ACT
A DESCRIPTION OF COLLEGE FRESHMEN
I.
STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT CHOICES
OF MAJOR FIELD
RESEARCH
REPORTS
May, 1965
No. 3
Clifford Abe
John L. Holland
Published by Research and Develo pm e nt D iv isio n
• Am erican College T e s t in g Program • P . 0 . Box 1 6 8 , Iowa C i t y , Iowa 5 2 2 4 0
A D e s crip tio n of C olle g e F re s h m e n :
I.
Students w ith
D iff e r e n t C h o i c e s o f M a jo r F i e l d
C l i f f o r d A b e and John L>. H o lla n d
Th e s e l e c t i o n o f a m a j o r f i e l d is a d e c i s i o n f a c e d by e v e r y c o l l e g e
stu d en t.
A lth o u g h the p r o c e s s o f m a k in g w i s e c h o i c e s is i n c o m p l e t e l y
u n d e r s t o o d , m o s t p e o p le have a s s u m e d that s a t is f y in g c h o i c e s r e q u i r e
s o m e m a t c h in g o f student c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and c o m p e t e n c i e s w ith the d e ­
m a n d s o f the p r o s p e c t i v e f i e l d o f stu dy.
W hen a s tu d e n t's c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
r e s e m b l e th o s e o f the t y p ic a l student in his p r o s p e c t i v e f i e l d , he is li k e l y
to f e e l at h o m e and r e m a i n in h is f i e l d .
C o n v e rse ly , in con g ru en cies
b e t w e e n a student and his f i e l d r e s u l t in f e e l i n g s o f a lie n a t io n and d i s s a t i s
f a c t i o n and u s u a lly le a d to a ch a n g e o f p la n s .
T h e s e a s s u m p t io n s a r e
p la u s ib le and r e c e i v e s o m e s u p p o r t f r o m e a r l i e r s tu d ie s ( D a r l e y and
H agen a h ,
1955); but b e c a u s e o f t h e ir i m p o r t a n c e , th e y n e e d a m o r e
c o m p l e t e e m p i r i c a l fo u n d a tio n .
Th e p u r p o s e o f the p r e s e n t stu dy is to r e p o r t a d e s c r i p t i o n o f c o l l e g
f r e s h m e n w ho p lan to m a j o r in d iff e r e n t f i e l d s o f stu dy.
The d e s c r i p t i o n s
o f p r o s p e c t i v e m a j o r s a r e a s s u m e d to have s e v e r a l d e s i r a b l e p r o p e r t i e s :
Th e d e s c r i p t i v e v a r i a b l e s a r e g e n e r a l l y the p r o d u c t o f s i m p l e ,
d irect
a s s e s s m e n t s o f student c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s o that th e y a r e e a s i l y in t e r p r e t e d
b y s tu d e n ts , c o u n s e l o r s , and f a c u lt y .
Th e d e s c r i p t i o n s f o r s in g le f i e l d s
and f o r g r o u p s o f f i e l d s a r e u s u a lly b a s e d on a l a r g e nationa l s a m p le o f
-2c o l l e g e students s o that the r e s u l t s a r e g e n e r a l l y r e l i a b l e as w e l l a s f r e e
o f the s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p r o s p e c t i v e m a j o r s at in d iv id u a l c o l l e g e s .
T h e Student S u r v e y
T h e p r e s e n t stu dy g r e w out o f the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y { A b e ,
H o lla n d , L u tz , and R i c h a r d s ,
1965), a p r o j e c t c o n d u c t e d b y the A m e r i c a n
C o l l e g e T e s t in g P r o g r a m to ob ta in a m o r e c o m p l e t e a c c o u n t o f the t y p ic a l
A m e r i c a n c o l l e g e student and o f the v a r i a t i o n a m o n g stu den ts f r o m
c o l l e g e to c o l l e g e .
T o a c c o m p l i s h th es e t a s k s , a c o m p r e h e n s i v e a s s e s s ­
m e n t w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d to 12,432 c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n in 31 in s titu tio n s o f
h ig h e r e d u c a t io n in the m o n t h s o f A p r i l o r M a y in 1964.
T h e fo llo w in g s e c t i o n s c h a r a c t e r i z e the student s a m p l e , and the
m a t e r i a l s and s c a l e s c o n t a in e d in the student s u r v e y .
Student S a m p le
S e v e r a l s t a t i s t i c s c h a r a c t e r i z e the student s a m p le :
seven per
c e n t w e r e e n r o l l e d in ju n io r c o l l e g e s , t w e lv e p e r c e n t in f o u r y e a r u n d e r ­
gr a d u a te c o l l e g e s , and e i g h t y - o n e p e r c e n t in u n i v e r s i t i e s .
A b o u t 15
p e r c e n t o f th es e f r e s h m e n w e r e stu den ts in p r i v a t e c o l l e g e s , w h ile 85
p e r ce n t w e r e students in p u b lic c o l l e g e s .
c o e d u c a t io n a l c o l l e g e s .
A b o u t 95 p e r c e n t a tten d ed
F in a lly , 20 p e r ce n t w e r e e n r o l l e d in c o l l e g e s
in the N o r t h e a s t , 31 p e r c e n t in c o l l e g e s in the South, 20 p e r c e n t in
c o l l e g e s in the M id w e s t ,
26 p e r c e n t in c o l l e g e s in the M ou n tain s and
P l a i n s s ta te s , but o n ly 3 p e r c e n t in c o l l e g e s on the W e s t C o a s t .
Th e n u m b e r o f f r e s h m e n and the p e r c e n t a g e o f the f r e s h m a n c l a s s
-3p a r t i c i p a t i n g in the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y v a r i e d g r e a t l y f r o m c o l l e g e
to c o l l e g e .
A t one e x t r e m e ,
96 p e r c e n t o f the B u r lin g t o n C o m m u n it y
C o l l e g e f r e s h m e n p a r t ic ip a t e d , w h ile at the o th e r C o l o r a d o State C o l l e g e
s u b m it t e d a s e l e c t e d s a m p le o f 22 p e r c e n t o f t h e ir f r e s h m e n .
T a b le 1
s u m m a r i z e s the r a te o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n f o r e a c h c o l l e g e .
T a b le 1
Th e P a r t i c i p a t i n g C o l l e g e s and the P e r c e n t a g e o f F r e s h m e n
W ho R e s p o n d e d to the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y
C olleg e
State
M en
W om en
% of
Total
F r e sh.
C la ss
A rk a n sa s P oly te ch n ic C olleg e
B a y lo r U n iv ersity
B l a c k H ills T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e
B l o o m T o w n s h ip C o m m u n it y
C olleg e
B u r lin g t o n C o m m u n it y
C olleg e
C a l i f o r n i a State C o l l e g e at
H ayw ard
C arthage C o lle g e
C o l o r a d o State C o l l e g e
F a i r m o n t State C o l l e g e
G l a s s b o r o State C o l l e g e
Indiana State C o l l e g e
J a m e s t o w n C o m m u n it y
C olleg e
K a n s a s State U n i v e r s i t y
L y o n s T o w n s h ip Jun ior
C olleg e
M ou n t M e r c y C o l l e g e
N ew M e x i c o State U n i v e r s i t y
P l y m o u t h State C o l l e g e
Snow C o l l e g e
S o u t h e a s t e r n State C o l l e g e
S o u th e r n C o n n e c t ic u t
State C o l l e g e
Arkansas
Texas
South D akota
155
2 07
102
94
273
74
34
44
46
I llin o is
102
46
70
Iow a
135
72
96
C a lifo rn ia
W iscon sin
C olora d o
W est V irg in ia
N ew J e r s e y
Indiana
144
33
62
187
178
233
186
89
172
152
529
333
60
44
22
76
80
28
New Y o rk
K ansas
77
641
83
511
64
73
50
59
82
143
53
150
81
115
63
107
57
91
29
72
49
62
147
398
77
I llin o is
P e n n s y lv a n ia
New M e x ico
N e w H a m p s h ir e
Utah
O k la h o m a
C o n n e c t ic u t
198
-4T a bl e 1 ( co n t. )
C olleg e
State
M en
W om en
S o u th e r n I llin o is U n i v e r s i t y
S p r in g f ie ld C o l l e g e
S w arth m ore C olleg e
U n iv ersity of A la bam a
U n i v e r s i t y o f K e n tu c k y
U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r th D akota
U n iv ersity of T e n n e ss e e
W esley a n U n iv ersity
W e s t b r o o k Jun ior C o l l e g e
W illia m C a re y C olleg e
W i l l i a m J e w e ll C o l l e g e
I llin o is
M a s s a ch u s etts
P e n n s y lv a n ia
A la bam a
K entucky
N o r t h D akota
T e n n e s s ee
C o n n e c t ic u t
M a in e
M ississip p i
M isso u ri
762
145
69
429
711
226
597
287
363
85
50
387
616
272
474
T o t a l Students
30
98
6289
% of
T otal
Fresh.
C la ss
169
47
99
33
54
44
43
63
49
47
94
81
47
81
6143
Th e Student S u r v e y
Th e a s s e s s m e n t d e v i c e u s e d to e s t im a t e v a r i o u s student c h a r a c t e r ­
i s t i c s w a s c a l l e d the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y ( 1 9 6 4 ).
Th e A m e r i c a n
C o l l e g e S u r v e y is a b o o k l e t w h ic h c o n t a in s a l e t t e r e x p la in in g the p u r p o s e
o f the s u r v e y , and 1004 i t e m s w h ic h w e r e c o n c e r n e d w ith a s t u d e n t 's
i n t e r e s t s , p o te n tia l f o r v a r i o u s kinds o f a c h i e v e m e n t , a ttitu d e s, and o t h e r
o rien ta tion s.
Th e f o llo w in g s e c t i o n s s u m m a r i z e ou r k n o w le d g e o f the
s c a l e s and a s s e s s m e n t d e v i c e s c o n t a in e d in the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y .
V o c a t i o n a l P r e f e r e n c e I n v e n t o r y ( F if t h R e v i s i o n ) .
T h is p e r s o n a l i t y
and i n t e r e s t in v e n t o r y is c o m p o s e d o n ly o f o c c u p a t io n a l t it le s (H o lla n d ,
1958).
T o take the in v e n t o r y , a student in d ic a t e s w h ic h o c c u p a t i o n s he
lik e s and d i s l i k e s .
S c o r e s on o n ly the f o l l o w i n g s c a l e s w e r e u s e d f o r this
study:
R e a l i s t i c , In te lle c t u a l, S o c i a l , C o n v e n t io n a l, E n t e r p r i s i n g ,
A rtistic,
escen ce.
S e lf-C o n tro l, A g g r e s s iv e ,
M a s c u l in e , Status, and A c q u i ­
R e l i a b i l i t i e s ( K u d e r - R i c h a r d s o n 20) r a n g e d f r o m .5 7 to .8 9
f o r 6289 m a le c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n and f r o m . 50 to . 89 f o r 6143 f e m a l e s .
F o r the p r e s e n t d e s c r i p t i v e study,
it is u s e fu l to in t e r p r e t the
V P I o n ly as an i n v e n t o r y o f v o c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s .
The V P I s c a l e s u s e d
and t h e ir " i n t e r e s t " i n t e r p r e t a t io n s a r e as f o l l o w s :
S c a le
P r e fe r e n c e for:
R e a listic
t e c h n i c a l and s k ille d
trades
In te lle c t u a l
s c i e n t i f i c o c c u p a t io n s
S ocia l
te a c h in g and h e lp in g
o c c u p a t io n s
C o n v e n t io n a l
c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t io n s
E n terp risin g
s u p e r v i s o r y and s a le s
o c c u p a t io n s
A rtistic
a r t i s t i c , m u s i c a l , and
l i t e r a r y o c c u p a t io n s
S e lf-C o n tro l
a v e r s i o n to o c c u p a t i o n s
in v o lv in g r i s k o f p h y s i c a l
in ju r y , a d v e n tu r e , and
danger
A g g ressiv e
occu p ation s of great
p o w e r and status su ch
a s UN D ip lo m a t , C o l l e g e
P re sid e n t, P ro se cu tin g
A ttorney
M a s c u lin e
o c c u p a t i o n s t y p ic a l of
-6Status
p r e s t i g e f u l o c c u p a t io n s
s u c h as L a w y e r , D o c t o r ,
B u sin e ss E x ecu tive
A cq u iescen ce
num ber of p r e fe r r e d
occu p a tion s
P o t e n t ia l A c h i e v e m e n t S c a l e s .
M e r i t F i n a l i s t s (H o lla n d and N i c h o l s ,
In an e a r l i e r s tu d y o f N a tion a l
1964), P o t e n t ia l A c h i e v e m e n t
S c a l e s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d e m p i r i c a l l y b y s e x f o r the p r e d i c t i o n o f s i x
k in d s o f e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c h ie v e m e n t :
d r a m a t i c s , and l e a d e r s h i p .
a r t, m u s i c , w r it in g , s c i e n c e ,
Th e s tu den ts f a llin g in the u p p e r and l o w e r
27 p e r c e n t on c h e c k l i s t s o f a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s f o r t h e s e f i e l d s in high
s c h o o l w e r e c o m p a r e d f o r t h e ir p r e f e r e n c e s f o r 273 d a ily a c t i v i t i e s ,
h o b b ie s , r e a d in g h a b its , s c h o o l s u b j e c t s , and s p o r t s .
The u p p e r and
l o w e r 27 p e r c e n t w e r e d r a w n f r o m s a m p l e s o f 500 b o y s and 500 g i r l s .
T y p i c a l it e m s in c lu d e d w o r k in g on guns, b u ild in g s c i e n t i f i c e q u ip m e n t ,
p la y in g c h e s s , g oin g to a
p u b lic l i b r a r y , g iv in g ta lk s ,
p la y in g c h a r a d e s , and d r a w in g c a r t o o n s .
co lle ctin g
rocks,
In the f i r s t stu d y o f t h e s e
s c a l e s o n ly the 15 m o s t d i s c r i m i n a t i n g it e m s w e r e u s e d .
Ite m -crite rio n
c o r r e l a t i o n s r a n g e d f r o m . 24 to . 80.
In the p r e s e n t study, a ll s c a l e s w e r e le n g th e n e d b y adding 3 to 14
it e m s p e r s c a l e .
T h e s e a d d ition s w e r e in ten d ed to i n c r e a s e the r e l i a b i l i t y
and p e r h a p s the v a lid it y o f the P o t e n t ia l f o r A c h i e v e m e n t S c a l e s .
The
le n g th e n e d s c a l e r e l i a b i l i t i e s ( K u d e r - R i c h a r d s o n ) r a n g e d f r o m . 7 2 to
. 84 f o r m e n and f r o m . 6 5 to .8 1 f o r w o m e n .
I
-7E x tra cu rr ic u la r A ch ie v e m e n t R e c o r d .
Th e c h e c k l i s t s o f e x t r a ­
c u r r i c u l a r a c c o m p l i s h m e n t f o r the high s c h o o l y e a r s w e r e u s e d e a r l i e r
b y H o lla n d and N i c h o l s (1 9 6 4 ) and in c lu d e the f o l l o w i n g a r e a s :
l i t e r a t u r e , d r a m a t i c a r t s , l e a d e r s h i p , and s c i e n c e .
a r t, m u s i c ,
Th e s c o r e on e a c h
s c a l e is s i m p l y the n u m b e r o f a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s c h e c k e d .
Students w ith
h ig h s c o r e s on o n e o r m o r e o f t h e s e s i m p l e s c a l e s h av e a tta in e d a high
l e v e l o f a c c o m p l i s h m e n t w h ic h is a s s u m e d to r e q u i r e one o r m o r e o f the
fo llo w in g c h a r a c t e r is t ic s :
o rig in a lity .
c o m p l e x s k i l l s , lo n g t e r m p e r s i s t e n c e , and
The r e l i a b i l i t i e s ( K - R 21) f o r in d iv id u a l r e c o r d s o f a c c o m ­
p l i s h m e n t ra n g e f r o m . 48 to . 7 5 f o r m e n and f r o m . 58 to . 86 f o r w o m e n
f o r N a tio n a l M e r i t F i n a l i s t s .
