB
Solid AB
+ Liquid
+ Liquid
0
1
TmB
Solid AB + Solid
AB3
+ Solid
TE2
E
AB3
Solid B +
Solid AB3
XE1
X1
nB, Component B
nA, Component A
XP
X2
T1
Solid A
+ Liquid
TP
P Liquid
Solid A +
Solid AB
TmA
Liquid +
Solid B TE1
Temperature
Miscible liquid
A+ B
Coring, subcooling,
phase segregation
TE1
E
Solid AB
Solid AB
+ Liquid
+ Liquid
TmB
Solid AB + Solid
AB3
+ Solid
TE2
E
AB3
Solid B +
Solid AB3
(h)
0
1
Eutectic
XE1
X1
nB, Component B
nA, Component A
XP
X2
(h)
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
TP
P Liquid
Solid A +
Solid AB
XE2
1
0
Liquid +
Solid B TE1
8
XE2
1
0
Polyols as Renewable and Safe PCM
C4H10O4
OH Erythritol
Melting -15 to 245 ˚C
Fusion enthalpies
100-413 kJ/kg
Safe, renewable
materials
Rather expensive,
HO
OH
potential to be
cheaper
Complex behaviors
Thermally activated
change
Glass transition
OH
C5H12O5
OH
Xylitol
HO
OH
OH
OH
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51V4cEcSymL.SX316_SY500_CR,0,0,316,500_PIbundle3,TopRight,0,0_SX316_SY500_CR,0,0,316,500_SH20_.jpg, http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/blog/tag/vitaminwater,
http://thechalkboardmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Chewing-Gum.jpg, http://www.cargillfoods.com/na/en/marketcategories/dairy/index.jsp, http://www.climatetechwiki.org/sites/climatetechwiki.org/files/images/teaser/1576436_delta_cool1.jpg
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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Experimental Determination of Blends
Phase Diagrams
•
•
•
•
Armed, stainless steel test-tubes,
Up to 7 samples, 1-2 references (Solid ETP Copper
blocks)
Hygross Climate Chamber
T-type thermocouples
TemperatureHistory (T-History)
Method
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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Erythritol-Xylitol Polyols Blend as PCM
T-history: Thermal
Properties
SEM imaging
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
XRD analysis
17TH MAY 2016
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2. PCM-TES: Components Studies
2.1 TES Modelling and
Experimentation
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
PCM Heat Transfer Model Verification
Computer
Data
Logger
Pump
Thermal
Storage
Water Bath
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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Energy Storage Stratification Enhancements
• Stratification of the water at very small differences in density.
• PCM can reinforce the thermocline and increase storage
capacity slightly.
Density [kg/m3]
Density of water
1005
1000
995
990
985
980
975
970
965
960
Density
0
20
40
60
80
100
Temperature [C]
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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Techno-Economic Optimization of Passive Design
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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Reuse of Industrial Waste Heat
Industrial waste heat: 20% - 50%
Building sector heating and cooling: 40%
Use of waste heat in residential and service sector
via mobile thermal energy storage (M-TES)
Road
Rail
Maritime
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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Experimental Validation
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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2. PCM-TES: Components Studies
2.2 Heat Transfer
Enhancement in PCMs
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Main Objective
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
19
Areas of Research
•
Conduction: conductivity enhancement through adding nano-particles,
metal foams, powders.
•
Convection: enhancing forced and natural convection
•
The use of different materials including nano-particles and metal foams
•
Investigating new heat exchanger configurations
The research will be conducted by modeling and simulations.
In parallel, experiments will be carried out to validate the
numerical work.
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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3. TES Systems Assessments
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
3.1 TES for District Heating
and Cooling
Decentralized Cold Storage in Stockholm
One way to handle peak loads!
•
During charging, it is not possible to return to 16 ° C, leading to
a cost-based penalty under current pricing
•
The proportion of cost-effective shaving of the peak load
(power) depends on the load curve - this 10-30% cost
depending on the PCM price.
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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Description
Comparison of impact of % penetration of LTDH subnets in a DH network
–
Emphasis in savings and potential additional earning from heat/power generation
•
Three types of substations compared:
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
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Low-Temperature Substation
The low-temperature substation as link
to connect the secondary network to the
main network
It can use a mix of low-temperature heat
resources:
• Return flow from the primary
network (temperature cascading)
• Solar thermal, Geothermal
• Industrial surplus heat
Schematic of the Low-Temperature substation with Primary and
Secondary networks, and low temperature heat sources/storage
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
Thermal energy storages (TES)
17TH MAY 2016
24
3. TES Systems Assessments
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Background & Aims
Aims
Designing and implementing a Thermal Microgrid, including a Small Scale
PCM Thermal Storage, to effectively integrate different rigs in the
Polygeneration lab (i.e., Micro Gas Turbine, Membrane Distiller, Stirling Engine,
Fuel Cell, Gasifier), and balance out the system in order to reach its highest
potential
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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Project Focuses
Small Scale PCM Thermal Storage
Thermal Microgird
Integration of different energy
components: Smart Control
Strategies
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
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Project Timeline
2016
2017
2018
2019
• Mapping out problems and available solutions of collecting and utilizing waste heat in
polygeneration systems
• Reviewing PCM technologies suitable for small scale applications
• Designing the thermal microgrid and PCM storage by modelling
• Inter-correlations between different components of the polygeneration system are examined
• Developing the thermal microgrid and PCM storage based on modelling results
• Control strategies and integration methods are evaluated
• System testing and adjustments
• System assessment and sensitivity analysis
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
17TH MAY 2016
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Dr. Justin Ningwei Chiu
Prof. Viktoria Martin
[email protected]
[email protected]
Contact:
Saman Nimali
Gunasekara
José Fiacro
Castro Flores
saman.gunasekara
@energy.kth.se
[email protected]
Thu Trang Nguyen
[email protected]
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
Amir Abdi
[email protected]
17TH MAY 2016
29
Acknowledgements
•
Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten)
•
SELECT+ Erasmus Mundus joint doctoral program
•
KIC InnoEnergy
•
International Energy Agency (IEA) ECES Annexes 24, 28, 29 and 30
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
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