An improved system for monitoring and
assessment of pollution loads from the
Russian part of the Baltic Sea
catchment for HELCOM purposes
RusNIP II. Implementation of the Baltic Sea
Action Plan (BSAP) in the Russian Federation
REPORT 6645 • MARCH 2015
An improved system for monitoring
and assessment of pollution loads
from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for
HELCOM purposes
RusNIP II. Implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) in the
Russian Federation
SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
Order
Phone: + 46 (0)8-505 933 40
Fax: + 46 (0)8-505 933 99
E-mail: [email protected]
Address: Arkitektkopia AB, Box 110 93, SE-161 11 Bromma, Sweden
Internet: www.naturvardsverket.se/publikationer
The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Phone: + 46 (0)10-698 10 00, Fax: + 46 (0)10-698 10 99
E-mail: [email protected]
Address: Naturvårdsverket, SE-106 48 Stockholm, Sweden
Internet: www.naturvardsverket.se
ISBN 978-91-620-6645-1
ISSN 0282-7298
© Naturvårdsverket 2015
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IC ECOLA
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Print: Arkitektkopia AB, Bromma 2015
Cover photos: Dmitry Domnin
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Printed Matter
SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
Preface
In November 2007 the Ministers of the environment for the Baltic Sea
Countries and high representatives of the European Community decided on a
joint action plan within HELCOM – the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). The
aim of the plan is to achieve good environmental status of the Baltic Sea by
2021. Under the agreement, the Baltic Sea countries are obliged to draw up
national plans for a combined assessment by 2010, which was evaluated at
Ministerial meetings in Moscow in May 2010 and in Copenhagen in October
2013. In the Copenhagen Ministerial Meeting the Ministers decided on further actions and recommendations adding to the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action
Plan, including updated country-allocated nutrient reduction targets (CART).
The RusNIP project “Capacity for Compliance with Baltic Sea Action
Plan” started in 2009 and contributed structurally and substantially to the
drafting of the Russian National Implementation Plan (NIP) to the BSAP.
During the second phase of the project, RusNIP II, the focus has been on
activities related to monitoring and assessment, including modelling test cases
in Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions in cooperation with the EU projects
BaltHazAR and BASE.
This final report describes HELCOM reporting schemes as well recommended methodologies for calculating pollution loads to the Baltic Sea and its
division on sources. Further, it contains a review of the present Russian monitoring and assessment system as well as recommendations on how the system
could be improved in order to comply with requirements of future Pollution
Load Compilations (PLCs).
The report contains two annexes; Annex 1 describes obstacles associated
with acquisition of reliable data on pollution loads in Russia and Annex 2
gives an overview of methods for calculating pollution loads from different
pollution source categories.
The report and its sub-reports have been elaborated by Swedish experts in
co-operation with responsible authorities and organisations in Russia. The following persons have been directly involved in the project:
Swedish EPA; Ulla-Britta Fallenius, Håkan Staaf
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Faruk Djodjic, Caroline Orback,
Elin Widén-Nilsson.
SPb PO Ecology & Business; Leonid Korovin, Ekaterina Vorobeyeva, Larisa
Makarova, Natalia Oblomkova, Alexandra Kapustina.
NW Department of Roshydromet; Valentina Varlashina.
Kaliningrad Centre for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring;
Nataliya Shchagina.
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
P.P.Shirshov’s Institute of Oceanology, Atlantic Branch Russian Academy of
Sciences; Chubarenko Boris, Dmitry Domnin.
Kaliningrad State Technical University; Sergey Kondratenko, Anton Umanski,
Andrey Aldushin.
Stockholm and Moscow, March 2014
Martin ErikssonNuritdin Inamov
Head, Policy Development
Head, Department of DepartmentInternational
Swedish Environmental
Cooperation, Ministry
Protection Agencyof Natural
Resources and Environment
of the RussianFederation
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
Contents
PREFACE
3
1SUMMARY
7
2INTRODUCTION
2.1Background
2.2Objectives
2.2.1
Overall objectives
2.2.2
Project Objective for phase II:
2.2.3
Operative objectives for phase II:
3
10
10
11
11
11
11
3.1
3.2
STATE AUTHORITIES AND INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN THE
PROCESS OF COLLECTING AND SUBMITTING INFORMATION
TO HELCOM
Organisational structure
Conclusions 12
12
14
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
BSAP NUTRIENT REDUCTION TARGETS
HELCOM Ministerial Meeting 2007
HELCOM Ministerial Meeting 2010
HELCOM Ministerial Meeting 2013
Conclusions 15
15
15
15
17
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
NUTRIENT INPUT AND DISTANCE TO TARGETS FOR RUSSIA
Waterborne input
Airborne input
Conclusions 18
18
19
19
6
MONITORING AND ANNUAL REPORTING TO HELCOM 6.1
Reporting requirements 6.2
Coastal point sources
6.3
Monitored Rivers 6.4
Unmonitored areas 6.5
Transboundary loads
6.6
Reporting to HELCOM PLC database by Russia
6.7Conclusions
20
20
20
21
22
23
24
25
7
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
27
27
28
28
28
29
29
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT ASSESSMENT FOR PLC PERIODICAL
Purpose of source apportionment
Methods for source apportionment
Source apportionment of riverine input to the sea Source apportionment of loads to inland surface waters Nutrient retention in rivers and lakes Background loads
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.4
The situation in Russia
Point sources
Diffuse sources.
Background load.
Nutrient retention in rivers and lakes
Conclusions 30
30
30
31
31
32
8
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.3
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.5
MODELLING TOOLS AND ACTIVITIES
General about modelling tools
FyrisNP model
The ILLM model
FyrisNP course
Test cases for modelling
Luga River – Leningrad region
Mamonovka river – Kaliningrad region
Instruch river – Kaliningrad area
Conclusions 34
34
35
35
35
36
36
38
39
39
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
A MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING
DATA COMPLIANT WITH HELCOM REQUIREMENTS
Main components of the system
Organisational structure The monitored rivers program, including transboundary rivers Program for unmonitored areas
Program for source apportionment
Reporting program
41
41
42
43
45
45
46
10
DOCUMENTS PRODUCED BY THE RUSNIP II PROJECT 47
Annex 1
Identification and analysis of obstacles associated with
producing reliable pollution load data for HELCOM Pollution
Load Compilations
49
Annex 2
Methodology for assessment of nutrient loads and source
apportionment89
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
1Summary
The Ministers of the Environment from the Baltic Sea Countries and the High
Representative of the European Commission in November 2007, within the
framework of HELCOM, adopted the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan
(BSAP) concerning the Baltic Proper, the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Finland.
The goal of the action plan is to achieve good environmental status by 2021.
The action plan consists of around 150 different activities in four main segments; eutrophication, hazardous substances, biodiversity and nature conservation including fisheries, and maritime activities.
At the Ministerial Meeting in Moscow 2010 it was recognised that there
is a need to support activities agreed in the BSAP and to follow up the implementation of the Russian NIP with regard to e.g. the eutrophication and hazardous substances segments (mainly heavy metals) and to do that it is most
important to have reliable monitoring and assessment.
In the Copenhagen Ministerial Meeting 2013 the ministers decided on further actions and recommendations adding to the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action
Plan including updated country-allocated nutrient reduction targets (CART).
It further agreed to monitor and evaluate regularly the progress in implementing the measures to reduce the nutrient inputs and to develop and deliver
operational assessments of pressures of e.g. nutrient and hazardous substances
inputs (PLCs).
In the review of the fifth Pollution Load Compilation (PLC 5.5) for the
2013 HELCOM Ministerial Meeting the PLC data sets were updated and for
several countries also corrected and gap-filled. The Russian data were partly
estimated due to serious gaps and uncertainties in data reported from the
Russian Federation.
The present document is a report from a joint co-operation project
between Sweden and the Russian Federation “Capacity for Compliance with
Baltic Sea Action Plan”, named RusNIP II. The aim of the activities in RusNIP
II is to contribute to the harmonisation of assessment methods in the Russian
catchment area of the Baltic Sea in order to produce comparable and reliable
data on pollution loads, mainly nutrients and selected hazardous substances.
Such data are needed for use within HELCOM PLC assessments and the follow-up of measures taken to fulfil the BSAP requirements concerning nutrient
reduction targets (CART).
The project started in 2012, but the RusNIP II project has awaited the
outcome of the EU BaltHazAR project before starting some of the RusNIP
activities in order not to do any double work. The BaltHazAR II project was
finalized 30 June 2012
At the 2013 HELCOM Ministerial Meeting it was decided on new nutrient reduction targets for all HELCOM countries including both waterborne
and airborne inputs to the Baltic Sea. Based on these figures new input targets
(Maximum Allowable Inputs, or MAI) for waterborne nitrogen and phosphorus to sub-basins from Russia were calculated in order to estimate the distance
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
to targets and the reductions required. Reduction targets for Russia are especially strict for phosphorus, and inputs has to be reduced by 50–60 % both
for Gulf of Finland and Baltic Proper, as compared with the mean load during
1997–2003. For nitrogen a reduction of 11 % is required for Gulf of Finland
and 19 % for Baltic Proper.
Nitrogen waterborne load from Russia to Gulf of Finland is at present
about 70,000 tons per year and it has not changed much during the period
1994 – 2010. The distance to target during 2008–2010 is about 5,000 ton/yr.
For phosphorus a considerable reduction has occurred since 2005–2006, corresponding to about 1,500 tons of P/yr. or about half-way to the input target.
The load development to the Baltic Sea from Kaliningrad area is uncertain due
to lack of data.
A main task of the project has been to assess if the Russian monitoring
and assessment system can deliver data and information to HELCOM, in
compliance with HELCOM PLC requirements. The overall conclusion is that
this is not the case. Russia has not yet fulfilled the HELCOM requirements for
annual reporting of PLC data. The main gaps are: a) loads from point sources
are given in aggregated form, b) not all obligatory parameters are measured in
monitored river, c) unmonitored areas are not reported. In perennial reportings (every 6 years) Russia has reported discharges from coastal point sources
and the total riverine inputs, but no source apportionment of inland nutrient
sources has been performed.
The project has identified three main reasons for the above mentioned
deficiencies:
The first is that the organisational structure for collecting and compiling
data for HELCOM PLC is very complicated and includes a large number of
communication steps, from the regional up to the federal level. To simplify
and improve the efficiency of data collection and reporting it is proposed that
the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation develops and
approves legal documents that establish obligations for executors at all levels
with regard to participation and submission of data and information to the
Helsinki Commission on a regular basis.
A second reason is insufficient funding. It is necessary to allocate additional funding from the federal budget, as well as to make necessary changes
in the legislation of the Russian Federation. The latter refers specifically to
regulatory documents and /or regulations that defines how the flow of information and timing regarding submission of the data to HELCOM, and specify
the responsibilities of all levels of performers.
A third reason is a lack of methodological basis and responsible authorities for the calculation and assessment of loads from unmonitored areas, diffuse sources, background load and retention. Such a basis is needed in order
to be able to make complete source apportionments of loads from the Russian
part of the Baltic Sea catchment rivers to the relevant Baltic Sea sub-basins.
The project proposes several new methods in this respect.
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
In order to be able to regularly perform calculations of source apportionment
of nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the Baltic Sea, it is recommendable to
use numerical models. A system for regular data collection, as part of the state
monitoring, is needed to supply the models with indata and to update this
information regularly. Specifically, we propose that the FyrisNP, or a similar
model, should be set up for long-term use in all monitored rivers; Neva
(downstream Ladoga), Luga, Narva and Pregolya. For Narva River this issue
must be negotiated with Estonia.
However, many of the challenges concerning river monitoring have been
dealt with successfully. From now on Russia is able to fulfill HELCOM
requirements for monitored rivers. Russia has also taken part in an inter-calibration exercise on chemical analyses of wastewater and river water within
the HELCOM PLC 6 project.
Within the project we have worked with test cases for modelling using the
Swedish FyrisNP model and the Russian ILLM model. Advantages and disadvantages with these two numerical models were identified as well as information needed in order to use the models. A three day training course on the
FyrisNP model was arranged at SLU, Uppsala in May 2012. In the course
12 Russian experts from authorities and institutions were present. Before the
training course started a number of manuals were made available in Russian
language.
Further, the project has formulated a number of more detailed conclusions
and recommendations in order to improve monitoring and assessments of pollution load from the Russian catchment area of the Baltic Sea.
The different reports elaborated within the project have been discussed in
working group meetings with responsible authorities and institutions which
have given valuable comments and amendments to the final report and its
annexes.
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
2Introduction
2.1Background
The Ministers of the environment from the countries around the Baltic Sea
decided on 15 November 2007 on a joint action programme, the HELCOM
Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). The plan consists of four main segments and
another four documents. The main segments are: eutrophication, hazardous substances, biodiversity including fisheries and maritime issues (shipping,
accidents, emergency services etc.). The other four documents deal with the
development of assessment tools and methodologies, awareness raising and
capacity building, financing and implementation/review of the plan.
Under the eutrophication segment, it was agreed that there is a need to
reduce nutrient inputs to the Baltic Sea and that the principle of maximum
allowable inputs of nutrients should be applied for reaching good environmental status. With regard to eutrophication, a provisional “burden sharing”
was agreed indicating the required country-wise nutrient reductions to the
various sub-basins. The measures in the eutrophication segment were to be
implemented in 2016 with some exceptions for sewage treatment plants.
According to the BSAP all member countries should have their respective
National Implementation Plans (BSAP-NIP) ready for discussions and decisions by the Ministerial Meeting in May 2010 in Moscow.
During the project period, two HELCOM Ministerial Meetings have been
held; 2010 in Moscow and 2013 in Copenhagen. In the Copenhagen meeting,
new country-wise nutrient reduction targets (CART) were adopted and an
updated Pollution Load Compilation (PLC5.5) was presented. These new
achievements have been taken into account in the RusNIP II project.
In the extended summary of the main results of the HELCOM Fifth
Pollution Load Compilation (PLC5) discharges from point sources and losses
from non-point pollution sources as well as the natural background losses into
inland surface waters were quantified. This report revealed gaps in reporting
from several Contracting Parties and it was also stated that there were serious
gaps and uncertaincies in the data reported from the Russian Federation.
In order to promote the elaboration of the Russian BSAP-NIP, Sweden
and Russia have established a joint co-operation project for strengthening
this work in the bilateral Work Programmes for 2009–2010, 2011–2012 and
2013–2015.
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
2.2Objectives
2.2.1 Overall objectives
a) To contribute, mainly concerning eutrophication, to the implementation
of BSAP and its goal to achieve good environmental status in the Baltic
Sea by 2021,
b) To strengthen the capacity of Russian authorities to meet the requirements of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) in the most effective way.
RusNIP phase I project “Implementation of the Baltic Sea Plan BSAP in the
Russian Federation, eutrophication segment, and point sources” was finalized
in 20101 report 6368. The project contributed structurally and substantially
to the drafting of the Russian National Implementation Plan NIP to the Baltic
Sea Action Plan, BSAP.
RusNIP phase II project has mainly concentrated its efforts on activities
concerning monitoring and assessment including test cases in Leningrad and
Kaliningrad regions.
2.2.2 Project Objective for phase II:
Strengthen the capacity of responsible Russian authorities in implementing
management system for assessing the pollution loads to the Gulf of Finland
and the Baltic Proper from point and diffuse sources, including data production, source apportionment and reporting concerning the eutrophication segment and to some extent the hazardous substances segment of the BSAP. This
is done in co-operation with the BaltHazAR project.
2.2.3 Operative objectives for phase II:
1. Relevant Russian authorities, institutions and stakeholders for producing
effective monitoring and assessment are 1a) identified and 1b) recommendations elaborated for producing reliable pollution and monitoring data.
2. Recommendations are elaborated on effective monitoring and assessment
tools and corresponding administrative routines for repeatedly re-assessing
the current environmental problems in co-operation with BaltHazAR project.
The target group is decision makers and experts at the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment, Rosgidromet, Rosprirodnadzor, Rosvodresursy
as well as their representations and subject level authorities within the domains
of the Neva-Ladoga Water Basin Authority of the Russian Federation, The
stakeholders are industrial and agricultural companies, waste water and water
management utilities as well as municipal and rural municipalities and the
general public in the area which will primarily be involved in the work with
the pilot catchments.
Swedish EPA 2010. Implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) in the Russian Federation;
eutrophication segment, Point sources. Results from the RusNIP project. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Report 6368
1
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
3 State authorities and institutions
involved in the process of
collecting and submitting
information to HELCOM
3.1 Organisational structure
To elaborate the environmental protection policy, assess the efficiency of measures aimed at reducing the inputs of nutrients and pollutants from the Russian
part of the Baltic Sea catchment, reliable data are needed on their inputs from
land-based sources, based on the results of water quality monitoring of water
bodies (surface water and marine waters).
Within the framework of the Helsinki Convention these issues could
be addressed by compiling data on water pollution loads (HELCOM
Recommendation 26/2. Pollution load compilation. Adopted 02.03.2005).
These data are stored in a database (PLC database) that contains information
about the loads of pollutants released into the Baltic Sea from HELCOM
Contracting Parties.
The database is updated in connection with the annual and periodic
reporting rounds by the Contracting Parties. The completeness and accuracy
of load data submitted by the Contracting Parties is a key factor to decisionmaking aimed to reduce anthropogenic loads on the Baltic Sea and to provide
good environmental status of the sea.
The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian
Federation (MNR) coordinates and controls the activities its subordinated
authorities, namely The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and
Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), of The Federal Service
for Supervisory Control in the sphere of Environmental Management
(Rosprirodnadzor), of Federal Agency for Water Resources (Rosvodresursy)
and of Federal Agency for Subsurface Resources Management (Rosnedra).
With regard to the State monitoring of the water bodies the MNR of the
Russian Federation establishes requirements for environmental and pollution
control and observations, for the acquisition, processing, storage and distribution of information about the environment and pollution status, as well as for
obtaining information products.
The Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation
organizes and ensures the fulfillment of commitments subsequent to the international agreements involving the Russian Federation on issues within the
scope of activities of the Ministry. The MNR is the only official body responsible for providing the Baltic Sea pollution load data to HELCOM.
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
In Russia there are six authorities involved in the work to produce reliable
information concerning monitoring and assessment of eutrophication and
some hazardous substances (mainly heavy metals) to fulfil HELCOM Load
Compilation, HELCOM PLC and follow up of the Baltic Sea Action Plan
(BSAP). For more detailed information see Annex 1.
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment of the Russian Federation
(MNR)
The Federal Service for
Hydrometeorology and
Environmental monitoring
(Roshydromet)
Department of Roshydromet
within the North-West
Federal District, Hydromet
SRI (SHI, HCI, SOI,
IGCE ...)
FSBI “North-West
Administration for
Hydrometeorology and
Environmental Monitoring”
(NW AHEM), organizations
which have the licenses
from Roshydromet
(Sevmorgeo LLC)
Observation data
transfer
Control of data
availability and
quality of
monitoring data on
water bodies, data
integration
The Federal Agency for
Water Resources
(Rosvodresursy)
Neva Ladoga Water Basin
Administration (NLWBA);
Rosvodresursy
Collection and
transmission of
FSI “Baltvodohoz”,
quality of surface
FSI “Pskovvodohoz”, etc
inland waters and
marine waters
observation data
within the system of
the state
monitoring, data
collection from
point sources of
pollutants that
discharge into water
bodies
Figure 1. The scheme shows interactions between the Government of the Russian Federation and
the institutions (organizations) under various agencies involved in the process of collecting and
submitting data to HELCOM, including data used for compiling loads of water pollution on the
Russian Baltic Sea catchment area.
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
On behalf of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the
Russian Federation (MNR), the SPb PO “Ecology and Business” (SaintPetersburg Public Organization) participates in the procedure of the observations data transmission to HELCOM for the purpose of adding the data to
the PLC database. The employees of the “Ecology and Business” are contact
persons in the HELCOM working and expert groups (HELCOM LAND and
LOAD groups, etc.). In accordance with the decisions taken at the meetings
of these groups, the SPb PO “Ecology and Business” develops reports indicating the data to be submitted to HELCOM; the reports subsequently are
forwarded to the MNR Department in charge of International Cooperation.
On the basis of these reports submitted by the “Ecology and Business” the
Department of International Cooperation generates queries for particular data
to be submitted and forwards the requests to the appropriate agencies. After
receiving the requested data, the Department of International Cooperation,
after coordination, forward the data to SPb PO “Ecology and Business”
for inclusion in the HELCOM format, and finally the data is forwarded to
HELCOM.
3.2Conclusions
• The MNR of Russia is responsible for the implementation of the commitments under the Helsinki Convention, including data communication.
• In accordance with the above scheme, the procedure of data collection
and data transmission to HELCOM is a long and nonlinear one and
includes a large number of the communication stages from the regional
authorities up to the Federal level, and only after that the data is transmitted to HELCOM.
• Regulatory documents and/or regulations that would specify the flow of
information and timing regarding submission of data to HELCOM, and
that would specify the responsibilities of all levels of performers are lacking.
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
4 BSAP nutrient reduction targets
4.1 HELCOM Ministerial Meeting 2007
Eutrophication was an important issue in Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) that
was agreed at the HELCOM Ministerial Meeting in November 2007. The
eutrophication segment of BSAP contained several initiatives to reduce emissions; primarily, new recommendations about wastewater treatment and preliminary nutrient reduction targets for all HELCOM countries2 (HELCOM
2007). These targets were expressed as annual amounts of nitrogen and
phosphorus to be reduced by each HELCOM country, as compared with the
waterborne load to the Baltic Sea from a country during the period 1997–2003.
The reduction of waterborne inputs from Russia, as defined in BSAP 2007,
was as follows:
– 4,145 ton N/yr. and 1,661 ton P/yr to Gulf of Finland,
– 114 ton P/yr. for Gulf of Riga and
– 2,821 ton N/yr. and 724 ton P/yr to Baltic Proper.
4.2 HELCOM Ministerial Meeting 2010
In the HELCOM Ministerial Declaration 2010 it is stated in the document
concerning the main results of the Fifth Pollution Load Compilation that
“there were particularly serious problems with the data from Russia”. It is
further stated that one of the challenges of the future load compilations will
be to ensure that each of the HELCOM Contracting Party monitors and reports
reliable and complete data sets on pollution loads, so that the total pollution
loads entering the Baltic Sea may be estimated with reasonable accuracy.”
4.3 HELCOM Ministerial Meeting 2013
At the Ministerial meeting 2013, revised country-allocated nutrient reductions targets (CART) were adopted. The new CART values replace the preliminary reduction targets from 2007. The new CART targets for Russia are
10,380 tons of nitrogen and 3,790 tons of phosphorus as compared with the
flow-normalized load during the reference period 1997–2003. The CART, as
divided on sub-basins, are given in table 1.
2
HELCOM 2007. HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan. www.helcom.fi.
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
An improved system for monitoring and assessment of pollution loads from the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
Table 1. Revised nutrient reduction requirements (CART) per sub-basin for Russia. For nitrogen,
CART includes both airborne and waterborne loads. CART figures are calculated after correcting
for transboundary waterborne loads and figures within parenthesis are targets before correcting
for transboundary shares.
Sub-basin
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
(Ton N/yr.)
(Ton P/yr.)
Transboundary inputs
accounted for
Baltic Proper
2,498 (3,153)
481 (609)
From Poland via Pregolya
Gulf of Finland
7,879 (8,478)
3,277 (3,303)
From Finland via Vuoksa
Gulf of Riga
–
30 (30)
From Russia via Daugava
Kattegat
4 (4)
Total
10,381 (11,635)
3,788 (3,942)
Airborne /waterborne
1,025 (10%)
Only waterborne
(Airborne)
/9,356 (90%)
The Russian CART targets are corrected for transboundary waterborne loads
between Russia and Finland, Latvia and Poland as indicated in the table, and
the uncorrected targets are shown for comparison. This means that Russia
now has a target for transboundary loads to Gulf of Riga via Latvia and that
the target to Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad has been lowered by transferring
a part of these targets to Finland and Poland. However, transboundary loads
from Lithuania and Belarus via the Matrosovka Canal are not accounted for
in the CART calculations. The Russian target for Kattegat can only be met by
reducing nitrogen deposition originating from emissions in Russia.
The revised reduction requirements differ from the old ones for several
reasons:
– Eutrophication targets defining good environmental status have been
changed in several sub-basins
– The sum of waterborne and airborne inputs from a country to the Baltic
Sea has been used as a basis for allocating reduction targets. Originally
only waterborne inputs were used.
– The inputs during the reference period have been changed due to normalization of nutrient inputs via both air and water.
Reduction targets for nitrogen are expressed as the total reduction target of
airborne and waterborne input from a country, while the target for phosphorus only refers to waterborne loads. Atmospheric deposition of phosphorus is
considered constant over time, since the sources for phosphorus deposited on
the Baltic Sea are unknown and no regular monitoring exists.
For some countries such as Russia the new CART includes reduction targets
also in distant sub-basins to which they do not border. These targets can thus
only be met by reducing atmospheric emissions. Reduction targets for subcatchments bordering directly to a country have been divided in an atmospheric part and a waterborne part.
The transboundary inputs to the Baltic Sea, both from HELCOM countries and non-HELCOM countries, which were used in CART, are rather
uncertain and there is clearly a need to further improve them. This should be
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done in bilateral (or in some cases trilateral) agreements between countries
about monitoring programs for transboundary rivers and how to divide the
reduction targets between downstream and upstream countries. Thus, both
the upstream and the downstream country have responsibilities for the reduction of loads entering the Baltic Sea via transboundary rivers.
The follow-up of the nutrient reduction targets will be made centrally
within HELCOM (HELCOM PRESSURE/STATE) in order to use a harmonized methodology for these assessments. This activity will start in 2014 and
it will annually result in a HELCOM Environmental Fact Sheet describing the
nutrient load development and how far countries are from their targets. The
follow-up reporting by HELCOM will be based on the following information:
1) Annual PLC reports from countries containing N and P loads from monitored river, unmonitored areas and coastal point sources
2) Annual reports from EMEP on normalized nitrogen deposition to the
Baltic Sea, divided per country and sub-basin, from the year 1995..
4.4Conclusions
• New nutrient reduction requirements (CART) for HELCOM countries
were decided at the HELCOM Ministerial Meeting in October 2013.
• For Russia the new total reduction targets are 10,380 ton N/yr and 3,790
ton P/yr, as compared to the normalized average inputs during the reference
period 1997–2003. The targets for nitrogen include both airborne and
waterborne inputs, while the phosphorus targets only include waterborne
loads.
• The progress towards the nutrient reduction targets will be assessed centrally within the HELCOM system and published annually as a Helcom
Environmental Fact Sheet.
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5 Nutrient input and distance
to targets for Russia
5.1 Waterborne input
The follow-up on how inputs to the sea are developed in relation to CART is
facilitated by defining a maximum allowable input (MAI) to each sub-basin
and country. For a country MAI is then calculated by subtracting the nutrient reduction target from the average normalized input during the reference
period 1997–2003. This gives us an input target, expressed as tons per year,
that has to be reached in order to fulfill the nutrient reduction targets. Since
the new CART takes into account transboundary loads, which was not the
case for the 2007 targets, the process of defining an input target is a complicated procedure. Besides, transboundary loads are considered uncertain, so at
the moment input targets can only be calculated using national input data as
they have been reported to HELCOM so far, i.e. without considering transboundary loads. The waterborne input targets for Russia calculated in this
way are shown in table 2.