In a d i v e r s e g r o u p o f c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n ,
the r e l i a b i l i t i e s ( K - R 20) r a n g e d f r o m . 72 to . 8 4 f o r m e n and f r o m . 65
to .8 1 f o r w o m e n .
P r e c o n s c io u s A ctiv ity S ca le.
T h is s c a l e is an a p r i o r i s c a l e d e ­
v e l o p e d to m e a s u r e K u b i e 's (1 9 5 8 ) n o tio n o f p r e c o n s c i o u s a c t i v i t y as a
p r o c e s s in c r e a t i v e p e r f o r m a n c e ( N i c h o l s and H olla n d ,
1963).
The
P r e c o n s c i o u s A c t i v i t y S c a le is a 38 i t e m t r u e - f a l s e s c a l e w ith r e l i a b i l i t i e s
( K - R 20) o f . 7 2 and . 6 8 f o r m a l e and f e m a l e c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n .
The
p r e d i c t i v e v a l i d i t i e s o f this s c a l e and its c o n c u r r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w ith
o r i g i n a l i t y and i n t e r e s t m e a s u r e s im p l y that the P r e c o n s c i o u s A c t i v i t y
S c a l e s h o u ld be i n t e r p r e t e d a s an o r i g i n a l i t y m e a s u r e ,
e s p e c i a l l y in the
f i e l d s o f a r t , l i t e r a t u r e , and m u s i c ( N i c h o l s and H o lla n d ,
Range of C o m p e te n cie s.
1963).
U s in g a l i s t o f 143 a c t i v i t i e s ,
stu den ts
c h e c k e d the a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h th e y c l a i m e d that th e y c o u l d do w e l l o r
com peten tly .
The a s s u m p t io n u n d e r ly in g t h e s e s c a l e s is that a l a r g e
n u m b e r o f c o m p e t e n c i e s is c o n d u c i v e to a c h i e v e m e n t g e n e r a l l y and that
c o m p e t e n c i e s in a p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d a r e c o n d u c i v e to a c h i e v e m e n t in the
sam e field .
T y p i c a l i t e m s f r o m this l i s t in c lu d e d :
I h av e a w o r k in g
k n o w le d g e o f R o b e r t s 1 R u le s of O r d e r , I c a n d a n c e , I a m a g o o d c o o k ,
I can m a k e j e w e l r y , I c a n r e a d b lu e p r in t s , I c a n r e a d G r e e k , I c a n
o p e r a t e a t r a c t o r , I can u s e l o g a r i t h m t a b l e s ,
etc.
Th e n u m b e r of
a c t i v i t i e s c h e c k e d e q u a ls a s t u d e n t 's r an g e o f c o m p e t e n c i e s o r t o t a l
n um ber of c o m p e te n c ie s .
C om p eten cies w ere c a te g o r iz e d by three
ju d g e s into s e v e r a l a r e a s o f c o m p e t e n c e :
m e n ta l,
a t h le t ic , b u s i n e s s ,
s cie n tific , tech n ica l,
s o c i a l and e d u c a t io n a l, h o m e m a k in g , a r t s ,
l e a d e r s h i p and s a l e s , and f o r e i g n la n g u a g e .
f o r e a c h kind o f c o m p e t e n c y .
govern­
Students w e r e then s c o r e d
T h e r e l i a b i l i t y ( K - R ZO) f o r the to ta l
n u m b e r o f c o m p e t e n c i e s c l a i m e d w as . 9 4 and . 9 3 f o r m a l e and f e m a l e
c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n ; the r e l i a b i l i t y f o r the s p e c i a l c o m p e t e n c y s c a l e s
r a n g e d f r o m . 35 to . 87 and f r o m . 11 to . 85 f o r m e n and w o m e n .
The
v e r y lo w r e l i a b i l i t i e s f o r a f e w s c a l e s a p p e a r to r e s u l t f r o m the s m a l l
n u m b e r o f it e m s in s u c h s c a l e s .
In terp erson a l C om p eten cy S ca le.
T h is tw en ty it e m , a p r i o r i s c a l e
w a s m o d e l e d a f t e r the w o r k o f F o o t e and C o t t r e l l (1 9 5 5 ), w h o d e fin e d
in t e r p e r s o n a l c o m p e t e n c e as " a c q u i r e d a b ilit y f o r e f f e c t i v e in t e r a c t i o n , "
and w ho o u tlin e d a p r o g r a m o f r e s e a r c h t o stu d y th is c o n c e p t .
S c a le
-9i t e m s s i m p l y p o l l the s u b j e c t f o r t h o s e f a c t o r s w h ic h F o o t e and C o t t r e l l
b e l i e v e to be c o n d u c i v e to , o r t y p i c a l o f i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o m p e t e n c y - - g o o d
h ealth ,
s o c i a l e x p e r i e n c e and c o m p e t e n c i e s , p o s i t i v e s e l f - r e g a r d .
The
r e l i a b i l i t y ( K - R 20) o f the I n t e r p e r s o n a l C o m p e t e n c y S c a le f o r jg ro u p s of
6289 m a le and 6143 f e m a l e c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n w as .6 9 and .6 7 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Range of E x p e r ie n c e .
Th e a s s u m p t io n u n d e r ly in g the d e v e lo p m e n t
o f this s c a l e is that b r e a d t h o f e x p e r i e n c e is c o n d u c i v e to a c h i e v e m e n t .
Students c h e c k e d t h e ir e x p e r i e n c e s f r o m a l i s t o f 76 i t e m s .
e x a m p l e s in c lu d e d :
m e n t a l h o s p it a l,
m u s e u m , f a c t o r y , g a m b lin g c a s i n o ,
sports ca r r a c e .
T y p ica l
su m m er cam p,
T h is s c a l e is s c o r e d b y s i m p l y cou n tin g
the n u m b e r o f e x p e r i e n c e s c h e c k e d .
Th e r e l i a b i l i t y ( K - R 20) w as . 9 2 and
. 9 0 f o r m a l e and f e m a l e c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n .
I n t e lle c t u a l R e s o u r c e s in the H o m e .
Students c h e c k e d th o s e things
th e y h av e in t h e ir h o m e s f r o m a l i s t o f 39 i t e m s .
Th e a s s u m p t io n u n d e r ­
ly in g the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f this s c a l e is that m a n y as o p p o s e d to few
e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e s o u r c e s a r e c o n d u c i v e to a c h i e v e m e n t .
in c lu d e d :
an e n c y c l o p e d i a s e t, tap e r e c o r d e r ,
T y p i c a l it e m s
s c u lp t u r in g t o o l s ,
m a c h i n e , p o w e r t o o l s , l i b r a r y o f m o r e than 200 b o o k s .
s e w in g
Th e n u m b e r o f
i t e m s c h e c k e d b e c a m e a s tu d e n t's s c o r e f o r th is v a r i a b l e .
Th e r e l i a b i l i t y
( K - R 20) o f th is s c a l e w a s . 81 f o r m a le c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n and .7 8 f o r
fem a le co lle g e fresh m en .
D og m a tism S ca le.
T h is s c a l e ,
d o g m a t i c and r i g i d thinking,
d e v e lo p e d b y R o k e a c h to m e a s u r e
c o n s i s t s o f 40 t r u e - f a l s e it e m s d e a lin g with
-10b e l i e f s and a ttitu d e s .
fo rm .)
(T h e f i r s t v e r s i o n b y R o k e a c h is in m u lt ip le c h o i c e
The r e l i a b i l i t y ( K - R 20) f o r 6289 m a le c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n w a s .7 7
and f o r 6143 f e m a l e c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n w as . 7 5 .
Student O r ie n t a t io n S u r v e y , F o r m C.
F a r b e r and G o o d s t e i n (1 9 6 4 )
d e v e l o p e d fo u r a p r i o r i s c a l e s to a s s e s s the student o r ie n t a t io n s i m p l i e d
in T r o w ' s student t y p o l o g y ( I 9 6 0 ) .
T h ese s ca le s are A c a d e m ic ,
gia te , N o n - C o n f o r m i n g , and V o c a t i o n a l .
C olle­
The a a p r io r i sca le s w ere
r e v i s e d b y an in t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y it e m a n a l y s i s t o d e v e l o p h o m o g e n e o u s ,
1 0 -item s c a le s .
R e l i a b i l i t i e s ( K - R 20) r a n g e d f r o m . 3 9 to , 4 5 f o r m a le
c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n and f r o m . 36 to . 50 f o r f e m a l e s .
O th e r D e s c r i p t i v e I n f o r m a t io n .
Students w e r e p o l l e d f o r t h e ir
e d u c a t io n a l and e c o n o m i c a s p i r a t i o n s , t h e ir l i f e g o a l s , and t h e ir s e l f r a t in g s .
T h e y w e r e a l s o a s k e d to in d ic a t e t h e ir c h o i c e o f v o c a t i o n and
f i e l d o f tr a in in g , and to p r o v i d e b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n .
T h e i r high
s c h o o l g r a d e s and A C T s c o r e s w e r e a v a ila b le f r o m c o l l e g e r e c o r d s .
Students in d ic a t e d the d e g r e e to w h ic h 35 d i f f e r e n t l i f e g o a l s and
a c h ie v e m e n t s w e r e " e s s e n t i a l , v e r y im p o r t a n t,
o f little i m p o r t a n c e "
s o m e w h a t im p o r t a n t,
or
( f o r e x a m p le , b e in g a r e l i g i o u s p e r s o n , m a k in g a
c o n t r ib u t io n to s c i e n t i f i c k n o w le d g e , b e in g happy and c o n t e n t ).
U sin g a lis t o f 31 t r a it s and a b i l i t i e s s u c h as o r i g i n a l i t y ,
ship , and c o n s e r v a t i s m ,
s ch o la r­
students r a t e d t h e ir p e r s o n a l t r a it s and a b i l i ­
t ie s on a f o u r - p o i n t s c a l e - - t o p 10%, a b o v e a v e r a g e , a v e r a g e , and b e l o w
average.
-11T a b l e 2 s u m m a r i z e s the r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s ( K - R 20) f o r all
d e s c r i p t i v e s c a l e s and in d ic a t e s the n u m b e r o f it e m s in e a c h s c a l e .
G e n e r a l l y , the s c a l e s p o s s e s s m o d e r a t e to high h o m o g e n e i t y .
S c a le s
w ith lo w c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e u s u a lly b r i e f s c a l e s o r s c a l e s w ith m a r k e d
h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f co n te n t.
T a b le 2
K u d e r - R i c h a r d s o n R e l i a b i l i t i e s f o r the D e s c r i p t i v e S c a l e s
o f the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y
N o. of Item s
R elia b ility
S c a le
M en W om en
M en
W om en
. 77
R e a listic
I n t e lle c t u a l
S ocia l
C o n v e n t io n a l
E n terp risin g
A rtistic
S e lf-C on trol
A g g ressiv e
M a s c u lin e
Status
A cq u ie sce n ce
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
30
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
30
. 85
.8 9
. 84
. 87
. 83
. 88
.8 6
. 84
. 57
.7 1
. 76
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
L e a d e r s h i p P o t e n t ia l
L i t e r a r y P o t e n t ia l
A r t is tic P oten tial
S cien tific P oten tial
M u s i c a l P o t e n t ia l
D r a m a t i c A r t s P o t e n t ia l
29
18
20
23
18
18
20
20
24
24
21
23
.8 6
. 84
. 79
. 81
. 87
.7 7
.7 7
. 72
. 85
. 80
. 74
. 82
18.
19.
Range of E x p e rie n ce
I n t e lle c t u a l H o m e R e s o u r c e s
76
39
76
39
.9 2
.8 1
.9 0
. 78
20.
21.
22.
23.
S cien tific A ch ie v e m e n t
L e a d e rsh ip A ch iev em en t
D ra m a tic A rts A ch ie v e m e n t
A r tis tic A ch iev em en t
15
14
13
12
15
14
13
12
. 80
. 72
.7 5
. 84
.
.
.
.
00
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
82
83
76
88
85
83
50
60
76
81
65
72
81
-12Table 2 (cont. )
N o. of Item s
------------------------M en W om en
S c a le
24.
25.
L ite r a r y A ch iev em en t
M u sica l A ch iev em en t
8
15
26. T o t a l C o m p e t e n c i e s
27. S c i e n t i f i c C o m p e t e n c y
28. T e c h n i c a l C o m p e t e n c y
29. G o v e r n m e n t & S o c i a l Studies C o m p e t e n c y
30. A t h l e t i c C o m p e t e n c y
31. B u s i n e s s &: C l e r i c a l C o m p e t e n c y
32. S o c i a l &; E d u c a t io n a l C o m p e t e n c y
33. H o m e m a k in g C o m p e t e n c y
34. A r t s C o m p e t e n c y
35. L e a d e r s h i p & S a le s C o m p e t e n c y
36. F o r e i g n L a n g u a g e C o m p e t e n c y
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
P r e c o n s c i o u s A c t i v i t y ( O r ig in a lit y )
D og m a tism
A c a d e m ic Type
V oca tion a l Type
N o n -C o n fo r m is t Type
C olleg ia te Type
In terp erson al C om p eten cy
R elia b ility
----------------------M en W om en
8
15
.7 3
. 84
.7 0
. 77
143
143
11
11
23
23
2
2
11
11
5
5 '
13
13
24
24
34
34
12
12
6
6
.9 4
.7 0
. 83
. 57
.7 1
.4 8
. 78
. 86
. 87
. 80
. 35
.9 3
. 67
. 76
. 54
. 70
. 38
. 74
. 85
. 85
.7 9
. 11
. 72
. 77
.4 5
. 39
. 42
. 45
.6 9
. 68
. 75
.4 2
. 36
.4 3
. 50
. 67
38
40
10
10
10
10
20
38
40
10
10
10
10
20
.
N o t e . - - T h i s ta b le is b a s e d on the tota l student s a m p l e s o f 6289 m e n
and 6143 w o m e n .
F i e l d s o f Study and P r o s p e c t i v e Students
Th e f i e l d s o f stu dy and the n u m b e r o f students plannin g to m a j o r in
e a c h f i e l d a r e sh ow n in T a b le 3.
F i e l d s w ith l e s s than ten p r o s p e c t i v e
students w e r e e lim in a t e d f r o m f u r t h e r stu d y .
S im ila rly,
stu den ts w ho
w e r e u n d e c id e d o r w ho gave no r e s p o n s e o r u n c la s s if ia b le r e s p o n s e s w e r e
o m it t e d .