Table 2. Waterborne nutrient input targets (maximum allowable input) for Russia to Baltic Proper
and Gulf of Finland. Calculations are made without considering transboundary loads.
Input to sub-basins (tons of N or P/yr)
Baltic Proper
Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Riga
–Reference load 97-03
10,950
74,006
0
–Reduction requirement
2,112
8,267
0
–Waterborne input target
8,838
65,739
0
–Reference load 97-03
960
6,218
0
–Reduction requirement
609
3,303
0
–Waterborne input target
351
2,915
0
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
The proportion between the airborne and waterborne share of the nitrogen
reduction requirements differs between sub-catchments. For Russia the waterborne share is 70 % for Baltic Proper and 98 % for Gulf of Finland.
The calculated waterborne input targets in table 2 are not corrected for
transboundary loads, which means that no input target can be calculated for
the Gulf of Riga. Thus the burden to reduce inputs from transboundary loads
falls on the down-stream country. In the future, however, all major transboundary inputs to and from Russia should be monitored and quantified in
order to create a follow-up system related to the new targets in table 1.
The waterborne inputs of total-N and total-P from Russia during the
period 1994–2010 for Baltic Proper and Gulf of Finland are shown in
Annex 2, chapter 3.1
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5.2 Airborne input
Data on emissions and depositions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia in the
HELCOM area are provided every year by EMEP3. From 2013 onwards also
normalized data on deposition of nitrogen to different Baltic Sea sub-basins
per country are available. In the PLC 5.5 project, EMEP delivered normalized
data for the period 1995–2010 and these data have been used in this project.
Russia has new reduction requirements for nitrogen deposition to Baltic
Proper, Gulf of Finland and Kattegat. The indicative reduction targets have
not been reached for any of the sub-basins. Instead deposition rates have been
increased over time, see Annex 2, chapter 3.2. This is probably mainly caused
by the fact that EMEP has extended its calculation domain from the year
2007, to cover a larger part of Russia making the reported emissions from
Russia higher. This technical change gives an unfair extra burden on Russia.
This issue has to be brought up in HELCOM groups in order to find a solution for future target revisions.
5.3Conclusions
• Maximum allowable inputs (MAI) of waterborne nitrogen and phosphorus to sub-basins from Russia have been calculated in order to estimate
the distance to targets and the reduction requirements. MAI could only
be calculated without considering transboundary loads, and thus no MAI
for Gulf of Riga was established.
• The nutrient reduction targets for Russia are especially strict for phosphorus and they require a reduction of inputs by 50–60 % as compared
to the reference level 1997–2003. For nitrogen a reduction of 11 % is
required for Gulf of Finland and 19 % for Baltic Proper as compared
with the reference level during 1997–2003.
• Nitrogen load from Russia to Gulf of Finland is at present about 70,000
tons per year and it has not changed much during the period 1994 –
2010. The distance to target during 2008–2010 is about 5,000 ton/yr.
For phosphorus a considerable reduction has occurred since 2005–2006,
corresponding to about 1,500 tons of P/yr. or about half-way to the
input target. The temporal development of loads to the Baltic Sea from
Kaliningrad area is uncertain due to lack of data.
• I the PLC 5.5 data set on waterborne inputs, compiled for the 2013
Ministerial Meeting, the Russian data have been reconstructed for the
period 1994–2010. This data set was considered the best available, but
it may not reflect the true development during the period. Thus, efforts
should be made to update and improve it.
• Nitrogen deposition on Baltic Sea sub-basins has been calculated by
EMEP for the period 1995–2010. Contributions from Russia have
increased after 2007, mainly depending on the fact that a larger share
of Russia was included in EMEP’s calculation domain from that year.
3
The European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme. http:emep.int.
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6 Monitoring and annual reporting
to HELCOM
6.1 Reporting requirements
HELCOM reporting requirements on member states are laid down in the PLC
Guidelines. These are presently under revision and will be finalized during
2014 to be used for PLC6. Annual reporting includes the following parts:
1) Point sources discharging directly to the Baltic Sea, divided on:
– Urban wastewater treatment plants
–Industries
– Fish farms
2) Monitored rivers
3) Unmonitored areas
4) Transboundary loads
The monitored parameters include the following groups of parameters: water
flow, organic matter, nutrients and heavy metals. Individual parameters are
either mandatory or voluntary. Inclusion of some organic pollutants as voluntary parameters is under discussion in the revised guidelines.
6.2 Coastal point sources
Discharges from point sources have not been a primary task of the RusNIP II
project, but have been partly covered by Activity 1a in an analysis of obstacles
associated with acquisition of reliable data on pollution loads for reporting to
HELCOM.
Russia is obliged to annually submit information on point sources discharging directly into the Baltic Sea to be entered into the PLC database. The
information shall be based on the parameters used for the monitored rivers
according to the PLC Guidelines.
According to the report concerning identification and analysis of obstacles
elaborated within RusNIP II project almost all major point sources discharging
directly into the Baltic Sea have monitoring programs for tot-N and tot-P and
also several heavy metals in their discharges, see Annex 1.
The PLC database includes 32 point sources in Russia discharging directly
into the Baltic Sea (Gulf of Finland and the Central Baltic Sea). The sources
include:
– 12 industrial enterprises;
– 20 municipal wastewater treatment plants;
As of 2010, Russia provided to the PLC database information on all point
sources, but the data were aggregated, meaning that a total figure on the input
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of substances from all point sources into the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic
Proper (Kaliningrad region) was provided.
The main remaining problem is that discharges are reported in aggregated
form. According to the Russian legislation any information on the composition and quantities of wastewater discharged by users of natural resources is
confidential and can be disclosed at the discretion of the user of the natural
resources. But it should be noted here that almost all natural resource users
discharging directly into the Sea are monitoring discharges of N-tot and P-tot.
Analysis of 2006 PLC data showed that, 5 of 12 industrial enterprises failed
to submit data on these indicators. The situation with obligatory heavy metal
parameters is almost the same as for nutrients. All heavy metals parameters
are measured, except for discharges from five industrial enterprises.
6.3 Monitored Rivers
Data for the following five Russian rivers draining to the Baltic Sea have been
reported to HELCOM on a regular basis:
Neva – Leningrad region including St Petersburg
Luga – Leningrad region
Seleznevka – Leningrad region
Pregolya – Kaliningrad region
Narva – Border River between Russia and Estonia
The catchments of the rivers Neva, including Ladoga catchment, together with
Luga and Narva cover more than 95% of the Russian part of the area draining into Gulf of Finland. Seleznevka is a very small transboundary river flowing from Finland into the Bay of Vyborg. Data for Seleznevka River were not
used in the PLC5.5 project.
Other Russian rivers flowing into the Gulf of Finland that are listed in the
PLC database are: Peschanaya, Polevaya, Sestra, Shingarka, Sista, Strelka,
Tchernaya, Tchulkovka and Voronka. In the PLC 5.5 project these rivers
were included in unmonitored areas.
According to an analysis performed within the PLC 5.5 project the following data gaps or other problems concerning nutrient data reported by Russia
were identified:
– Total nitrogen and total phosphorus missing for Pregolya River
1994–2010.
– Total nitrogen and total phosphorus missing for Seleznevka river
1994–2010.
– Total nitrogen and total phosphorus missing for Luga River 1994–2000.
– Total nitrogen missing for Neva River 1994–1999.
– The monitored phosphorus load in Neva River seems only to include
dissolved fractions some years, although reported as total phosphorus
and in other years phosphorus inputs are very high.
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For obligatory heavy metals, data are missing for Pregolya. For Neva and
Luga all heavy metals parameters have been reported, except mercury.
The RusNIP II project has not dealt with issues related to practical water
sampling and chemical analyses in rivers. Within the BaltHazAR II project,
studies on water monitoring were carried out by SYKE and ILRAS (Institute
of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg) and other
assigned Russian experts. In the final report of the HELCOM assignment4,
several recommendations are given based on studies in the test cases Luga,
Roshinka, Pregolya, Neva and Narva rivers.
Some conclusions in this report were:
– Reliable estimates of transported nutrients call for intensive and welltimed water sampling, appropriate sampling techniques, accurate chemical analyses and a suitable load calculation method.
– Flow rate should be measured daily.
– Both total-N, total- P and inorganic fractions should be monitored
– At least 12 samplings per year should be performed.
– Proper monitoring programs should be established for large animal
farms.
According to information in Annex 1 many of the challenges concerning river
monitoring have been dealt with successfully and that Russia from now on is
able to fulfill HELCOM requirements for monitored rivers. Russia has also
taken part in an inter-calibration exercise on chemical analyses of wastewater
and river water within the HELCOM PLC6 project.
6.4 Unmonitored areas
Russia has not reported loads from unmonitored areas to the HELCOM PLC
database. In the Russian part of the catchment of Gulf of Finland the unmonitored areas include coastal areas on both the northern and southern part
of the Gulf, covering about 8,300 km2.. According to the PRIMER project,
the annual inputs of tot-N and tot-P amounted to 2,200 tons and 130 tons,
respectively, during the period 2008–2010. These loads would correspond to
only about 3% of the total waterborne nutrient load from Russia to the Gulf
of Finland. Unmonitored areas cover about 3 % of the whole Russian catchment and about 5% of the population resides here. These areas contain several large animal production units and industrial plants.
In the Kaliningrad region the unmonitored areas amount to 29 %, or
about 4,400 km2. Here, the relative contribution from areas without regular
monitoring should be more significant, relatively seen.
HELCOM 2012. BaltHaZAR Project. Building capacity within environmental monitoring to produce pollution load data from different sources for e.g. HELCOM pollution load compilations http://www.helcom.
fi/helcom-at-work/projects/completed-projects/balthazar/
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6.5 Transboundary loads
Russia does not report to HELCOM on the loads entering the Baltic Sea from
Neman and Daugava (Western Dvina) rivers. This information is available
from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, respectively.
The Narva River is a “boundary” river flowing along the territorial
border between Russia and Estonia. According to the decision of HELCOM
on load sharing regarding the Narva River, Russia also is obliged to provide data on loads, entering the Sea from the Russian part of the catchment
basin, to the PLC database. The solution to this problem can be developed by
the Joint Russian-Estonian Commission on Protection and Rational Use of
Transboundary Waters. On the Russian side, the Government of the Russian
Federation is responsible for enforcement of the decisions of the above-mentioned Commission. The head of the Rosvodresursy, is co-chairperson of the
Inter-Governmental Commission on the Russian side.
The situation with the Neman River is a more complicated one. The
river flows through the territory of Belarus, and as a transboundary river it
enters the territory of Lithuania, further on, downstream the river turns into
a boundary river between Russia and Lithuania. In the delta, the Matrosovka
branch flows out of the Neman River and runs into the Russian territory. The
water flow in Matrosovka river accounts for 25% of the total Neman River flow.
It is necessary to reach an agreement with Lithuania about how the
Neman River loads will be split between Lithuania and Russia to be reported
to HELCOM.
The Western Dvina River (the Daugava) is a transboundary river, which
heads from the territory of Russia, flows through the territory of Belarus and
falls into the Gulf of Riga in Latvia. Under the new scheme for nutrient reduction from the HELCOM Contracting Parties Russia also needs to provide the
load data for this river.
The Pregolya River is a transboundary river that flows through the territory of Poland and Russia. The mouth of the Pregolya River is located in the
territory of Russia. The Russian part of the Pregolya River catchment is about
50%. In the PLC database the load entering the Baltic Sea via the Pregolya
River is allocated to Russia without specifying the share of the load coming
from the territory of Poland. However, under the new scheme on nutrient load
from the HELCOM Contracting Parties, Poland is obliged to provide load
data for the Polish part of the Pregolya River catchment area.
There are two transboundary rivers which not are listed in the HELCOM
database (Mamonovka and Vuoksa).
The Mamonovka River is a transboundary river flowing through the territories of Poland and Russia, finally entering into the Vistula Lagoon. As
of today, the Mamonovka River is not included as a monitored river in the
HELCOM PLC database. However, in the future, it will be necessary to
ensure that the Mamonovka River is included in the database. To determine
the contribution from the Russian and Polish territories, delineation and coor-
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dination of load assessments could be carried out within the framework of a
Polish-Russian agreement on transboundary collaboration.
The Vuoksa River is a transboundary river between Finland and Russia.
Vuoksa River flows into the Lake of Ladoga located in the territory of Russia.
Russia has no obligation to provide HELCOM with data on the nutrient loads
coming with the Vuoksa River. However, the Observation Network under
FSBI “North-West Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring” (NW AHEM) includes a number of stations on the Vuoksa River
located near the State border and in the river mouth. The share of the load
coming from the territory of Finland can be estimated by comparing the load
at the border with the load at the estuarine station.
6.6 Reporting to HELCOM PLC database
by Russia
Currently, Russia does not fully fulfill the commitment of the data provision
to the PLC database, neither in the annual nor in and periodical reporting.
Details on Russia’s obligations to report to HELCOM (the PLC database ) is
given in table 3
Table 3. The present situation of annual and periodical reporting from Russia to the HELCOM PLC.
Annual reporting round
– monitored rivers
The values ​​for all parameters are given
almost in full.
– unmonitored territories
There is a lack of all data.
– point sources (direct discharges to the sea)
The values ​​for all parameters are given
almost in full (aggregated form)
Periodical reporting round
– point sources (located in the catchment areas
of the rivers)
The values ​​for all parameters are given
almost in full.
– diffuse sources
There is a lack of all data.
– background load
There is a lack of all data.
– retention
There is a lack of all data.
Gaps in the provision of information for the periodic reporting round show
that Russia, having a general idea of ​​the pollution amount, currently owns a
weak tool base (regulatory and methodological) to estimate the distribution of
the load by source, and hence the adoption of the correct management decisions aimed at reducing nutrients input to the Baltic Sea.
The PLC database is primarily designed to assess the pressure on the Baltic
Sea, and only secondarily to promote the adoption of correct management
decisions.
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6.7Conclusions
There is a lack of methodological basis and responsible authorities for the
calculation and assessment of loads from unmonitored areas, diffuse sources,
background load and retention. Such a basis is needed in order to be able
to make complete source apportionments of loads from Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment rivers to the relevant Baltic Sea sub-basins.
• Russia does not yet fulfill the HELCOM requirements for annual reporting of PLC data. The main gaps are:
– Loads from point sources are given in aggregated form
– Not all obligatory parameters are measured in monitored river
– Unmonitored areas are not reported
• In order to improve the provision of data from Russia to the PLC database it is necessary to establish a regulatory and organizational system
that would make it possible to meet the following challenges:
– Lack of regulatory documents approved by the Ministry of Natural
Recourses that would allow to organize acquisition of official data to
be submitted to the PLC database;
– Lack of methodological basis as well as a responsible authority in
charge of computation and estimation of loads from unmonitored
territories, diffuse sources, background load and retention.
– Absence of decisions by bilateral Commissions on transboundary
watercourses as a basis for transboundary collaboration in order to
determine the contribution of each party to pollution loads on transboundary watercourses.
• Data on point sources discharging directly to the sea are accumulated in
NLWBA, subordinated to Rosvodresursy – a responsible authority for
water management. The reason for the aggregated data representation is
that under Russian law, information about the composition and the number of discharges from natural resources users is confidential and can be
disclosed only with permission.
• The Federal Supervisory Natural Resources Management Service
(Rosprirodnadzor) exercise control and supervision, including control
and supervision over users of natural recourses. As part of their control
activities they have the right to request the quantitative and qualitative
composition of the discharges directly from the natural recourses user.
• Many of the challenges concerning river monitoring have been dealt with
successfully and Russia from now on is able to fulfill HELCOM requirements for monitored rivers. Russia has also taken part in an inter-calibration exercise on chemical analyses of wastewater and river water within
the HELCOM PLC6 project.
• Unmonitored areas in the Russian part of the Baltic Sea catchment probably contributes with relatively small loads of nutrients to the Gulf of
Finland in comparison with other sources. The situation in Kaliningrad
area is more uncertain but data from the EU BASE project can be used so
make preliminary estimates.
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• Particular groundwork concerning unmonitored territories has been
done. In particular, work has been done by the Institute of Limnology of
the Russian Academy of Sciences, which in 2013, on request of NLWBA,
performed computations of the load coming from unmonitored territories
of the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland catchment area, and a proprietary mathematical model developed in the Institute was used for that task.
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7 Source apportionment
assessment for PLC Periodical
7.1 Purpose of source apportionment
Periodic Pollution Load Compilations (PLCs) of waterborne loads within
HELCOM are made every sixth year. The main purpose of periodical PLCs is
to quantify dis­charges from point sources and losses from non-point pollution
sources as well as from natu­ral background losses into inland surface waters
within the catchment area of the Baltic Sea located within the borders of the
Contracting Parties. The latest PLC periodical was PLC55 that used 2006 as a
reference year. PLC6 was planned to use 2012 as a reporting year, but because
of work with PLC 5.5 and other projects for the HELCOM Ministerial
Meeting 2013 the reporting period has been shifted to 2014.
Other PLC objectives are to:
• follow up the long-term changes in the pollution load from various
sources by normalizing data and making trend analysis with standardized
methodologies;
• determine the priority order of different sources of pollutants for the
pollution of the Bal­tic Sea;
• assess overall the effectiveness of measures taken to reduce the pollution
load in the Baltic Sea catchment area;
• Provide information for assessment of long-term changes and the state of
the marine en­vironment in the open sea and the coastal zones.
The national objectives for PLC are generally the same as those of HELCOM,
but a country may e.g. have specific objectives or targets for individual sectors
of society that could be analyzed at the same time.
The PLC guidelines are presently under revision and the section concerning periodical reporting has not yet been finalized. Traditionally the source
apportionment for nutrients has been performed using two main methodologies:
A.The load approach. Here the starting point is the monitored annual load
to the sea (net load) which is divided in four main categories:
– Point sources (coastal and inland)
– Diffuse sources (inland)
– Background losses (inland)
– Transboundary loads
B.The source approach. In this approach the focus is on the load to inland
surface waters in the river catchments (gross load) which should be
divided on the three main categories as in approach A. These categories
could then be divided in sub-categories like:
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Point sources: industries, municipal wastewater treatment plants and fish farms.
Diffuse sources: agricultural land, forestry, scattered dwellings, peat land,
mountain areas, storm water, atmospheric deposition on inland waters,
Background losses; forest land, peat land, mountain areas and part of the
agricultural land and atmospheric deposition can be considered natural background losses.
These two approaches will still be included in the new Guidelines, but the
main focus are on the source apportionment of net loads to the Sea.
In the PLC 5 assessment6 (HELCOM 2011) most countries reported their
inputs to the Baltic Sea as divided on point sources, diffuse load, natural background load and transboundary load. Most countries also reported source
apportioned nutrient losses and discharges to inland surface waters, although
only a few countries reported sub-categories. Russia however only reported
direct point sources and unspecified riverine load.
7.2 Methods for source apportionment
7.2.1 Source apportionment of riverine input to the sea
The PLC Guidelines suggest a relatively simple method for dividing the riverine input (net load) on different sources in the river catchment, for more
details see Annex 2, chapter 5.3. In practice, source apportionment according
to this method can only be calculated for monitored rivers, see details in
Annex 2, chapter 5.3.1. If loads from point sources and background loads
are available, nutrient loads from diffuse sources can then be calculated as;
Load from diffuse sources = Total load at river mouth – net load from
point sources – net load from background sources.
An alternative to this method is to use a numerical computer models.
During the last decade many models have been developed that can simultaneously calculate retention and source apportionment both in the catchment
(gross load) and at the river mouth (net load), see Annex 2, chapter 6.
7.2.2 Source apportionment of loads to inland surface waters
A large amount of data is generally needed in order to produce a complete
nutrient source apportionment and the work can be simplified by using a
numerical model. There are several tools available, both commercial and free
of charge, that can perform source apportionment assessments. In this project
we have used two models; the Swedish FyrisNP model and the Russian ILLM
model.
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For a large catchment with many sources a first step is to divide the catchment in sub-catchments as a basis for organizing information on land-use,
hydrological conditions, point sources and leaching coefficients. In this project, a report has been elaborated, describing the methodology and the indata
needed for the FyrisNP model using Luga River as an example, see document
“Luga River, update of input data and set up of FyrisNP model”. The modelling results are described further in Chapter 8 and in more detail in Annex 2,
Chapter 6.
7.2.3 Nutrient retention in rivers and lakes
Retention in river and lakes removes substances from the water body by biological and physical processes. The simplest way of calculating total retention
in a catchment is to make a mass balance for the whole river system and
calculate retention as the difference between the sum of all inputs at source
(gross load) from the load calculated at the river mouth station (net load).
This approach gives the total retention figure for the whole river system.
Retention may differ between sources due to their location in the catchment,
and thus the source apportionment at the coast must take this in consideration. For small rivers this may be less important.
When applying the mass balance approach to a large river catchment the
calculations become complicated and using a numerical model may be necessary. Both the FyrisNP model and the ILLM model can calculate retention,
but the amount of indata needed is considerable.
In the EU RECOCA project7, nutrient retention in surface water (river and
lakes) was calculated for practically all major river catchments around the
Baltic Sea, using the MESAW model. MESAW is a statistical model with flexible data needs but it is based on statistics on land use and point sources.
7.2.4 Background loads
Natural background loads to surface waters are defined as losses from land
areas that are unaffected by human activities, such as losses from unmanaged
land and the share of losses from managed land that would occur irrespective
of anthropogenic activities (like agriculture and forestry). Generally, nutrient
losses from unmanaged land can be used as an approximation for natural
background losses. Unmanaged land areas include:
• unmanaged forest and woodlands;
• unmanaged heathland;
• shrub land;
• unmanaged bogs, wet meadows and wetlands;
• abandoned agricultural land.
RECOCA – Reduction of Baltic Sea Nutrient Inputs and Cost Allocation within the Baltic Sea Catchment. A project within the BONUS programme.
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Natural background losses can be estimated using different approaches or a
combination of approaches. The most common ones are:
A.Monitoring of small unmanaged catchment areas lacking point sources;
B. Monitoring of concentrations of pollutants in soil water or groundwater
unaffected by human activity;
C.Use of calibrated nutrient pollution models.
Examples of natural background losses and flow-weighted concentrations of
nutrients as reported by HELCOM countries see Annex 2. The variation is
considerable and it is difficult to recommend a specific value for an area without detailed information about climate, soils and land cover or water monitoring in unmanaged areas. Forest areas can often be considered as unmanaged
land even if some forestry activities take place. Normally, nutrient losses from
managed forests do not differ significantly from pristine forests in the same
area. Water monitoring data from small forested catchments can thus be used
as a basis for estimating background loads.
It is important to realize that also nutrient losses from agricultural land
contain a background component. Since arable land generally covers the most
fertile soils in a region, the background losses from agricultural land should be
higher than from forested areas.
7.3 The situation in Russia
7.3.1 Point sources
When providing information on point sources located in the catchment areas
of rivers, we are faced with the same problem described in Annex 1, Section 3.6,
namely that from 2008 NLWBA can provide data only in aggregate form, and
the only way to get the information is to request it from natural resources users.
As noted in Chapter 6.2 a large number of point sources discharging
directly to the sea already monitor discharges of N-tot and P-tot. The situation with point sources located in river catchment areas is less favourable in
this respect, but no exact information is available.
The PLC database includes 233 point sources in Russia, located in the
catchment areas of rivers, of which 73 sources are industrial enterprises and
160 sources are municipal wastewater treatment plants.
7.3.2 Diffuse sources.
As in the case of unmonitored territories of Russian Federation, there is no
regulatory and methodological framework for the regular assessment of the
nutrient input from diffuse sources.
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7.3.3 Background load.
Russia does not report on the background loads to the Baltic Sea originating
from its territory. To analyze the reasons of the lack of data it is necessary to
determine
the meaning of the “background load” definition. Leakage from uncultivated land is taken as a background load in the PLC manual. A number of
countries provide data on background load value, so in this respect it is necessary to study the experience of foreign colleagues.
7.3.4 Nutrient retention in rivers and lakes
Retention data for some major Russian rivers as well as retention in selected
lakes are given in Table 4. The indicated lake retention data were used in the
RusNIP I project when estimating retention of nutrient of discharges from
major point sources in the catchments8. It was assumed that most of the retention from the point source to the Gulf of Finland occur in lakes.
Table 4. Total retention of selected rivers and lakes in the Russian catchment of the Baltic Sea.
The catchment size refers to the assessed area in the studies and may differ somewhat from the
total catchment size.
Water object
Nitrogen load
retention
Phosphoroud
load retention
Catchment size
(km2)
Data source
Luga
0.26
0.35
12,100
Orback &
Djodjic 2014
Narva
0.56
0.37
58,100
Stålnacke et al.
2011
”
Neman
0.30
0.40
95,900
Neva
0.74
0.57
279,600
”
Pregolya
0.25
–
84,600
”
–
0.76
Lakes
Lake Onega
Kondratyev
20071, 20082
Kondratyev &
Trumball 20123
Lake Ladoga
0.3
0.76
***
Lake Ilmen
–
0.53
***
Lake Peipsi
(Chudskoye)
–
0.56
***
Kondratyev, S.A. 2007. Formation of external loading on water bodies; problems of modelling (in
Russian). Nauka. St Petersburg, 255 p.
1
Kondratyev, S.A. 2008. The influence of catchment land covers on phosphorus balance for large
freshwater system – in I. Petrosillo et al. (eds.), Use of landscape sciences for the assessment of
environmental security. Springer Verlag, 225–235.
2
Kondratyev, S & Trumbull, N. 2012. Nutrient loading on the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea)
from the Russian catchment area. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 60, 3, 145–151.
3
Swedish Environmental protection Agency 2010. Implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP)
in the Russian Federation; eutrophication segment, Point sources. Results from the RusNIP project.
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Report 6368
8
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Retention is also needed when calculating the input to the sea from transboundary load. When estimating retention in the CART assessment for
the 2013 Ministerial meeting retention data from the RECOCA was used.
Figures for Russia are shown in table 5.
Table 5. Transboundary riverine loads from and to Russia and retention used in the CART calculations for the 2014 Ministerial meeting. Loads from Russia to Latvia are already compensated for
retention in Belarus. The Finnish loads via Russia were supplied from Finland already with retention taken into account.
Load at border
Retention
(fraction)
Tot-N
N
From
Via
To
subbasin
Finland
Russia
Gulf of
Finland
Poland
Russia
Baltic
Proper
4,400
320
0.3
Russia
Latvia
Gulf of
Riga
2,681
316
0.27
Tot-P
P
Load to Baltic
Sea
Tot-N
Tot-P
5,353
49
0.37
3,080
202
0.32
1,957
215
Russia did not report on load retention coming from its territory to the Baltic
Sea in PLC5. As in the case of unmonitored territories, Russia has no official
regulatory and methodological framework for the calculation of retention in
streams and reservoirs in the territory of the Russian part of the Baltic Sea
catchment. In the framework of research projects conducted by the Institute of
Limnology, load retention in waterways and water bodies was studied in the
territory of the Russian part of the Baltic Sea catchment. However, this information is not public, and work to assess retention level is not held regularly.
Appropriateness of the use of this information needs to be discussed.
7.4Conclusions
• Russia has not delivered data on source apportionment to HELCOM
PLC, neither for riverine nutrient load to the Baltic Sea or for loads to
inland surface waters.