-13T a bl e 3
T h e D is t r ib u t io n o f Students b y A n t ic ip a t e d M a jo r F i e l d o f Study
M a jo r F ie ld
M en
A ccou n tin g
273
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and
S u p erv ision
8
A e r o n a u t i c a l E n g in e e r in g 68
193
A g r ic u ltu r a l S cien ce
10
A n th rop olog y
78
A rch itectu re
56
A rt
24
A r t E d u c a t io n
A stronom y, a s tro ­
10
p h y sics
B io-ch em istry
B iolog y
Botany
B u s i n e s s E d u c a t io n
23
134
15
24
W om en
44
2
6
18
5
5
108
84
2
4
98
7
94
80
144
171
13
45
22
3
42
5
73
45
71
D en tistry
D ram a
95
18
35
18
E con om ics
E d u c a t io n , G e n e r a l
and O th e r
E d u c a t io n o f
E x c e p t i o n a l C h ild r e n
E d u c a t io n a l P s y c h o l o g y
E le ctrica l
E n gin eerin g
E l e m e n t a r y E d u c a t io n
E n gin eerin g , G en eral
and O th e r
E n g in eerin g S cien ce
37
6
28
31
12
16
121
41
229
103
2
1353
99
42
4
2
C h e m ic a l E n gin eerin g
C h e m istry
C iv il E n gin eerin g
C le rica l
C lin ica l P s y c h o lo g y
C o u n s e lin g & G u id an ce
M a jo r F ie ld
E n g lis h , C r e a t iv e
W r it in g
E n g lis h E d u c a t io n
E x p e r i m e n t a l and
G eneral P sych ,
F a rm in g
F in an ee
F o r e ig n Language
E d u c a t io n
F o r e ig n S e rv ice
F orestry
G eneral
H u m a n itie s
G en era l S ocia l
S cie n ce s
G eography
G eology, g e o ­
p h ysics
H istory
H i s t o r y E d u c a t io n
H om e E con om ics
H om e E co n o m ics
E d u c a t io n
H o u s e w if e
I n d u s t r ia l A r t s
E d u c a t io n
In d u s t r ia l
E n g in e e r in g
I n d u s t r ia l h p e r s o n nel p sy ch o lo g y
J o u r n a l i s m , R a d io TV, C om m u n i­
c a t io n
M en
Worne
50
88
69
342
28
28
26
76
0
8
18
6
90
103
9
1
20
23
23
19
34
6
23
3
161
190
6
83
138
235
3
0
139
26
56
0
32
0
16
5
54
55
-14T a b le 3 ( c o n t . )
M a jo r F ie ld
M en
Law
L ib r a r y S cien ce
L itera tu re
183
1
28
24
19
48
M anagem ent
M a r k e t in g
M a t h e m a t ic s ,
S t a t is t ic s
M ath E d u c a t io n
M ech a n ica l
E n g in e e r in g
M e d i c a l T e c h n o lo g y
M e d ic in e
M eta llu rg ica l
E n g in e e r in g
M e t a llu r g y
M e te o ro lo g y
M ilita ry S cien ce
M odern F ore ig n
Language
M u s ic
M u s i c E d u c a t io n
339
55
27
11
123
160
71
133
143
8
255
1
74
76
N a tu r a l S c i e n c e
E d u c a t io n
No n e a r e q u iv a le n t
in l i s t
N ot f u l l - t i m e St not
h o u s e w if e
N u r s in g
O ceanography
O th e r B i o l o g i c a l
S cien ces
O th e r B u s i n e s s St
C o m m e rcia l
O th er F in e St A p p l i e d
A rts
W om en
M a jo r F ie ld
M en
W om en
O th e r h ea lth f i e l d s
19
43
Ph arm acy
P h ilo so p h y
P h y s i c a l E d u c a t io n ,
R e c . , H ealth
P h y s ica l S cien ce,
G e n e r a l St O th e r
P h y s ica l Therapy
P h y sics
P h y siolog y
P o lit ic a l S cien ce
P u b lic A d m in i­
s t r a t io n
P u b l i c R e la t io n s ,
A d v ertisin g
P u rch a sin g
45
10
10
4
289
235
12
7
79
17
139
2
25
10
7
55
14
1
25
8
8
37
S a le s
S e cre ta ria l
S cien ce
S ocia l W ork
S ociolog y
Speech
45
22
1
15
33
14
249
84
74
35
T h eolog y , r e lig io n
T r a d e St In d u s t r ia l
E d u c a t io n
36
11
29
2
U n d e c id e d o r d o n 't
know
337
229
110
15
44
29
15
2
0
28
0
0
2
1
11
48
61
88
58
68
64
27
276
241
1
6
4
285
5
2
38
24
V ete rin a ry
M e d ic in e
48
20
Z o o lo g y
4
10
N o t e . - - S a m p l e s o f l e s s than 10 f o r e it h e r s e x w e r e not u s e d f o r this
study; c a t e g o r i e s w h ic h do not r e p r e s e n t s p e c i f i c f i e l d s w e r e a l s o o m it t e d :
" u n d e c id e d , no n e a r e q u iv a le n t in l i s t . "
-15F o r e a c h m a j o r f i e l d e n r o l l i n g ten o r m o r e students (79 f i e l d s f o r
m e n ; 60 f i e l d s f o r w o m e n ) the m e a n and s ta n d a r d d e v ia t io n w e r e c o m p u t e d
f o r 117 stu den t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
It w a s a s s u m e d that the student c h a r a c ­
t e r i s t i c s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d if f e r e n t ia t e d a m o n g the m a j o r f i e l d s .
A p a r t ia l
t e s t o f this a s s u m p t io n w a s m a d e b y c o m p u tin g s i m p l e a n a ly s e s o f v a r i a n c e
f o r 53 o f the 117 student v a r i a b l e s ; s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t r e s u l t s w e r e
o b t a in e d f o r both s e x e s f o r 52 o f t h e s e 53 v a r i a b l e s .
O n ly the s e l f - r a t i n g
o f " s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y " f a i l e d to d if f e r e n t ia t e a m o n g m a j o r f i e l d s .
R a t h e r than r e p o r t all p o s s i b l e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t fin d in g s ,
w a s d e c i d e d to r e p o r t o n ly the e x t r e m e fin d in g s .
it
F o r this p u r p o s e , the
f i e l d s w ith the h ig h e s t and l o w e s t m e a n s on e a c h o f the 117 c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
w e r e id e n t ifie d .
A s u m m a r y o f th e s e " e x t r e m e " c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w a s
p re p a re d fo r each m a jo r field .
F o r e a c h f i e l d the s u m m a r y id e n t ifie d
t h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r w h ic h s tu den ts, p lannin g a g iv e n m a j o r , a v e r a g e d
h ig h e r o r l o w e r than s tu den ts p lannin g an y o t h e r m a j o r .
Th e m a j o r f i e l d s w e r e then g r o u p e d into 13 c o n v e n t io n a l a c a d e m i c
areas:
p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s , b i o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e s , h u m a n it ie s ,
socia l scie n ce s ,
a g r i c u l t u r e , b u s i n e s s and a d m in is t r a t io n , e d u c a t io n , p o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e and
la w , h ea lth p r o f e s s i o n s , e n g in e e r in g , c r e a t i v e a r t s , v o c a t i o n a l and t r a d e ,
and m i l i t a r y s c i e n c e .
F o r e a c h a c a d e m i c a r e a , a ta b le w a s p r e p a r e d to
s h o w the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ic h w e r e m o s t d e s c r i p t i v e o f the m a j o r f i e l d s
in that a r e a .
Th e r e s u l t s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in T a b le s 4 th r o u g h 16.
E a c h ta b le
i
-16c o m b i n e s the c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s o f s e v e r a l r e l a t e d m a j o r s .
W h ile a g iv e n
e n t r y in a ta b le a p p lie s o n ly to a s in g le m a j o r f i e l d in the g r o u p , it is
a s s u m e d that the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e is s u f f i c i e n t l y h o m o g e n e o u s to
p e r m i t g e n e r a l i z a t i o n to a ll m a j o r s in the g r o u p .
S in c e th is a s s u m p t i o n
is not a lw a y s t e n a b le , a p r o b l e m w h ic h m o s t a p r i o r i c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s f a c e ,
the f o l l o w i n g d e s c r i p t i o n s c o n ta in s o m e i n a p p r o p r ia t e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s and
con com ita n t d e s c r ip tiv e e r r o r .
Th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f stu den ts p lannin g to m a j o r in e a c h g r o u p o f
fie ld s a re s u m m a riz e d b elow .
P h y s ica l S cien ces (astron om y,
rap h y, g e o l o g y ,
a stro p h y sics, ch e m istry , p h y sics,
g e o p h y sics , m a th em a tics,
geog­
sta tistics, p h ysica l s c ie n c e ,
g e n e r a l and o t h e r )
W hen w e l o o k in T a b le 4 and r e v i e w the fin d in g s l i t e r a l l y , th e y
s u g g e s t that m e n p lannin g to m a j o r in the p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s h av e s c i e n t i f i c
i n t e r e s t s , p o s s e s s s c i e n t i f i c p o t e n t ia l, and h av e a r e c o r d o f s c i e n t i f i c
a c c o m p l i s h m e n t in high s c h o o l .
T h ey rate th e m s e lv e s ,
p e e r s , as high on d r i v e to a c h i e v e , m a th a b ilit y ,
l e c t u a l s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e , and r e s e a r c h a b ilit y .
r e l a t i v e to t h e ir
s c i e n t i f i c a b ilit y ,
in te l­
Th e f o l l o w i n g l i f e g o a l s and
a s p i r a t i o n s a r e im p o r t a n t to p o t e n t ia l p h y s i c a l s c i e n t i s t s :
in v en tin g a
u s e fu l p r o d u c t , b e c o m i n g an a u t h o r it y in a s p e c i a l s u b j e c t in t h e ir f ie ld ,
m a k in g t h e ir p a r e n t s p r o u d , m a k in g t h e o r e t i c a l and t e c h n i c a l c o n t r ib u t io n s
to s c i e n c e , and k e e p in g in g o o d p h y s i c a l c o n d it io n .
In c o n t r a s t , fu t u r e m a l e stu den ts in the p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s h a v e
-17lit t le i n t e r e s t in b u s i n e s s , and f e w b u s i n e s s and c l e r i c a l c o m p e t e n c i e s .
T h e y think o f t h e m s e l v e s as p o o r a t h le t e s , h av in g lit t le u n d e r s ta n d in g of
o t h e r s , b e in g shy and i n e x p r e s s i v e , and la c k in g in c h e e r f u l n e s s and
socia l s e lf-co n fid e n ce .
tant:
T h e y r e g a r d the f o l l o w i n g l i f e g o a ls as u n i m p o r ­
follow in g a fo r m a l re lig io u s code,
b ein g s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t , p r o d u c in g
g o o d a r t i s t i c w o r k , b e c o m i n g an a c c o m p l i s h e d m u s i c i a n , b e c o m i n g an
e x p e r t in fin a n c e and c o m m e r c e , b e in g a g o o d s p o u s e o r p a r e n t , fin d in g
a r e a l p u r p o s e in l i f e ,
and b e in g a c t iv e in r e l i g i o u s a f f a i r s .
W o m e n a s p i r i n g to the p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s show a s i m i l a r p a tte r n
of person al ch a ra cte ristics.
W o m e n a r e a l s o l i k e l y to have l o w e r p s y c h o -
s e x u a l s ta tu s; that is , th e y a r e m o r e apt to be s in g le , to be u n e n g a g e d , to
date d if f e r e n t p e o p l e , o r to b e d a t e l e s s .
C o m p a r e d w ith w o m e n in o th e r
f i e l d s , th e y a r e m o r e c o n c e r n e d abou t t h e ir fu tu r e c a r e e r than m a r r i a g e .
T a b le 4
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d w ith
the C h o i c e o f P h y s i c a l S c i e n c e s
H ig h M ea n s
M en
S cie n tific P oten tial
S cie n tific A ch ie v e m e n t
A c a d e m ic Type
SR - m a t h e m a t i c a l a b ilit y
SR - s c i e n t i f i c a b ilit y
SR - r e s e a r c h a b ilit y
G - in v en tin g o r d e v e l o p i n g a
u s e fu l p r o d u c t o r d e v i c e
G - t h e o r e t i c a l c o n t r ib u t io n to
scie n ce
W om en
S c i e n t i f i c P o t e n t ia l
S cien tific A ch iev em en t
A c a d e m ic Type
S R - m a t h e m a t ic a l a b ilit y
SR - s c i e n t i f i c a b ilit y
SR - r e s e a r c h a b ilit y
G - in v en tin g o r d e v e lo p in g a
u sefu l p rod u ce or d ev ice
G - t h e o r e t i c a l c o n t r ib u t io n to
scien ce
-18Table 4 ( c o n t . )
H igh M ean s
W om en
M en
G - t e c h n i c a l c o n t r ib u t io n to
scien ce
G - t e c h n i c a l c o n t r i b u t i o n to
scien ce
I n t e lle c t u a l (V P I )
SR - d r iv e to a c h ie v e
SR - in t e lle c t u a l s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e
G - a u t h o r it y on s p e c i a l s u b je c t
in m y f i e l d
G - m a k in g p a r e n t s p r o u d
G - g o o d p h y s i c a l c o n d it io n
S cien tific C om p eten cy
SR - s c h o l a r s h i p
SR - in d e p e n d e n c e
G - m e a n in g fu l p h i l o s o p h y o f li f e
G - e x c it in g and s tim u la tin g a c t i v i t i e s
S a t i s f a c t i o n w ith C o l l e g e C h o i c e
L o w M ea n s
M en
W om en
SR - s o c i a b i l i t y
SR - c h e e r f u l n e s s
SR - s o c i a l s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e
G - good spouse
G - good parent
SR - s o c i a b i l i t y
SR - ch e e rfu ln e ss
SR - s o c i a l s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e
G - good spouse
G - good parent
E n t e r p r i s i n g (V P I )
B u s i n e s s and C l e r i c a l C o m p e t e n c y
SR - a t h le t ic a b ilit y
SR - u n d e r s ta n d in g o f o t h e r s
SR - s p e a k in g a b ilit y
SR - s e l f - c o n t r o l
SR - e x p r e s s iv e n e s s
G - f o llo w in g f o r m a l r e l i g i o u s
code
G - s e lf-su fficie n t
G - p r o d u c in g g o o d a r t i s t i c w o r k
G - b ecom in g a cco m p lis h e d m u sicia n
G - e x p e r t in f in a n c e and c o m m e r c e
G - fin d in g a r e a l p u r p o s e in life
G - b e in g a c t iv e in r e l i g i o u s a f f a i r s
L e a d e r s h i p P o t e n t ia l
SR - p o p u la r it y
G - m a k in g s a c r i f i c e s f o r o t h e r s
G - b e co m in g a com m u n ity le a d e r
G - a v o id in g h a r d w o r k
P s y c h o - S e x u a l Status
I m p o r t a n c e o f F in d in g a S u ita b le
M ate
N o t e . - -O n this and s u c c e e d i n g t a b le s G = l i f e g o a l o r a s p i r a t i o n and
SR = s e l f - r a t i n g .
-19B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s ( b i o l o g y , b i o - c h e m i s t r y , bota n y , p h y s i o l o g y ,
zo olog y ,
other b io lo g ic a l field s)
T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ic h d iff e r e n t ia t e the p o te n tia l b i o l o g i c a l s c i ­
e n t is t f r o m stu den ts in o t h e r m a j o r f i e l d s ( T a b l e 5) w e r e fe w in n u m b e r
and r e l a t i v e l y u n c le a r in p a t t e r n .
B oth m e n and w o m e n r e g a r d e d s o c i a l
w e l f a r e a c t i v i t i e s a s u n im p o r t a n t as did the p o te n tia l p h y s i c a l s c i e n t i s t s ,
but the r e m a in in g fin d in g s d id not h o ld f o r both s e x e s .
T a b le 5
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d w ith
the C h o i c e o f B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s
H igh M ean s
M en
W om en
SR - p r a c t i c a l - m i n d e d n e s s
G - fin d in g r e a l p u r p o s e in lif e
R e a lis t ic (V P I)
Range of E x p e rie n ce s
I n t e lle c t u a l H o m e R e s o u r c e s
S cie n tific C o m p e te n cy
SR - c o n s e r v a t i s m
G * a v o id in g h a r d w o r k
L o w M ea n s
M en
SR - w r it in g a b ilit y
G - b e c o m i n g happy and c o n te n t
G - in flu e n t ia l in p u b lic a f f a i r s
G - b e c o m i n g m a t u r e and
w e ll-a d ju ste d
W om en
G - m a k in g p a r e n t s p r o u d
G - e x p e r t in f in a n c e and c o m m e r c e
E n g in eerin g (a eron a u tica l, civ il, ch e m ica l, e le c t r ic a l,
scie n ce ,
e n g in e e r in g
in d u s t r ia l, m e c h a n i c a l , m e t a l l u r g i c a l , g e n e r a l and o t h e r )
-20T h e r e s u l t s f o r p o te n tia l e n g in e e r in g stu den ts in T a b le 6 a r e c o n ­
s is t e n t w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d ie s and the s t e r e o t y p e o f the e n g i n e e r .