• PLC Guidelines offer a relatively simple method for dividing monitored
riverine nutrient inputs to the sea into the categories; point sources, diffuse sources and background loads. The diffuse losses can be determined
as the difference between estimated discharges and net loads from point
sources and net input of background losses.
• To obtain information on discharges from point sources it is necessary to
approach each user of natural resources individually.
• Background loads can be determined by monitoring concentrations or
loads at the outlet of small forested areas. Background loads from agricultural areas can be estimated by measuring nutrient losses from unfertilized grasslands.
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• There are indicative background leaching coefficients for different land
use classes for Sweden see Annex 2. These might be applied in the
Russian catchment to the Baltic Sea if local data are not available.
• Information about retention is needed both for source apportionment of
riverine inputs to the sea and for transboundary loads. Several numerical
catchment models can be used to calculate retention, e.g. the Swedish
FyrisNP model and the Russian ILLM model.
• The lack of final decisions on monitoring and assessment from bilateral
commissions on transboundary and border rivers on the allocation of
nutrient loads prevents the reporting of riverine inputs in a correct way.
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8 Modelling tools and activities
8.1 General about modelling tools
When modeling diffuse loads there is a fundamental need to first organize
input data in a geographic referenced database with respect to the river catchments. Geographic Information System tools are fundamental to delineate
water catchments and to build up flow networks. All input data for modeling
of diffuse load using an available modeling tool need to be geographically
connected to the catchments through the database and GIS tool. Once input
data have been organized with a catchment a modeling tool can be applied.
Figure 2. Illustration of basic tool boxes in load assessments and pressure analysis.
Common for all modelling tools is that the load calculation process is performed in the same order, which starts with the hydrology by determining
the runoff from the catchment. (figure 2). Having determined the runoff,
the diffuse load is calculated from the catchment statistics on land cover in
combination with data on soils and climate, leaching coefficients of the land
cover combined with GIS area, runoff data and atmospheric deposition. Point
source load is normally a list of loads from individual facilities (annual average or temporally distributed) geographically connected to the catchment.
Catchment models should be able to model both the hydrology of the
area, i.e. water flow dynamics over time, and pollution transport. A model
intended for calculation of load and retention of pollutants and simulate the
effects of measures should be deterministic, distributed or semi-distributed
and non-stationary. A deterministic model always produces the same result
for a given indata set, as opposed to a stochastic model. A model with distributed parameters solves the model equations for spatially defined points in the
model domain and a non-stationary model allows the water flow to vary over
time. See Annex 2, chapter 6.
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8.2 FyrisNP model
The FyrisNP model is a dynamic semi-empirical model that has been developed at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala, Sweden9.
The model calculates source apportioned gross and net transport of nitrogen
and phosphorus in rivers and lakes and its main scope is to assess the effects
of different nutrient reduction measures on the catchment scale. The time step
for the model is in the majority of applications one month and the spatial
resolution is on the sub-catchment level. Retention, i.e. losses of nutrients in
rivers and lakes through sedimentation, up-take by plants and denitrification,
is calculated as a function of water temperature, nutrients concentrations,
water flow, lake surface area and stream surface area. The model is calibrated
against time series of measured nitrogen or phosphorus concentrations by
adjusting two parameters. For more details see Annex 2.
8.2.1 The ILLM model
The ILLM model is a tool for estimating annual nutrient loads on water
bodies, developed by the Institute of Limnology, Academy of Sciences in St.
Petersburg10. ILLM is a semi-empirical model based on mass balances, assuming that the catchment is a homogeneous storage stank. The temporal resolution of the model is 1 year. All nutrient sources (point and diffuse) located
in the catchment adds nutrients to this storage tank, which then releases
nutrients to water. Part of the nutrient load is removed with crop yield. The
remaining nutrients are partly retained in the hydrographic network (retention
in rivers and lakes) while the remaining amount form a load on the receiving
water body. For more details see Annex 2, chapter 6.
8.3 FyrisNP course
A three-day Fyris NP course was arranged at SLU in May 2012. The course
was attended by 12 Russian participants from 8 authorities/ institutes. The
main focus of the course was to learn how the model works and to use it
with real data sets. The time was too short to produce new indata for the
Luga river catchment. Before the training course started “The FyrisNP modelA user´s manual, FyrisNP” model; Step by step manual” and “Lazybones
manual – Input data and set-up of FyrisNP model for source apportionment”
were available.
Monitoring data from Luga River was made available for the period
2001–2009, only for nitrogen and no phosphorus data. All other indata was
produced by the Harmobalt project 2008–2009.
Widén-Nilsson, E., Hansson, K., Wallin ,M., Djodjic F., Lindgren G. 2012 B. The FyrisNP model Version
3.2. –Technical description. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. Environmental Assessment.
Rapport 2012:9
10
http://www.limno.org.ru
9
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Data was available from the hydrochemical monitoring stations in Luga River:
– 8 long-term permanent stations
– 10 new temporary stations established by the Harmobalt project
– 4 additional stations close to point sources
The present delineation of sub-catchment is made for the Harmobalt purpose,
and is not optimal for the permanent stations and therefore it was decided to
run the model only with Swedish test data at the first course.
8.4 Test cases for modelling
According to the project plan two modelling test cases should be used, Luga
River in Leningrad region and Mamonovka River in Kaliningrad region.
Besides this, some assessments have been performed on the Instruch river
catchment in Kaliningrad region. According to the project plan the modelling
activities should be performed in cooperation with the BaltHazAR II project
as far as possible. This has been done by complementary studies and avoiding
double work.
8.4.1 Luga River – Leningrad region
Luga River is besides Neva (including areas upstream Lake Ladoga) the largest river in the Russian part of the catchment of Gulf of Finland. A first assessment of loads and a source apportionment using the FyrisNP model was made
during 2007–2009 within the Harmobalt project11. Luga is a relatively large
11
Andreev, P.N., Zagrebina, T.A., Muratova, N.A., Tsepelev, V.Y.& Shumkova, P.N. 2009. Report within
the framework of the contract “Harmonisation of methods for monitoring and assessment of nutrient
loads from land to the Baltic Sea and effects of countermeasures – HarmoBalt. Federal Service for
Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring. St. Petersburg.
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river (13,600 km2) and the input data need are considerable. The analysis was
based on data for 17 sub-catchments and only results for nitrogen was published. The results for phosphorus were considered unsatisfactory.
In the BaltHazAR II the ILLM model was applied to the for the Luga
River catchment using data for the period 2001–2007. The estimated average annual load of nitrogen and phosphorus for the catchment upstream
Kingisepp station was 5,240 tons of nitrogen and 312 tons of phosphorus
which fits well with monitoring data. The major nutrient source was losses
from manure. In the BaltHazAR report some recommendations are given for
improvement of the model, e.g. to estimate specific coefficients for different
soil types and land use categorize and to improve the assessment of the nutrient uptake by crops.
In the RusNIP project the FyrisNP model has been set up for the Luga
catchment, using a new delineation of sub-catchments. The catchment has
been divided into 45 sub – catchments (Figure 3). The new delineation has
been created in a way that:
• all measurement points are located in an outlet of a sub-catchment.
• the following model requirements are full filled:
– lakes close to the outlet
– major point sources high up in an sub catchment
– the flow network is optimized
Luga River
1
2
4
3
5
6
11
12
15
9
14
16
26
35
0
25
50
100 Kilometers
36
24
23
18
20
42
39
25
22
17
19
40
41
21
8
10
13
43
44
7
27 28
31
32
45
29
37
38
30
34
33
Figure 3. The new delineation of sub-catchment of the Luga river catchment.
The purpose of this study was to create a hydrologically sound setup of the
FyrisNP model that can be used as an example for future modelling work on
monitored rivers in Russian catchment to the Baltic Sea. The indata quality
has to be improved further, especially for scattered settlements and agricultural statistics. More recent monitoring data could also be used. For more
details see Annex 2 and the report “Luga River, update of input data and set
up of Fyris model”.
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8.4.2 Mamonovka river – Kaliningrad region
Mamonovka is a small river with a cross-border catchment of 350 km2. The
river arises in Poland and enters into the Baltic Sea via the Vistula lagoon in
the south-western part of Kaliningrad region. About 60% of the catchment is
situated in Poland (Figure 4).
A study on Mamonovka River catchment using the FyrisNP model was
performed within the BaltHazar II project12. Land use data and discharges
from settlements were collected from both the Russian and Polish side.
Leaching coefficients from south-east Sweden were used for the different land
cover categories. The catchment was divided in 10 sub-catchments and the
hydrological model HYPE was used to obtain data for water flow for each
sub-basin. Only one monitoring station for water chemistry data was used
in the model calibration for the Russian part of the catchment. It is situated
rather close to the river mouth.
Figure 4. Overview of the Mamonovka river catchment
A general conclusion from this study was that the FyrisNP modelling assessment gave very uncertain results because of insufficient or lacking indata.
More specifically the following problems were noted:
– Data were only available for one station, which had low sampling rate, 4–5
times a year and the monitoring program did not contain tot-N and tot-P.
– Uncertain meteorological, hydrological and hydro-chemical data
– Lack of knowledge of soil properties in the catchment
– No site-specific leaching coefficients for land-use coefficients available.
12
Chubareko,B, Domnin, D., Domnina, A. Gorbunova, J. Karmanov, K. Pillipchuk, O. & Trifanenkova,O.
2012. Testing of nutrient load model (FyrisNP) for the River Mamonovka catchment. BalthazAR II project. Component 2.2 Building capacity within environmental monitoring to produce pollution load data
from different sources for e.g. HELCOM pollution load compilations. Appendix 3b. Russian Academy of
Sciences Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute for Oceanology. Laboratory for Coastal Systems Study,
Kaliningrad.
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The RusNIP II project took note of the results from the BaltHazAR II study
and considered that a similar study with the same model would not be useful,
especially as no additional data were available.
8.4.3 Instruch river – Kaliningrad area
The Instruch River is a tributary to the Pregolya River in the Kaliningrad. It is
a relatively small river and its catchment occupies an area of 1,250 km2 and the
total length is 101 km. The Instruch River was studied within the Harmobalt
project using the FyrisNP model to assess nutrient loads and source apportionment13. In the RusNIP project a new setup of the FyrisNP model was made for
Instruch River catchment during 2013. This was relatively easy since all indata
was well documented in the original report. A few minor errors were detected
and corrected. Loads and source apportionment were estimated both for nitrogen and phosphorus. The assessment was relatively successful for nitrogen (efficiency 0.39 out of max 1, 00), while it was low for phosphorus.
The ILLM model was also tested using Instruch data, although the data
demands are different compared with FyrisNP. Several indata scenarios were
run, since it was difficult to extract the information needed by the ILLM
model. Some inconsistencies and data errors were found in the report, especially concerning livestock, which constitutes an important input to the ILLM
model, but not to FyrisNP. Using the best available indata for the Instruch
catchment the ILRAS model gave unrealistic results, meaning negative loads
for both nitrogen and phosphorus. According to the HarmoBalt report no
mineral fertilizer was used in the catchment, which might be unrealistic. By
using data corresponding to mineral fertilizer rate per hectare similar to Luga
river catchment more reasonable figures were achieved, at least for nitrogen.
8.5Conclusions
• There are many modelling tools for calculating nutrient loads and source
apportionment in catchments, both commercial and freely available
models. Catchment models should be able to model hydrology, pollution transport and retention in rivers and lakes. It should also be able to
handle inputs of both point sources and diffuse sources. The choice of
modelling tools should be based on the purpose with the assessment and
availability of indata.
• In the RusNIP II project we have collected information about the Swedish
FyrisNP model and the Russian ILLM model. Both models have earlier
been used in the HarmoBalt and BaltHazAR projects and applied in the
catchments of Luga, Instruch and Mamonovka rivers.
13
Chubareko, B. & Gorbunova,J. 2009. Final report Instruch river. “Harmonization of methods for
monitoring, modelling and assessment of nutrient loads from land to the Baltic Sea and off effects of
countermeasures – HarmoBalt” Russian Academy of Sciences, Atlantic Branch of P.P.Shirshov Institute
of Oceanology, Laboratory for Coastal Systems Study. Kaliningrad.
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• The FyrisNP model is a semi-empirical model that has been applied in all
three catchments. The overall conclusion is that it works well for monitored catchments and the indata demand is moderate. Good results can
be achieved in both small and large catchments (up to 50,000 km2). A
studied catchment should be divided in sub-catchments, contain several
monitoring stations for at least monthly assessments of water flow and
nutrient concentrations over several years. Further, discharges for major
point sources and scattered dwellings should be available as well as nutrient loss coefficients for identified land cover/land use categories.
• A documented setup of FyrisNP for Luga River has been performed in
the project which can serve as an example and a guideline for other rivers
reported as monitored to HELCOM PLC.
• The ILLM model has been applied in the Luga (BaltHazAR) and Instruch
river catchments. It is a mass balance model that is relatively simple to use
and is openly available: http://www.limno.org.ru/eng/mod.htm#num10.
• The ILLM model is most suitable for use in relatively large catchments.
It is best applied in monitored catchments so the result can be compared
with monitoring data from the outlet of the catchment, but it can also be
extended to areas without river monitoring, i.e. to unmonitored areas.
The accuracy of the result is much dependent on data from agriculture,
notably nutrient inputs from manure, mineral fertilizer and nutrient outputs by crop uptake. In small catchments with poor indata the estimated
loads may be very uncertain.
• The experiences from ILRAS model applications show that the model is
not suitable for use in small catchments and that it is very sensitive for the
balance between nutrient inputs from fertilizer and manure one side and
uptake by crops in areas with significant agricultural activity on the other
side.
• To carry out computations with the use of any mathematical model it’s
necessary to have meteorological and hydrological information (information about water discharge, precipitation, air temperature), information
on the sources of anthropogenic impact (information about point sources,
information on the animals population, the use of fertilizers and areas
covered with different modes of land use), etc. To be able to regularly
perform such computations it is necessary to establish a system of regular data collection, as part of the State Monitoring System, and to have
access to the State statistics data.
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9 A monitoring and assessment
system for producing data
compliant with HELCOM
requirements
9.1 Main components of the system
According to the project plan the RusNIP II project should prepare a report
suggesting an improved organizational and environmental assessment system
for producing pollution load assessments for HELCOM PLC and follow up of
measures taken to fulfill the BSAP requirements. The assessments should cover
the main catchments in the Russian Federation draining into the Gulf of Finland
and Baltic Proper and indirectly via transboundary rivers to Gulf of Riga.
A system for monitoring and assessment should contain the following six
main components:
1. An organizational structure ; an organization that clearly defines the
responsibilities and resources for each organization in the collection, compilation, assessments and delivery of PLC data to HELCOM .
2. Monitored rivers; A program for monitored rivers, including hydrological and hydrochemical stations at river mouths and identified border
stations, guidelines for water sampling and load assessment, chemical
analytical capacity for obligatory HELCOM parameters, data storage
capacity and sufficient funding. This program will supply data for the
PLC annual reporting to HELCOM and serve as a follow-up system for
measures taken according to the National Implementation Plan according
to the BSAP.
3. Point sources; a mechanism for collecting, compiling and storing discharge data from major point sources. This should be made annually for
coastal point sources and periodically for both coastal and inland point
sources. This program will supply data for both annual and periodical
PLC reporting to HELCOM.
4. Unmonitored areas; a program for assessing loads from unmonitored
areas in the Leningrad region and Kaliningrad region. This program
will supply data for both the annual and periodical PLC reporting to
HELCOM
5. Source apportionment: A program for source apportionment assessments,
including modelling tools and an agency with mandate to request point
and diffuse source information. It should hold expertise at quantifying
losses and loads from minor point sources and diffuse sources. This program will supply data to the PLC periodical reporting.
6. Reporting program. An agency/organization that can handle and compile
national PLC data to specific reporting formats and be responsible for
delivering it as official data to the HELCOM PLC data manager and to
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respond to any further questions and clarifications from the data manager. When the new PLC database at Baltic NEST Institute, Sweden is in
operation the task will also include uploading data to the PLC database
via a web application and to act as national data reporter and also maintain a data quality assurance function.
9.2 Organisational structure
The present organization defining the roles and responsibilities for each organization in the collection, compilation, assessments and delivery of PLC data to
HELCOM is described in Chapter 3 and Annex 1. At present MNR of Russia
is the only authority responsible for the implementation of the commitments
under the Helsinki Convention.
Recommendations
• It is necessary to appoint and authorize a leading organization for collecting, compilation, assessment and submitting data to HELCOM for
Pollution Load Compilations.
• It is necessary to develop and approve, in coordination with competent
authorities (institutions), the Monitoring Progamme for the surface
waters within the Baltic Sea catchment, including hydrological and hydrochemical monitoring sites in the river mouths and selected transboundary
sites, as well as rules for sampling and pollution load assessment. The
programme should be designed to make it possible to implement chemical analyses of HELCOM PLC obligatory substances, possible to store
data at the authorized organization. Besides sufficient funding should be
ensured for this purpose. Implementation of this Programme should make
it possible to submit full datasets for PLC purposes. Programme results
might be used for supervising the BSAP implementation by Russia.
• It is necessary to define and legally approve the mechanism for collection,
compilation and storage of data about pollution loads from point sources
and submitting it to the HELCOM with the following periodicity – annually for direct point sources and periodically for inland point sources.
• It is necessary to develop a legal framework and implement a programme
for assessment of the pollution load from unmonitored (partly monitored) areas in Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions. As the results of the
Programme implementation it will be possible to submit in HELOCOM
data for annual and periodical compilations.
• It is necessary to develop and approve a legal framework and also authorize an organization responsible for implementation of the programme:
“Programme for assessment pollution load (from Russian part of the
Baltic sea catchment ) allocation between sources for submitting this
information to the PLC HELCOM”. For implementation of the programme it is necessary assess the status of the used modelling tools (models should be registered by corresponding state bodies). It also necessary
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to authorize an organization (body) for requesting information about
point and diffuse pollution sources. This organization should have appropriate expert potential for quantitative assessments of pollution load from
small point and diffuse sources. Implementation of this programme will
allow Russia to fulfill its obligations within periodical PLC reporting.
• An official request is needed from the head authority to the institution
(organization), which has the authority to collect and compile national
PLC data in accordance with reporting formats and which will be responsible for data submitting to the PLC data manager, including responses to
his follow-up comments and questions. When the new PLC data base has
been established at Baltic NEST Institute (BNI, Sweden), this organization
will be managing the functions related to uploading filled-in reporting
formats via a web-interface, national reporting implementation and data
quality assurance.
9.3 The monitored rivers program, including
transboundary rivers
At present the NW Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring (NW AMEM) performs many of these functions for the rivers
Neva, Luga, Seleznevka and Pregolya. The monitoring activities (according to the approved programmes) should be implemented by order from:
Roshydromet, Administrations of Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions, NLWBA.
These monitoring programs are already in operation and they deliver data
into the HELCOM system. The prospects for delivering complete and consistent data sets in the future seem to be acceptable. Historically there have been
considerable gaps in reported data, regarding consistency and completeness.
Recommendations
• The presently monitored rivers should be included in the program of
annually monitored rivers, namely Neva, Luga, Narva, Seleznevka and
Pregolya. Mamonovka River in Kaliningrad area should also be considered as a monitored river, since it is a transboundary river.
• Total nitrogen and total phosphorus should be included as monitored
parameters in all monitored river. Heavy metal parameters missing for
individual rivers should be supplemented to comply with the obligatory
parameters of the PLC Annual reporting requirements.
• It is necessary to define the principles of load distribution for every transboundary and border river running between Russia and neighboring
states. This can be done as part of multilateral agreements on cross-border
cooperation, on the protection and rational use of transboundary water
bodies and as part of various other projects.
• The hydrochemical observation programs at the points of the state network could be complemented, if necessary with additional parameters
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Baltic Sea catchment for HELCOM purposes
allowing to fully observe the Russian Federation commitments with
regard to submission of load data to HELCOM. Participation of the
leading research institutes subordinated to the Hydromet (SHI, HCI)
is very important. Appropriate changes should be introduced into the
state assignments for FSBI Roshydromet “ North-West AHEM” and FGI
Rosvodrsursy. The increased amount of work associated with the changes
in the observation programs will require additional funding from the federal budget.
POINT SOURCES PROGRAM
This program is in operation, and most major point sources seem to deliver
discharge data much in line with HELCOM requirements. A problem is that
data are delivered in aggregated form due to the fact that information about
amount and composition of wastewater is considered confidential according
to Russian legislation.
Recommendations
• Coastal point sources, urban areas and major industries seem to have
rather complete monitoring programs for discharges of nutrients and
several heavy metals. Large point sources should be reported individually to the PLC database, while smaller point sources could be reported
in aggregated form.
• The Ministry of Natural Resources should issue a mandate for the relevant Russian agency to collect data for individual point sources to be
transferred to the HELCOM database. Priority should be given to coastal
point sources, since they are reported annually and the loads from coastal
point sources constitute an important indicator on progress in reducing
the nutrient pressure on the Baltic Sea.
• There are alternative ways of obtaining information on point sources.
Thus, the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources
(Rosprirodnadzor) performs the functions of control and supervision,
including the activities of the users of natural resources. As part of its
oversight responsibilities this organization has the right to directly request
information on the quality and quantity of discharges from users of natural resources. Since the data collection for HELCOM is conducted as part
of an international cooperation the responsible organisation, in this case
the Rosprirodnadzor Department of the Northwestern Federal District,
needs an order from the MNR, in order to collect the necessary information from the users of natural resources.
• A review should be made of present list of 32 coastal point sources
directly to the sea and consider if additional point sources should be
added to the list. It is important to include large point sources situated
close to the coast, either they are situated in monitored areas or downstream the lowest stations in monitored rivers.
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9.4 Program for unmonitored areas
This program does not exist at present, but it should be established as soon
as possible.
Recommendations
• Annual reporting of nutrient inputs from unmonitored areas to the Baltic
Sea is obligatory, so a sufficiently accurate methodology has to be developed and a responsible state organization selected, see Annex 2 chapter 4.
• For unmonitored areas the possibility to calculate the load by rescaling
the measured load of nearby monitored rivers (method 1) should be
investigated, but otherwise a possibility to use several reference rivers
with fewer sampling occasions (method 3) could be used initially, for
details see Annex 2. Nutrient loads from unmonitored areas should be
calculated and reported annually.
• A temporary monitoring program for one or several minor rivers entering
the Gulf or Finland should be run for at least a year. The collected data
should be a basis for calculating loads for unmonitored areas, for details
see Annex 2.
• In the Kaliningrad area loads from unmonitored areas could be calculated,
at least initially by using Pregolya River as a reference river, but the possibility to use data and experiences from the EU BASE project should be
considered. Arrangement should be made to facilitate the categorization
of assessment products (calculated data), including loads from unmonitored areas, as official data.
9.5 Program for source apportionment
This aim of this program should be to deliver data and information for the
periodical reporting. This program does not exist in Russia at present, but it
should be established in time for delivering data to PLC 6, which should be
reported in 2015.
Recommendations
• A program for source apportionment, including retention in rivers and
lakes, should be developed in a way that it contributes to better load
data, also for unmonitored areas. The use of numerical models should be
supported and introduced as part of the monitoring system.
• The model FyrisNP, or a similar model, should be set up for long-term
use in all monitored rivers; Neva (downstream Ladoga), Luga, Narva and
Pregolya. For Narva River this issue must be negotiated with Estonia.
• In the RusNIP II project, a setup of the FyrisNP model has been established for Luga River and it should be used as a model setup for other
monitored rivers. A number of persons from Russian state agencies and
research institutes have been trained in using this model, both in the
HarmoBalt and RusNIP II projects. A report produced within this project
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includes most of the necessary indata, but there is still a need for supplementing and improving these data and especially for collecting more sitespecific information.
• For source apportionment of unmonitored rivers and coastal areas
the ILLM (ILRAS) could also be used, but then the model should be
improved according to proposals in section 8 of Annex 2. This model is
best applied in monitored catchments where the calculated loads can be
calibrated using monitoring data. Thereafter the model can also be used
in similar areas without river monitoring, i.e. in unmonitored areas. The
accuracy of the result is much dependent on data from agriculture, notably nutrient inputs from manure, mineral fertilizer and uptake by crops.
In small catchments with poor indata the estimated loads may be very
uncertain.
• Indicative background leaching coefficients for different land use classes
for Sweden is available in Annex 2. These, or other relevant data, should
be applied in the Russian catchment to the Baltic Sea if local data are not
available.
9.6 Reporting program
At present the SbP PO “Ecology and Business” requests necessary data for
reporting from state agencies and coordinates this information through
the Department of International Cooperation of the Ministry of Natural
Resources and then submits the data to HELCOM. Employees of Ecology and
Business are also members in relevant HELCOM groups dealing with PLC
issues (PRESSURE etc.), as well as projects like PLC5.5, PLC6 and PLUS. This
coupling between HELCOM groups and the national reporting organization
has been very useful.
Recommendations
• Reporting (annual and periodical) is part of the data supply system, and as
stated in section 9.2 concerning the whole organization it is necessary to
prepare and approve legal documents by the MNR, which establish obligations for performers at all levels of participation and the provision of information in the framework of the Helsinki Convention on a regular basis.
• The Ministry of Natural Resources should give a mandate to a state
agency to acquire official data to be collected and sent to HELCOM. This
agency should host the function of quality assurance of the data delivered.
• The responsibility for monitoring and assessment programs (monitored
rivers, point sources, unmonitored areas, source apportionment) and
a reporting program which can handle and compile national PLC data
should be placed in the responsible agency .
• It is necessary to foresee enough funding for complete fulfilment of the
Russian obligations for submitting information to the HELCOM PLC
database.
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10Documents produced by the
RusNIP II Project
The following reports and other documents have been produced within
the RusNIP II project. All documents are available at:
http://www.helcom.ru/RusNIP/reportsrusnipII
1. Final report (this report); Proposals for a monitoring and assessment
system of pollution loads to the Baltic Sea according to HELCOM PLC
requirements. (English and Russian)
2. Obstacles Report; Identification and analysis of the precursors underlaying the obstacles associated with the development of reliable data on pollution loads in Russia Annex 1. (English and Russian)
3. Technical report; Methodology for assessment of nutrient loads and
source apportionment for HELCOM pollution load compilations –
Proposals for Russia. (English and Russian). Annex 2.
4. Luga River; update of input data and setup of FyrisNP model (English).
5. Indata and result files (EXCEL for Luga River (English)
6. The FyrisNP model – A user´s manual (English and Russian)
7. FyrisNP model – Step by step manual (English and Russian)
8. Lazybones manual – Input data and setup of FyrisNP model for source
apportionment (English and Russian).
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
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HELCOM Pollution Load Compilations
Annex 1
Identification and analysis of obstacles associated
with producing reliable pollution load data for HELCOM
Pollution Load Compilations
Including data on loads from the Russian Baltic Sea catchment area,
the share of responsibilities between authorities at different levels and
other stakeholders and lack of funding and/or legal problems
Valentina Varlashina, NW Department of the Roshydromet
and
Ekaterina Vorobyeva, Natalia Oblomkova and Alexandra Kapustina,
SPb PO “Ecology & Business”
SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
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Contents
1INTRODUCTION
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
RUSSIAN FEDERATION STATE AUTHORITIES AND THE
INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF COLLECTING
AND SUBMITTING LOAD DATA TO HELCOM FROM THE
RUSSIAN BALTIC SEA CATCHMENT AREA
Ministry of Natural resources and Environment of the Russian
Federation (MNR)
The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring (Roshydromet)
Department of The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and
Environmental Monitoring in the North-West Federal District
(Department of Roshydromet NWFD)
North-West Administration for Hydro-meteorology and
Environmental Monitoring” Federal State Budgetary Institution
(FSBI “North-West AHEM”)
Federal Agency for Water Resources (Rosvodresursy)
Neva Ladoga Water Basin Administration (NLWBA)
Federal state water institutions (FSI) "Baltvodhoz", "Pskovvodhoz",
"Novgorodvodhoz" and others
FULFILLMENT OF THE OBLIGATIONS BY THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATION REGARDING DATA SUBMISSION AS PART
OF THE POLLUTION LOADS COMPILATION
Transboundary rivers (Narva, Neman, Daugava (Western Dvina)
and Pregolya)
Monitored rivers
Partially monitored rivers
Unmonitored rivers
Unmonitored territories
Point sources discharging directly into the sea
Point sources located in the catchment areas Diffuse sources
Background load
Load retention
53
54
54
55
60
61
62
63
65
68
68
70
73
73
73
74
75
76
77
77
4CONCLUSIONS
78
APPENDIX 1Outline map that shows observation stations under the State
Observation System and the point sources that discharge directly
into the Gulf of Finland and Vistula Bay, and that are included
into the PLC database
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APPENDIX 2Extract from the “Program of observations, carried out by the State
Observation System, of inland surface water pollution in accordance
with hydrological and chemical indicators in the area supervised by
the North-West AHEM (St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov,
Kaliningrad Oblast and the Republic of Karelia) for 2013 – 2017 81
APPENDIX 3Summary report on the State contract № 20/12 - 200 of 11.2012,
on the performance of the following services by the Institute of
Limnology RAS: “RESEARCH AND COMPUTATION OF NUTRIENT
LOAD COMING FROM THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TERRITORY
INTO THE BALTIC SEA (I-12-75)”
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1Introduction
To elaborate the environmental protection policy and to assess the efficacy of
measures for reducing the nutrients and pollutants effluence from the Russian
Baltic Sea catchment area it is necessary to have reliable data on the inputs
from the land-based sources, based on the water quality monitoring results
from water bodies (surface water and marine water).
Within the framework of the Helsinki Convention these issues could be
addressed by compiling water pollution loads data. In fact, the compilation
of water pollution loads is basically a database (database PLC) that contains
information about the loads of pollutants released into the Baltic Sea from the
Convention Contracting Parties territories.
Database update is performed as part of the annual and periodic reporting
rounds by the Contracting Parties to the Helsinki Convention. The completeness and accuracy of the load data submitted by the Contracting Parties is the
key factor for decision-making aimed to reduce anthropogenic loads on the
Baltic Sea and to provide good environmental status of the sea.
As part of the annual reporting round, the Contracting Parties shall submit
reports on the total load of nutrients and hazardous substances (Annual indicators reports) to the HELCOM, which include:
• loads entering with monitored rivers;
• loads entering from unmonitored territories and with runoffs from
unmonitored rivers;
• loads from point sources discharging directly into the Baltic Sea.
Every six years, the Contracting Parties shall submit more detailed reports to
the HELCOM that in addition to the information acquired annually include
the following data:
• loads from point sources located in the catchment areas of the rivers;
• loads from diffuse sources located in the catchment areas of the rivers;
• natural background loads (coming with watercourse + from unmonitored
territories);
• retention in the catchment area hydrographic network.
The next chapter of this report provides information on the powers of Russian
Federation State Authorities, as well as on the institutions and organizations
under various agencies involved in the process of collecting and submitting
data to HELCOM, including for the purpose of compiling loads from water
pollution in the Russian Baltic Sea catchment area.
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2 Russian Federation State
Authorities and the institutions
involved in the process of
collecting and submitting
load data to HELCOM from
the Russian Baltic Sea
catchment area
2.1 Ministry of Natural resources
and Environment of the Russian
Federation (MNR)
In accordance with the Regulatory legal act, with subsequent amendments and
additions, approved by the Russian Federation Government Ordinance N 404
of 29 May 2008, “the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the
Russian Federation (MNR) is a Federal body of executive power, responsible
for development of the State Policy and legal and regulatory framework in the
area of study, usage, rehabilitation and protection of natural resources, including mineral resources, water bodies…in the area of hydrometeorology and
related fields, in the sphere of environmental monitoring and pollution monitoring, including regulation of radiation control and monitoring, and as well
with regard of development and implementation of public policy and legal
regulations in the area of environmental protection ... including issues relating
to waste production and consumption (hereinafter – the waste), to governmental environmental control, to protected areas and State Environmental
Impact Assessment.”
The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian
Federation coordinates and controls the activities of its subordinated agencies,
namely The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring (Roshydromet), The Federal Service for Supervisory Control in
the sphere Environmental Management (Rosprirodnadzor), Federal Agency
for Water Resources (Rosvodresursy) and Federal Agency for Subsurface
Resources Management (Rosnedra).
With regard to the state monitoring of the water bodies the MNR of the
Russian Federation establishes requirements for environmental and pollution
control and observations, for the acqusition, processing, storage and distribution of information about the environment and pollution status, as well as for
obtaining information products.
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The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian
Federation organizes and, within its competence, ensures the fulfillment
of commitments subsequent to the international agreements the Russian
Federation is a party to on issues within the scope of activities of the Ministry.
The MNR is the only official body responsible for providing the Baltic Sea
pollution load data to HELCOM.
2.2 The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology
and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet)
The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring
(Roshydromet) is a federal executive authority responsible for the state property
management and delivering of public services in the field of hydrometeorology
and related areas, including environmental and pollution monitoring, in the
field of the State supervisory control over active impact on meteorological and
other geophysical processes.
Roshydromet operates directly and through its territorial bodies and subordinated organizations in collaboration with other federal executive authorities, federal executive authorities of the regions of the Russian Federation, local
authorities, public associations and other organizations. Its competence within
the established field of activity includes (among others) the following areas:
• State accounting of surface waters and management of the State Water
Cadasteral register of the surface water bodies in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and (within the scope of its competence);
• Maintenance of the Unified State Data Fund on the status of the environment and pollution (USDF);
• Establishment and maintenance of the National Observation Network,
including organization and cessation of stationary and mobile observation points, determination of their location;
• State monitoring of water bodies with regard to the surface water bodies;
• State monitoring of the continental shelf in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation (within the
scope of its competence);
• State monitoring of the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation
(within the scope of its competence);
• Ensuring operations at the points of meteorological observations in the
Russian Federation territory and functioning of the system for receiving,
collection and dissemination of hydrometeorological information;
• Provision of emergency information releases on natural hazards, on
actual and projected sudden weather changes and pollution that could
threaten life and health of the population and damage the environment;
• Provision of information for the State authorities, Armed Forces of the
Russian Federation, as well as for the public on actual and projected
status of the environment and pollution.
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The Russian Federation Government Ordinance N 477 of June 6, 2013
“About implementation of the State environmental and pollution monitoring”
approved the Regulatory act on the State environment and pollution monitoring, as well as the changes introduced into the Regulatory acts of the of the
Russian Federation Government in connection with its (the Regulation) entering into force. This Regulation establishes the procedure for implementation
of the state monitoring of the environment and pollution (hereinafter – the
State monitoring), as well as the procedure for developing the State environment observation system (hereinafter – the State Observation System) and the
procedure providing operation of the system. The targets of the state monitoring are as follows: atmosphere air, soil, surface waters of the water bodies
(including hydrobiological indicators), the ozone layer, the ionosphere and
near-Earth space.
In accordance with the Regulation, “the organization and implementation of the state monitoring are provided by The Federal Service for
Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring with participation of other
authorized federal executive bodies and executive bodies of constituent entities
of the Russian Federation, in accordance with their competence established by
the legislation of the Russian Federation. The State monitoring is based on the
State observation system, which incorporates stationary and mobile units for
environmental observations”.
The State Observation System incorporates the State Observation Network,
the elaboration and functioning of which is provided by The Federal Service
for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring. The State System
comprises as well as the territorial systems of the environmental observations,
the formation and maintenance of which is carried out by the executive
authorities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the established procedure. When developing the State Observation system it is necessary to take
into account the points and systems for environmental observations located in
the vicinity of facilities that have a negative impact on the environment, while
the owners of those facilities (in accordance with the federal laws) are obliged
to carry out environmental and pollution monitoring in the zones exposed to
such facilities (hereinafter – the local Observation Systems).
The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring
together with other authorized Federal executive bodies and executive bodies
of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in accordance with
the scope of their competence established by the legislation of the Russian
Federation, when implementing the State monitoring exercise the following
functions:
a) The Service provides environmental and pollution observations, assessment of the changes taking place, as well as analysis of the following
weather hazards and factors:
• natural hazards resulted in natural disasters;
• unfavorable natural conditions for specific areas of economic activities;
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• chemical, radioactive and thermal pollution; physical, chemical and
biological (for surface water bodies) processes;
• changes in environmental components resulting, among other things, in
climate change;
b) The Service provides the state authorities of the Russian Federation, bodies of the state power of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and
local self-governments with the information (data) about the actual status
of the environment, as well as information on the current and projected
changes in the environment status;
c) The Service provides the federal executive bodies, executive bodies of
the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities and
organizations within the national system of prevention and liquidation
of emergency situations with the latest current and prognostic updated
information about the status of environment in order to ensure public
safety and security, and to reduce damage to the economy resulted from
emergency situations of natural and man-made disasters;
d) The Service provides the agencies, authorized to execute the Federal state
sanitary and epidemiological supervisory control, with the information
about the status of environment in order to meet the challenges of sociohygienic monitoring;
e) The Service provides the state agencies of the Russian Federation, that
have special authorization in the field of environment, with information
for comprehensive analysis and assessment of the environmental status
and natural resources;
f) The Service provides involved organizations and population with current
and emergency information on environmental changes including weather
warnings and forecasts of environmental status;
g) The Service organizes coordinated operations of the State monitoring
network, territorial systems for environmental observations and local
surveillance systems to provide the necessary completeness and accuracy of information on the status of the environment, the Service is as
well responsible for the comparability of this information throughout
the country, it provides optimization of the ground-based, airborne and
space-based observation systems;
h) The Service coordinate operations of the State Observation System and
similar international systems.
The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring
keeps the Unified State Data Fund on the status of the environment and pollution (USDF) according to the established procedure and on the basis of documentary data on the status of the environment and pollution acquired by the
State Observation System. Since Roshydromet operates directly and through
its regional offices in collaboration with other Federal executive bodies, executive bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities,
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public associations and other organizations, the organizational structure of
USDF consists of two levels – Federal and territorial.
The Territorial level incorporates Administrations for Hydrometeorology
and Environmental Monitoring (AHEM), regional and republic Centers for
Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (CHEM) as components
of the Roshydromet structure.
USDF documents are mostly generated in the Observational network
organizations, research institute of Roshydromet; the documents also are
generated as a result of operations by other stakeholders in the field of hydrometeorology and related fields (organizations are holders of Roshydromet
licensees). The collection of these documents is carried out in accordance with
the hydrometeorological and monitoring information technological processing
cycles. The cycles regulate the timing of collection and processing, document
formats and nomenclature of the USDF documents. From the Observation
Network USDF documents are entered into the Center of hydrometeorology
and monitoring of the environment and /or into Territorial Administration
for Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring (FSI AHEM); from
the AHEM the collated and prepared for archiving documents are archived in
AHEM and /or in FSI “RIHMI-WDC” and other specialized research institutes of Roshydromet.
Data received from foreign partners are entered into USDF through international exchange on the basis of bilateral and multilateral agreements.
The responsibility of USDF maintenance, including the depository storage
of the observation materials at the Federal level, is assigned to the following
Roshydromet research institutes:
• Hydrological observations are the responsibility of “The State
Hydrological Institute” (SHI) Federal Budget State Institution (FSBI);
• Hydrochemical observations over the quality of the inland surface waters
are the responsibility of “Hydrochemical Institute” (HI) Federal Budget
State Institution;
• Hydrobiological observations are the responsibility of the “Institute of
Global Climate and Ecology” FSBI (IGCE);
• The quality monitoring of marine waters is the responsibility of the “State
Oceanographic Institute” FSBI (SOI).
Note: At the present time, a new structural unit – the “Baltic information and
analytical center”– focused on activities in the water area of the eastern part
of the Gulf of Finland and South-Eastern part of the Baltic Sea was set up as
part of the “State Oceanographic Institute” FSBI (SOI) by order of Mr. A.V.
Frolov, who is the Head of Hydromet.
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The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring,
when carrying out the State monitoring, interacts with the following (among
others) Federal executive bodies:
• The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian
Federation – with regard to organization and implementation of the state
ecological monitoring (the State environmental monitoring) in the territory of the national nature reserves and national parks, as well as when
developing and operating the National Fund of the National Ecological
Monitoring Data (State environmental monitoring);
• The Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies
and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters with regard to
obtaining and using information about the status of the environment during monitoring, laboratory control and forecasting of emergency situations;
• The Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation – with regard to
obtaining and using information about the status and pollution of agricultural lands acquired in the course of the State monitoring of agricultural lands;
• The Federal Service for Supervisory Control of Natural Resources – with
regard to the use of data of the National accounting of the facilities that
have a negative impact on the environment, the results of production control in the field of environment and the State ecological supervisory control, as well as for the establishment and revision of the list of facilities,
the owners of which must monitor the atmospheric air;
• The Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastere and Cartography
– with regard to the use of the state topographic maps and information
about the status of lands obtained through the state land monitoring
(except agricultural land);
• The Federal Service for Supervisory Control of Consumer Rights
Protection and Human Welfare, Federal Medical and Biological Agency
– with regard to obtaining and using information about the status of
the air, surface water, water bodies and soils, generated through socialhygienic monitoring;
• Federal Agency for Water Resources – with regard to the acquisition and
use of data on water consumption and water disposal at all water bodies,
as well as with regard to the overall evaluation and prediction of changes
in the water bodies status, their morphometric specificities, quantitative and qualitative indicators of the status of water resources, acquired
through the State monitoring of the water bodies;
• Other involved Federal executive bodies and organizations acting in
accordance with international and interagency agreements.
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2.3 Department of The Federal Service for
Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring in the North-West Federal
District (Department of Roshydromet
NWFD)
Department of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring in the North-West Federal District (Department of Roshydromet
in the NWFD) is a territorial body under Roshydromet; it conducts activities
in the North-West Federal District of the Russian Federation. The Department
of Roshydromet exercises general supervision and control over the work of
the Observation Network organizations in the North-West Federal District.
Below the competences of the Department (among others), within the
specified field of activities are specified. These competences are executed by
the Department on the basis of regulatory legal acts by the Russian Ministry
of Natural Resources and Roshydromet, including when executing departmental and licensing supervisory control of the activities of the institutions
subordinated to Roshydromet (hereinafter – departmental control), also
during supervision of the activities of organizations and institutions that are
holders of Roshydromet licensees with regard to:
• compliance with the requirements during environment and pollution
observations, in the course of collection, processing, storage and dissemination of information about the status of the environment and pollution;
• development and maintenance of the State Observation Network, including organization and termination of the stationary and mobile observation
points, and determination of their positioning;
• assessment of the quality of the performance of the State Observation
Network, including awareness-building efforts;
• issuing of emergency information on natural hazards, actual and projected
sharp weather fluctuations and on extremely high environmental pollution that may threaten the life and health of the population and damage the environment – to submit the information to the Plenipotentiary
Representative of the President in the North-West Federal District, to
Commander of the Western Military District of the Armed forces of the
Russian Federation and to the territorial bodies of the Federal executive
authorities in the North-West Federal District;
• day-to-day management and coordination of the activities of the
institutions subordinated to Roshydromet in terms of providing the
Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation
in the North-West Federal District, Commander of the Western Military
District of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and territorial
bodies of the Federal executive power in the North-West Federal District
with hydrometeorological information and data on the status of the environment and pollution, including emergency information;
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• informing users (consumers) on the composition of the provided information about the environment and pollution, on the formats of the presentation of this information and on organizations that inform the users
(consumers);
• participation, within the scope of its competence, in the implementation
of commitments by the Russian Federation under international conventions;
• interaction, in accordance with the established procedure, with the
authorities of foreign countries and international organizations in the
specified sphere of activity.
2.4 North-West Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring” Federal State Budgetary
Institution (FSBI “North-West AHEM”)
The “North-West Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring” Federal State Budgetary Institution (FSBI “North-West AHEM”)
is operational and production structure of Roshydromet, and it operates
in the territory of St. Petersburg, the Leningrad region, Novgorod region,
Kaliningrad region, Pskov region and Republic of Karelia. FSBI “North-West
AHEM”, it managers the operation of the Observation Network, including
the operation of the hydrological network and that of the monitoring network
for the status and pollution of water bodies of the Leningrad region and
St. Petersburg; as for the territories of the Pskov region, Novgorod region,
Kaliningrad regions and the Republic of Karelia, the FSBI “North-West
AHEM” operates their through its subsidiaries in the respective constituent
entities of the Russian Federation. The territory of the Russian part of the
Baltic Sea catchment is almost confined to the area of the competence of the
Administration.
Objectives of FSBI "Northwest AHEM" are as follows:
• Maintenance and development of the State system of hydrometeorological observation and monitoring of environmental pollution, as well as
collection, processing, recording, storage and dissemination of information about the status of the environment;
• Ensuring the state authorities, sectors of economy, Armed Forces of the
Russian Federation and the public with the information on the actual and
projected state of the environment and the monitoring data on environmental pollution;
• Ensuring operations of the Operational Warning and Alert systems on
the occurrence of natural hazards (hydrometeorological, helio-geophysical) phenomena and extremely high levels of radioactive and chemical
contamination of the environment; it also ensures hydrometeorological
support for the operations associated with the liquidation of the consequences of accidents, natural disasters and other emergencies.
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• Ensuring specialized meteorological support and special-purpose operations in the area of hydrometeorology and monitoring of environmental
pollution on a remuneration basis.
• Participation, in accordance with the established procedure, in the scientific
research and developments in the area of hydrometeorology and environment monitoring and pollution.
• Discharge, within the scope of its competence, of international obligations
in the area of hydrometeorology and related fields.
• Control, within the scope of its competence, over compliance with the
requirements of regulatory documents on hydro-meteorological observations and operations, control over observations of environmental pollution conducted by the structural units subordinated to the Agency.
• Generation of information on the status of the environment and pollution and ensuring that the involved users are provided with the necessary
information, in accordance with established procedures, including provision of the information for a fee on a remuneration basis.
• Ensuring maintenance of the state monitoring of water bodies, National
accounting of the water and keeping the State Water Cadaster that incorporates quantitative and qualitative indicators (for surface waters).
• Ensuring generation of the Unified State Data Fund on the status of the
environment, and pollution within the territory of the activity (territorial
level of USDF maintenance).
• Drafting and generation of materials for monthly publications, annuals,
newsletters and other synthesis documents that specify the status of the
environment and pollution.
2.5 Federal Agency for Water Resources
(Rosvodresursy)
The Federal Agency for Water Resources (Rosvodresursy) is a Federal executive authority responsible for providing public services and management
of Federal property in the area of water resources. The Agency for Water
Resources is under the authority of the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Ecology of the Russian Federation. The Agency operates directly or through
its regional bodies (including Basin Administrations), and through subordinated
organizations in collaboration with other Federal executive bodies, executive
bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities,
public associations and other organizations.
The Federal Agency for Water Resources exercises (among others), within
the established sphere of its activities, the following functions:
• The Agency ensures measures to prevent negative impacts of waters
and mitigate the consequences for aquatic facilities of Federal ownership that are confined to two or more constituent entities of the Russian
Federation;
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• The Agency ensures measures to protect water bodies that are entirely
confined to the territories of the relevant Russian Federation constituent entities, when water resources of such an entity are used to provide
two and more Russian Federation constituent entities with drinking and
domestic water supply in accordance with the list of such reservoirs, specified by the Government of the Russian Federation; ensuring measures on
protection of the seas or their parts, prevention their pollution, infestation
and depletion of water; ensuring measures for mitigating consequences of
the above mentioned phenomena;
• The Agency maintains the National water registry, including the State
level registration of water use agreements, of decisions on making water
bodies available for use, of transfer of rights and obligations under the
contracts for water use, as well as of termination of water use contracts;
• The Agency maintains the Hydraulic Structures Register;
• The Agency is responsible for owing, use and disposal of water bodies
that belong to the Federal property – in the manner and within the limits
defined by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• The Agency develops and executes schemes, in accordance with the established procedure, for comprehensive use and protection of water bodies;
• The Agency is responsible for the State Monitoring of water bodies and
the organization of its implementation;
• The Agency develops automated systems for collection, processing, analysis, storage and delivery of information about the status of water bodies,
water resources, mode, quality and water use in the Russian Federation in
general, for its individual regions and river basins, in accordance with the
legislation of the Russian Federation;
• The Agency is engaged, in accordance with the established procedure, in
cooperation with the authorities of foreign countries and international
organizations in the specified above sphere of activity.
2.6 Neva Ladoga Water Basin Administration
(NLWBA)
Neva-Ladoga Basin Water Administration (Neva-Ladoga WBA) is a territorial
body under the Federal Agency for Water Resources acting at the interregional
level. Neva-Ladoga WBA also delivers public services and ensures management
of Federal property regarding water resources: the functions are entrusted to
the Federal Water Resources Agency with regard to the basins of the rivers
flowing into the Baltic Sea: the Neva River, the Narva River and others
located in Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad region, as well as in Kaliningrad
region, Novgorod and Pskov regions and the Republic of Karelia, where
the departments of water resources, which are structural units of the
Administration, are located.
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The main functions of the Administration are as follows:
• The Administration implements measures to prevent adverse impacts of
waters and to mitigate the consequences of such impacts for aquatic facilities of Federal ownership that are confined to two or more constituent
entities of the Russian Federation that are comprised into the area of the
named Administration activities;
• The Administration provides water reservoirs, that are entirely confined
to the relevant territories of the Russian Federation constituent entities,
when water resources of such entities are used for providing drinking
and domestic water supply for two or more constituent entities of the
Russian Federation; the above could refer to some parts of such water
reservoirs in accordance with the list of such reservoirs, established by the
Government of the Russian Federation; it also could be referred to allocation the seas or their parts for use – on the basis of water use agreements,
or on the basis of decisions on allocation of water bodies for use in the
Administration area of activities;
• The Administration operates water reservoirs and multi-purpose water
systems, protective and other hydraulic structures under the jurisdiction of
the Federal Water Resources Agency, and it ensures their safety and security;
• The Administration develops and implements, in accordance with the
established procedure, the scheme for comprehensive usage and protection of water bodies;
• The Administration ensures measures for water reservoirs protection that
are entirely confined to the relevant territories of the Russian Federation
constituent entities, when water resources of such entities are used for
providing drinking and domestic water supply for two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the list of such
reservoirs, established by the Government of the Russian Federation, as
well as for the protection of seas or their parts to prevent their pollution
and depletion; the functions also include implementation of measures to
eliminate the consequences of the above named phenomena within the
Agency area of responsibility;
• The Administration delivers information to the stakeholders interested in
the data from the State Water Registry in the manner prescribed by the
legislation of the Russian Federation;
• The Administration maintains the State Water Registry, the Russian
Register of Hydraulic Structures; organization and implementation of the
State monitoring of water bodies in accordance with the legislation of the
Russian Federation.
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• Responsibilities of Neva-Ladoga WBA incorporates water and water
quality management, and include coordination of various participants
of the water bodies monitoring, water users when they are provided
with qualitative and quantitative data on the discharged waste waters.
Generalized and verified data presented in the format approved by the
state statistical reporting system – “2-TP (vodhoz)” are submitted annually to the Federal Agency for Water Resources and to the bodies of the
Federal Agency for State Statistics.
2.7 Federal state water institutions
(FSI) "Baltvodhoz", "Pskovvodhoz",
"Novgorodvodhoz" and others
These institutions are operating under the authority of the Federal Agency for
Water Resources. Their activities are connected with collection, processing,
storage, generalization and analysis of data obtained in the cause of observations over water objects of Federal importance in order to provide relevant
information for Rosvodresursy and NLWBA for maintaining the State
Monitoring of facilities.
FSI "Baltvodhoz" and the FSI "Pskovvodhoz" subordinated to
Rosvodresursy also carry out the State monitoring of natural water resources
of transboundary water bodies, in particular water bodies in the Narva
River catchment areas. Apart from the Federal Agency for Water Resources,
observations are transmitted to FSBI “North-West Administration for
Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring” (NW AHEM) of
Roshydromet with the aim of entering the data on the status of the environment and pollution into the Unified State Data Fund (USDF).
Water users (municipal associations, industrial enterprises, etc.) independently control the composition of their wastewater and water quality of water
bodies – water intake structures at control and background stations (local
monitoring). Monitoring data are submitted to the territorial body of the
Federal Water Resources Agency (in our case – to NLWBA) and to territorial
departments for water resources in accordance with the format for reporting
approved by the State statistical system – “2-TP (vodohoz)”1 reporting form.
Figure 1 shows a scheme illustrating interactions between the government
of the Russian Federation and the institutions (organizations) subordinated to
various agencies involved in the process of collecting and submitting data to
HELCOM, including for the purpose of compiling loads of water pollution in
the Russian Baltic Sea catchment area.
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Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment of the Russian Federation
(MNR)
The Federal Service for
Hydrometeorology and
Environmental monitoring
(Roshydromet)
Department of
Roshydromet within the
North-West Federal
District, Hydromet SRI
(SHI, HCI, SOI, IGCE ...)
FSBI “North-West
Administration for
Hydrometeorology and
Environmental Monitoring”
(NW AHEM),
organizations which have
the licenses from
Roshydromet (Sevmorgeo
LLC)
Observation data
transfer
Control of data
availability and
quality of
environmental
waters monitoring
data, data
integration
Collection and
transmission of
quality of surface
inland waters and
marine waters
observation data
within the system of
the state monitoring,
data collection from
point sources of
pollutants that
discharge into water
bodies
The Federal Agency for
Water Resources
(Rosvodresursy)
Neva Ladoga Water Basin
Administration (NLWBA);
Rosvodresursy
FSI “Baltvodohoz”,
FSI “Pskovvodohoz”, etc
Figure 1. The scheme shows interactions between the Government of the Russian Federation and
the institutions (organizations) under various agencies involved in the process of collecting and
submitting data to HELCOM, including for the purpose of compiling loads of water pollution in the
Russian Baltic Sea catchment area.
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On behalf of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the
Russian Federation (MNR), the SPb PO “Ecology and Business” (SaintPetersburg public organization) participates in the procedure of the observations data transmission to HELCOM for the purpose of adding the data to
the PLC database. The employees of the “Ecology and Business” are contact
persons in the HELCOM working and expert groups (HELCOM PRESSURE
and earlier HELCOM LAND and LOAD groups, etc.) In accordance with
the decisions taken at the meetings of these groups, the SPb PO “Ecology and
Business” develops reports indicating the data to be submitted to HELCOM;
the reports subsequently are forwarded to the MNR Department in charge
of International Cooperation. On the basis of these reports submitted by the
“Ecology and Business” the Department of International Cooperation generates queries for particular data to be submitted and forwards the requests
to the appropriate agencies. Data, received back by the Department of
International Cooperation from those agencies in retaliation for the queries,
after being coordinated, is forwarded to the SPb PO “Ecology and Business”
for inclusion in the HELCOM format, and finally the data is forwarded to
HELCOM.