H e r e he
is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by his m e c h a n i c a l i n t e r e s t s , his v o c a t i o n a l o r i e n t a t i o n
to c o l l e g e l i f e , his d e s i r e to r e l a x and e n j o y l i f e , and h is c l a i m o f high
m e c h a n i c a l a b ilit y .
He has fe w s o c i a l i n t e r e s t s ,
and lo w a r t i s t i c and
l i t e r a r y a c h ie v e m e n t ; he a l s o d o e s not a s p i r e to w r i t e g o o d f i c t i o n o r to
be w e l l lik e d .
T a b le 6
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d w ith
the C h o i c e o f E n g in e e r in g
H igh M e a n s (M en )
M a s c u lin e (V P I )
V o ca tio n a l Type
SR - m e c h a n i c a l a b ilit y
G - h av in g t im e and m e a n s to r e l a x and
e n jo y lif e
L o w M e a n s (M e n )
S o c i a l (V P I )
A r tis tic A ch iev em en t
L ite r a r y A ch iev em en t
G - w r it in g g o o d f i c t i o n
G - b e in g w e l l - l i k e d
H ea lth P r o f e s s i o n s ( d e n t is t r y , m e d i c i n e , n u r s in g , p h a r m a c y , p h y s i c a l
t h e r a p y , v e t e r i n a r y m e d i c i n e , m e d i c a l t e c h n o lo g y , o t h e r h e a lth f i e l d s )
In T a b le 7, m en i n t e r e s t e d in the h ea lth p r o f e s s i o n s as a m a j o r a r e
high on l e a d e r s h i p a c h i e v e m e n t , t o ta l c o m p e t e n c i e s , h o m e m a k in g
-21com p eten cies,
and d o g m a t i s m .
T h e y e x p e c t to have a high i n c o m e , and a
hig h l e v e l o f e d u c a t io n , and the g o a l o f b e in g s u c c e s s f u l in t h e ir own
b u s i n e s s is im p o r t a n t to t h e m .
W o m e n i n t e r e s t e d in the h ea lth p r o f e s s i o n s in c o m p a r i s o n w ith
w o m e n p lan n in g to m a j o r in o t h e r f i e l d s s e e t h e m s e l v e s as b e in g m o r e
re a listic,
a g g ressiv e,
m a s c u l i n e , and a c q u i e s c e n t .
h av e m o r e d r iv e to a c h ie v e than o t h e r s .
T h e y f e e l that th e y
T h e y a r e i n t e r e s t e d in b ein g
s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t and b e in g g o o d p a r e n t s .
W o m e n in the h ea lth p r o f e s s i o n s a l s o s e e t h e m s e l v e s a s la c k in g
in s e l f - c o n t r o l ; b e in g lo w in l i t e r a r y o r m u s i c a l a c h i e v e m e n t ; hav in g fe w
a t h le t ic , b u s i n e s s and c l e r i c a l ,
and s o c i a l and e d u c a t io n a l c o m p e t e n c i e s .
T h e y l a c k n o n - c o n f o r m i n g and c o l l e g i a t e o r i e n t a t i o n s , and they a r e lo w
in i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o m p e t e n c y .
T h e ir e x p e c t e d v o c a t i o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t in
c o m p a r i s o n w ith o t h e r w o m e n is l o w .
T h e y r a te t h e m s e l v e s lo w on
a t h le t ic a b ilit y , u n d e r s ta n d in g o f o t h e r s ,
s p e a k in g and w r it in g a b ilit y ,
i n t e l l e c t u a l s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e , p e r s e v e r a n c e , p o p u l a r i t y w ith the o p p o s i t e
sex,
s e n s e o f h u m o r , p h y s i c a l h ealth , and s e n s i t i v i t y to the n e e d s o f
oth ers.
T h e y think that the f o l l o w i n g g o a ls a r e u n im p o r t a n t :
b e in g happy
and c o n t e n t , b e in g an a u t h o r it y on a s p e c i a l s u b je c t in t h e ir f i e l d , f o l l o w i n g
a f o r m a l r e l i g i o u s c o d e , h a v in g the t im e and m e a n s to r e l a x and e n jo y
l i f e , w r it in g g o o d f i c t i o n ,
s t im u la t in g a c t i v i t i e s .
b e in g w e l l - l i k e d ,
b e in g e n g a g e d in e x c i t i n g and
F i n a l l y , w o m e n i n t e r e s t e d in the h ea lth p r o f e s ­
s i o n s tend to c o m e f r o m s m a l l e r high s c h o o l s .
-22In g e n e r a l, t h e s e w o m e n s e e m to have f e w o f the t y p i c a l f e m in in e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s - - th e y c l a i m fe w i n t e r e s t s o r c o m p e t e n c i e s in c u lt u r a l and
s o c i a l a f f a i r s ; in ad d ition , th ey s e e m l e s s c o n fid e n t than w o m e n in o t h e r
f i e l d s - - t h e y a r e a c q u i e s c e n t and r a te t h e m s e l v e s lo w in a v a r i e t y o f
ch a ra cte ristics .
T a b le 7
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d w ith
the C h o ic e o f H ealth P r o f e s s i o n s
H igh M ean s
M en
W om en
L e a d e rsh ip A ch iev em en t
Total C o m p e te n cie s
H o m e m a k in g C o m p e t e n c i e s
D ogm a tism
E xp ected Incom e
H ig h e s t L e v e l of E d u c a t io n
G - s u c c e s s f u l in ow n b u s in e s s
R e a l i s t i c (V P I )
A g g r e s s i v e (V P I )
M a s c u l in e (V P I )
A c q u i e s c e n c e (V P I )
SR - d r iv e to a c h ie v e
G - self-su fficie n t
G - good parent
L o w M e ans
M en
S a t is f a c t io n w ith c o l l e g e c h o i c e
W om en
S e l f - C o n t r o l (V P I )
L ite r a r y A ch iev em en t
M u sica l A ch iev em en t
A t h le t ic C o m p e t e n c y
B u s i n e s s and C l e r i c a l C o m p e t e n c y
S o c i a l and E d u c a t io n a l C o m p e t e n c y
N o n -C o n fo r m is t Type
C olleg ia te Type
In terp erson al C om peten cy
E xp ected V oca tion a l A ch ie v e m e n t
SR - a t h le t ic a b ilit y
SR - u n d e r s ta n d in g o f o t h e r s
SR - s p e a k in g a b ilit y
-23T a b le 7 { c o n t . )
L o w M ean s
W omen
SR - w r it in g a b ilit y
SR - in t e lle c t u a l s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e
SR - p e r s e v e r a n c e
SR - p o p u la r it y w ith the o p p o s it e s e x
SR - s e n s e o f h u m o r
SR - p h y s i c a l health
SR - s e n s i t i v i t y to the n e e d s o f o t h e r s
G - h ap p y and con ten t
G - a u t h o r it y on s p e c i a l s u b je c t in
m y field
G - fo rm a l religiou s code
G - t im e and m e a n s to r e la x and
e n j o y life
G - w r it in g g o o d f i c t i o n
G - b e in g w e l l - l i k e d
G - e x c it in g and s tim u la tin g a c t i v i t i e s
S iz e o f the H igh S c h o o l C la s s
A g r icu ltu re (a g ricu ltu ra l s cie n ce , fo r e s t r y , fa rm in g )
In T a b le 8, the c h o i c e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l f ie ld s by m e n is a s s o c i a t e d
w ith lo w a r t i s t i c i n t e r e s t s , p a s s iv it y , n a r r o w r an g e o f v o c a t i o n a l o u tlo o k ,
lo w s c i e n t i f i c a c h i e v e m e n t , and g r a d u a tio n f r o m a s m a l l high s c h o o l .
Th e
p o t e n t ia l a g r i c u l t u r a l m a j o r b e l i e v e s he has a p o o r s e n s e o f h u m o r , and
d o e s not think the f o l l o w i n g g o a ls a r e im p o r t a n t:
d e v e lo p in g a m e a n in g fu l
p h i l o s o p h y o f li f e , b e in g w e l l r e a d , ob ta in in g a w a r d s o r r e c o g n i t i o n ,
a v o id in g h a r d w o r k , and e n g a g in g in e x c it in g and s tim u la tin g a c t i v i t i e s .
F o r w o m e n , a g r i c u l t u r a l c h o i c e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w ith m a n y t e c h n i ­
c a l c o m p e t e n c i e s and high s e l f - r a t i n g s o f m e c h a n i c a l a b ilit y .
W o m e n a ls o
-24have lo w status i n t e r e s t s and have little c o n c e r n w ith s u c h g o a ls a s :
b e in g
in flu e n tia l in p u b lic a f f a i r s , b e c o m i n g a m a t u r e and w e l l - a d j u s t e d p e r s o n ,
and k e e p in g u p - t o - d a t e p o l i t i c a l l y .
M u c h o f this d e s c r i p t i o n a p p e a r s c o n g r u e n t w ith o u r k n o w le d g e o f
p e o p le f r o m r u r a l b a c k g r o u n d s :
h a r d w o r k e r s , l e s s c o n c e r n w ith status
than u r b a n r e s i d e n t s , l e s s i n t e r e s t in a r t i s t i c m a t t e r s and p o l i t i c a l a f f a i r s .
T a b le 8
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d with
the C h o i c e of A g r i c u l t u r e
H igh M ean s
M en
W om en
T e ch n ica l C om p eten cy
SR - m e c h a n i c a l a b ilit y
L o w M ean s
M en
Status (V P I )
W om en
Status (V P I )
A r t i s t i c (V P I )
G - in flu e n tia l in p u b lic a f f a i r s
A g g r e s s i v e (V P I )
G - m a tu r e and w e l l - a d j u s t e d p e r s o n
S cien tific A ch ie v e m e n t
G - u p -to-d a te p olitica lly
D ra m a tic A rts A ch iev em en t
SR - s e n s e o f h u m o r
G - m e a n in g fu l p h ilo s o p h y o f lif e
G - b e in g w e l l - r e a d
G - obta in in g a w a r d s o r r e c o g n i t i o n
G - a v o id in g h a r d w o r k
G - e x c it in g and s tim u la tin g a c t i v i t i e s
S ize o f H igh S c h o o l C l a s s
-25E d u c a t io n
scie n ce ,
( e l e m e n t a r y , E n g lis h , f o r e i g n la n g u a g e, h i s t o r y , n a tu r a l
m a t h e m a t ic s , p h y s i c a l ,
r e c r e a t i o n a l , h ealth , e x c e p t io n a l
c h i l d r e n , g e n e r a l and o t h e r )
M en planning to m a j o r in this a r e a a r e h ig h in f o r e i g n la n g u a g e
c o m p e t e n c y ( p r o b a b l y h o ld s o n ly f o r s tu den ts w ith la n g u a g e i n t e r e s t s ) ,
a t h le t ic a b ilit y , p h y s i c a l e n e r g y , and p h y s i c a l h ea lth .
B e in g an o u t ­
sta n d in g a th lete is an im p o r t a n t g o a l f o r them , a fin d in g w h ic h p r o b a b l y
h o ld s l a r g e l y f o r p h y s i c a l e d u c a t io n m a j o r s .
le c t u a l i n t e r e s t s ,
sch o la rsh ip .
T h e y a r e lo w on i n t e l ­
s c i e n t i f i c c o m p e t e n c y , t e c h n i c a l c o m p e t e n c y , and
T h e y think that b e c o m i n g an a c c o m p l i s h e d m u s i c i a n ,
p r o d u c i n g g o o d a r t i s t i c w o r k and h av in g e x e c u t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r
the w o r k o f o t h e r s a r e r e l a t i v e l y u n im p o r t a n t g o a l s .
Th e w o m e n p r e s e n t a s i m i l a r p a t t e r n w ith the r a t h e r p u z z lin g
e x c e p t i o n that i n t e lle c t u a l i n t e r e s t s a r e h ig h r a t h e r than lo w .
fin d in g p r o b a b l y h o ld s o n ly f o r n a tu r a l s c i e n c e m a j o r s .
T a b le 9
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d with
the C h o i c e o f E d u c a t io n P r o f e s s i o n s
H igh M ean s
M en
W om en
SR - a t h le t ic a b ilit y
SR - p h y s i c a l e n e r g y
SR - p h y s i c a l health
G - o u ts ta n d in g athlete
S R - a t h le t ic a b ilit y
SR - p h ysica l e n erg y
SR - p h y s i c a l health
G - o u ts ta n d in g athlete
F o r e ig n Language C om p eten cy
I n t e lle c t u a l (V P I )
T h is
-26T a bl e 9 ( c o n t . )
H igh M ean s
M en
W om en
Status (V P I )
A t h le t ic C o m p e t e n c y
G - g o o d p h y s i c a l c o n d it io n
L o w M eans
M en
I n t e lle c t u a l ( V P I )
S cien tific C om p eten cy
T e c h n ic a l C o m p e t e n c y
SR - s c h o l a r s h i p
G - b e co m in g a com m u n ity lea d er
G - good artistic w ork
G - e x e c u t iv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
S ocia l S cien ces
p sy ch olog y ,
W om en
G - a c c o m p lis h e d m u sicia n
( c o u n s e l i n g and g u id a n c e , e d u c a t io n a l p s y c h o l o g y ,
in d u s t r ia l and p e r s o n n e l p s y c h o l o g y ,
p s y c h o l o g y , a n t h r o p o lo g y , s o c i o l o g y ,
clin ica l
e x p e r i m e n t a l and g e n e r a l
so cia l w ork, gen eral s o cia l s c ie n c e s )
Th e c h o i c e o f the s o c i a l s c i e n c e s is a s s o c i a t e d w ith s o c i a l i n t e r e s t s , v
a n o n - c o n f o r m i n g o r ie n t a t io n to c o l l e g e l i f e , and g o a ls o f b e c o m i n g m a t u r e
and w e l l - a d j u s t e d , and b e c o m i n g a g o o d p a r e n t .
P o t e n t ia l s o c i a l s c i e n c e
m a j o r s a ls o tend to c o m e f r o m l a r g e high s c h o o l s .
a t t r ib u t e s in T a b le 10 do not h o ld f o r both s e x e s .