Conclusions and proposals:
1) The MNR of Russia is the only Authority responsible for the implementation of the commitments under the Helsinki Convention, including data
communication.
2) In accordance with the above scheme, the procedure of data collection
and data transmission to HELCOM is a long and nonlinear one (it includes
a large number of the communication stages – from the regional authorities up to the Federal level, and only after that the data is transmitted to
HELCOM).
3) Regulatory documents and / or regulations that would specify the flow of
information and timing regarding submission of the data to HELCOM,
and that would specify the responsibilities of all levels of performers are
lacking.
4) To simplify the procedure and to improve the efficacy of data reporting
it is necessary that the MNR of Russia develops and approves legal documents that would establish obligations for executor at all levels with
regard to participation and the submission of information withing the
framework of the Helsinki Convention on a regular basis.
5) To implement the above specified objectives it is necessary to get additional funding allocated from the Federal budget, it is also necessary
changes to be introduced in the legislation of the Russian Federation.
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3 Fulfillment of the obligations by
the Russian Federation regarding
data submission as part of the
pollution loads compilation
This section considers the procedure for collecting and transmitting data to
the database on the compilation of pollution loads (hereinafter – the PLC
database) by Russia. The PLC database comprises 23 rivers that are confined
to the Russian Baltic Sea catchment area.
Appendix 1 shows an outline map of the State Observation System observation stations and point waste water sources discharging directly into the
Gulf of Finland and the Vistula Lagoon.
3.1 Transboundary rivers (Narva, Neman,
Daugava (Western Dvina) and Pregolya)
Russia does not report on the loads entering the Baltic Sea from the Narva,
Neman, Daugava (Western Dvina) and Pregolya rivers. This information is
available from Latvia and Lithuania, respectively.
The Narva River is a “boundary” river flowing along the territorial border
between Russia and Estonia. In connection with the decision of HELCOM
on load sharing regarding the Narva River, Russia also is obliged to provide
data on loads, entering the Sea from the Russian part of the catchment basin,
to the PLC database. The solution to this problem can be developed by
the Joint Russian-Estonian Commission on Protection and Rational Use of
Transboundary Waters. On the Russian side, the Government of the Russian
Federation is responsible for enforcement of the decisions of the above-mentioned Commission. The head of the Rosvodresursy, M.V. Seliverstova, is cochairperson of the Inter-Governmental Commission on the Russian side.
The situation with the Neman River is a more complicated one. The
river flows through the territory of Belarus, and as a transboundary river it
enters the territory of Lithuania, further on, downstream the river turns into
a boundary river between Russia and Lithuania. In the delta – the tributary
Matrosovka branches from the Neman River and runs into the Russian territory; the Matrosovka river water flow accounts for 25% of the Neman River
flow. It is necessary to reach an agreement with Lithuania about how the
Neman River loads will be split between Lithuania and Russia to be reported
to HELCOM.
The Western Dvina River (the Daugava) is a transboundary river, which
heads from the territory of Russia, flows through the territory of Belarus
and falls into the Gulf of Riga in Latvia. Under the new scheme for nutrient
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reduction from the HELCOM Contracting Parties Russia also needs to provide the load data for this river.
The Pregolya River is a transboundary river that flows through the territory
of Poland and Russia. The mouth of the Pregolya River is located in the territory of Russia. The Russian section of the Pregolya River catchment area
accounts for 50% of its length. Until recently, the PLC database has been
taking into account the load entering the Baltic Sea with the Pregolya River
waters as entirely the load from Russia without specifying the share of the
load coming from the territory of Poland. However, under the new scheme
on nutrient load from the HELCOM Contracting Parties reduction, Poland is
obliged to provide load data for the Polish part of the Pregolya River catchment area.
TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS THAT ARE NOT LISTED IN THE HELCOM
DATABASE (MAMONOVKA AND VUOKSA)
The load from these rivers into the Baltic Sea is not considered directly
within the PLC database (as the load coming with monitored watercourse
and partially monitored watercourse). Theoretically, this load is taken into
account as part of the load from the unmonitored territories. Until recently,
Russia has not provided data for this type of loads. Given that the Hydromet
Observation Network incorporates the station in the Mamonovka and
Vuoksa rivers it is viable to put forward proposals regarding taking into
account the loads coming from these watercourses in the similar way it is
done for monitored watercourses.
The Mamonovka River is a transboundary river flowing through the territories of Poland and Russia, it runs into the Vistula Lagoon. As of today,
the Mamonovka river is not included into the monitored rivers section of
the HELCOM PLC database. However, in the future, it will be necessary to
ensure that the Mamonovka River is included into the PLC database. After
the river is included into the PLC database, it will be necessary to determine
the contribution from the Russian and Polish territories into the load generation. Delineation and coordination of the each party contribution with this
regard could be carried out within the framework of the Polish-Russian agreement on transboundary collaboration.
The Vuoksa River is a transboundary river between Finland and Russia.
Vuoksa River flows into the Lake of Ladoga located in the territory of
Russia. Russia has no obligation regarding providing HELCOM with data
on the nutrient loads coming with the Vuoksa River waters. However,
the Observation Network under FSBI “North-West Administration for
Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring” (NW AHEM) includes
a number of stations on the Vuoksa River located near the State border and
in the mouth. The share of the load coming from the territory of Finland can
be estimated through comparing the load value calculated according to the
hydrological and hydro-chemical operations at the border with the value
calculated for the estuarine station.
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Conclusion and suggestions:
1) It is necessary to define the principles of load distribution for every transboundary and boundary river running between Russia and neighboring
states. This can be done as part of multilateral agreements on cross-border
cooperation, on the protection and rational use of transboundary water
bodies and as part of various other projects.
2) The information necessary for this purpose is presumably generated
at the observation points of the Roshydromet network; and in the FSI
Rosvodresursy, to a less degree, in accordance with their tasks, and it is
also generated in the responsible territories. However, the transmission
of information must be implemented with the appropriate authorization
from the competent bodies.
3) The optimal solution, according to Mrs. Valentina Varlashina, Deputy Head
of the Informational and Analytical Department of the NW Department
of the Roshydromet, would be an administrative and executive document
developed by the Ministry of Natural Resources with regard to the procedure of discharge the obligations by Russia in terms of submission of the
loads data to HELCOM; the document should comprise Russian contractors, time frames and scope of these work, the recipients of information,
etc..
4) The hydrochemical observation programs at the points of the state network could be complemented, if necessary, with additional parameters
allowing to fully observe the Russian Federation commitments with
regard to submission of load data to HELCOM. Participation of the
leading research institutes subordinated to the Hydromet (GGR, HCI)
is a must. Appropriate changes should be introduced into the state
assignments for FSBI Roshydromet “ North-West AHEM” and FGI
Rosvodresursy. Increase in the amount of work at the points of the State
Observation Network associated with the changers in the observation
programs, it will require additional funding from the Federal budget.
3.2 Monitored rivers
Monitored rivers (Russia reports regularly on these rivers):
• The Neva River – Saint-Petersburg and the Leningrad region;
• The Luga river – the Leningrad region;
• The Seleznevka river – the Leningrad region;
• The Narva river– Pskov and the Leningrad regions;
• The Pregolya river – the Kaliningrad region.
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Russia should provide the information on the monitored rivers to the PLC
database on the following parameters:
Hydrochemical
Biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days (BOD5), Total phosphorous
(Ptot.)*, Phosphate phosphorous (PO4), Total nitrogen (Ntot.)*,
Ammonium nitrogen (N-NH4), Nitrite nitrogen N-NO2, Nitrate nitrogen
(N-NO3), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead
(Pb), Nickel (Ni)**, Chromium (Cr)**
Hydrological
Water flow
* – In accordance with HELCOM PLC Guidance it is necessary to control total nitrogen and phosphorus, which means determining nitrogen and phosphorous content in the unfiltered sample.
Usually in Russia, by the total, it is means the content of nitrogen and phosphorous in the filtered
samples that is determined
** – Reporting on these parameters is not obligatory
The necessary data on the rivers Neva, Luga, Pregolya are to be provided by
the branches of the FSBI “North-West Administration for Hydrometeorology
and Environmental Monitoring” (NW AHEM) and its branch in Kaliningrad
– CHEM that are in charge of the state monitoring at the points of the State
Network for Observations in the given watercourses.
The required data on the Seleznevka River are to be provided by FSA
“Baltvodohoz” – a subordinate organization under the Federal Water
Resources Agency (Rosvodresursy).
The analysis of the data on monitored rivers provided by Russia for
the PLC database has revealed the following situation:
Monitored river
Data submitted by the Russian Federation to the PLC database
Neva
The values for all parameters (except mercury) are provided
Luga
The values for all parameters (except mercury) are provided
Seleznevka
The data are lacking Ptot, Ntot, Hg, Zn values
Pregolya
The data are lacking Ntot. и Ptot., Cd, Zn, Cu, и Pb
FSBI “North-West Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring” (NW AHEM) conducts regular monitoring of the Seleznevka
River at the observation points in the area of Luzhaika station, including
determination of Ntot and Ptot content. Further, in the near future the observations data on the Seleznevka River will be requested to be late on transmitted to the PLC database, provided that Roshydromet grants its authorization.
In late 2010 FSBI “North-West Administration for Hydrometeorology and
Environmental Monitoring” started exploratory observations at the point in
the river Seleznevka, that is located near the state border with Finland. The
program of observations at this post includes observations over Ntot filtered
and Ptot content.
Consequently, it will be possible to fulfill the Russian obligations with
regard to providing data, as part of the annual HELCOM reporting, for all
monitored rivers of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The Pregolya
River in the Kaliningrad region will be an exception.
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Starting from 2012, the Kaliningrad CHEM has been conducting the state
monitoring of the environmental water quality in the Vistula Lagoon near the
mouth of the river Pregolya. The list of the observed parameters include Ntot
and Ptot. This information can be submitted to the PLC database. The reason
for the incompleteness of data on Pregolya River in previous years is the
absence of Ntot and Ptot (as well as Ntot filtered and Ptot filtered) on the list
of monitored parameters specified by the system of the state monitoring for
this particular watercourse.
Development of the observation program at the points of the State
Observation Network is based on the document number R 52.24.309-2011,
which is called “Recommendations. Organization and performance of the
routine for inland surface water pollution observations within Roshydromet
network.”The developer of this document is FSBI “Hydrochemical Institute”
(HCI), subordinated to Roshydromet. This Institute provides scientific and
methodological support for the work of all Roshydromet units in Russia.
When developing a list of indicators for an observation program the mandatory and specific parameters should be taken into account. The list of mandatory parameters does not include Ntot and Ptot.
The need to determine specific parameters depends on the data on the
composition of wastewater discharges in the area of an observation point,
an indicative list of pollutants typical of a certain type of the source of effect.
In particular, the available list recommends to determine Ntot and Ptot (Ntot
filtered and Ptot filtered) for watercourses, where the municipal wastewater
treatment plants, farms, etc. are located. Further on, a set of defined parameters is to be specified on the basis of the results of a survey of the water body.
Monitoring programs at the Roshydromet observation points are being developed and approved by HCI for a period of 5 years. Currently the program
of inland surface water pollution observations under the State Observation
System (GOS) against hydrochemical indicators is approved to be implemented
in the area on the North-West AHEM activities (St. Petersburg, the Leningrad,
Novgorod, Pskov, Kaliningrad Oblast and the Republic of Karelia) for 2013 –
2017.
Extracts from this basic “Program ...” is given in Appendix 2 in this report.
Operational-production departments of Roshydromet can address (and
address) to the HCI with proposals to extend / change the list of indicators of
the observer program, changes in the composition of the GOS.
HCI annually reviews and coordinates proposals for adjustments to
the observation program. In accordance with these proposals, changes are
introduced into the state assignments for Roshydromet operational devisions
(in particular, the assignments go to NW AHEM in St. Petersburg and to its
branch – Kaliningrad Kaliningrad).The introduced changes are to be approved
by Roshydromet. The necessary changes and amendments for the monitoring
program could be made on the basis of proposals from the MNR with due
regard to international requirements and HELCOM guidelines.
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Roshydromet divisions that carry out monitoring do it only on the basis of
state assignment or when having a specific contract as a part of a particular
project. This divisions are not supposed to develop observation programs
based on international requirements – this is beyond the scope of their
responsibilities.
3.3 Partially monitored rivers
Partially monitored rivers are Gorokhovka, Karasta, Kovashim Krasnenkaya,
Lebyazhya, Malinovka, Matrosovka, Peschanaya, Sestra, Shingarka, Sista,
Strelka, Chernaya, Chulkovka, Voronka.
Russia does not provide data on these rivers, as in fact they are unmonitored (they have no official monitoring stations). In this account, it is reasonable to consider the loads from these streams as the loads from unmonitored
territories.
3.4 Unmonitored rivers
As indicated above, Russia does not provide data on the 16 rivers to the PLC
database, which are indicated as partially monitored in the database, but in
fact they are unmonitored. Currently, the Institute of Limnology of RAS, on
request of NLBWA, completed the work on the nutrient inputs assessment
from these 16 rivers. According to the results of this work, Russia got an idea
of the amount of pollution coming from sixteen unmonitored rivers, and these
preliminary estimates could be submitted to the PLC database.
The summary of the implemented activities is given Appendix 3.
Russia supports the HELCOM proposal on inclusion of these rivers into
the category of unmonitored when preparing the next reporting round.
3.5 Unmonitored territories
According to the estimations made by experts within the framework of the
Balthazar Phase II project and presented in a report called «Identifying of
obstacles in producing reliable data and collecting the existing data”, the area
of unmonitored territories in Russia amounts to 3% of the total area of the
Russian part of the Gulf of Finland catchment area; for the Kaliningrad region
(south-east of the Baltic Sea) the figure is 29%.
Russia does not report on the loads coming from unmonitored territories
due to the fact that Russia has no regulatory and methodological framework,
and such concept as “unmonitored area” does not exist.
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Conclusion and suggestions:
1) To address the issue of development of a set of regulatory, procedural and
organizational documents on the determination of the pollution load in
the watercourses in the Russian part of the Baltic Sea catchment it is necessary to have decision from the MNR with the necessary funding for this
purpose to be allocated from the federal budget.
2) Particular groundwork in this area has been done. In particular, the
above-mentioned work has been done by the Institute of Limnology of
the Russian Academy of Sciences, which in 2013, on request of NLWBA,
performed computations of the load coming from unmonitored territories
of the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland catchment area, and a mathematical model developed by the Institute was used for that job.
3) To carry out computations with the use any mathematical model it’s necessary to have meteorological and hydrological information (information
about water discharge, precipitation, air temperature), information on the
sources of anthropogenic impact (information about point sources, information on the animals population, the use of fertilizers and areas covered
with different modes of land use), etc.
4) To be able to regularly perform such computations it is necessary
to establish a system of regular data collection, as part of the State
Monitoring System, and to have access to the State statistics data.
5) The best solution would be to get an administrative regulatory order
prepared by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation
(the document could be based on an analytical report prepared by the
stakeholders) on how to perform RF obligation regarding reporting data
on loads for HELCOM; it would be relevant to specify the Contractors
from the Russian side, the timing and scope of the work, the recipients of
information, a list of observation points carrying out (under the supervision of a number of various agencies) water quality monitoring, etc.
3.6 Point sources discharging directly
into the sea
Data on such point sources are accumulated in NLWBA, subordinated to
Rosvodresursy – a responsible authority for water management.
Russia should regularly provide information to the PLC database on the
point sources discharging directly into the Baltic Sea. The indicators should
be the same as for monitored rivers.
As of 2006, the PLC database comprises 32 point sources in Russia
discharging directly into the Baltic Sea (into the Gulf of Finland and Central
Baltic), of which
– 12 sources are industrial enterprises;
– 20 sources are municipal wastewater treatment plants.
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As of 2010, Russia provided aggregate information on all point sources to
PLC database, i.e. total input of substances from point sources into the Gulf
of Finland and Central Baltic (Kaliningrad Oblast).
The reason for the data to be presented in an aggregated form is that
according to the Russian law, the information on the composition and the
scope of discharges from natural resources users is confidential and can be
disclosed only upon the user authorization.
3.7 Point sources located in the catchment areas
Providing information on point sources located in the catchment areas we are
facing the problem described in section 3.6, namely since 2008 NLWBA is
authorized to provide data only in aggregate form, and the only way to get the
information is to request it from natural resources users.
It should be noted that a large number of natural resources users, that discharge directly into the sea, carry out control of Ntot and Ptot discharges (the
analysis of PLC data of 2006 showed that only 5 of 12 industrial enterprises
failed to submit data on these indicators). The situation with the point sources
located in the catchment area of the rivers is somewhat different (analysis of
completeness of the reported information is given below).
The PLC database comprises 233 point sources in Russia, located in the
catchment areas of rivers, of which 73 sources are industrial enterprises; 160
sources are municipal wastewater treatment plants.
Source type
Reporting status to HELCOM
Industrial enterprises
– No data on Ptot, Ntot, for 11 sources
– No information on bulk Hg for all sources
– No data on Cu for 42 sources
– No data on Pb for 69 sources
– No data on Zn for 57 sources
Municipal wastewater treatment plants
– No data on Ptot, Ntot, for 5 sources
– No data on Cd for 48 sources
– No data on Hg for 45 sources
– No data on Cu for 17 sources
– No data on Pb for 41 sources
– No data on Zn for 21 sources
Lack of information on the content of Ntot, Ptot and heavy metals results
from the fact that the users of natural resources do not perform control of
these substances in their discharges.
Therefore, Russia cannot provide data on a large number of point sources
in the catchment areas of the rivers.
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Conclusion and suggestions:
1) The obtain information on discharges from point sources it is necessary
to approach each user of natural resources individually.
2) There are alternative ways of obtaining information on point sources.
Thus, The Federal Service for Supervisory control of Natural Resources
(Rosprirodnadzor) performs the functions of control and supervision,
including the activities of natural resources users. As part of its supervisory
and control activities this agency is authorized to request data on the
quality and quantity of discharges from users of natural resources
directly. Since the data for the HELCOM is to be acquired within the
format of international cooperation, in this case the Rosprirodnadzor
Department in the North-West Federal District, it has to be officially
authorized by the Ministry of Natural Resources to collect the necessary
information from the natural resources users.
3) In addition, in the case the Aarhus Convention is ratified by the Russian
Federation, the information about the amount of pollutants discharged
from point sources will have to become available.
3.8 Diffuse sources
As in the case of unmonitored areas, the Russian Federation lacks the regulatory and procedural framework for providing the assessment of pollution
from diffuse sources on a regular basis. Diffuse sources relates to categories
like agriculture, forestry, deposition on inland waters, individual households
and stormwater overflows.
Data from the Institute of Limnology (ILRAS) and results from phase
II of the RusNIP project concerning nutrient load modelling could be used
as a basis for proposing a procedural framework in accordance with the
PLC Guidelines. Before the official authorities responsible for monitoring
of the environment can use this methodology it must pass an evaluation by
Hydromet. In order to perform calculations of loads from diffuse sources it
is necessary to establish a system of data collection and monitoring within
the state, and for this an order from the Ministry of Natural Resources of the
Russian Federation is needed. Elaboration of such a framework can be implemented by producing official regulation documents by MNR. These documents will give guidance on how and by which subordinate body to NMR
this data should be produced. This is why these documents should be supported from the MNR side by elaborating the legal basis and corresponding
funding from the federal budget.
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3.9 Background load
Russia does not report on the background loads to the Baltic Sea originating
from its territory. To analyze the reasons for the lack of data it is necessary to
determine the meaning of the “background load” notion.
The leakage from uncultivated lands is taken as a background load in
the PLC manual. To assess the “background load”, as it is defined by PLC, a
number of scientific research projects were carried out in Russia. According to
the results of these studies it was concluded that in Russia there are no catchment areas not subject to anthropogenic influence, so the background load
cannot be specified.
However, in the PLC guideline, we can see that a number of countries provide their background load value, so in this respect it is necessary to study the
experience of our foreign colleagues.
3.10Load retention
Russia did not report on retention of loads originating in Russian catchments
of the Baltic Sea. As well as in the case of unmonitored territories, in Russia
there is no official regulatory and methodological framework for the estimating retention in streams and reservoirs in the territory of the Russian part of
the Baltic Sea catchment.
The Institute of Limnology, as part of scientific projects, conducted studies on load retention in the waterways and water bodies within the territory
of the Russian part of the Baltic Sea catchment area. However, this information is not officially adopted at the state level, and retention assessment is not
conducted on a regular basis. Appropriateness of the use of this information
needs to be discussed.
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4Conclusions
Currently, Russia does not in full meet the commitments on reporting data
to the PLC database, neither according to annual nor periodical routines.
Below are shown details on fulfillment of obligations by Russia with
regard to reporting to HELCOM (the PLC database), as of 2011 in terms
of regular reporting, and as of 2006 in terms of periodical reporting.
Annual reporting round for 2011
– monitored rivers
The data are reported virtually in full
– un monitored territories
No data
– point sources (direct discharges to the sea)
The data are reported virtually in full
(aggregate form)
Periodical reporting round for 2006
– point sources (located in the catchment
areas of the rivers)
The data are reported virtually in full
– diffuse sources
No data
– background load
No data
– retention
No data
Unmonitored territories and rivers (according to the results acquired in previous
research projects) contribute with an insignificant load in comparison with
other sources. With this regard, one could say that the annual reporting by
Russia gives a general idea of the pollution loads coming from the Russian
Baltic Sea catchment area. The results of investigations performed by the
Institute of Limnology RAS during 2013, allow us to conclude that the load
has not changed much.
Gaps regarding the data reporting in the course the periodic reporting round
show that Russia, having a general idea of the pollution amount, currently has
an underdeveloped tool base (regulatory and methodological) necessary for
assessing the distribution of loads on different sources, while the adoption of
the correct management decisions aimed at reducing nutrients income into the
Baltic Sea is not supported by adequate information.
According to the experts, the PLC database is primarily designed to assess
the extent of pollution and only secondarily promotes the adoption of correct
management decisions.
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In order to improve the provision of data to the PLC database it is necessary to make further efforts in order to allow Russia to meet the following
challengers:
• Lack of regulatory documents approved by the Ministry of Natural
Recourse that would allow to organize acquisition of official data to
be submitted to the PLC database;
• Lack of methodological basis and a responsible authority in charge
of computations and estimation of loads from unmonitored territories,
diffuse sources, background load and retention load.
• Absence of decisions by bilateral Commissions on transboundary
watercourses and transboundary collaboration that should be taken
to determine the contribution of each party into the loads generation
on transboundary watercourses.
As an initial practical effort for overcoming the above-noted obstacles it
would be expedient to prepare a brief draft policy (analytical note) for the
MNR; this policy brief should be based on the information contained in this
and other reports. It is recommended to prepare for streamlining the procedure of assessing and compiling data that is to be reported to HELCOM, and
to develop further on a set of organizational and administrative documents to
ensure the fulfillment by Russian of its obligations.
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Appendix 1
Outline map that shows observation stations under the State Observation
System and the point sources that discharge directly into the Gulf of Finland
and Vistula Bay, and that are included into the PLC database
80
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
12
12
12
12
n/a
12
12
12
12
12
0,5 m
III
0,5 m
main 0,5
Monthly
12
12
Q calculated
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
main 0,5
site 1 - 0,6 km below the town of Sestroretsk, 0,2 km above
river mouth (1990)
III
site1 - 0,2 km above st. Luzhaika near the
highway bridge (1986 )
The town of Sestroretsk (Saint-Petersburg)
Monthly
12
12
29140
Seleznevka River
Station Luzhaika
29141
Unnamed channel №840
Location of the verticals
Location of the horizontal (m) from water surface
Sampling point category
Sampling schedule
Number of samples per year
Visual observations
Water flow (level)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
81
mercury
cobalt
lead
nickel
cadmium
Nutrients
manganese
chromium 3+
chromium total
zinc
copper
total iron
organic phosphorous
total phosphorous
total phosphorous (filtered)
phosphate phosphorous
total nitrogen (filtered)
total mineral nitrogen
nitrate nitrogen
biological oxygen demand for 5 days
ammonium nitrogen
nitrite nitrogen
chemical oxygen demand
Location of the site
Name of the water body
Name of the observation point
Number of the observation point
4
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Appendix 2
Extract from the “Program of observations, carried out by the State
Observation System, of inland surface water pollution in accordance with
hydrological and chemical indicators in the area supervised by the NorthWest AHEM (St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Kaliningrad Oblast
and the Republic of Karelia) for 2013 – 2017
Metals
The town of Saint-Petersburg
The town of Saint-Petersburg
main 0,5
0,5 m
III
Monthly
12
12
Q calculated.
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
main 0,5
0,5 m
III
Monthly
12
12
Q calculated.
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
site - within the boundaries of Saint-Petersburg, 0,025 site 1 - within the boundaries of Saint-Petersburg,
km above the river mouth (1973)
0,025 km above the river mouth (1975)
29162
The branch of the Bolshaya Nevka River
29165
The Malaya Nevka River branch
82
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Q calculated.
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
12
12
12
12
n/a
Monthly
12
12
III
0,5 m
0,5 m
II
main 0,5
main 0,5
The village of Kamenka (Saint-Petersburg)
site1 - 0,5 km below the village of Kamenka, in the
alignment of the highway bridge (1990)
Site 6 - within the boundaries of SaintPetersburg, 1,4 km above the river mouth (1969)
The town of Saint-Petersburg
29142
Kamenka River
29161
Neva River ( Bolshaya Neva )
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
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83
III
Monthly
12
12
Q measured acc. to . hydropower station
12
12
4
4
4
4
III
Monthly
12
12
n/a
12
12
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
12
12
12
12
0,5 m
12
12
12
12
4
4
main 0,5
0,5 m
12
12
12
12
12
III
Monthly
12
12
Q calculated.
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
0,5 m
main 0,5
29168
29176
The branch of Malaya Nevka River
Vuoksa River
The town of Saint-Petersburg
Lesogorskiy settlement
site. 1 - 11 km upstream Lesogorskiy settlement , near borders site. 1 - within the boundaries of Saint-Petersburg, 0,025 km
above the river mouth(1973)
of the Svetlogorsk,in hydropower station dam (1965)
main 0,5
site. 1 - within Priozersk, 0,8 km above mouth , near pontoon
bridge (1986)
Priozersk city
29179
Vuoksa River
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
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0,5 m
III
Monthly
12
12
Q calculated.
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
main. 0,9
0,5 m
III
Monthly
12
12
Q measured.
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
0,2-0,5
II
Monthly
35
249
84
5
12
5
12
12
12
12
5
5
main 0,5
0,5
The town of kKingissepp
Site 2 - 12 km below the Kingissepp town, 6,0 km below inflow
of the Padozhitsa River (1986)
The town of Ivangorod
Site 2 - 2,0 km below the town of Ivangorod, 12,3 km above the river
mouth(1999)
The town of Sovetsk
Neman River
Site 2 - 9,5 km above the town of Sovetsk, 2 km below the town of
Neman (1965)
29291
Luga River
29319
Narva River
29460 (40001)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
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The town of Kaliningrad
The town of Mamonovo
29461 (40002)
The village of Mostovoe
Matrosovka branch (Neman River)
85
5
12
5
12
5
5
12
5
5
5
5
12
12
12
12
5
5
12
12
12
12
5
5
12
12
12
12
5
5
0,9
Mountly
12
12
0,2-0,5
III (II)
12
12
0,5
12
12
0,1
5
5
n/a
5
5
5
5
5
5
0,2-0,5
IV
0,5
5
12
5
0,5
0,2-0,5
II
Monthly
35
249
Q measured.