The r e m a in in g student
-27T a bl e 10
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d with
the C h o i c e o f S o c i a l S c i e n c e s
H igh M ean s
W om en
M en
S o c i a l (V P I )
N o n -C o n fo r m is t Type
G - m a t u r e and w e l l - a d j u s t e d
G - good parent
S iz e o f H igh S c h o o l C la s s
S o c i a l (V P I )
N o n -C o n fo r m is t Type
G - m a t u r e and w e l l - a d j u s t e d
G - good parent
S iz e o f H igh S c h o o l C la s s
G - good spouse
S e l f - C o n t r o l (V P I )
S o c i a l St E d u c a t io n a l C o m p e t e n c y
SR - p o p u la r it y
SR - u n d e r s ta n d in g o f o t h e r s
SR - s e n s i t i v i t y to the n e e d s o f o t h e r s
G - b e c o m i n g a c o m m u n i t y le a d e r
L o w M ean s
W om en
M en
E x p ected In com e
G - h e lp in g o t h e r s
G - a c c o m p l i s h e d in p e r f o r m i n g
arts
G - a u t h o r it y on s p e c i a l s u b j e c t
in m y f i e l d
G - m a k in g p a r e n t s p r o u d
G - m a k in g s a c r i f i c e s f o r o t h e r s
G - g o o d p h y s i c a l c o n d it io n
G - e x p e r t in f in a n c e and c o m m e r c e
M u s i c a l P o t e n t ia l
A r tis tic A ch iev em en t
SR - c o n s e r v a t i s m
SR - p r a c t i c a l - m i n d e d n e s s
V o c a t i o n a l and T r a d e (h o m e e c o n o m i c s e d u c a t io n , b u s i n e s s e d u c a tio n ,
t r a d e and in d u s t r ia l e d u c a t io n ,
h om e e c o n o m ic s , h ou sew ife)
in d u s t r ia l a r t s e d u c a t io n , l i b r a r y s c i e n c e ,
-28B oth s e x e s planning to e n t e r v o c a t i o n a l and tr a d e f i e l d s r e g a r d
b e c o m i n g a g o o d s p o u s e as an im p o r t a n t g oa l; both s e x e s l a c k l i t e r a r y ,
a r t i s t i c , and d r a m a t ic a r t s p o te n tia l and th e y r e p o r t fe w f o r e i g n la n g u a g e
c o m p e t e n c i e s or a c h i e v e m e n t s in l e a d e r s h i p .
T h is g r o u p is c h a r a c t e r i z e d
b y its a l m o s t e x p l i c i t o r ie n t a t io n t o w a r d m a r r i a g e r a t h e r than c a r e e r ,
in t e r p r e t a t i o n w h ic h is e s p e c i a l l y c l e a r f o r w o m e n .
T hey cla im m any
h o m e m a k in g c o m p e t e n c i e s ; th e y d e s i r e b e in g h a p p y and con ten t,
b e c o m i n g a g o o d s p o u s e and g o o d p a r e n t .
an
and
T h e y s e e fin d in g a s u ita b le
m a t e as an im p o r t a n t g o a l in c o l l e g e a tte n d a n c e , and r e l a t i v e to o t h e r
g r o u p s o f s tu den ts, th ey have the h ig h e s t a v e r a g e p s y c h o - s e x u a l status
score.
P s y c h o - s e x u a l status is d e fin e d h e r e b y a s i m p l e f i v e s tep s c a l e
r a n g in g f r o m m a r r i a g e , e n g a g e d ,
g oin g s te a d y , date d i f f e r e n t p e r s o n s to
d o n 't date at a ll; the fu t u r e v o c a t i o n a l and t r a d e s tu den ts h ave a high
average s c o r e ,
o r th ey a r e m o r e i n v o lv e d w ith the o p p o s i t e s e x than any
o f the o t h e r g r o u p s .
T a b le 11
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d w ith
the C h o i c e o f V o c a t i o n a l and T r a d e F i e l d s
H igh M ea n s
M en
W om en
G - good spouse
G - good spouse
A c q u i e s c e n c e (V P I )
T e ch n ica l C om p eten cy
H o m e m a k in g C o m p e t e n c y
G - b e c o m i n g h a p p y and c o n t e n t
G - good parent
- 29T a b l e 11 ( c o n t . )
H igh M ea n s
W om en
M en
P s y c h o - S e x u a l Status
F in d in g S uitable M ate
L o w M ea n s
M en
W om en
L it e r a r y P oten tial
A r t i s t i c P o t e n t ia l
D ra m a tic A rts P oten tial
L e a d e rsh ip A ch iev em en t
F o r e ig n Language C om p eten cy
L it e r a r y P oten tial
A r t i s t i c P o t e n t ia l
D ra m a tic A rts P oten tial
L e a d e rsh ip A ch iev em en t
F o r e ig n Language C o m p e te n cy
L e a d e r s h ip P oten tial
G o v e r n m e n t and S o c i a l S tud ies
C om petency
A rts C om petency
SR - s e n s i t i v i t y to the n e e d s o f
others
S c i e n t i f i c P o t e n t ia l
Range of E x p e rie n ce
T otal C om p eten cies
L e a d e r s h i p and S a le s C o m p e t e n c y
E x p ected In com e
SR - l e a d e r s h i p
S R - m e c h a n i c a l a b ilit y
SR - d r iv e to a c h ie v e
SR - in d e p e n d e n c e
SR - p e r s e v e r a n c e
SR - r e s e a r c h a b ilit y
SR - p h y s i c a l e n e r g y
G - a ccom p lish ed p e r fo r m e r
G - m e a n in g fu l p h i l o s o p h y o f life
G - b e in g w e l l - r e a d
G - re ce iv in g aw ards or recogn ition
B u s i n e s s and A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
m a r k e t in g , p u r c h a s in g ,
p u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n ,
(m anagem ent, c le r ic a l,
s a l e s , f in a n c e ,
e c o n o m i c s , p u b lic r e l a t i o n s , a d v e r t i s i n g , a c c o u n t in g ,
s e c r e t a r i a l s c i e n c e , o t h e r b u s i n e s s and c o m m e r c i a l )
B oth s e x e s p lannin g to e n t e r b u s i n e s s and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e f i e l d s a r e
-30c h a r a c t e r i z e d by th e ir c l e r i c a l and p e r s u a s i v e i n t e r e s t s .
They c la im
m a n y b u s in e s s and c l e r i c a l c o m p e t e n c i e s and they p o s s e s s a c o l l e g i a t e
o r ie n t a t io n to h ig h e r e d u c a t io n .
T h e y hop e to b e c o m e w e l l - o f f f i n a n c i a l l y ,
to b e c o m e e x p e r t s in fin a n c e o r c o m m e r c e , to be w e ll lik e d ,
g o o d p a r e n t s , and to a c h ie v e e x e c u t iv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .
to b e c o m e
In c o n t r a s t , b oth
s e x e s have a c h i e v e d lit t le in s c i e n c e in high s c h o o l , h av e r a t e d t h e m ­
s e l v e s lo w on o r i g i n a l i t y , and have r e p o r t e d a n o n - a c a d e m i c o r i e n t a t i o n
to c o l l e g e l i f e .
a b ilit y ,
T h ey a ls o rate t h e m s e l v e s lo w on s c h o l a r s h i p , a c t in g
and th ey do not v a lu e the p r o d u c t i o n o f g o o d a r t i s t i c w o r k .
Th e r e s u l t s in T a b le 1Z r e i n f o r c e s o m e o f the s t e r e o t y p e s of p e o p le
in the b u s i n e s s and a d m in is t r a t iv e f i e l d s .
T a b le 12
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d with
the C h o ic e o f B u s in e s s and A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
H igh M ean s
M en
W om en
C o n v e n t io n a l (V P I )
E n t e r p r i s i n g (V P I )
B u s i n e s s and C l e r i c a l C o m p e t e n c y
C o lle g ia t e T ype
G - w e l l - o f f f in a n c ia lly
G -- b e in g w e l l - l i k e d
G - good parent
G - e x e c u t iv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
G - e x p e r t in fin a n c e o r c o m m e r c e
C o n v e n t io n a l (V P I)
E n t e r p r i s i n g (V P I)
B u s i n e s s and C l e r i c a l C o m p e t e n c y
C olleg ia te Type
G - w e l l - o f f fin a n cia lly
G - b e in g w e l l - l i k e d
G - good parent
G - e x e c u t iv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
G - e x p e r t in f in a n c e o r c o m m e r c e
A t h le t ic C o m p e t e n c y
SR - p r a c t i c a l - m i n d e d n e s s
G - b e c o m i n g happy and con ten t
Range of E x p e rie n ce s
L e a d e rsh ip A ch iev em en t
V o ca tio n a l Type
T a b le 1Z ( c o n t . )
H igh M eans
Me n
Women
G - follow in g fo r m a l re lig io u s cod e
G - re c e iv in g aw ards or recogn ition
G - self-su fficie n t
S a t i s f a c t i o n w ith C o l l e g e C h o ic e
E x p e cte d V oca tion a l A ch iev em en t
SR - u n d e r s ta n d in g of o t h e r s
SR - c o n s e r v a t i s m
SR - p e r s e v e r a n c e
G - m a k in g p a r e n t s p r o u d
G - b e c o m i n g a c o m m u n it y le a d e r
G - good spouse
G - s u c c e s s f u l in ow n b u s in e s s
L o w M ea n s
M en
W om en
S cie n tific A ch ie v e m e n t
P r e c o n s c io u s A ctiv ity
A c a d e m ic Type
SR - s c h o l a r s h i p
SR - s c i e n t i f i c a b ilit y
SR - a c t in g a b ilit y
G - good a rtistic w ork
S cie n tific A ch ie v e m e n t
P r e c o n s c io u s A ctiv ity
A c a d e m ic Type
SR - s c h o l a r s h i p
SR - s c i e n t i f i c a b ilit y
SR - a c tin g a b ilit y
G - good a rtistic w ork
S c i e n t i f i c P o t e n t ia l
M u s i c a l P o t e n t ia l
M u sica l A ch ie v e m e n t
T otal C om p eten cies
A th letic C om p eten cy
S o c i a l and E d u c a t io n a l C o m p e t e n c y
L e a d e r s h i p & S a les C o m p e t e n c y
In terp erson al C om petency
E x p e cte d V oca tion a l A ch ie v e m e n t
SR - l e a d e r s h i p
SR - p o p u la r it y
SR - d r iv e to a c h ie v e
SR - in d e p e n d e n c e
SR - p r a c t i c a l - m i n d e d n e s s
SR - in t e lle c t u a l s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e
SR - p e r s e v e r a n c e
SR - p o p u la r it y w ith o p p o s it e s e x
I n t e lle c t u a l (V P I )
A r t i s t i c (V P I)
A c q u i e s c e n c e (V P I )
In t e lle c t u a l H o m e R e s o u r c e s
D ra m a tic A rts A ch iev em en t
S cien tific C om p eten cy
A rts C om petency
H ig h e s t L e v e l o f E d u c a t io n
SR - o r i g i n a l i t y
SR - a r t i s t i c a b ilit y
SR - a g g r e s s i v e n e s s
SR - s e l f - c o n t r o l
SR - e x p r e s s i v e n e s s
G - b e c o m i n g ou tsta n d in g athlete
G - s e lf-su fficie n t
G - g o o d p h y s i c a l c o n d it io n
G - r e a l p u r p o s e in life
-32T a b l e 12 ( c o n t . )
L o w M ea ns
Men
W omen
SR - r e s e a r c h a b ilit y
G - t h e o r e t i c a l c o n t r ib u t io n to
scie n ce
C o n s u lt a t io n w ith P r o f e s s i o n a l
P erson
P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e and L a w
M e n and w o m e n in t h e s e f i e l d s v a lu e b e in g in flu e n tia l in p u b lic
a f f a i r s and k e e p in g up to date p o l i t i c a l l y .
M en a p p e a r to be m o r e a g g r e s -
iv e and c o n c e r n e d w ith t h e ir status than w o m e n , and w o m e n a p p e a r to h av e
h ig h e r i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o m p e t e n c i e s and m o r e d i v e r s e c o m p e t e n c i e s than
m en.
W o m e n a l s o s e e k m o r e e d u c a t io n and i n c o m e .
T a b le 13
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d w ith
the C h o ic e o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e and L a w
H igh M ean s
M en
W om en
G - in flu en tia l in p u b lic a f f a i r s
G - u p -to-d a te p olitica lly
G - in flu e n tia l in p u b lic a f f a i r s
G - u p -to -d a te p o litica lly
A g g r e s s i v e (V P I )
Status (V P I )
Total C o m p e te n cie s
In terp erson al C om p eten cy
E x p ected In com e
H ig h e s t L e v e l o f E d u c a t io n
SR - c h e e r f u l n e s s
G - a u t h o r it y on s p e c i a l s u b j e c t
in m y f i e l d
-33T a b l e 13 ( c o n t . )
L o w M ea ns
Men
Women
H o m e m a k in g C o m p e t e n c y
C rea tiv e A rts
litera tu re,
(a r t,
E n g lis h ,
s p e e c h , m u s i c e d u c a t io n ,
a r t e d u c a t io n ,
c r e a t i v e w r it in g , m u s i c , j o u r n a l i s m ,
dram a,
o th e r fine and
a p p lie d a r t s )
Students p lan n in g to en ter a r t i s t i c f i e l d s a r e a w e l l d e fin e d g r o u p
r e l a t i v e to m o s t o f the e d u c a t io n a l g r o u p s d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r .
B oth s e x e s
h ave a r t i s t i c i n t e r e s t s ; l e a d e r s h i p , l i t e r a r y , m u s i c a l and d r a m a t i c a r ts
p o t e n t ia ls as w e l l as a r t i s t i c a c h i e v e m e n t s and c o m p e t e n c i e s .
B oth s e x e s
c o n c e i v e o f t h e m s e l v e s as o r i g i n a l , h av in g l e a d e r s h i p a b ilit y , a r t i s t i c ,
a g re ssiv e ,
having s p e a k in g a b ilit y , s e l f - c o n t r o l l e d ,
a c t in g a b ilit y , and a s e n s e o f h u m o r .
having w r it in g a b ilit y ,
T h e i r l i f e g o a ls a l s o r e f l e c t t h e ir
i n t e r e s t in the a r t s .
T a b le 14
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d with
the C h o i c e o f C r e a t i v e A r t s
H igh M ea n s
M en
A r t i s t i c (V P I )
L e a d e r s h i p P o t e n t ia l
L i t e r a r y P o t e n t ia l
W om en
A r t i s t i c (V P I )
L e a d e r s h i p P o t e n t ia l
L i t e r a r y P o t e n t ia l
-34T a b le 14 ( c o n t . )
H igh M e a n s
M en
Women
A r t i s t i c P o t e n t ia l
M u s i c a l P o t e n t ia l
D r a m a t i c A r t s P o t e n t ia l
D ra m a tic A rts A ch iev em en t
A r tis tic A ch iev em en t
L it e r a r y A ch iev em en t
M u sica l A ch ie v e m e n t
A rts C om petency
L e a d e r s h i p & S a les C o m p e t e n c y
SR - o r i g i n a l i t y
SR - s o c i a b i l i t y
SR - a r t i s t i c a b ilit y
SR - a g g r e s s i v e n e s s
SR - s p e a k in g a b ilit y
SR - s e l f - c o n t r o l
SR - w r it in g a b ilit y
SR - s o c i a l s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e
SR - s e n s e o f h u m o r
SR - a c t in g a b ilit y
G - a ccom p lish ed p e r fo r m e r
G - w r it in g g o o d f i c t i o n
G - b e in g w e l l - r e a d
G - re ce iv in g aw ards o r recogn ition
G - good artistic w ork
G - a c c o m p lis h e d m u sicia n
A r t i s t i c P o t e n t ia l
M u s i c a l P o t e n t ia l
D ra m a tic A rts P oten tia l
In terp erson al C om p eten cy
SR - c h e e r f u l n e s s
SR - p e r s e v e r a n c e
G - happy and con ten t
G - m e a n in g fu l p h ilo s o p h y o f life
G - e x c it in g and s tim u la tin g
a ctiv ities
I n t e lle c t u a l H o m e R e s o u r c e s
S o c i a l and E d u c a t io n a l C o m p e t e n c y
P r e c o n s c io u s A ctivity
D ogm a tism
SR - l e a d e r s h i p
SR - p o p u la r it y
SR - in d e p e n d e n c e
SR - e x p r e s s i v e n e s s
SR - in t e lle c t u a l s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e
SR - p o p u la r it y w ith o p p o s i t e s e x
G - r e la x in g and e n jo y in g life
G - good spouse
G - good parent
G - fin d in g r e a l p u r p o s e in l i f e
D r a m a tic A r t s A c h ie v e m e n t
A r tis tic A ch iev em en t
L ite r a r y A ch iev em en t
M u sica l A ch iev em en t
A rts C om petency
L e a d e r s h i p &: S a le s C o m p e t e n c y
SR - o r i g i n a l i t y
SR - s o c i a b i l i t y
SR - a r t i s t i c a b ilit y
SR - a g g r e s s i v e n e s s
SR - s p e a k in g a b ilit y
SR - s e l f - c o n t r o l
SR - w r it in g a b ilit y
SR - s o c i a l s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e
SR - s e n s e of h u m o r
SR - a c t in g a b ilit y
G - a ccom p lish ed p e r fo r m e r
G - w r it in g g o o d f i c t i o n
G - b e in g w e l l - r e a d
G - re ce iv in g aw ards o r re co g n itio n
G - good a rtistic w ork
G - a c c o m p lis h e d m u sicia n
-35T a b l e 14 ( co n t. )
L o w M e an s
W omen
Men
M a s c u l in e (V P I )
G - in v en tin g o r d e v e lo p in g u s e fu l
p rodu ct or d evice
G - t e c h n i c a l c o n t r ib u t io n to
scien ce
M a s c u l in e (V P I)
G - in v en tin g o r d e v e lo p in g u s e fu l
p rodu ce or d evice
G - t e c h n i c a l c o n t r ib u t io n to
scien ce
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
G -
S o c i a l (V P I )
A g g r e s s i v e (V P I )
G o v e r n m e n t and S o c i a l S tud ies
C om petency
D ogm a tism
V oca tion a l Type
G - w e ll- o f f fin a n cia lly
G - h e lp in g o t h e r s w ho a r e in
d if f ic u lt y
G - t h e o r e t i c a l c o n t r ib u t io n to
scie n ce
G - a c t iv e in r e l i g i o u s a f f a i r s
G - e x e c u t iv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
G - s u c c e s s f u l in ow n b u s i n e s s
S a t i s f a c t i o n w ith C o l l e g e C h o i c e
- m e c h a n i c a l a b ilit y
- m a t h e m a t ic a l a b ilit y
- a r t i s t i c a b ilit y
- co n se rv a tism
- p h y sica l en erg y
u p -to -d a te p o litica lly
H u m a n it ie s
( h i s t o r y , m o d e r n f o r e i g n la n g u a g e , p h ilo s o p h y , a r c h i t e c t u r e ,
t h e o l o g y and r e l i g i o n ,
g e n e r a l h u m a n itie s )
Students c a t e g o r i z e d a s s e e k in g f i e l d s in the h u m a n itie s do not f o r m
a w e ll-d efin ed group.
O n ly a f e w t r a it s a r e i d e n t ic a l f o r m e n and w o m e n :
h e lp in g o t h e r s , m a k in g s a c r i f i c e s f o r o t h e r s ,
b e in g a c t iv e r e l i g i o u s l y .
B oth s e x e s s h ow little i n t e r e s t in r e a l i s t i c ( m e c h a n i c a l and s k i l l e d t r a d e s )
and c o n v e n t io n a l ( c l e r i c a l and b u s i n e s s ) v o c a t i o n s .
The f a i l u r e to attain a
m o r e r e a s o n a b l e c o n c e n s u s f o r h u m a n itie s m a y be due to the v a r i e t y o f
-36f i e l d s now in c lu d e d in h u m a n it ie s .
T a b l e 15
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d w ith
the C h o i c e of H u m a n itie s
H igh M eans
M en
W om en
G o v e r n m e n t and S o c i a l Studies
C om petency
G - h e lp in g o t h e r s
G - m a k in g s a c r i f i c e s f o r o t h e r s
G - a c t iv e r e l i g i o u s l y
C o n s u lt a t io n w ith P r o f e s s i o n a l
Person
G o v e r n m e n t and S o c i a l S tud ies
C om petency
G - h e lp in g o t h e r s
G - m a k in g s a c r i f i c e s f o r o t h e r s
G - a c t iv e r e l i g i o u s l y
C o n s u lt a t io n w ith P r o f e s s i o n a l
Person
P r e c o n s c io u s A ctiv ity
N o n -C o n fo rm ist Type
E x p ected V oca tion a l A ch ie v e m e n t
SR - l e a d e r s h i p
SR - s c h o l a r s h i p
SR - in d e p e n d e n c e
SR - e x p r e s s i v e n e s s
SR - p o p u la r it y w ith o p p o s it e s e x
G - good parent
G - fin d in g r e a l p u r p o s e in lif e
P s y c h o - S e x u a l Status
S e l f - C o n t r o l (V P I )
F o r e ig n Language C o m p e te n cy
SR - c o n s e r v a t i s m
SR - s e n s i t i v i t y to the n e e d s of
othe r s
G - b e co m in g a com m u n ity le a d e r
G - follow in g a fo r m a l re lig io u s code
G - a v o id in g h a r d w o r k
G - good spouse
L o w M eans
M en
W om en
R e a l i s t i c (V P I )
C o n v e n t io n a l (V P I )
R e a l i s t i c (V P I )
C o n v e n t io n a l (V P I )
A c q u i e s c e n c e (V P I )
Range of E x p e rie n ce
I n t e lle c t u a l H o m e R e s o u r c e s
H o m e m a k in g C o m p e t e n c y
D og m a tism
V o c a t i o n a l T ype
E n t e r p r i s i n g (V P I )
T e ch n ica l C om p eten cy
SR - m a t h e m a t ic a l a b ilit y
-37T a b le 1 5 ( c o n t . )
L o w M ea n s
Men
Women
N o n -C o n fo r m is t Type
C o lle g ia te Type
SR - a r t i s t i c a b ilit y
SR - a g g r e s s i v e n e s s
SR - p h y s i c a l h ea lth
G - w e l l - o f f fin a n cia lly
G - o u ts ta n d in g athlete
G - fo r m a l relig iou s cod e
G - h av in g t im e to r e l a x and
e n jo y life
G - good parent
G - s u c c e s s in ow n b u s i n e s s
P s y c h o - S e x u a l Status
C o n s u lt a t io n w ith P r o f e s s i o n a l
Person
F in d in g S u itable M ate
M ilita ry S cien ce
T h e t r a it s a t t r ib u t e d to s tu den ts in m i l i t a r y s c i e n c e in d ic a t e that
s u c h stu den ts r e g a r d the fin d in g o f a s u it a b le m a t e in c o l l e g e as an
im p o r t a n t g o a l.
Th e "low " m e a n s im p ly that m i l i t a r y s c i e n c e a s p ir a n t s
a r e i m p u l s i v e , h av e l o w e d u c a t io n a l a s p i r a t i o n s and s e e t h e m s e l v e s as
h a v in g lit t le o r i g i n a l i t y .
T a b le 16
Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d w ith
the C h o i c e o f M i l i t a r y S c i e n c e
H igh M e a n s (M en )
I m p o r t a n c e o f F in d in g S u ita b le M ate
-38T a b l e 16 ( c o n t . )
L o w M e a n s (M e n )
S e l f - C o n t r o l (V P I )
H ig h e s t L e v e l o f E d u c a t io n
SR - o r i g i n a l i t y
In d iv id u a l M a jo r F i e l d s
A n o t h e r w a y o f lo o k in g at the i n f o r m a t i o n abou t s tu d en ts and t h e ir
p ro sp e ctiv e m a jo r fie ld s,
is to id e n t ify the in d iv id u a l m a j o r f i e l d s w h ic h
a r e h ig h e s t and l o w e s t on e a c h o f the 117 stu den t v a r i a b l e s .
w a s f o r m e d to s h ow th e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
F o r ex a m p le,
T a b le 17
r e a lis tic in terests
( s k i l l e d t r a d e s and t e c h n i c a l i n t e r e s t s ) a r e h ig h e s t f o r fu tu r e p h y s i o l o g i s t s
and l o w e s t f o r fu tu r e p h i l o s o p h y m a j o r s .
A r e v i e w o f this t a b le g e n e r a l l y le n d s v a l i d i t y t o the m e a n in g a t ­
t r ib u t e d to the v a r i o u s s c a l e s and r a t in g s u s e d in th is stu dy, and s u g g e s t s
an e x t e n s iv e n u m b e r o f h y p o t h e s e s abou t stu den ts in d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s
w h ic h c a n be e x a m in e d in new r e s e a r c h .
E n g i n e e r i n g m a j o r s h a v e the
m o s t m a s c u l i n e i n t e r e s t s ; a r t e d u c a t io n m a j o r s h av e the m o s t f e m in in e
in terests.
On the a v e r a g e , b i o - c h e m i s t r y m a j o r s h av e the m o s t i n t e l ­
l e c t u a l r e s o u r c e s in the h o m e ; t h e o l o g y and r e l i g i o n m a j o r s h a v e the
lea st.
S o c i a l w o r k m a j o r s h av e the m o s t s o c i a l and .e d u ca tio n a l c o m p e ­
t e n c i e s ; c l e r i c a l m a j o r s h av e the l e a s t .
A s t r o n o m y and a s t r o p h y s i c s
m a j o r s a r e h ig h e s t on the a c a d e m i c o r ie n t a t io n ; p u b lic r e l a t i o n s m a j o r s
a re low est.
-39T a b l e 17
Th e M a j o r F i e l d s w ith the H ig h e s t and L o w e s t
M e a n S c o r e s on 117 V a r i a b l e s
W om en
M en
V a ria b le
Low est
2 , I n t e lle c t u a l
P h y siolog y
P h y sics
V e t . M e d ic in e L a w
S a le s
N at. S c i e n c e
E d u c a t io n
3. S o c i a l
G eography
P h ilosop h y
E d u c . of
E x c e p t io n a l
C h ild r e n
M e t a l.
E n g r 'n g
P h ilosop h y
A stron om y,
A stro p h y s ic s
F a rm in g
M ilita ry
S cien ce
F a rm in g
M a r k e t in g
D ram a
T h e o lo g y ,
R e lig io n
V e t. M ed ic.
A r t E duc.
V e t. M ed ic.
O th er F in e
A p p lied A rts
A rt E du c.
F a rm in g
H istory
E d u c a t io n
V e t. M ed ic.
A g ricu ltu ra l
S cien ce
P u rch a sin g
Speech
C h e m istry
E n g lis h ,
C r e a t i v e W tg
O th e r F in e &
A p p lie d A r t s
C h e m istry
B u sin ess
E d u c a t io n
B u sin e ss
E d u c a t io n
B u s in e s s
E d u c a t io n
G e n 'l S o c i a l
S cien ce
B u sin ess
E d u c a t io n
1. R e a l i s t i c
4. C o n v e n ­
A ccou n tin g
tion a l
5. E n t e r p r i s i n g P u b l i c
R e la t io n s
6 . A rtistic
7. S e l f C on trol
8 , A g g ressiv e
9. M a s c u lin e
0 . Status
.1. A c q u ie s ­
cence
.2 . L e a d e r s h i p
P oten tial
.3. L ite r a r y P oten tial
.4. A r t i s t i c
P o t e n t ia l
.5. S c i e n t i f i c
P oten tial
16. M u s i c a l
P oten tial
:7. D r a m a t i c
A rts P o t 'l
L itera tu re
E d u c 'l
P sy ch ol.
P olitica l
S cien ce
E n g i n r 'n g ,
G en . & O th e r
P o litica l
S cien ce
B u s in e s s
E d u c a t io n
P h ilosop h y
Trade &
I n d u s t 'l E d .
T r a d e &:
E n g lis h ,
C r e a t i v e W tg . In d u s t 'l E d .
Trade &
Art
In d u s t 'l E d .
C lerica l
P h y sics
Speech
M u s ic
E d u c a t io n
D ram a
C lerica l
T rade &
I n d u s t 'l E d .
H ig h e s t
Low est
H ig h e s t
C o u n s e lin g
& G u id a n c e
A ccou n tin g
M u s ic
E d u c a t io n
D ram a
O th e r F in e &
A p p lied A rts
T h eology,
R elig ion
T h e o lo g y ,
R elig ion
C lerica l
V e t . M e d ic in e
-40T a b l e 17 ( co n t. )
Men
V a ria b le
18. R a n g e o f
E x p erien ce
19. I n te lle c t u a l
H om e
Resources
20. S c i e n t i f i c
A c h ie v e 't
21. L e a d e r s h i p
A c h i e v e 't
22. D r a m a t i c
A rts A ch.
23. A r t i s t i c
A c h ie v e 't
24. L i t e r a r y
A c h i e v e 't
25. M u s i c a l
A c h ie v e ’t
H ig h e s t
B io -ch e m .
B io -ch e m .
P h y sics
O th er H ealth
F ie ld s
D ram a
A rt
L itera tu re
M u s ic
E d u c a t io n
26. T o t a l C o m p e ­• O th er H ealth
ten cies
F ie ld s
27. S c ie n t if ic
Z o o lo g y
C om petency
28. T e c h n ic a l
I n d u s t 'l
C om petency A rts E duc.
G
o v 't &: S o c . H i s t o r y
29.
St. C o m p .
30. A t h le t ic
P u b lic
Com p.
R e la t io n s
31. B u s in e s s
E con om ics
C lerica l
Com p.
E d . S o c ia l
32. S o c i a l
Com p.
W ork
33. H o m e m a k in g O th e r H ealth
Com p.
F ie ld s
34. A r t s
D ram a
Com p.
35. L e a d e r s h i p
J o u r n a lis m ,
& S a le s C o m p . C o m m u n .
Women
Low est
H ig h e s t
Low est
M odern F o r ­
e ig n L a n g .
T h eology,
R elig ion
O th e r B u s i ­
n e ss & C o m 'l
O th e r F in e &c
A p p lied A rts
B u sin ess
E d u c a t io n
A ccou n tin g
C lerica l;
F orestry
Trade
I n d u s t 'l E d .
F orestry
P h y sics
C le rica l
M a r k e t in g
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
A ccou n tin g
C h em ica l
E n g in r 'g
I n d u s t r ia l
E n g i n r 'g
C le rica l
A r t Educ,
C lerica l
Law
F oreig n
Lang. E duc.
F ore ig n
Lang. Educ,
Trade &
In d u s t 'l E d .
C lerica l
P h y sics
A stron om y,
A stro p h ysics
C le rica l
P h ilosop h y
Trade &
I n d u s t 'l E d .
C lerica l
D ram a
J o u r n a lis m ,
C om m u n ic.
M u sic
A g ricu ltu ra l
S cien ce
H istory
P h ys. Ed. ,
R ecrea tion
O th e r B u s i ­
n ess & C o m 'l
E x p ' l & G e n 'l
P sy ch o lo g y
D en tistry
P h arm acy
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
S ecreta ria l
S cien ce
M odern F o r ­
e ig n L a n g u a g e
O th e r F in e &
A p p lie d A rts
P h arm acy
P harm acy
D ram a
V e t. M ed icin e
Hom e E con .
E d u c a t io n
D ram a
P o litica l
S cien ce
A ccou n tin g
Jou rn a lism ,
Com m un.
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
-41T a b l e 17 ( co n t. )
Men
Women
V a ria b le
H ig h e s t
36.
F oreig n
F ore ig n
L ang. C om p. Lang. Educ.
37.
Precon­
scio u s A c t.
D og m a tism
39.
A ca d em ic
Type
40.
V oca tion a l
Type
N on -C on ­
fo rm ist
Type
C olleg ia te
Type
38.
41.
42.
B u sin ess
E d u c a t io n
P h ilosop h y
A ccou n tin g
D ram a
A ccou n tin g
O th er H ea lth
F ield s
P h ilo so p h y
Speech
L itera tu re
A stron om y,
A stro­
p h y sics
M e t a l.