12
12
12
12
5
5
site1 - 0,5 km above the town of Mamonobo, 0,5 km below hydropost, 6,7 site1 – within the boundaries of Kaliningrad 1,0 km above the river mouth site1 - 0,5 km below Mostovoe village 0,028 km below hydropost,
(1967)
km till river mouth (1986)
near a bridge (1973)
29472 (40023)
Pregolya River
29479 (40029)
The Mamonovka River
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
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HELCOM Pollution Load Compilations
Appendix 3
Summary report on the State contract № 20/12 - 200 of 11.2012, on the
performance of the following services by the Institute of Limnology RAS:
“RESEARCH AND COMPUTATION OF NUTRIENT LOAD COMING FROM
THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TERRITORY INTO THE BALTIC SEA (I-12-75)”
In the course of the conducted work inter-seasonal monitoring of nine transboundary water bodies located along the southern border of the Kaliningrad
region of Russia was carried out. The following water bodies were studied
– the rivers Ignatyevka, Vitushka, Kornevka, Rezvaya, Stogovka, Zolnaya,
Kasnaya, Kemerovka, lake Vishtynetskoe. Concentrations of total nitrogen
and total phosphorus were varying in the course of the observations depending
on the hydrological target and hydrological season. The highest nitrogen concentration (4.72 mg N/l) was recorded for the Stogovka river during autumn
floods. Maximum total phosphorus content (1.28 mg P/ l-3) was also recorded
for the Vitushka river, but it was typical of the winter sampling. The lowest
concentrations of nutrients are typical of the Vishtynetskoe lake: here the
maximum value of total nitrogen content is 0.99 mg/ l, and gross phosphorus
content is 0.049 mg/l.
When estimating the export of nutrients by rivers we can see that the
highest amount of the total nitrogen export per annum is observed in the river
Stogovka; according to our estimations it could make 336.3 tons per annum.
The maximum amount of gross phosphorus can be contributed by two rivers:
Stogovka and Krasnaya – 18.8 and 19.3 tons per annum, respectively. The
main pattern of the annual distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations shows that higher contents coincide with the winter and summer
low-water periods, while the reduction in the concentrations is typical of the
periods when water is diluted by spring and autumn high floods.
Total transfer of nutrients through the stations of the studied transboundary
watercourses, according to the measurements of 2013, this year could make
660 tons of total nitrogen and 60 tons of total phosphorus. According to the
calculations carried out with the help of ratios of the territories occupied by
transboundary catchment areas in Russia and Poland, the total amount of
nitrogen compounds exported from Polish territory could reach 408.3 tons
in 2013, while the amount of phosphorus compounds could make 22 tons.
The results of field measurements in the 17 tributaries of the Gulf of
Finland (the rivers Peschanaya, Velikaya, Chulkovka, Polevaya, Drema,
Matrosovka, Gorokhovka, Chernaya, Lebyaxhya, Kovashi, Voronka, Sista
and Khabolovka) allow to make the following conclusions regarding the
nutrient load in the water area in 2013:
• Average concentration of total phosphorus during the summer and autumn
periods was 0.12 mg/ l–1. This is 1.8 times higher than the values typical
of the winter and spring seasons. The highest concentration of total
phosphorus was recorded during the summer period in the Karasta
and Matrosovka rivers.
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• Average concentration of total nitrogen in the summer and autumn periods was 2.6 mg/l–1. It is almost 2 times the values typical of the winter
and spring seasons. The highest concentrations of total nitrogen were
record-ed in summer in the Strelka and Lebyazhya rivers, while in
autumn – in the Sista river.
• Positive correlation between nitrogen concentration and the extent of
catchment areas forestation was shown as typical of the north-eastern
coast rivers.
• Nutrient load to the Gulf from the 17 small tributaries of the north-eastern
and south-eastern coasts, as of 2013, is estimated as 129 t P/ year–1 and
2,884 t N/ year–1.
Estimations of the overall load of total phosphorus and total nitrogen to the
Gulf of Finland from the unmonitored part of own catchment area have been
made based on a modified version of a mathematical model of the nutrient
loads generation. The model was developed at the Institute of Limnology under
the Russian Academy of Sciences. These results suggest that in 2013 the loads
from unmonitored territories will be roughly estimated as 115 tP/year–1 and
1,883 tN/year–1.
Estimation of the total phosphorus and nitrogen load to the Gulf of
Finland from own catchment area is given in the summary tables 1 and 2.
It can be concluded that in 2013, nutrient load to the Gulf of Finland
from the Russian part of own catchment area can be roughly estimated
as 322t P/yr–1 and 5,039 t N/ yr–1, respectively.
Table 1. Total load from Ptot (t/year–1) to the Gulf of Finland from the Russian territory of
a particular geo-graphically delineated catchment area.
North-West Coast
South-East coast
Total
Results of the measurements in the tributaries
56.8
72.1
128.9
Results of modeling for unmonitored territories
71.8
43.3
115.1
Direct wastewater discharge into the Gulf
(direct point sources)
28.0
50.0
78.0
Total load
156.6
165.4
322.0
Table 2. Total load from Ntot(t/ year–1) to the Gulf of Finland from the Russian territory of
a particular geo-graphically delineated catchment area.
North-West Coast
South-East coast
Total
Results of the measurements in the tributaries
1134.5
1749.0
2883.5
Results of modeling for unmonitored territories
1342.0
541.0
1883.0
Direct wastewater discharge into the Gulf
(direct point sources)
90.8
181.6
272.4
Total load
2567.3
2471.6
5038.9
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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
Annex 2 – Methodology for assessment of nutrient loads and source apportionment
Annex 2
Methodology for assessment of nutrient
loads and source apportionment
Håkan Staaf
Swedish Environmental Production Agency
SE- 106 48 Stockholm
SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
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Annex 2 – Methodology for assessment of nutrient loads and source apportionment
SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REPORT 6645
Annex 2 – Methodology for assessment of nutrient loads and source apportionment
Contents
1BACKGROUND
93
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
BSAP AND NUTRIENT REDUCTION REQUIREMENTS
HELCOM Ministerial Meeting 2007
HELCOM Ministerial Meeting 2013
HELCOM system for monitoring progress towards targets
Conclusions 94
94
94
96
97
3
3.1
3.2
NUTRIENT INPUT AND DISTANCE TO REDUCTION TARGETS
FOR RUSSIA
Waterborne input
Airborne input
98
98
101
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
MONITORING AND ANNUAL REPORTING TO HELCOM
Reporting requirements Coastal point sources
Monitored rivers Unmonitored areas Conclusions and recommendations
103
103
103
103
105
107
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.4
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT ASSESSMENT
Purpose of source apportionment
Reporting to HELCOM
Methods for source apportionment
Source apportionment of riverine input to the sea
Source apportionment of loads to inland surface waters Nutrient retention in rivers and lakes
Background loads
Conclusions and recommendations
108
108
108
109
109
110
111
112
114
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.5
MODELLING TOOLS AND ACTIVITIES
General about modelling tools
The FyrisNP model
The ILLM model
Test cases for modelling
Luga river – Leningrad region
Mamonovka river – Kaliningrad region
Instruch river – Kaliningrad area
Conclusions 115
115
116
117
118
118
120
121
122
7
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT LOADS TO WATER FROM
DIFFERENT SOURCES
124
Atmospheric deposition to inland surface waters and the Baltic Sea 124
Pollution losses from argicultural land to inland waters 125
7.1
7.2
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7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Introduction Leaching coefficients
Pollution losses from non-agricultural managed land Loads from households in urban and rural areas
Transport of pollutants with storm water Natural background loads 8REFERENCES
125
125
129
130
132
133
135
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1Background
This report contains results and conclusions concerning activity 2a and 2b in
the project plan for the project “Capacity for Compliance with the Baltic Sea
Action Plan, RusNIP Phase II”, hereafter named RusNIP II. The objective of
Activity 2 is to elaborate recommendations on effective monitoring and
assessment tools as well as administrative routines for re-assessing the
current environmental problems and to improve environmental reporting
to HELCOM. The project should be carried out in cooperation with the EU
projects BaltHazAR and BASE.
Activity 2a of the project deals specifically with monitoring and assessment of loads and source apportionment of nutrients and selected hazardous
substances in test cases in Leningrad and Kaliningrad areas. The results and
experiences should be evaluated and used as a basis for proposing relevant
methods and approaches in line with the requirements of HELCOM PLC
Guidelines.
In Activity 2b of the project suggestions have been developed how to
mainstream and coordinate monitoring and evaluation in these areas.
The RusNIP II project has been performed in cooperation with the
EU-BaltHazAR II project, which was carried out during the period 2009–2012.
Since BaltHazAR II had a stricter time-table than RUSNIP II, our project has
adjusted its work plans according to the progress of BaltHazAR II. Both projects
have been engaged in monitoring activities and source apportionment modelling, and the role of RusNIP has been to supplement and develop results of
the BaltHazAR II project. The main focus of RusNIP has been on nutrients,
mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, and due to lack of available data hazardous
substances have not been studied in detail.
In October 2013 the HELCOM Ministerial meeting decided on further
actions and recommendations adding to the 2007 HELCOM Baltic Sea
Action Plan, including new country-allocated nutrient reduction requirements
(CART). Consequences of the new CART for Russia have also been included
in this report.
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2 BSAP and nutrient reduction
requirements
2.1 HELCOM Ministerial Meeting 2007
Eutrophication was an important issue in Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP)
that was agreed at the HELCOM Ministerial Meeting in November 2007.
The eutrophication segment of BSAP contained several initiatives to reduce
emissions; primarily new recommendations about wastewater treatment and
preliminary nutrient reduction targets for all HELCOM countries (HELCOM,
2007). These targets were expressed as annual amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus to be reduced by each HELCOM country as compared with the waterborne load to the Baltic Sea from a country during the period 1997–2003.
The reduction targets for waterborne nutrient input from Russia, as
defined in BSAP 2007, were as follows:
– 4,145 ton N/yr. and 1,661 ton P/yr. to Gulf of Finland,
– 114 ton P/yr for Gulf of Riga and
– 2,821 ton N/yr. and 724 ton P/yr. to Baltic Proper.
2.2 HELCOM Ministerial Meeting 2013
At the Ministerial meeting 2013, revised country-allocated nutrient reductions
targets (CART) were adopted. The new CART values replaced the preliminary
reduction targets from 2007. The new CARTs are given in table 1.
Table 1. New reduction targets for HELCOM countries adopted by HELCOM Ministerial Meeting
in October 2013 (ton N or P/yr).
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Denmark
2,890
38
Estonia
1,800
320
Finland
2,430 + 600
330 + 26
Germany
7,170 + 500
110 + 60
Latvia
1,670
220
Lithuania
8,970
1,470
Poland
43,610
7,480
Russia
10,380
3,790
Sweden
9,240
530
The figures in table 1 include reduction requirements for inputs originating
in the territory of the country, and for some countries an addition is made
for waterborne loads stemming from transboundary inputs. For Germany
this refers to loads to the river Odra and for Finland loads via river Neva to
the Gulf of Finland. The figures for Russia include transboundary loads from
Russia via Daugava River to Latvia and exclude transboundary loads from
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Poland via Pregolya River and from Finland via Vuoksa/Neva. For Russia the
net effect of correcting for transboundary loads is that the reduction requirements were lowered with 1,254 ton N/yr and 124 ton P/yr. The preliminary
nutrient reductions from 2007 did not take into account transboundary loads.
Besides transboundary loads the revised nutrient reduction requirements
differ from the old ones for several reasons:
– Eutrophication targets defining good environmental status have been
changed in several sub-basins
– The sum of waterborne and airborne inputs from a country to the Baltic
Sea has been used as a basis for allocating reduction targets. Originally
only waterborne inputs were used.
– The inputs during the reference period have been changed due to normalisation of nutrient inputs via both air and water.
Reduction targets for nitrogen are expressed as the total reduction target of
airborne and waterborne input from a country, while the target for phosphorus
only refers to waterborne loads. No targets for atmospheric deposition of
phosphorus could be developed, since the sources are unknown and no regular monitoring or modelling of phosphorus deposition exists. Atmospheric
deposition of phosphorus to the Baltic Sea was thus considered constant over
time and calculated using standard figures.
For some countries the new CART includes reduction targets also in distant
sub-basins to which they do not border. These targets can thus only be met by
reducing atmospheric emissions. Reduction targets for sub-catchments bordering
directly to a country have been divided in an atmospheric part and a waterborne part. However, each country can choose freely between measures to
reduce nitrogen from air pollution or water pollution, irrespective of the
shares, until the total reduction requirements are met. For Russia, as for other
countries that have inputs to several sub-basins, the CART is divided on subbasins (Table 2).
Table 2. Revised nutrient reduction requirements (CART) per sub-basin for Russia, including both
airborne and waterborne loads. CART figures are calculated after correcting for transboundary waterborne loads. Figures within parenthesis are targets before correcting for transboundary shares.
Sub-basin
Nitrogen
(Ton N/yr)
Phosphorus
Ton P/yr
Transboundary inputs
accounted for
Baltic Proper
2,498 (3,153)
481 (609)
From Poland via Pregolya
Gulf of Finland
7,879 (8,478)
3,277 (3,303)
From Finland via Vuoksa
Gulf of Riga
–
30 (30)
From Russia via Daugava
Kattegat
4 (4)
Total
10,381 (11,635)
Airborne /
waterborne
1,025 (10%)/9,356 (90%)
(Airborne)
3,788 (3,942)
95
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The Russian CART targets are corrected for transboundary waterborne loads
as indicated in the table. This means that Russia now has a target for transboundary load of phosphorus to Gulf of Riga, while targets for phosphorus
and nitrogen to Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad have partly been transferred
to Finland and Poland. However, transboundary loads from Lithuania and
Belarus via the Matrosovka Canal are not accounted for in the CART calculations. The Russian target for Kattegat can only be met by reducing nitrogen
deposition originating from emissions in Russia.
The transboundary waterborne inputs to the Baltic Sea, both from
HELCOM countries and non-HELCOM countries, that were used in CART
are rather uncertain and there is clearly a need to further improve them. This
should be done in bilateral (or in some cases trilateral) agreements between
countries about monitoring programs for transboundary rivers and how to
divide the reduction targets between downstream and upstream countries.
Thus, the upstream and the downstream country has a common responsibility
for the reduction of loads entering the Baltic Sea from the downstream country.
2.3 HELCOM system for monitoring progress
towards targets
The follow-up of the nutrient reduction targets will be made centrally within
HELCOM (HELCOM PRESSURE) in order to facilitate the use of a harmonized methodology for these assessments. This activity will start in 2014, and
it will annually result in a HELCOM Environmental Fact Sheet describing
the nutrient load development and how far countries are from their targets.
The report will be based on the following information:
1) Annual PLC reports from countries containing N and P loads from
monitored river, unmonitored areas and coastal point sources
2) A report from EMEP on normalized nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea,
divided per country and sub-basin for the period 1995 to present.
After checking the reported data the assessment starts by flow-normalizing
riverine inputs of N and P for the period 1994 – present time. In a second step
the normalized waterborne and airborne nitrogen inputs are combined and
plotted per country and sub-basin for the whole time period. Thereafter the
inputs are compared with the Maximum Allowable Input (MAI), i.e. the input
during the reference period subtracted by the nutrient reduction requirement
for the relevant sub-basins (figure 1). The assessment also includes statistical
analyses for trends and distance to taget.
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Figure 1. General relationship between the Maximum Allowable Input (MAI), the reference input
and the nutrient reduction requirement.
2.4Conclusions
• New nutrient reduction requirements (CART) for HELCOM countries
were decided at the HELCOM Ministerial Meeting in October 2013.
• For Russia the new total reduction targets are 10,381 ton N/yr and 3,788
ton P/yr as compared to the normalized average inputs during the reference
period 1997–2003. The targets for nitrogen include both airborne and
waterborne inputs, while the phosphorus targets only include waterborne
loads.
• The progress towards the nutrient reduction targets will be assessed centrally within the HELCOM system and published annually as a Helcom
Environmental Fact Sheet.
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3 Nutrient input and distance to
reduction targets for Russia
3.1 Waterborne input
The follow-up of the development of inputs to the sea in relation to CART is
facilitated by defining a maximum allowable input (MAI) to each sub-basin.
For a country MAI is then calculated by subtracting the nutrient reduction
target from the average normalized input during the reference period 1997–
2003. This gives us an input target, expressed as tons per year, that has to be
reached in order to fulfill the nutrient reduction targets. Since the new CART
takes into account transboundary loads, which was not the case when calculating the 2007 targets, the process of defining an input target is a rather complicated procedure. Besides, transboundary loads are considered uncertain as
well as retention, so at the moment input targets can only be calculated using
national input data as they have been reported to HELCOM so far, i.e. without considering transboundary loads. The waterborne input targets for Russia
calculated in this way are shown in table 3.
Table 3. Waterborne nutrient input targets for Russia to Baltic Proper and Gulf of Finland.
Figures not corrected for transboundary loads.
Input to sub-basins (ton N or P/yr)
Baltic Proper
Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Riga
–Reference load 97-03
10,950
74,006
0
–Reduction requirement
2,328
8,282
0
–Waterborne input target
8,620
65,724
0
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
–Reference load 97-03
960
6,218
0
–Reduction requirement
609
3,303
0
–Waterborne input target
351
2,915
0
The proportion between the airborne and waterborne share of the nitrogen
reduction requirements differs between sub-catchments. For Russia the
waterborne share is 70 % for Baltic Proper and 98 % for Gulf of Finland
(Gustafsson and Mörth, 2014). The reason for the high proportion in Gulf of
Finland is that this sub-basin receives relatively low amounts of atmospheric
nitrogen because of its small size compared with Baltic Proper.
The calculated waterborne input targets in table 3 do not take into account
transboundary loads. This means that no input target can be calculated for
the Russian input to Gulf of Riga and that the burden for this load is allocated
to the down-stream country. This way of calculating MAI will simplify the follow-up of reduction targets as illustrated in table 2, but the burden for reaching the reduction targets will fall on the downstream country alone. In the
future, however, all major transboundary inputs to and from Russia should be
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monitored and quantified in order to create a follow-up system related to the
new targets in table 2.
The waterborne inputs of total-N and total-P from Russia during the
period 1994–2010 for Baltic Proper and Gulf of Finland are shown in
Figure 2 A and 2B. The data have been adopted from the PLC5.5 project
(HELCOM, 2013).
Figure 2 shows that the requirements are much stricter for phosphorus
than for nitrogen, and the targets are especially high for Baltic Proper, i.e.
for the Kaliningrad area. It should be noted that the Russian data annually
reported to HELCOM has been partly reconstructed by the PLC5.5 project by
filling in data. Thus the graphs may not properly reflect the true load development. For that reason it is difficult to determine the discrepancy between the
true inputs from Russia and the indicative targets.
According to figure 2A the nitrogen load from Russia to Gulf of Finland is
at present about 70,000 tons per year and it has not changed much during the
period 1994 – 2010. The distance to target during 2008–2010 is about 5,000
ton/yr. For phosphorus a considerable reduction has occurred since 2005–2006,
corresponding to about 1,500 tons of P/yr or approximatively about half-way
to the input target
Figure 2A. Waterborne total phosphorus input from Russia to Gulf of Finland and Baltic Proper
1994–2010 (ton N or P/yr) via rivers and coastal point sources. The hatched line indicate the
input target.
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Figure 2B. Waterborne total nitrogen and phosphorus input from Russia to Gulf of Finland and
Baltic Proper during 1994–2010 (ton N or P/yr) via rivers and coastal point sources. The hatched
line indicate the input target.
The main purpose of the gap filling activity in the PLC 5.5 project was to
obtain comparable data for the reference period 1997–2003, since these
were used for the CART calculations. For Pregolya River and the unmonitored parts of the Kaliningrad area the same input figures were used for all
years. Thus, it would be useful for Russia not only to produce good data in
the future, but if possible also to improve the whole data set back to 1994.
The revised PLC 5.5 data have been accepted by Russia for use in the CART
assessment and in a background report for the Ministerial Meeting 2013, but
they are not considered official PLC data and were not entered into the PLC
database.
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3.2 Airborne input
Data on emissions and depositions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia in
the HELCOM area are provided to HELCOM every year by EMEP (The
European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme). From 2013 onwards also
normalized data on deposition of nitrogen to different Baltic Sea sub-basins
per country will be made available. In the PLC 5.5 project, EMEP delivered
normalized data for the period 1995–2010 (HELCOM 2013, HELCOM
2014), and these data are used here.
Russia has new reduction requirements for nitrogen deposition to Baltic
Proper, Gulf of Finland and Kattegat. According to the development illustrated
in Figure 3 the indicative reduction targets (hatched lines) have not been
reached for any of these sub-basins. Instead deposition rates have been
increased over time. This is probably mainly caused by the fact that EMEP has
extended its calculation domain to cover a larger part of Russia from 2007,
making the reported emissions from Russia higher. This technical change gives
an unfair extra burden on Russia. This is an issue that has to be brought up in
HELCOM groups in order to find a solution for future target revisions.
Figure 3. Normalized atmospheric nitrogen deposition (ton/yr) from Russian sources to three Baltic
Sea sub-basins during the period 1995–2010. The hatched lines indicate the Russian targets for
atmospheric deposition to Baltic Proper and Gulf of Finland.
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CONCLUSIONS
• Maximum allowable inputs (MAI) of waterborne nitrogen and phosphorus
to sub-basins from Russia have been calculated in order to estimate the
distance to targets and the reduction requirements. MAI could only be
calculated without considering transboundary loads, and thus no MAI
for Gulf of Riga was established.
• Nitrogen load from Russia to Gulf of Finland is at present about 70,000
tons per year and it has not changed much during the period 1994 –
2010. The distance to target during 2008–2010 is about 5,000 ton/yr.
For phosphorus a considerable reduction has occurred since 2005–2006,
corresponding to about 1,500 tons of P/yr or about half-way to the input
target. The load development to the Baltic Sea from Kaliningrad area is
uncertain due to lack of data.
• The nutrient reduction targets for Russia are especially strict for phosphorus and they require a reduction of inputs by 50–60% as compared to
the reference level during 1997–2003. For nitrogen a reduction of 11%
is required for Gulf of Finland and 19% for Baltic Proper compared with
the input level during 1997–2003.
• I the PLC 5.5 data set on waterborne inputs, compiled for the 2013
Ministerial Meeting, the Russian data has been reconstructed for the
period 1994–2010. This data set was considered the best available, but
it may not reflect the true development during the period. Thus efforts
should be made to update and improve it.
• Nitrogen deposition on Baltic Sea sub-basins has been calculated by
EMEP for the period 1995–2010. Contributions from Russia have
increased after 2007, mainly depending on the fact that a larger share
of Russia was included in EMEP’s calculation domain from that year.
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4 Monitoring and annual reporting
to HELCOM
4.1 Reporting requirements
HELCOM reporting requirements on member states are laid down in the PLC
Guidelines. These are presently under revision and will be finalized during
2014 to be used for PLC6. Annual reporting includes the following parts:
1) Point sources discharging directly to the Baltic Sea, divided on:
– Urban wastewater treatment plants
–Industries
– Fish farms
2) Monitored rivers
3) Unmonitored areas
4) Transboundary loads
The monitored parameters include the following groups: water flow, organic
matter, nutrients and heavy metals. Individual parameters are either mandatory or voluntary. Inclusion of some organic pollutants as voluntary parameters is under discussion.
4.2 Coastal point sources
Point sources have not been a primary task of the RusNIP II project, but it
has been partly covered by Activity 1a in an analysis of obstacles associated
with acquisition of reliable data on pollution loads for reporting to HELCOM
(Annex 1). Almost all major point sources discharging directly into the Baltic
Sea have monitoring programs for tot-N and tot-P and several heavy metals
in their discharges (see Appendix 1). Russia has submitted data on discharges
from 32 point sources to the HELCOM database; 12 industrial enterprises
and 20 municipal wastewater treatment plants. The main remaining problem is that discharges are reported in aggregated form, since information on
wastewater is considered confidential according to Russian legislation.
4.3 Monitored rivers
Data for the following five Russian rivers draining to the Baltic Sea has been
reported to HELCOM on a regular basis:
Neva – Leningrad region including St Petersburg
Luga – Leningrad region
Seleznevka – Leningrad region
Pregolya – Kaliningrad region
Narva – Border river between Russia and Estonia
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The catchments of the river Neva, including Ladoga catchment, together with
Luga and Narva rivers, cover more than 95% of the Russian part of the area
draining into Gulf of Finland. Seleznevka is a very small transboundary river
flowing from Finland into the Bay of Vyborg. Data for Seleznevka River were
not used in the PLC5.5 project.
Other Russian rivers flowing into the Gulf of Finland and that are listed in
the PLC database are: Peschanaya, Polevaya, Sestra, Shingarka, Sista, Strelka,
Tchernaya, Tchulkovka and Voronka. In the PLC 5.5 project these rivers
were included in unmonitored areas.
According to an analysis performed within the PLC 5.5 project the following
data gaps or other problems concerning nutrient data reported by Russia were
identified:
– Total nitrogen and total phosphorus missing for Pregolya River
1994–2010.
– Total nitrogen and total phosphorus missing for Seleznevka River
1994–2010,
– Total nitrogen and total phosphorus missing for Luga River 1994–2000.
– Total nitrogen missing for Neva River1994–1999.
– The monitored phosphorus load from Neva River seems only to include
dissolved fractions some years, although reported as total phosphorus,
and in other years phosphorus inputs are very high.
For obligatory heavy metals, data are missing for Pregolya. For Neva and
Luga all heavy metals parameters have been reported, except mercury.
The RusNIP II project has not dealt with issues related to practical water
sampling and chemical analyses in rivers. Within the BaltHazAR II project,
studies on water monitoring were carried out by SYKE and ILRAS (Institute
of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. St Petersburg) and other
assigned Russian experts. In the final report of the HELCOM assignment
“Building capacity within environmental monitoring to produce pollution
load data from different sources for e.g. HELCOM pollution load compilations” (HELCOM 2012), several recommendations are given based on studies
in the test cases Luga, Roshinka, Pregolya, Neva and Narva rivers.
Some conclusions of this report were:
– Reliable estimates of transported nutrients call for intensive and welltimed water sampling, appropriate sampling techniques, accurate chemical analyses and a suitable load calculation method.
– Flow rate should be measured daily.
– Both total-N, total P and inorganic fractions should be monitored.
– At least 12 samplings per year should be performed.
– Proper monitoring programs should be established for large animal farms.
Information collected for the Obstacles report (Annex 1) indicate that many
of the challenges concerning river monitoring have been dealt with successfully and that Russia from now on is able to fulfill HELCOM requirements
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for monitored rivers. Russia has also taken part in an inter-calibration exercise on chemical analyses of wastewater and river water within the HELCOM
PLC6 project (Lassen and Larsen, 2013).