E n g r 'g
A n th rop olo­
gy; P h i l o s o ­
phy
P u b lic
R e la t io n s
P u b lic
R e la t io n s
P h y sics
O th e r B u s i ­
n ess & C o m 'l
P h ilo so p h y
C le rica l
L itera tu re
T h eology,
R e lig io n
M ed ica l
T e ch n o lo g y
P h ilo so p h y
Exp. &
G e n 'l
P sy ch o lo g y
S a le s
C lerica l
Law
O th e r H ealth
F ie ld s
M ed icin e
S ocia l W ork
Law
H o u s e w if e
P h ilosop h y
C le rica l
M a r k e t in g
P h arm acy
V et. M e d ic.
M ilita ry
S cien ce
Law
M a r k e t in g
A rt
M ilita ry
S cien ce
C lerica l
E n g lis h ,
C r e a t . W rtg
D ram a
M e c h 'l
E n g r 'g
L itera tu re
A g r ic u lt'l
S cien ce
S ecreta ria l
S cien ce
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
Ind.
pers.
P sy ch o lo g y
C lerica l
J o u r n a lis m ,
Com m un.
44.
E xpected
Incom e
E xpected
V o c a t io n a l
A c h ie v e m 't
H ig h e s t
L e v e l of
E d u c a t io n
47.
48.
49.
50.
SR - o r i g i ­
n a lit y
SR - l e a d e r ­
sh ip
SR - m e c h a n ic a l
ab ility
SR - p o p u ­
la rity
Low est
M odern F o r ­
e ig n L a n g .
D ram a
In terp er­
sonal C om p.
46.
H ig h e s t
Trade &
In d u s t 'l E d .
43.
45.
Low est
P h ilosop h y
V et. M ed icin e
P h y sics
-42T a b le 17 ( c o n t . )
M en
Women
v a ria o ie
H ig h e s t
Low est
H ig h e s t
Low est
51. SR - a t h ­
le tic
a b ilit y
52. SR - u n d e r ­
sta nd ing o f
others
53. SR - d r iv e
to a c h ie v e
54. SR - m ath
a b ilit y
55. SR - s c h o l ­
a rsh ip
P hys. E d .,
R e cre a tio n
A stron om y,
A stro p h ysics
P h y sica l
S cie n ce ,
G en . & Oth.
C lerica l
P h y s . Ed. ,
R ecrea tion
Ph arm acy
M a r k e t in g
D en tistry
V et. M e d ic.
L ib r a r y S cien c
A rt
Math,
S t a t is t ic s
P h y sics
T h eolog y ,
R elig ion
C le rica l
56.
SR - s o c i a ­
b ility
Speech
J o u r n a lis m ,
Com m un.
P h y sics
57.
SR - a r t i s ­
t ic a b ilit y
A rt
A rt
A ccou n tin g
58.
SR - a g g r e s - D r a m a
siven ess
SR - s p e a k ­ S p e e c h
ing a b ilit y
SR - s e l f D r am a
control
SR - i n d e ­
P h ilosop h y
pendence
D ram a
A ccou n tin g
Speech
Ph arm acy
O th e r F in e
A p p lied A rts
P h y sics;
O th er F in e h
A p p lied A rts
P h y sics
O th e r B u s i ­
n ess & C o m 'l
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
M a r k e t in g ;
T h eology,
R e lig io n
O th e r B i o ­
lo g ic a l
S cien ces
E n g lis h ,
C rea t. W rtg.
E x p . St G en .
P sy ch olog y
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Ind. & P e r s.
P sy ch olog y
C h e m istry
Math,
S t a t is t ic s
P h ilosop h y
C lerica l;
E d. of E x ce p .
C h ild r e n
A stron om y,
A stro­
p h ysics
Speech;
M od. F o r ­
e ig n L a n g .
M od. F o r ­
e ig n L a n g .
G eography
G eography
C lerica l
SR - s c i ­
e n t if ic
a b ilit y
SR - c o n ­
se rv a tism
P h y sics
S a le s
B o ta n y
E n g lis h ,
C re a t. W rtg
SR - p r a c tica l-m in d ednes s
SR - w r i t ­
ing a b ilit y
E con om ics
C lerica l
E n g lis h ,
C re a t. W rtg.
B o ta n y
S ecreta ria l
S cien ce
G en era l S ocia l
S cie n ce s
O th e r H ea lth
F ie ld s
-43T a b l e 17 ( co n t. )
Men
V a ria b le
Women
H ig h e s t
L o w e st
H ig h e s t
Low est
SR - e x ­
p re ssiv e ness
SR - c h e e r ­
f u ln e s s
SR - s o c i a l
se lf-co n fi­
dence
SR - i n t e l ­
lectu a l s e l f con fiden ce
SR - p e r s e ­
verance
SR - p o p u ­
l a r i t y w ith
o p p osite sex
SR - r e ­
search
ability
SR - p h y s i ­
cal energy
,SR - s e n s e
of hum or
SR - p h y s i ­
c a l h ea lth
SR - a c tin g
a b ility
SR - s e n s i ­
t i v i t y to
needs of
othe r s
P h ilosop h y
G eography
A c c o u n t in g
Speech
G eography
J o u r n a lis m ,
C om m u n i­
c a t io n
Law
Speech
A stron om y,
A stro­
p h ysics
C lerica l
J o u r n a lis m ,
Com m uni c a t io n
O th er F in e &
A p p lied A rts
P h y sics
C lerica l
M a r k e t in g
P h ilosop h y
C lerica l
P h y sics
P u b lic
A d m in is t r a t io n
M u s ic
J o u r n a lis m ,
C om m u n i­
c a t io n
P h y sics
P harm acy;
L i b r a r y Sc:
Pharm acy
78.
G - happy
and c o n te n t
79.
G - w e ll-o ff
fin a n cia lly
G - in v e n t ­
ing u s e fu l
product
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
80.
A stron om y,
A stro­
ph y sics
D ram a
P h y sic s
P h arm acy
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
P harm acy
P h y s. Ed. ,
R e cre a tio n
D ram a
M od. F o r ­
e ig n L a n g .
C lerica l
Phys. E d .,
R e cre a tio n
J o u r n a lis m ,
Com m un.
P h ys. Ed. ,
R e cre a tio n
D ram a
Ind. h P e r s .
P sy ch o lo g y
Trade &
In d u s t 'l E d .
T h e o lo g y ,
R elig ion
D e n t is t r y
Speech;
P u b lic
A d m i n i s t 'n
P u b lic
R e la t io n s
P h y sica l
S cien ce,
G en . 8c Oth.
B io-ch em ­
istry
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
Ph arm acy
T h e o lo g y ,
R e lig io n
A rt
E d u c a t io n
M a r k e t in g ;
P u rch a sin g
P h y sics
L itera tu re
P h y s . Ed. ,
R e crea tion
D ram a
F a rm in g
P h arm acy
A ccou n tin g
L itera tu re
-44T a b le 17 ( c o n t . )
M en
Women
V a ria b le
H ig h e s t
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86 .
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92 .
93 .
G - h e lp in g T h e o lo g y ,
others
R e lig io n
G - a c c o m - D ram a
p lish ed
p erform er
G - m ea n - L itera tu re
in g fu l p h i l ­
o s o p h y o f li f e
G - a u t h o r i - G e o lo g y ,
ty on s p e c i a l G e o p h y s i c s
s u b je c t in
fie ld
G - m a k in g G e o lo g y ,
parents
G eop h y sics
proud
G - out­
P h y s . Ed. ,
standing
R ecrea tion
a th lete
T h e o lo g y ,
G - sa cri­
R elig ion
fic e s for
others
G - com ­
S ocia l
m u n it y
W ork
lead er
P o litica l
G - in flu ­
S cien ce
en tia l in
p u b lic a f f a i r s
G - form al
C lerica l
religiou s
code
G - r e l a x i n g In d u s t r ia l
e n jo y lif e E n g in e e r in g
G - th eoA stron om y,
retica l
A strop h y sics
c o n t r i b . to
scien ce
G - tech ­
A stron om y,
n ica l c o n A strop h y sics
b u tion to
scien ce
Low est
A n th rop olog y
H ig h e s t
Low est
G eneral
H u m a n itie s
D ram a
O th e r F in e &
A p p lied A rts
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
F a r m in g
P h y sics
B u sin ess
E d u c a t io n
C o u n s e lin g &
G u id a n c e
Law
P h arm acy
A n th rop olog y
P u rch a sin g
M od. F o r ­
e ig n L a n g .
P h y s . Ed. ,
R ecrea tion
O th er
B iolog ica l
S cie n ce s
M a r k e t in g
A n th rop olog y
T h eolog y ,
R e lig io n
P h y sics
F ore ig n
Language
E d u c a t io n
B ota n y
M a r k e t in g ;
T h eology,
R e lig io n
Law
P h y sics
A stron om y,
A s tro p h y sics}
P h ilosop h y
T h eology,
R e lig io n
S a le s
T h eology,
R e lig io n
V e t. M e d icin e
D ram a
V e t. M e d icin e
P h y sics
D ram a
A rt
E d u c a t io n
C h em istry
D ram a
C o u n s e lin g &
G u id a n c e
A g ricu ltu ra l
S cien ce
-45T a b le 17 ( c o n t . )
W om en
M en
Va ria o ie
H ig h e s t
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
G - w r it in g
good fiction
G - b e in g
w e ll-re a d
G - m ature
Sc w e l l a d ju s t e d
G - aw ards
or re co g n i­
tion
G - se lfs u ff ic ie n t
G - good
p h ysica l
c o n d it io n
100. G - g o o d
artistic
w ork
101. G - a c c o m ­
p lis h e d
m u sicia n
10Z. G - e x p e r t
in f in a n c e
Si c o m m e r c e
103. G - u p - t o date p o l i t i ­
ca lly
104. G - b e in g
w e ll -lik ed
105. G - g o o d
spouse
99.
Low est
H ig h e s t
Low est
E n g lis h ,
C re a t. W rtg
L itera tu re
M e t a l.
E n g r 'g
F a rm in g
E n g lis h
C r e a t . W r tg
L iteratu re
D e n t is t r y
Ind. & P e r s .
P sy ch o lo g y
B io - c h e m .
C o u n s e lin g &
G u id a n c e
A g ricu ltu ra l
S cien ce
D ram a;
P u b lic
R e la t io n s
P u b lic
R e la t io n s
F orestry
D ram a
L ib ra ry
S cien ce
P h y sica l
S cien ce,
G en . Sc Oth.
E d u c 'l
P sy ch olog y
P h arm acy
M a r k e t in g
Phys. E d. ,
R ecrea tion
M a r k e t in g
M ath, Stat.;
M ath e d u c . ;
A ccou n tin g
P h y sica l
S cien ce,
G en . Sc Oth.
A stron om y,
A s tro p h y sics;
A n th rop olog y
D ram a
O th er F in e "Sc
A p p lied A rts
A c c o u n t in g
M u s ic
M a r k e tin g
E d u c a t io n ,
G e n 'l and
O th er
Z oolog y
P olitica l
S cien ce
A g ricu ltu ra l
S cien ce
M e t a l.
E n g r n 'g
A stron om y,
A strop h y sics
S a le s
V e t . M e d ic in e
G eography
A rt
E d u c a t io n
M u s ic
E d u c a t io n
F in a n c e
P olitica l
S cien ce
S a le s
In d u s t 'l
A rts
E d u c a t io n
H o u s e w if e
P h y sics
Ed. P s y ch .;
O th e r F in e Sc
A p p lied A rts ;
L ib r a r y S ci.;
T h e o lo g y ,
R e l i g . ; O th e r
B u s n 's Sc C o m .
-46T a b l e 17 ( c o n t . )
Men
Women
V a ria b le
H ig h e s t
106.
G - good
parent
G - real
p u r p o s e in
life
108. G - a c t iv e
re lig io u sly
G
- execu­
109.
tive r e s p o n ­
s ib i l i t y
110. G - a v o id in g
hard w ork
111. G - e x c it in g
activities
112. G - s u c c e s s
in ow n b u s i ­
ness
107.
113.
Ind. Sc P e r s.
P s y c h .; M od.
F o re ig n
Language;
P u b lic
A d m in is t r a t io n
T h e o lo g y ,
R e lig io n
T h eology,
R e lig io n
M a r k e t in g
O th er B i o l .
S cien ces
S peech
V et. M e d ic.
P sychoP h ilosop h y
S exu al
Status
114. S a t is f a c t io n P u b l i c
w ith C o l l e g e A d m i n .
115. C o n s u lt a t io n T h e o lo g y ,
w ith P r o f ' l
R e lig io n
Person
116. F in d in g S u it­•M i l i t a r y
S cien ce
a b le M ate
117. S iz e o f High Ind. Sc P e r s .
School
P sy ch olog y
C la ss
Low est
H ig h e s t
L o w e st
A stron om y,
P harm acy;
P h y sics
A s t r o p h y s i c s ; M a r k e t in g ;
P h ilosop h y
P u rch a sin g ;
Ed. P s y c h . ;
D r a m a ; O th. 1
F in e &c A p l ' d
A r ts ; L ib .
S cien ce
B iolog y ;
A stron om y,
M anagem ent
A s t r o p h y s i c s M u s ic
A stronom y,
A strop h y sics
F oreig n
Language
E d u c a t io n
F a rm in g
T h eology,
R e lig io n
M a r k e t in g
L itera tu re
P h y sics
F a rm in g
T h eology,
R e lig io n
P h y sics
P h ilosop h y
S a le s
L ite ra tu re
M odern
F oreig n
Language
O th e r H ealth
F ie ld s
M odern
F oreig n
Lang.
M od. F o r ­
e ig n L a n g .
F a r m in g
B u sin ess
E d u c a t io n
P h y sics
P h y sics
T h e o lo g y ,
R e lig io n
O th e r F in e &
A p p lied A rts
O th e r B u s i n e s s
& C o m m e rcia l
H o u s e w if e
P h y sic s
C lin ica l
P sy ch o lo g y
H om e E con,
E d u c a t io n
D ram a
Ph arm acy
-47V a r i a t i o n A m o n g M a jo r F i e l d s
T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the student c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ith the g r e a t e s t
v a r i a t i o n a m o n g f i e l d s is im p o r t a n t f o r s e v e r a l p u r p o s e s .
Such k n o w le d g e
r e d u c e s the n u m b e r o f stu den t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ich w e n e e d to u s e in
s u b s e q u e n t s tu d ie s and id e n t ifie s the d e s c r i p t i v e v a r i a b l e s w h ic h have
p r a c t i c a l v a lu e .
T o o b ta in this in f o r m a t io n , the r e s u l t s f o r the 117
d e s c r i p t i v e v a r i a b l e s w e r e i n s p e c t e d f o r th o s e v a r i a b l e s w h ic h had the
g r e a t e s t v a r i a t i o n a c r o s s the 79 m a le and 60 f e m a l e f i e l d s (the r a n g e o f
m a j o r f i e l d m e a n s d iv id e d b y the s ta n d a r d d e v ia t io n f o r the tota l p o p u ­
l a t io n ) .
G e n e r a l l y , the 53 v a r i a b l e s w ith the g r e a t e s t v a r i a t i o n a c r o s s
f i e l d s w e r e then r e t a in e d f o r a s i m p l e a n a ly s is o f v a r i a n c e .
Som e
v a r i a b l e s h o w e v e r w e r e r e t a i n e d f o r this a n a ly s is s o that e v e r y kind o f
v a r i a b l e c o u l d be s a m p l e d .
F o r exa m p le,
s e v e ra l se lf-ra tin g s,
lif e
. g o a l s , and a c h i e v e m e n t s c a l e s w e r e t e s t e d f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e , a lth ou g h th e y
d id not h ave g r e a t v a r i a b i l i t y a c r o s s f i e l d s .
A l l r e s u l t s - - 104 o f the 106 a n a ly s e s o f v a r i a n c e - - a r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s ig n if ic a n t f o r b oth s e x e s at the . 0 5 l e v e l .
T a b le 18 p r e s e n t s th e s e r e s u l t s .