4.4 Unmonitored areas
Russia has not yet reported loads from unmonitored areas to the HELCOM
PLC database. In the Russian part of the catchment of Gulf of Finland
unmonitored areas include coastal areas on both the northern and southern
part of the Gulf, covering about 8,300 km2. The PLC5.5 project estimated,
mainly based on data from the PRIMER project, that the annual inputs of
N and P from these areas amounted to 2,200 tons and 130 tons respectively,
during the period 2008–2010. These loads would correspond to only about
3% of the total waterborne nutrient load from Russia to the Gulf of Finland.
Unmonitored areas cover about 3 % of the whole Russian catchment, and
about 5% of the population resides here. These areas contain several large
animal production units and industrial plants.
In the Kaliningrad region the unmonitored areas amount to 29%, or
about 4,400 km2. Here, the relative contribution from areas without regular
monitoring should be more significant, relatively seen.
Annual reporting of nutrient inputs from unmonitored areas to the Baltic
Sea is obligatory, so a methodology has to be developed and a responsible state
organisation pointed out. Several principles can be used to achieve data for
the unmonitored areas, and the main methods are described below:
1) A common method to calculate load from an unmonitored rivers is to
rescale the measured load of a nearby monitored river, using the following formula:
L =L
n
m
An
Am
Ln = load from unmonitored area An;
Lm = known load coming from monitored area Am;
An = area of unmonitored catchment;
Am = area of monitored catchment.
This method is considered very useful when the catchment of the monitored river (reference river) is similar to the unmonitored catchment
concerning size, population density, industrial structure and land use.
Since Russia has so few monitored rivers in the Baltic Sea catchment it
might be difficult to find proper reference rivers. One possibility is to use
Luga river as a reference for unmonitored areas in the Gulf of Finland
catchment, but this river is relatively large compared to the other rivers.
In Kaliningrad, Pregolya river (downstream the border to Poland)
could probably be used as a reference to the unmonitored part of the
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Kaliningrad area, but new data from the ongoing EU BASE project might
be useful .
2) Another method is to establish a temporary monitoring program for a
station near the river mouth (reference river), which is representative for
the whole or for part of the un-monitored area in question. Water flow,
total-N and total-P, as well as nutrient inorganic fractions and heavy metals
should be measured at least once a month over a year and the annual
inputs at the river mouth calculated as specific load (ton/km2 catchment
area). This load can then be rescaled to the area of the relevant part of
the unmonitored area as in method 1. Also this method works well if the
reference area has similar characteristics to the whole unmonitored area.
Large costal point sources should preferably be reported separately and
not be included in the assessment.
3) This method is similar to method 2, but here several reference rivers
are used, but with fewer sampling occasions, e.g. 4 times a year (once
per season). Data for 19 small rivers entering Gulf of Finland were collected within the PRIMER project (SYKE, 2009) (Figure 4) and also in
the Balthazar II project (Roshchinka river). At present monitoring data
are also collected for several small rivers entering into the Vistula and
Curonian lagoons in Kaliningrad area within the BASE project.
4) Annual loads can also be calculated using a numerical model, like the
ILLM model developed by the Institute of Limnology, Russian Academy
of Sciences in St. Petersburg. This model can be applied without calibration using monitoring data if local indata are available, but in order to get
reliable results the analyses may have to be modified to fit data from one
or several monitored rivers in the area.
Figure 4. Monitoring stations in rivers used in the baseline study of the PRIMER project.
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All methods have disadvantages, since they build on some extrapolation or
indirect assessment. The main pros and cons are summarized in the table below:
Method No.
Advantages
Disadvantages
1
A relatively simple method. The result
considers annual changes in runoff
and anthropogenic activities in the
catchment
It can be difficult to find suitable
reference areas.
2
Several reference areas can be
selected within the unmonitored
areas.
Annual runoff and changes in the
catchment are not considered.
Monitoring only over one year.
3
Same as in 2.
Same as in 2. High uncertainty in
load estimates of reference area(s).
4
Changes in runoff and activities can
be considered if the analysis is
repeated every year.
Rather data-demanding and expensive if repeated every year. Results
uncertain if not compared with
monitoring data.
4.5 Conclusions and recommendations
• Russia does not yet (2010) fulfill the HELCOM requirements for annual
reporting of PLC data. The main gaps are:
– Loads from point sources are given in aggregated form
– Not all obligatory parameters are measured in monitored river
– Unmonitored areas are not reported
• Coastal point sources, urban areas and major industries have rather
complete monitoring programs for discharges of nutrients and several
heavy metals
• Nutrient loads from unmonitored areas in Russia are not estimated or
reported to HELCOM. In the Russian part of the catchment to Gulf of
Finland unmonitored areas cover only about 3 % of the area, while in the
Kaliningrad area they cover a much larger share, about 30%.
• Several methods for estimating pollution loads from unmonitored areas
are available. Most of them are based on rescaling loads from monitored
catchments with similar characteristics. Another principle is to use
numerical models.
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5 Source apportionment
assessment
5.1 Purpose of source apportionment
Periodic Pollution Load Compilations (PLCs) of waterborne loads within
HELCOM are made every sixth year. The main purpose of periodical PLCs is
to quantify dis­charges from point sources and losses from non-point pollution
sources as well as from natu­ral background losses into inland surface waters
within the catchment area of the Baltic Sea located within the borders of the
Contracting Parties. The latest PLC periodical was PLC5 (HELCOM, 2011)
that used 2006 as a reference year. PLC 6 should then use 2012 as a reference
year, but because of work with PLC 5.5 and other projects for the HELCOM
Ministerial Meeting 2013 the reference period has been shifted to 2014.
Other PLC objectives are to:
• follow up the long-term changes in the pollution load from various
sources by normalizing data and making trend analysis with standardized
methodologies;
• determine the priority order of different sources of pollutants for the
pollution of the Bal­tic Sea;
• assess overall the effectiveness of measures taken to reduce the pollution
load in the Baltic Sea catchment area; and
• provide information for assessment of long-term changes and the state
of the marine en­vironment in the open sea and the coastal zones.
• The national objectives for PLC are generally the same as those of
HELCOM, but a country may e.g. have specific objectives or targets for
individual sectors of society that could be analyzed at the same time.
5.2 Reporting to HELCOM
The PLC guidelines are presently under revision and the section concerning
periodical reporting has not yet been finalized. Traditionally, the source apportionment for nutrients has been performed using two main methodologies:
A.The load approach. Here the starting point is the monitored annual load
to the sea (net load) which is divided in four main categories:
– Point sources (coastal and inland)
– Diffuse sources (inland)
– Background losses (inland)
– Transboundary loads
A.The source approach. In this approach the focus is on the load to inland
surface waters in the river catchments (gross load) which should be
divided on the three main categories as in approach A. Each of these
categories could then be divided in sub-categories like:
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Point sources: industries, MWWTPs and fish farms.
Diffuse sources: agricultural land, forestry, scattered dwellings, peatland,
mountain areas, storm water, atmospheric deposition on inland waters,
Background losses; forest land, peatland, mountain areas and part of the
agricultural land and atmospheric deposition can be considered natural
background losses.
Probably these two approaches will still be included in the new Guidelines, but
the main focus will be on the source apportionment of net loads to the Sea.
In the PLC 5 assessment (HELCOM, 2011) most countries reported their
inputs to the Baltic Sea as divided on point sources, diffuse load, natural background load, and transboundary load. Russia however only reported direct
point sources and unspecified riverine load. Most countries also reported
source apportioned nutrient losses and discharges to inland surface waters,
although only a few countries reported sub-categories.
5.3 Methods for source apportionment
5.3.1 Source apportionment of riverine input to the sea
The PLC Guidelines suggest a relatively simple method for this assessment.
It starts out by expressing the riverine net load to the sea (Lriver) in the following
formula:
Lriver=DP+LOD+LOB–Rp–Rd–RB (1)
Where,
Dp is discharges from point sources in the catchment (t/yr)
LOD is losses from anthropogenic diffuse sources in the catchment (t/yr)
LOB is losses from natural background in the catchment (t/yr)
Rp, RD and RB is retention for point sources, diffuse sources and background
load, respectively (t/yr)
Equation (2) can be used for calculating nitrogen and phosphorus losses from
diffuse sources (LOD) as follows:
LOD = Lriver–DP–LOB+Rp+Rd+Rb (2)
Anthropogenic diffuse losses in equation (2) also include losses from scattered
dwellings. The total retention in the river catchment (R) is the sum of retention (ton/yr) for each source category, expressed as:
R = Rp + RD + RB (3)
It can be difficult to achieve retention figures for the different sources in equation (3). If so, it has to be assumed that retention is proportional to the total
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load of each source category and that the retained fraction is the same for all
sources. In reality this is often not true and adds a significant uncertainty to
the source apportionment. More details about retention can be found in section 5.3.3.
In practice, source apportionment can be calculated according to the equations 1–3 above only for monitored rivers. First the load from point sources
has to be calculated and then background load, using specific nutrient losses
for forest land (kgN and P/km2) applying it to the total catchment area (see
section 5.3.4). The nutrient load from diffuse sources can then be calculated as;
Load from diffuse sources = Total load at river mouth – net load from
point sources – net load from background sources.
An alternative to this method is to use a numerical computer models.
During the last decades many models have been developed that can simultaneously calculate retention and source apportionment both in the catchment
(gross load) and at the river mouth (net load), see also section 5.3.3.
5.3.2 Source apportionment of loads to inland surface waters
A large amount of data is generally needed in order to produce a complete
nutrient source apportionment and the work can be simplified by using a
numerical model. There are several tools available, both commercial and free
of charge, that can perform source apportionment assessments. In this project
we have used two models; the Swedish FyrisNP model (Widén-Nilsson
et al., 2012a; Widén-Nilsson et al., 2012b) and the Russian ILLM model
(Kondratyev, 2007).
The following indata are needed for the FyrisNP model
– Areas of the catchment and sub-catchments
– Land cover information
– Runoff and monitored concentrations at several monitoring stations
– Loads from major point sources
– Loads from small point sources and scattered dwellings
– Atmospheric deposition
– Water temperature
– Leaching concentrations (land use type specific concentrations)
For a large catchment with many sources a first step is to divide the catchment
in sub-catchments as a basis for organizing information on land-use, hydrological conditions, point sources and leaching coefficients. In this project, a
report describing the methodology and the indata needed for the FyrisNP
model, using Luga River as an example (Orback and Djodjic, 2014). The
modelling results are described further in Chapter 6.
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5.3.3 Nutrient retention in rivers and lakes
Retention is a mechanism that removes substances from the water body of
rivers and lakes by biological and physical processes, e.g. denitrification and
sedimentation. The simplest way of calculating total retention in a catchment
is to make a mass balance for the whole river system by calculating retention
as the difference between the sum of all inputs at source (gross load) and
the load at the river mouth (net load). This approach gives the total retention figure for the whole river system over a defined period, often one year.
However, retention may differ between sources due to their geographical location in the catchment, and this is a fact that must be taken into account when
making a source apportionment of the load at the coast. For small rivers this
may be less important.
When applying the mass balance approach to a large river catchment the
calculations become very complicated and using a numerical model may be
necessary. Both the FyrisNP model and the ILLM model can calculate retention, but the amount of indata needed is considerable, especially for the
FyrisNP model.
In the EU RECOCA project, nutrient retention in surface water (rivers and
lakes) was also calculated for practically all major river catchments around
the Baltic Sea, using the MESAW model (Stålnacke et al., 2011). MESAW is a
statistical model with flexible data needs, based on statistical data on land use
and point sources (Grimvall and Stålnacke, 1996).
Retention data for some major Russian rivers as well as retention in
selected lakes are given in table 4. The indicated lake retention data were used
in the RusNIP I project when estimating retention of nutrient of discharges from
major point sources in the catchments (SEPA, 2010). It was assumed that most
of the retention from point sources to the Gulf of Finland occurs in lakes.
Table 4. Total retention of selected rivers and lakes in the the Russin catchment of the Baltic
Sea. The catchment size refers to the assessed area and may differ somewhat from the total
catchment size.
Rivers
Nitrogen
retention
Phosphorus
retention
Catchment size
(km2)
Reference
Daugava
0.38
0.39
84,600
*
Luga
0.26
0.35
12,100
**
Narva
0.56
0.37
58,100
*
Neman
0.30
0.40
95,900
*
Neva
0.74
0.57
279,600
*
Pregolya
0.25
–
84,600
*
Lakes
Lake Onega
–
0.76
***
Lake Ladoga
0.3
0.76
***
Lake Ilmen
–
0.53
***
Lake Peipsi
(Chudskoye)
–
0.56
***
*Stålnacke et al. 2011, ** Orback and Djodjic 2014, *** Kondratyev 2007, 2008 Kondratyev and
Ignatieva 2007 , Kondratyev and Trumbull 2012.
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Retention is also needed when calculating the input to the sea from transboundary load. When estimating retention in the CART assessment for
the 2013 Ministerial Meeting retention, data from the RECOCA was used
(Gustafsson and Mörth, 2014). Figures for Russia are shown in table 5.
Table 5. Transboundary riverine loads from and to Russia and retention used in the CART calculations for the 2014 ministerial meeting. Loads from Russia to Latvia are already compensated for
retention in Belarus. The Finnish loads via Russia were supplied from Finland already with retention taken into account. (Gustafsson and Mörth, 2014).
From
Via
To sub-basin
Load at border
Retention
(ton/year)
(fraction)
Load to Baltic
Sea (ton/year)
Tot-N
Tot-P
N
P
Tot-N
Tot-P
Finland
Russia
Gulf of Finland
5,353
49
Poland
Russia
Baltic Proper
4,400
320
0.3
0.37
3,080
202
Russia
Latvia
Gulf of Riga
2,681
316
0.27
0.32
1,957
215
5.3.4 Background loads
Natural background loads to surface waters are defined as losses from land
areas unaffected by human activities, such as losses from unmanaged land.
Also losses from managed land has a background component, that would
occur irrespective of anthropogenic activities (like agriculture and forestry).
Generally, nutrient losses from unmanaged land can be used as an approximation for natural background losses. Unmanaged land areas include:
• unmanaged forest and woodlands;
• unmanaged heathland;
• shrub land;
• unmanaged bogs, wet meadows and wetlands;
• abandoned agricultural land.
Natural background losses can be estimated using different approaches or a
combination of approaches. The most common ones are:
A.Monitoring of small unmanaged catchment areas lacking point sources;
B. Monitoring of concentrations of pollutants in soil water or groundwater
unaffected by human activity;
C.Use of calibrated nutrient pollution models.
Examples of natural background losses and flow-weighted concentrations of
nutrients as reported by HELCOM countries are given in table 6. The variation is considerable and it is difficult to recommend a specific value for an
area without monitoring data or detailed information about climate, soils and
land cover. Forest areas can generally be considered as unmanaged land even
if some forestry activities take place. Normally, nutrient losses from managed
forests do not differ significantly from pristine forests in the same area, and
water monitoring data from small forested catchments can thus be used as a
basis for estimating background loads.
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It is important to realize that also nutrient losses from agricultural land contain a background component. Since arable land generally covers the more
fertile soils in a region, the background losses from agricultural land should
be higher than from forested areas.
Table 6. Examples of annual natural background losses and flow-weighted concentrations of
nutrients as reported by HELCOM countries: Source: Fifth Pollution Load Compilation. Baltic
Sea Environment Proceedings No 128. 2011.
Country
Total nitrogen
(kg/ha yr )
Total nitrogen
(mg/l)
Total phosphorus
(kg/ha yr)
Total phosphorus
(mg/l)
Denmark
2.6
2.6
0.09
0.05
Finland
0.5–2.0
0.5–2.0
0.02 – 0.06
Estonia
3.0–3.2
3.0–3.2
0.11
0.04
Germany
0.25
Lithuania
0.2–1.6
0.2–1.6
0.02–0.07
0.01–0.04
Poland
0.1–9.0
0.1–9.0
0.01–0.28
0.04
Sweden
0.5–4.8
0.5–4.8
0.01–0.18
0.01–0.06
In Sweden, forest land (excluding clear-cuts), peatlands, mountain areas and
phosphorus deposition on inland waters are considered as background loads.
Values used in the Swedish PLC5 assessment are given in table 7. These values
are representative for Southern Sweden but could also be used for rough estimates in the Russian catchment to the Baltic Sea. Figures for agricultural land
are averages for all soils and crops, and the coefficients vary considerably with
the soil texture (see, figure 12)
Table 7. Background load coefficients for SE Sweden used in the Swedish PLC5 assessment
(Brandt et al., 2009). Nutrient loads per surface area from forest, peatland and open areas have
been calculated assuming an annual mean runoff of 300 mm/yr. Data for agricultural soils have
been recalculated from Johnsson et al. 2008.
Source
Forest
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Part of Sweden
mg/l
kg/km yr
mg/l
kg/km yr
0.52
160
0.008
2.4
2
2
Southern
Peatland
0.96
290
0.008
2.4
Southern
Open areas
1.5
450
0.05
15
All country
4.0
All country
20
South-East
Atmospheric
deposition
Agricultural land
1.5
450
0.07
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5.4 Conclusions and recommendations
• Russia has not delivered data on source apportionment to HELCOM
PLC, neither for riverine nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea or for loads to
inland surface waters.
• PLC Guidelines offer a relatively simple method for dividing monitored
riverine nutrient inputs to the sea into the categories; point sources, diffuse sources and background loads. This simple method can be replaced
by a modelling approach to make assessments of source apportionment
both in the catchment (gross load) and of the load entering the Baltic Sea
(net load).
• Information about retention is needed both for source apportionment of
riverine inputs to the sea and for transboundary loads. Several numerical
catchment models can be used to calculate retention, e.g. FyrisNP and
ILLM.
• Background loads can be determined by monitoring concentrations or
loads at the outlet of small forested catchment areas. Background loads
from agricultural areas can be estimated by measuring nutrient losses
from unfertilized grasslands.
• Indicative background leaching coefficients for different land use classes
are shown in table 7. These might be applied in the Russian catchment to
the Baltic Sea if local data are not available.
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6 Modelling tools and activities
6.1 General about modelling tools
When modeling diffuse loads there is a fundamental need to first organize
input data in a geographic referenced database with respect to the river catchments. Geographic Information System tools are fundamental to delineate
water catchments and to build up flow networks. All input data for modeling
of diffuse load using an available modeling tool need to be geographically
connected to the catchments through the database and GIS tool. Once input
data have been organized with a catchment a modeling tool can be applied.
Figure 5. Illustration of basic tool boxes in load assessments and pressure analysis.
Common for all modelling tools is that the load calculation process is performed
in the same order, which starts with hydrology by determining the runoff from
the catchment figure 5). The runoff can be determined by either; a) flow monitoring, b) calculated runoff calibrated against monitoring data or by c) modelling of the runoff from climate and catchment conditions. The method to
determine the runoff has an impact on the model output since it determines
the temporal and geographical scale of the load calculation.
Having determined the runoff, the diffuse load is calculated from the
catchment statistics on land cover in combination with data on soils and climate,
leaching coefficients of the land cover combined with GIS area, runoff data
and atmospheric deposition. Point source load is normally a list of loads from
individual facilities (annual average or temporally distributed) geographically
connected to the catchment.
There are many ways to categorize the modeling tools used for assessing
nutrient loads from point and diffuse sources in a catchment. A common feature of most models is that runoff from the modeled area has to be described
by measurement data or by calibrating the model against measured time
series. If no measurements are available the runoff can be modeled by using
climate data and catchment characteristics.
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Catchment models should be able to model both the hydrology of the area,
i.e. water flow dynamics over time, and pollution transport. A model intended
for calculating load and retention of pollutants and simulate the effects of
measures should be deterministic, distributed or semi-distributed and nonstationary. A deterministic model always produces the same result for a given
indata set, as opposed to a stochastic model. A model with distributed parameters solves the model equations for spatially defined points in the model
domain and a non-stationary model allows the water flow to vary over time.
The big difference between conceptual and physically based models for the
river catchment scale is the amount of input data in order to perform a simulation. Many of the parameter values ​​needed for a physically based model
are sometimes not available for a new region, and therefore one must apply
parameter values based
​​
on experience or use literature data. When working
with a conceptual model, it is easier to find leaching coefficients at catchment
scale, but the results are more difficult to interpret because of a simplified
description of both transport processes and effects of measures.
6.2 The FyrisNP model
The FyrisNP model is a dynamic semi-empirical model that has been developed at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala, Sweden
(Widén et al., 2012 A; Widén et al., 2012 B). The model calculates source
apportioned gross and net transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in rivers
and lake. Its main scope is to assess the effects of different nutrient reduction measures on the catchment scale. The time step for the model is in the
majority of applications one month and the spatial resolution is on the subcatchment level. Retention, i.e. losses of nutrients in rivers and lakes through
sedimentation, up-take by plants and denitrification, is calculated as a function of water temperature, nutrients concentrations, water flow, lake surface
area and stream surface area. The model is calibrated against time series of
measured nitrogen or phosphorus concentrations by adjusting two parameters. The general structure of the model is shown in figure 6.
Data used for calibrating and running the model can be divided into time
dependent data, e.g. time-series on observed nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, water temperature, runoff and point source discharges, and time
independent data, e.g. land-use information, lake area and stream length and
width. One additional benefit of modelling efforts is also systematization of
data collection and storage, as it can be seen in figure 6. The indata file for
FyrisNP is an EXCEL file containing several sheets with spatially distributed
data (sub-catchments, land use distribution, etc) time series (runoff, temperature, loads from point sources and water quality parameters) as well as type
specific concentrations.
The model has been used since the middle of the 1990ies and applied to
catchments with a size of up to 50,000 km2 (Göta River in Sweden).
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Figure 6. The general structure of the FyrisNP model.
6.3 The ILLM model
The ILLM model is a tool for estimating annual nutrient loads on water
bodies, developed by the Institute of Limnology, Academy of Sciences in
St. Petersburg (Kondratyev, 2007). ILLM is a semi-empirical model based on
mass balances, assuming that the catchment is a homogeneous storage tank
and that the processes are in a steady state on an annual basis. All nutrient
sources (point and diffuse) located in the catchment adds nutrients to this
storage tank, which then releases nutrients to water via soil or directly to
water. Part of the nutrient load is removed with crop yield. The remaining
nutrients are partly retained in the hydrographic network (retention in rivers
and lakes) while the remaining amount form a load on the receiving water
body (Fig. 7).
The total loads of Ptot and Ntot on a catchment are calculated on a yearly
basis and constitutes of discharges from point sources, inputs from the different types of land cover (emissions from soil), input from mineral fertilizers,
input from manure (animal husbandry), atmospheric deposition (mass
exchange with atmosphere), flow of nutrients from neighboring catchments
(external input). Removal of nutrients from the catchment takes place via
crop uptake. Retention (retained fraction) in rivers and lakes is calculated as
a function of hydraulic load, including two empirical calibration parameters.
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Figure 7. Overview structure of the ILLM model.
6.4 Test cases for modelling
According to the project plan two modelling test cases should be used, Luga
river in Leningrad region and Mamonovka river in Kaliningrad region. Besides
this, some assessments has been performed on the Instruch river catchment
in Kaliningrad region. According to the project plan the modelling activities
should be performed in cooperation with the BaltHazAR II project as far as
possible. This has been done by complementary studies and avoiding double
work.
6.4.1 Luga river – Leningrad region
Luga river is besides Neva (including areas upstream lake Ladoga) the largest
river in the Russian part of the catchment of Gulf of Finland. A first assessment
of loads and a source apportionment using the FyrisNP model was made
during 2007–2009 within the Harmobalt project (Andreev et al., 2009). Luga
is a relatively large river (13,600 km2) and the input data need is considerable.
The analysis was based on data for 17 sub-catchments and only results for
nitrogen was published. The results for phosphorus were considered unsatisfactory.
In the BaltHazar II project the ILLM model was applied to the Luga river
catchment (Kondratyev et al., 2012), using data for the period 2001–2007.
The estimated average annual load of nitrogen and phosphorus for the catchment upstream Kingisepp station was 5,240 tons of nitrogen and 312 tons of
phosphorus which fits well with monitoring data. The major nutrient source
was losses from manure. In the mentioned report some recommendations are
given for improvement of the model, e.g. to estimate specific coefficients for
different soil types and land use categorize and to improve the assessment of
the nutrient uptake by crops.
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In the RusNIP project the FyrisNP model has been set up for the Luga catchment, using a new delineation of sub-catchments (Orback and Djodjic, 2014).
The catchment has been divided into 45 sub-catchments (figure 8). The new
delineation has been created in a way that:
• all measurement points are located in an outlet of a sub-catchment.
• the following model requirements are fullfilled:
– lakes are close to the outlet
– major point sources are high up in an sub catchment
– the flow network is optimized.
Luga River
1
2
4
3
5
6
11
12
15
9
14
16
26
20
35
25
50
100 Kilometers
36
24
23
18
0
42
39
25
22
17
19
40
41
21
8
10
13
43
44
7
27 28
31
32
34
45
29
37
38
30
33
Figure 8. The new delineation of sub-catchment of the Luga river catchment.
Land use information has been recalculated per sub-catchment using the
Global Land use Cover 2000 which contains 23 different land use classes
(http://bioval.jrc.ec.europa.eu/products/glc2000/glc2000.php). Land use
classes have been grouped to fit the land use classes used in FyrisNP. Most
other indata were adopted from the original HarmoBalt report (Andreev et
al., 2009), but for phosphorus the report has several gaps which complicated
the assessment. Phosphorus data on minor point sources, i.e. households and
small industries, are missing as well as information on type-specific concentrations from different land use classes (arable, pasture, forest, clear-cuts, mire,
open and urban). The emissions from minor point sources were set to zero.
Swedish land use leaching coefficients from PLC5 calculations were used, as
Russian data were not available. Loads of nitrogen and phosphorus have also
been calculated for each sub-catchment as well as their contribution to the
total load at the river mouth.
The purpose of this study was to create a hydrologically sound setup of
the FyrisNP model that can be used as an example for future modelling work
on monitored rivers in Russian catchment to the Baltic Sea. Indata quality has
to be improved further, especially for scattered settlements and agricultural
statistics. More recent monitoring data could also be used.
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6.4.2 Mamonovka river – Kaliningrad region
Mamonovka is a small river with a cross-border catchment of 350 km2. The
river rises in Poland and enters into the Baltic Sea via the Vistula lagoon in
the south-western part of Kaliningrad region. About 60% of the catchment is
situated in Poland (figure 9).
Figure 9. Overview of the Mamonovka river catchment.
A study on Mamonovka river catchment using the FyrisNP model was performed within the BaltHazar II project (Chubarenko et al., 2012). Land use
data and discharges from settlements were collected from both the Russian
and Polish side. Leaching coefficients from south-east Sweden were used for
the different land cover categories. The catchment was divided in 10 subcatchments and the hydrological model HYPE was used to obtain data for
water flow for each sub-basin. Only one monitoring station for water chemistry data was used in the model calibration for the Russian part of the catchment. It is situated rather close to the river mouth.
A general conclusion from this study was that the FyrisNP modelling
assessment gave very uncertain results because of insufficient or lacking
indata. More specifically the following problems were noted:
– Data were only available for one station, which had low sampling rate,
4–5 times a year, and the monitoring program did not contain tot-N
and tot-P.
– Uncertain meteorological, hydrological and hydro-chemical data
– Lack of knowledge of soil properties in the catchment
– No site-specific leaching coefficients for land-use coefficients available.
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The RusNIP II project took note of the results from the BaltHazAR II study
and considered that a similar study with the same model would not be useful,
especially as no additional data were available. A possible alternative was
to analyze only the Russian part of the river catchment since the tributary
Vitushka largely covers this part. To prepare for this the following actions
were made:
– Additional water sampling in Vitushka near its junction with the main
river was made
– A soil textural map was produced and additional information prepared
by the Kaliningrad State Technical University (Kondratenko et al., 2012.)
From these efforts it was further clarified that Russian part of the
Mamonovka catchment had about 20% agricultural land with low agricultural activity and no livestock. Large areas were cowered with fallow land
and forest. Another conclusion is that it is possible to produce useful textural
maps (figure 10) based on existing information in the Kaliningrad area.
However, in spite of this new information it was not considered useful to
make a new FyrisNP assessment for only the Russian part of the Mamonovka
catchment, since monitoring data was still incomplete.
Figure 10. Map of the Russian part of the Mamonovka River catchment and distribution of soil
types and its soil texture class.
6.4.3 Instruch river – Kaliningrad area
The Instruch river is a tributary to the Pregolya river in the Kaliningrad. It is
a relatively small river and its catchment occupies an area of 1,250 km2 and
the total length is 101 km. Instruch river was studied within the Harmobalt
project, using the FyrisNP model to assess nutrient loads and source apportionment (Chubarenko et al., 2009). In the RusNIP project a new FyrisNP
setup was made for the Instruch river catchment during 2013. This was relatively easy, since all indata were well documented in the original report. A few
minor errors were detected and corrected. Loads and source apportionment
were estimated both for nitrogen and phosphorus. The assessment was relatively
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successful for nitrogen (efficiency 0.39 out of max 1.00), while it was low for
phosphorus.
The ILLM model was also tested using Instruch data, although the data
demands are different compared with FyrisNP. Several indata scenarios were
run, since it was difficult to extract the information needed by the ILLM
model. Some inconsistencies and data errors were found in the report, especially concerning livestock, which constitutes an important input to the ILLM
model, but not to FyrisNP. Using the best available indata for the Instruch
catchment the ILRAS model gave unrealistic results, meaning negative loads
for both nitrogen and phosphorus. According to the HarmoBalt report no
mineral fertilizer was used in the catchment, which might be unrealistic. By
using data corresponding to mineral fertilizer rate per hectare similar to Luga
river catchment more reasonable figures were achieved, at least for nitrogen.
The experiences from ILRAS model applications show that the model is
not suitable for use in small catchments and that it is very sensitive for the balance between nutrient inputs from fertilizer and manure one side and uptake
by crops in areas with significant agricultural activity on the other side.
6.5Conclusions
• There a many modelling tools for calculating nutrient loads and assessing
source apportionment in catchments, both commercial and freely available
models. In order to be useful, catchment models should be able to model
both hydrology, pollution transport and retention in rivers and lakes.
It should also be able to handle inputs of both point sources and diffuse
sources. The choice of modelling tools should be based on the purpose
with the assessment and availability of indata.
• In RusNIP II we have collected information about the Swedish FyrisNP
model and the Russian ILLM model. Both models have earlier been used
in the HarmoBalt and BaltHazAR projects and applied in the catchments
of Luga, Instruch and Mamonovka rivers.
• The FyrisNP model is a semi-empirica lmodel that has been applied in all
three catchments. The overall conclusion is that it works well for monitored catchments and the indata demand is moderate. Good results can
be achieve in both small and large catchments (up to 50,000 km2). A studied
catchment should be divided in sub-catchments, contain several monitoring
stations for at least monthly assessments of water flow and nutrient concentrations over several years. Further, discharges for major point sources
and scattered dwellings should be available as well as nutrient loss coefficients for identified land cover/land use categories. A documented setup
of FyrisNP for Luga river has been performed in the project which can
serve as an example and a guidance for other rivers reported as monitored
to HELCOM PLC.
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• The ILLM model has been applied in the Luga (BaltHazAR) and Instruch
River catchments. It is a mass balance model that is relatively simple to use
and is openly available: http://www.limno.org.ru/eng/mod.htm#num10.
• The ILLM model is most suitable for use in relatively large catchments.
It is best applied in monitored catchments so the result can be compared
with monitoring data from the outlet of the catchment, but it can also be
extended to areas without river monitoring, i.e. to unmonitored areas.
The accuracy of the result is much dependent on data from agriculture,
notably nutrient inputs from manure, mineral fertilizer and nutrient outputs by crop uptake. In small catchments with poor indata the estimated
loads may be very unreliable.
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7 Assessment of nutrient loads to
water from different sources
7.1 Atmospheric deposition to inland surface
waters and the Baltic Sea
Direct atmospheric deposition of pollutants on inland surface waters may represent an important input and should be quantified, especially for areas with
many large lakes. In areas with no lakes and only minor rivers, very small
inputs can be expected and this contribution might be neglected. Atmospheric
deposition to land areas eventually enters surface waters via percolation
through soil and via groundwater, but this supply is generally handled as
an integrated part of the input from the land environment.
Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals and
organic pollutants can be obtained by monitoring wet and dry deposition over
open land. Deposition from local point sources can be estimated by monitoring emissions to air and apply local-scale dispersion models. In order to assess
the total deposition over a catchment area appropriate wet and dry deposition
rates should be multiplied by the area of inland surface waters (e.g. rivers,
lakes, reservoirs) in the catchment.
EMEP (www.emep.int) can provide regional and national nitrogen deposition rates for specific years in 50x50 km grids, based on national monitoring
results (emission and deposition) combined with a unified modeling approach
for Europe and the North Atlantic. Quantification of phosphorus deposition
is not part of the EMEP programme.
EMEP can provide deposition maps and data for the following pollutants;
– nitrogen, NHy and NOx
– metals (Cd, Hg, Pb)
– particulate matter
– some persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
At present the following POPs have been modeled by EMEP:
PCDD/Fs, B[a]P, HCB. Development is in progress for several others
substances.
Atmospheric deposition to the Baltic Sea and its sub-basins of nitrogen,
heavy metals and dioxins/furans is annually reported by EMEP. The results
are presented at the EMEP website (publications HELCOM) and in three
HELCOM Environment Fact Sheets (www.helcom.fi):
Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals on the Baltic Sea – HELCOM
Atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs on the Baltic Sea – HELCOM
In the RusNIP Project, deposition data has been updated for Instruch
River catchment in Kaliningrad region.
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7.2 Pollution losses from argicultural land
to inland waters
7.2.1Introduction
Many factors influence losses of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as other
pollutants, from agricultural land to inland surface waters. A multitude of
processes and pathways are involved. Arable land is especially complicated,
since cultivation and management varies considerably between regions and
also from year to year. Pastures on the other hand represent a more stable
land use characterized by long-term or permanent grass-cover.
Quantification of nutrient loss from agricultural land can be based on
water monitoring at different scales, but models are often used either to quantify losses or to calculate leaching coefficients. A large number of models have
been developed to quantify nutrient losses from arable land.
It is important to recognize that losses of nutrients and metals from agricultural land is composed of both an anthropogenic and a natural background
component Organic pollutants like pesticides are anthropogenic in origin.
7.2.2 Leaching coefficients
Leaching coefficients can be expressed in two different ways:
a) Specific loss rates, given as amount per surface area (e.g kg/ha yr)
b) Land use coefficients (type specific concentrations), given as concentration
(e.g mg/l) in runoff water from a field or from a small catchment dominated by arable land. To estimate the actual losses per unit of time from
a defined area, concentrations should be multiplied with the amount of
runoff water during the selected time period.
Leaching coefficients for agricultural land vary with the climatic situation as
well as with soil characteristics, but also crop type, land management and the
slope of the fields near streams are important factors. All these characteristics
vary within an agricultural landscape, and in order to estimate the total input
of pollutants to water a whole set of leaching coefficients are required. This
is a challenging task, and generally it is necessary to concentrate on the most
important factors, e.g. soil texture and crop type.
There are several ways of assessing the required leaching coefficients. The
most common ones, namely controlled experiments/plots and the small catchment approach, are described below.
7.2.2.1 CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS
The first approach is to derive leaching coefficients from experimental field
plots with a single crop and controlled management. Concentrations in soil
water or in the drainage system are measured. In order to cover all combinations of crops, fertilization regimes, soil types and climatic conditions, a large
number of experiments are needed. Generally only the most common combinations can be studied.
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Soil water can be sampled by lysimeters installed in the soil. These can be
classified as tension lysimeters or zero-tension lysimeters. Tension lysimeters
extract soil water samples by applying a suction at a specified soil depth, normally just below the rooting zone. The samples can then be brought to the
laboratory and analyzed for its chemical compounds (figure 11). Zero-tension
lysimeters only collects freely draining water (soil water potential near zero),
e.g. in groundwater or water in soil drainage systems.
Figure 11. Installation of suction cup lysimeters. Suction is achieved by a pump.
(Source: Lital & Tattari, 2012).
An experimental set-up should contain at least three replicate plots to monitor the impact of selected treatments like fertilization rates or different crops.
These plots should be established on land with similar soil texture. Untreated
plots should be used for comparison in all experiments.
7.2.2.2 SMALL CATCHMENT APPROACH
In this approach, long-term monitoring of small catchments are applied. The
selected catchments should be dominated by agricultural land and without
larger settlements. The data collected will give an estimate of the integrated
losses from a whole agricultural landscape. Generally, there are also other pollution sources within a catchment, e.g. discharge from households, roads or
forest management. Estimates should be made in order to determine the influence of these additional sources, the influence of which might be compensated
for. Small sources can be neglected. The selection of the small monitoring
watersheds should be done by a GIS analysis based on shape files of:
• Digital Elevation Model (DEM),
• Land use,
• soil map,
• climate map,
• farming practice representation (best possible crop map using table data
and community shape file and fields/pasture land use map),
• point source locations,
• urban wastewater sewage coordinates
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The following selection criteria should be used:
• Watershed areas should represent the variation in climate, soils and overall farming practice (types of crops as vegetables, corn or potatoes, or
energy crops, intensive or extensive farming, pasture or grown fields etc).
• The land use in the watershed should be dominated by the concerned
land use; at least 50% for arable land, or >70–80 % for forest land.
• The watersheds should be reasonable small (about 10 – 50 km2) to be
able to do a future inventory of the applied farming practices with reasonable efforts.
• The watersheds should have no or small contributions from point sources
such as industries or wastewater.
• There should be suitable monitoring sites in the stream to monitor the
water level and/or flow.
7.2.2.3 MODELLING APPROACH
In some Swedish applications with FyrisNP, leaching coefficients have been
derived from other models, e.g. two supporting models used for reporting to
to HELCOM PLC (Brandt et al., 2009. One of these models is the SOILNDB
model (Johnsson et al., 2002), which is used for calculating type-specific concentration of nitrogen leaching from agricultural land. For calculating the
type-specific concentration of phosphorus in runoff from agricultural land the
ICECREAMDB model (Larsson et al. 2007) has been used. Together these
two models constitute the NLeCCS modelling system, which generate the
type-specific concentrations for tot- N and tot-P as an annual average concentration normalized for climatic conditions. It can calculate concentrations for
many combinations of crop and soil types.
For calculation of leaching coefficients, agricultural land in Sweden was
divided into 22 leaching regions. The basis for the division was Statistics
Sweden’s set of 18 agricultural production areas for reporting of farming
statistics, such as yields and fertilizer/manure applications.
7.2.2.4 CALCULATION OF POLLUTION LOSSES
Calculations can be made manually or with a numerical modeling tool. The
general principle is to multiply the leaching coefficient (Leach Conc) with
the corresponding land area. Depending on how the leaching coefficient is
expressed the loss of a pollutant is calculated as:
1) Area (km2) x Areaspecific Lcoeff (kg//km2 yr) = Annual loss (kg/yr)
2) Area (km2) x LeachConc (mg/l) x runoff (l/s km2) x 0.365 x 86.4 =
Annual loss (kg/yr)
Applying area-specific coefficients is technically easier than to use concentrations, since they can be applied without information about runoff. However,
this type of coefficient does not take into account temporal variations in
runoff, and in years with extreme weather conditions they will not produce
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reliable results. Typically, there is a correlation between concentration and
runoff, and thus leaching coefficients should not be applied in areas with
hydrological conditions that are very different from the area where they were
derived.
Soil characteristic, crops and soil management may have a profound influence on the leaching coefficients for nutrients. It is difficult to cover all combinations of these factors occurring over a large catchment. If there is a choice,
soil texture should be considered in the first place and thereafter crop type.
Figure 12 illustrates the importance of soil texture on nitrogen and phosphorus
leaching coefficient for spring barley.
20
0,5
Spring barley, PR 2a
0,3
P mg/l
8
0,2
clay
0
sandy
clay…
silt
loam
clay
loam
silty
clay…
silty
clay
0
loam
0,1
loamy
sand
sandy
loam
4
sand
N mg/l
N mg/l
12
P mg/l
0,4
16
Figure 12. Effects of soil texture on leaching coefficients of nitrogen (N, red triangles) and
phosphorus (P, black circles) for spring barley in southern Sweden; production region 2a.
(Johnsson et al. 2008).
For heavy metals, concentrations in soil may be an important factor. Lead is
e.g. strongly bound to organic matter in soil and leaching can be low even if
the soil pool is relatively large. However, if concentrations in soil reach very
high level the leaching may considerable.
A detailed soil map is an important tool for selecting proper leaching
coefficients. In areas described by scattered (not systematic) soil sampling the
results has to be interpolated to describe the spatial variation of soil properties
over the study area. For organic pollutants such as pesticides, crop distribution is important since the pesticide substances applied on the fields are specific
for different crops. Effects of organic pollutants depend to large extent on the
physico-chemical properties of the substance, which determine degradation
rates, affinity for air, water or soil and transport of the substance to surface
and ground water.
Relevant leaching coefficients for agricultural land may be difficult to find,
and in Russia no site-specific coefficients are available. Literature data may
be used in the short term but it is very important to collect information that
reflects the real situation in Russian catchments.
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Table 8 contains leaching concentrations used in modelling the nutrient loads
from agriculture in Luga river catchment (Orback & Djodjic, 2014). The
values were derived from data calculated for SE Sweden. These concentrations
could be used as a starting point also in the Russian Baltic Sea catchment until
better information is available.
Table 8. Leaching concentrations for nitrogen and phosphorus for different soil types and crops
types used in assessment of nutrient loads in the Luga river catchment (see chapter 6.4 in the
main report).
Nutrient
Soil type
Crops
Spring Barley
(mg/l)
Ley
(mg/l)
Potato
(mg/l)
Green fallow
(mg/l)
Loam
Nitrogen
10.2
3.1
10.6
1.8
LoamySand
Nitrogen
11.7
6.8
12.3
2.9
SandyLoam
Nitrogen
10.8
3.8
11.3
1.8
SiltLoam
Nitrogen
10.3
2.3
10.7
1.1
Loam
Phosphorus
0.33
0.24
0.33
0.26
LoamySand
Phosphorus
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
SandyLoam
Phosphorus
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.05
SiltLoam
Phosphorus
0.41
0.35
0.41
0.35
7.3 Pollution losses from non-agricultural
managed land
Non-agricultural managed land includes:
• managed forest;
• managed heathland;
• other land-use categories not included as agricultural land or unmanaged
land.
A forest or a heathland is considered managed if regulated by human activity.
If at least one of the following activities are present in the area it could be
classified as managed.
• planting, harvesting, or burning;
• application of fertilizer and/or manure;
• major soil activities (ploughing, new tiles or ditches etc.);
• animal grazing.
In principle, the quantification of nutrient losses from non-agricultural managed
land is the same as for agricultural land, including appropriate monitoring
and/or modeling approaches.
There are no leaching coefficients available for this land cover categories
in Russia, but table 9 contains some provisional figures. In Sweden, a nitrogen
coefficient of about 1 mg/l is used for clear-cuts which is added to the background leaching of 0.5 mg/l. For phosphorus the losses from clear-cuts are calculated using the factor 1.6 times a background loss of ca 0.01 mg/l. Forests
in NW Russia are relatively similar to those in Sweden and the .
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Nutrient leaching from managed wetlands and heathlands is difficult to assess
and may be considered as background loads (see section 6). The management
is normally grazing and peat extraction.
Table 9. Preliminary leaching coefficients for the Russian catchment to the Baltic Sea (mg/l).
Land category
Tot - N
(mg/l)
Tot-P
(mg/l)
Data origin
Forest land
(unmanaged)
1.5
0.05 – 0.1
Estimate for Luga
Clearcuts
2.5
0.015 ?
Estimate for Luga
(Andreev et al. 2009)
(Andreev et al. 2009)
7.4 Loads from households in urban
and rural areas
Households not connected to public sewerage systems are considered as diffuse
sources. The main pollutants entering water bodies from these sources are
nutrients, mainly phosphorus, but also nitrogen, pathogens, organic matter
(Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD), household-related chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Technical solutions for treatment of wastewater from households
not connected to sewage systems are highly variable and both the efficiency
of the treatment facility and the distance to surface waters will influence the
quantity of pollutants reaching surface waters.
Households in urban areas connected to collection systems are considered
point sources as the pollutants are normally led by pipes directly into water
bodies. In networks without treatment plants no retention can be accounted
for. Wastewater treatment plants with biological treatment (secondary treatment) can remove about 90 % of the incoming organic matter but only 30 %
of the nitrogen and up to 80% of the phosphorus. Higher levels of phosphorus
removal require supplementary chemical treatment.
The quantification of losses of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus to water
bodies should be based on average specific loss coefficients, taking into
account the level of water consumption, treatment methods, pathways of
discharge, and distance to the water bodies.
The assessment of loads from unconnected households could be made on
the basis of local, regional or national statistics. Ideally, registers, databases or
maps should be established providing information on:
– the number of households not connected to sewerage systems
– the number of people living in the households, taking into account the
“part of the year inhabitants” (e.g. offices, shops, hotels, tourist accommodations and secondary houses)
– the wastewater treatment technology
– location of the households in relation to watercourses (if available) and
soil conditions (which influences the fraction of the load that actually
reaches the surface waters).
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The annual amount of nutrients, BOD and chemicals ending up in the sewerage system as a result of excretion, dish-washing, food preparations and other
activities in an average household is the starting point for the calculations.
Table 10 shows standard values used in Sweden referring to the 2010 situation and households with water-flushed toilets. In addition, values used by the
OSPAR Commission are given.
Table 10. Standard values for annual amount of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus added to wastewater per person in Sweden (kg per person and year). The OSPAR value refers to flushed toilets
with no specific external treatment (Source: Ek et al. 2011, OSPAR 2004).
Type of detergent
BOD7 (kg/p/yr)
N-tot (kg/p/yr)
P-tot (kg/p/yr)
Sweden; P – containing
27
5.4
0.77
Sweden; P – free
27
5.4
0.62
3.1
0.43
OSPAR
The amounts given for Sweden would be typical for an average grown-up
person staying permanently at home. In reality, most persons periodically stay
out of home for work, school or vacation. Thus, the values should be reduced
accordingly. An average figure for a community population is to spend
60–65% of their time in their home, which makes losses close to those given
by OSPAR.
The actual load from a household depends on what kind of wastewater
treatment is available, use of P-free detergents, etc. For a whole population,
standard values taking into account as many site-specific factors as possible
should be used. Examples of treatment efficiency is given in table 11.
Table 11. Standard values for treatment efficiency (% removal) with different treatment technology
(Ek et al. 2011).
Treatment
% removal
% removal
% removal
Open septic tank
20 ± 10
10 ± 5
15 ± 10
Septic tank + infiltration
85 ± 10
30 ± 10
50 ± 30
Advanced treatment
90 ± 5
40 ± 20
80 ± 10
The load of nitrogen and phosphorus from households not connected to sewerage systems may be validated by monitoring in streams receiving nitrogen
and phosphorus from many households, provided that all other main nutrient
sources are known. The share coming from scattered dwellings can then be
derived as a difference.
A more explicit approach would be to test existing treatment facilities by
in situ sampling. This is more resource-demanding. It should be noted that the
functioning of individual treatment facilities may vary depending on its age,
construction and management.
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7.5 Transport of pollutants with storm water
Storm water is derived as precipitation runoff from hard surfaces like streets,
roads, buildings, parking lots, etc. This runoff will carry a range of pollutants
to rivers and lakes and cause flooding if the capacity of the storm water collection system is exceeded. Storm water contains nutrients, metals and organic
pollutants and concentrations are especially high after periods of extended
droughts and during runoff at the start of a rain. Pollutants in storm water
generally originate from atmospheric deposition, car fuel exhaust, leaching
from surfaces as well as from mechanical erosion of roads, tires and brakes.
Water and air pollution due to salting and sanding of roads is a large issue in
areas where temperature below the freezing point is common. The pollution
level is dependent on traffic intensity, temperature, road moisture, use of metal
dub tires, sand and salt application.
The transport to a receiving water body can be estimated with reference
to land use, precipitation, surface runoff coefficients for various land uses and
the proportion of the storm water entering the recipient. In order to estimate
the load, runoff should be multiplied by concentration estimates for different
land uses. Load calculations should relate only to pollutants in surface runoff,
and should not include the load from basic runoff such as drainage water and
groundwater.
The assessment of surface areas in urban and rural environments is made
by specific inventories or by generally available digital land cover maps like
the European CORINE (2006). Many countries have also developed more
detailed digital maps. Runoff can be estimated from precipitation data or by
models. One such model is StormTac (http;//stormtac.com), which calculates
water flow from precipitation data and land use specific runoff coefficients
and areas. Pollution load rate (kg/year) is quantified from calculated flow and
from standard concentrations.
The StormTac model contains standard concentrations of storm water and
base flow for 33 priority substances, estimated empirically from a large set of
flow proportional field sampling data in Sweden. These are tabled as standard,
minimum and maximum values and can be downloaded from the website.
Concentrations are mainly derived from monitoring programs in urban areas
and those related to other land use categories should be used with more care.
Applications in other countries than Sweden should consider geographic difference in long-range transported air pollution on water as well as differences
in use of chemical substances which could affect the presence of pollutants in
recipient waters.
Storm water in urban areas are often led to sewerage networks and are
thus included in the measured load from an agglomeration. In newly built
areas, local systems for storm water treatment are more common. This implies
that storm water should be considered a separate source in built-up areas if
loads in wastewater are calculated using standard values based on population.
In cases where the loads are measured in sewerage systems, the storm water is
already included.
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7.6 Natural background loads
Natural background loads to water bodies refer to losses from land areas that
are unaffected, or only slightly influenced, by human activities. They include
leaching from unmanaged land as well as the part of the losses from managed
land that would occur irrespective of anthropogenic activities (e.g. agriculture).
In many cases nutrient losses from unmanaged land can be used as an
approximation for natural background losses. Unmanaged land areas include:
• unmanaged forest and woodlands;
• unmanaged heathland;
•shrubland;
• unmanaged bogs, wet meadows and wetlands;
• abandoned agricultural land.
Natural background losses can be estimated using different approaches or a
combination of approaches. The most common approaches are:
A.Monitoring of small unmanaged catchment areas lacking point sources;
B. Monitoring of concentrations of pollutants in soil water or groundwater
unaffected by human activity;
C.Use of calibrated nutrient pollution models.
D.Sediment-water relationships providing historic data from sediment cores.
Nutrient losses from forest land are generally considered to be near background load. Studies in Sweden indicate that the difference is small between
managed and unmanaged forest land and that the effect of clear-cuts are small
if they cover less than 10% of the catchment area.
Data in table 12 indicates that nutrient losses from forest land in Sweden
and Finland are very similar and the forest cover in the studied catchment
was almost 100 %. Especially phosphorous losses from acid coniferous forest
soils are very low, and higher losses can be expected from more fertile deciduous forest land. A recent Polish study show considerably higher values. In the
Polish study the selected catchments were covered to > 70% by forest and
semi-natural areas, so it is reasonable to expect somewhat higher leaching
losses. Based on these data, rough estimates of background loads of nitrogen
and phosphorus from forest land and wetlands in Russia were made. These
coefficients should be validated by Russian studies.
It is important to realize that also arable land has background loads that
would occur irrespective of agricultural activities. Generally, agricultural soils
are naturally more fertile than forest soil and the background load would thus
be higher. Generalised background leaching concentrations from arable land
with a mixture of soil types are also given in table 12.
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Table 12. Background nutrient leaching concentrations from studies in Sweden, Finland and
Poland and provisional leaching concentrations for the Russian catchment to the Baltic Sea.
Land category
Tot - N
Tot-P
Data origin
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
Forest land
0.5
(0.2 – 0.7)
0.01
(0.005 – 0.02)
S. Sweden
(Uggla & Westling, 2003; Fröberg
and Löfgren, 2014)
Wetland/mire
0.8
0.01
S. Sweden
Forest Finland
0.1–1.4
0.003 – 0.03
Finland
(Kortelainen et al. 2006)
Forest Poland
1.0 –1.9
0.04 – 0.12
Poland
(Instytut Meteorologii i
Gospodarki Wodnej, Katowice
Forest Russia
0.8 –1.5
0.04 – 0.08
Estimate Luga
(Andreev et al. 2009)
Wetland Russia
1.5
0.01
Estimate Luga
(Andreev et al. 2009)
Arable land
1.3 –2.1
0.06–0.10
Calculated for Sweden
In Sweden background losses of nitrogen from arable land are calculated by
the SOILNDB model to represent leaching concentrations in grass-covered
land that is not fertilized or harvested over a 20-year period. The corresponding concentrations for phosphorus is calculated using the ICECREAM model
representing unfertilized and harvested sown fallow with a low P-HCL class
(P-Class I). I a recent study (Djodjic Faruk and Elin Widén-Nilsson, 2013)
calculations of background losses of phosphorus from arable soils was made
using P-concentrations in the subsoil, and this gave somewhat lower P leaching
concentrations.
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8References
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Shumkova, P.N. (2009). Report within the framework of the contract
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138
An improved system for monitoring and
assessment of pollution loads from the
Russian part of the Baltic Sea
catchment for HELCOM purposes
REPORT 6645
SWEDISH EPA
ISBN 978-91-620-6645-1
ISSN 0282-7298
RusNIP II. Implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan
(BSAP) in the Russian Federation
RusNIP II is the second part of a bilateral RussianSwedish cooperation project, with an aim to strengthen
the capacity of responsible Russian authorities in implementing the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP),
established in 2007. RusNIP II started in 2012 and has
concentrated on monitoring and assessment activities
relating to waterborne pollution, partly in cooperation
with the EU-funded projects BaltHazAR and BASE.
In this final report it is concluded that Russia does
not yet fulfil the requirements of HELCOM for producing data on waterborne pollution loads from the Russian part of the Baltic Sea catchment.
The report contains recommendations on changes
in organisation, legislation and funding of the present
assessment system to better comply with HELCOM
guidelines.
MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
AND ENVIRONMENT OF THE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Swedish EPA SE-106 48 Stockholm. Visiting address: Stockholm - Valhallavägen 195, Östersund - Forskarens väg 5 hus Ub, .
Tel: +46 10 698 10 00, fax: +46 10 698 10 99, e-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.swedishepa.se Orders Ordertel: +46 8 505 933 40,
orderfax: +46 8 505 933 99, e-mail: [email protected] Address: Arkitektkopia AB, Box 110 93, SE-161 11 Bromma. Internet: www.swedishepa.se/publications