T a b le 18
F - T e s t s f o r S e l e c t e d Student C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
A c r o s s M a jo r F ield s
V a ria b le
1.
2.
3.
4.
R e a listic
I n t e lle c t u a l
S ocia l
C o n v e n t io n a l
M a le
F em a le
8 .2 6 3 4
1 4 .9 5 3 4
1 5 .6 2 0 0
2 0 .9 4 2 8
3. 1393
13. 8275
9 .4 2 8 3
15. 5927
-48T a b le 18 ( c o n t . )
V a ria b le
M a le
F em a le
5.
6.
9.
10.
E n terp risin g
A rtistic
M a s c u lin e
Status
1 3 .4 9 5 9
1 4 .6 6 9 2
1 5 .2 9 2 9
1 6 .5 0 1 5
4 .0 1 7 8
8 .5 8 1 0
1 4 .8 7 6 3
5. 7575
15.
16.
S c i e n t i f i c P o t e n t ia l
M u s i c a l P o t e n t ia l
2 0 .0 0 2 1
1 4 .8 8 3 5
1 0 .4 5 9 6
6 .3 0 7 6
20. S c i e n t i f i c A c h i e v e m e n t
21. L e a d e r s h i p A c h i e v e m e n t
22. D r a m a t i c A r t s A c h i e v e m e n t
23. A r t i s t i c A c h i e v e m e n t
24. L i t e r a r y A c h i e v e m e n t
2 5. M u s i c a l A c h i e v e m e n t
6 .6 6 2 5
3 .7 8 1 7
5 .0 2 9 0
9 .0 8 5 7
6 .3 7 2 2
9 .6 7 2 6
5. 1840
3 .1 0 4 9
4. 602 5
1 5 .9 5 4 9
8 .6 5 2 0
7 .7 6 1 5
27. S c i e n t i f i c C o m p e t e n c y
34. A r t s C o m p e t e n c y
35. L e a d e r s h i p & S a le s C o m p e t e n c y
36. F o r e i g n L a n g u a g e C o m p e t e n c y
8 .2 1 9 2
9 .2 7 8 8
4 .6 7 6 5
6 .9 1 8 6
9 .9 2 0 5
7 .8 1 1 4
3 .0 1 2 7
10. 9722
37.
40.
41.
P r e c o n s c i o u s A c t i v i t y ( O r ig in a lit y )
V o ca tio n a l Type
N o n -C o n fo rm ist Type
1 4 .6 9 8 6
6 .4 4 0 8
2 .9 4 2 6
1 2 .3 9 3 1
6 .5 4 2 6
4 .5 0 2 3
44.
46.
E x p ected In com e
H ig h e s t L e v e l o f E d u c a t io n
1 1 .2 6 9 3
1 5 .0 8 7 5
6 .9 8 8 3
9 .3 8 4 7
47.
49 .
50.
51.
52.
54.
57.
59.
60.
62.
63 .
65.
72 .
76.
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
5 .4 7 5 3
9 .8 2 1 5
2 .8 5 0 5
5 .3 7 4 2
3 .1 7 7 5
1 9 .2 2 5 3
1 0 .3 1 3 1
6 .1 7 5 9
1 .6 3 7 7
2 3 .5 3 7 7
1 .3 6 6 5
7 .0 5 7 9
6 .8 7 2 8
5 .1 6 7 8
7 .4 7 9 4
4. 1775
2 .0 4 6 9
8 .7 5 8 6
2 .8 1 1 4
15. 1181
1 4 .9 8 6 8
4 .3 2 8 2
1. 6365
21. 2334
1 .7 7 4 2
1 2 .1 4 7 3
5 .9 0 1 0
4 .6 3 2 7
-
o rig in a lity
m e c h a n i c a l a b ilit y
p o p u la r it y
a th le tic a b ilit y
u n d e r s ta n d in g o f o t h e r s
m a t h e m a t i c a l a b ilit y
a r t i s t i c a b ilit y
s p e a k in g a b ilit y
s e lf-co n tro l
s c i e n t i f i c a b ilit y
con serv a tism
w r it in g a b ilit y
r e s e a r c h a b ilit y
a c t in g a b ilit y
-49T a b l e 18 (co nt . )
V a ria b le
79.
82.
86.
89 .
92 .
94.
98.
99 .
100.
101.
102.
103.
105.
108.
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
-
w e l l - o f f fin a n cia lly
a c c o m p l i s h e d in p e r f o r m i n g a r t s
o u ts ta n d in g athlete
in flu e n tia l in p u b lic a f f a i r s
t h e o r e t i c a l c o n t r ib u t io n to
scien ce
w r it in g g o o d f i c t i o n
self-su fficie n t
g o o d p h y s i c a l c o n d it io n
good a rtistic w ork
a c c o m p lis h e d m u sicia n
e x p e r t in fin a n c e &. c o m m e r c e
u p -to -d a te p o litica lly
good spouse
a c t iv e in r e l i g i o u s a f f a i r s
M a le
F e m a le
3 .9 8 6 7
1 0 .2 8 3 5
8 .2 7 5 8
5 .6 3 9 1
1. 8576
1 1 .2 1 8 8
1 1 .4 2 8 4
4 .1 6 8 3
1 7 .4 4 5 9
1 0 .0 2 4 7
1 .0 9 8 2
2 .3 8 3 2
1 4 .9 9 1 4
13. 1694
15. 9341
1 .2 8 5 6
2 .4 6 7 1
2 2 .6 9 6 5
1 6 .1 0 3 4
7 .1 1 5 4
4 .8 5 7 2
1 .8 9 7 2
4. 8378
1 4 .4 6 8 9
2 1 .0 0 4 4
7 .2 0 9 2
2 .4 9 5 2
3 .3 9 6 0
D egrees of fre e d o m
m a le : 7 9 /6 1 3 8
fe m a le : 6 0 /5 9 3 8
S ig n ifica n ce le v e ls
m a l e : .05 = 1 . 2 8 ; .01 = . 1 . 4 1
f e m a l e : .05 = 1 . 3 2 ; .01 = 1 .4 7
If the s i z e o f the F r a t io is u s e d as an in d e x o f the m o s t d i s c r i m i ­
n atin g v a r i a b l e s , then the i n t e r e s t and l i f e g o a ls v a r i a b l e s a r e g e n e r a l l y
m o s t u s e fu l f o r the c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f s tu den ts in d iff e r e n t m a j o r f i e l d s .
If w e c o n s i d e r d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f c o n te n t r a t h e r than kinds o f a s s e s s m e n t
d e v i c e s , w e fin d that v a r i a b l e s o f s c i e n t i f i c , a r t i s t i c , and b u s i n e s s con ten t
a re m o st d iscrim in a tin g .
D i s c u s s io n
S e v e r a l c a u t io n s s h o u ld be o b s e r v e d in the in t e r p r e t a t io n o f the
-50resu lts:
O ur stu den ts a r e a s p ir a n t s f o r v a r i o u s m a j o r f i e l d s ; th e y a r e
not m a j o r s in v a r i o u s f i e l d s .
The n u m b e r o f stu den ts in a g iv e n f i e l d
v a r i e d f r o m 1 0 to 1,353, s o that s o m e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a r e m o r e r e l i a b l e
than o t h e r s .
F in a lly , the u s e o f the h ig h e s t and l o w e s t m e a n s c o r e s o f
the d e s c r i p t i v e v a r i a b l e s a c c e n t u a t e s the c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f s tu den ts in
va riou s fie ld s .
E v e r y f i e l d c o n t a in s p r o b a b l y m a n y stu den ts w h o d i f f e r
f r o m the t y p ic a l student s u g g e s t e d h e r e .
Th e d e s c r i p t i o n s o f students s e e k in g d iff e r e n t f i e l d s i m p ly , to a
l i m i t e d d e g r e e , that stu den ts know w h e r e th ey b e lo n g .
They seek fie ld s
w h ic h a r e a p p r o p r ia t e f o r t h e ir in t e r e s t s , v a lu e s , and t h e ir s p e c i a l t a le n t s .
Students w ith s c i e n t i f i c a c c o m p l i s h m e n t , a b i l i t i e s , and i n t e r e s t s s e e k
s c i e n t i f i c f i e l d s and at the s a m e tim e th ey a v o id f i e l d s w h ic h d e m a n d i n t e r ­
personal com p eten cies.
S i m i l a r p a t t e r n s o f a t t r a c t io n and r e p u l s i o n e x i s t
f o r m o s t o f the r e m a in in g a r e a s o f study.
T h e s e r e s u l t s m a k e c l e a r that
the p r o c e s s o f m a k in g an e d u c a t io n a l d e c i s i o n is d e p e n d e n t upon a g r e a t
ra n g e o f student c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
co m p e te n c ie s , ach iev em en ts,
in t e r e s t s , v a lu e s ,
se lf-co n ce p tio n s,
ra n g e o f e x p e r i e n c e , and f a m i l y r e s o u r c e s .
Such o u t c o m e s s u g g e s t that stu den ts m ig h t be h e lp e d in t h e ir s e l e c t i o n of
a f i e l d o f stu dy b y a b r o a d s e l f - e x a m i n a t i o n f o r t h e s e s a m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
S in ce l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s o f students w h o s a y th ey p la n to e n t e r a f i e l d
do e n te r that fie ld , the p r e s e n t r e s u l t s m a y have s o m e p r a c t i c a l v a lu e
(S tro n g ,
1953).
The d e s c r i p t i v e v a r i a b l e s a r e e a s i l y i n t e r p r e t e d and a r e
r e l a t i v e l y f r e e o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l j a r g o n s o that it is p o s s i b l e in p r i n c i p l e to
-51d e v e l o p a s e l f - s c o r i n g d e v i c e w h ic h s tu den ts c o u l d take and s c o r e t h e m ­
s e l v e s w ith ou t the i n t e r v e n t io n o f a c o u n s e l o r .
P e r h a p s ju s t r e a d in g the
p r e s e n t r e p o r t w o u ld be h e lp fu l to s o m e s tu d e n ts .
If su ch s i m p l e t e c h ­
n iq u e s w e r e c o n s t r u c t i v e , th ey c o u ld s e r v e m a n y students w ho can n ot
m a k e u s e o f g u id a n c e w o r k e r s e it h e r b e c a u s e th e y d is lik e the id e a it s e lf ,
o r b e c a u s e c o u n s e lin g s ta ffs a r e t o o s m a l l to s e r v e a ll s tu d e n ts .
F a cu lty
a d v i s o r s s h o u ld a l s o fin d a r e a d in g o f the p r e s e n t r e p o r t h elp fu l in th e ir
e d u c a t io n a l a d v is in g .
G e n e r a l l y , the c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s o f stu den ts s e e k in g d iff e r e n t f i e l d s
is c o n s i s t e n t w ith r e l a t e d s tu d ie s b y C o o l e y (1 9 6 3 ), D a v is (1964 ), R o e
(1 9 5 6 ),
D a r l e y and H agena h ( 1 9 5 5 ), H o lla n d (1 9 6 3 ) and o t h e r s .
S in c e
m o s t s tu d ie s do not g r o u p stu den ts in id e n t ic a l fa s h io n , p r e c i s e c o r r e s ­
p o n d e n c e a m o n g s tu d ie s is r a r e .
In new s t u d ie s , w e p la n to d e v e lo p p s y c h o l o g i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
s c h e m e s w h ic h w ill be u s e f u l f o r p r a c t i c e and r e s e a r c h .
The c u r r e n t
c o n v e n t io n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s l a c k p s y c h o l o g i c a l h o m o g e n e it y s o that
m e m b e r s h i p in a g r o u p f r e q u e n t l y has d iffu s e and e v e n c o n f l i c t i n g m e a n in g .
O th e r s tu d ie s w ill b e p e r f o r m e d to l e a r n how s tu den ts w ho p e r s i s t in a
f i e l d d i f f e r f r o m students w ho l e a v e a f i e l d .
In t h e s e lo n g t e r m s tu d ie s
w e w i l l be a b le to d e t e r m i n e the p r e d i c t i v e v a lid it ie s o f the a s s e s s m e n t
d e v i c e s u s e d in this f i r s t study as w e ll as the in flu e n c e o f v a r i o u s c o l l e g e
c l i m a t e s u p on a s tu d e n t's c h o i c e o f f i e l d .
-52-
R eferen ces
Abe,
C. , H olla n d ,
J. L . , L u tz , S an d ra W. , & R i c h a r d s ,
" d e s c r ip t io n o f A m e r i c a n c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n .
01-65 .
C ooley ,
Iow a C ity , Iow a:
W. W.
J. M . , J r .
A C T R esea rch R eport
A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e T e s t in g P r o g r a m ,
C a r e e r d e v e lo p m e n t of s c i e n t i s t s .
P r o j e c t N o. 436, O f f i c e o f E d u c a t io n ,
A
1965.
C oop era tiv e R e s e a r c h
G ra d u a te S c h o o l o f E d u c a t io n ,
H a r v a r d U n iv e r . , 1963.
D a r le y ,
J. G. , & H agen a h ,
M in n e a p o lis :
D a v is ,
J. A .
C o .,
Theda.
V oca tion a l in te re st m e a s u re m e n t.
U n iv e r . of M in n e s o t a P r e s s ,
U ndergraduate c a r e e r d e c is io n s .
&: G o o d s t e in , L . D.
A ld in e P u b lis h in g .
Student O r ie n t a t io n S u r v e y .
n a r y r e p o r t , PHS r e s e a r c h g r a n t M - 2 2 6 ,
F o o t e , N. N. , & C o t t r e l l ,
C h ic a g o :
J. L .
L . S.
H o lla n d , J. L .
P re lim in i-
1964.
Id en tity and i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o m p e t e n c i e s .
U n iv e r . o f C h ic a g o P r e s s ,
1955.
A p e r s o n a l i t y in v e n t o r y e m p lo y in g o c c u p a t i o n a l t i t l e s .
a p p l. P s y c h o l . , 1958, 42,
J.
3 3 6 -3 4 2 .
S o m e e x p l o r a t i o n s o f a t h e o r y o f v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e and
a c h ie v e m e n t :
1963,
C h ic a g o :
1964.
F a r b e r , I. E . ,
H olla n d ,
1955.
II.
A f o u r - y e a r p r e d i c t i o n s tu d y .
12, 5 4 5 -5 9 4 .
Suppl. 4 - V 12.
S o u th e r n U n i v e r s i t i e s P r e s s ,
P sy ch o l. R ep . ,
1963, M o n o g r a p h
-53H o lla n d ,
J. L,. , & N i c h o l s , R . C.
P r e d i c t i o n o f a c a d e m i c and e x t r a ­
c u r r i c u l a r a c h i e v e m e n t in c o l l e g e .
J\ e d u c . P s y c h o l . , 1964, 55,
5 5-65 .
N i c h o l s , R . C. , & H olla n d ,
J. L>.
P r e d i c t i o n o f the f i r s t y e a r c o l l e g e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f high aptitude s tu d e n ts .
P s y c h o l . M o n o g r , , 1963,
77, N o. 7 (W h o le N o . 570).
R oe, Anne.
The p s y c h o l o g y o f o c c u p a t i o n s .
S tr o n g , E . K . , J r .
M e a s m t , 1953,
T r o w , M.
N ew Y o r k :
V a l i d i t y o f o c c u p a t io n a l c h o i c e .
13,
W ile y ,
1956.
E duc. P sy ch o l.
1 1 0 -1 2 1 .
The c a m p u s v ie w e d as a c u l t u r e .
R e s e a r c h on c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s .
B ou lder,
s ta te C o m m i s s i o n f o r H ig h e r E d u c a t io n ,
In H. T. S p ra g u e ( E d . ) ,
C olora d o:
I9 6 0 .
W estern In te r­
f
I
II
I
J
L