Seven deadly sins
For other uses, see Seven deadly sins (disambiguation).
the creation of the mnemonic acronym “SALIGIA” based
The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital on the first letters in Latin of the seven deadly sins: superbia, avaritia, luxuria, invidia, gula, ira, acedia.[3]
1 Biblical lists
Hieronymus Bosch's The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last
Things
vices or cardinal sins, is a classification of vices (part of
Christian ethics) that has been used since early Christian
times to educate and instruct Christians concerning fallen
humanity’s tendency to sin. In the currently recognized
version, the sins are usually given as wrath, greed, sloth,
pride, lust, envy, and gluttony. Each is a form of Idolatryof-Self wherein the subjective reigns over the objective.
The Catholic Church divides sin into two categories:
venial sins, in which guilt is relatively minor, and the more
severe mortal sins. According to the Catechism of the
Catholic Church, a mortal or deadly sin is believed to destroy the life of grace and charity within a person. “Mortal sin, by attacking the vital principle within us – that
is, charity – necessitates a new initiative of God’s mercy
and a conversion of heart which is normally accomplished
within the setting of the sacrament of reconciliation.”[1]
The Holy Spirit and the Seven Deadly Sins . Folio from Walters
manuscript W.171 (15th century)
In the Book of Proverbs 6:16-19, among the verses traditionally associated with King Solomon, it states that the
Lord specifically regards “six things the Lord hateth, and
[4]
According to Catholic moral thought, the seven deadly seven that are an abomination unto Him”, namely:
sins are not discrete from other sins, but are instead the
1. A proud look
origin (“capital” comes from the Latin caput, head) of the
others. Vices can be either venial or mortal, depending
2. A lying tongue
on the situation, but “are called 'capital' because they en[2]
gender other sins, other vices”.
3. Hands that shed innocent blood
Beginning in the early 14th century, the popularity of the
seven deadly sins as a theme among European artists of
the time eventually helped to ingrain them in many areas
of Catholic culture and Catholic consciousness in general
throughout the world. One means of such ingraining was
4. A heart that devises wicked plots
5. Feet that are swift to run into mischief
6. A deceitful witness that uttereth lies
1
2
2
7. Him that soweth discord among brethren
HISTORY
• Λύπη (lypē) sadness – in the Philokalia, this term is
rendered as envy, sadness at another’s good fortune
Another list, given this time by the Epistle to the Gala• Ὀργή (orgē) wrath
tians (Galatians 5:19-21), includes more of the traditional seven sins, although the list is substantially longer:
• Κενοδοξία (kenodoxia) boasting
adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idola• Ἀκηδία (akēdia) acedia – in the Philokalia, this
try, sorcery, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife,
term is rendered as dejection
seditions, heresies, envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, “and such like”.[5] Since the apostle Paul goes on
to say that the persons who practice these sins “shall not They were translated into the Latin of Western Christianinherit the Kingdom of God”, they are usually listed as ity (largely due to the writings of John Cassian),[8] thus
(possible) mortal sins rather than capital vices.
becoming part of the Western tradition’s spiritual pietas
(or Catholic devotions), as follows:[9]
2
History
• Gula (gluttony)
• Fornicatio (fornication, lust)
• Avaritia (avarice/greed)
• Superbia (hubris, pride)
• Tristitia (sorrow/despair/despondency)
• Ira (wrath)
• Vanagloria (vainglory)
• Acedia (sloth)
These “evil thoughts” can be categorized into three
types:[9]
• lustful appetite (gluttony, fornication, and avarice)
• irascibility (wrath)
• mind-related (vainglory, sorrow, pride, and discouragement)
An allegorical image depicting the human heart subject to the
seven deadly sins, each represented by an animal (clockwise:
toad = avarice; snake = envy; lion = wrath; snail = sloth; pig
= gluttony; goat = lust; peacock = pride).
The modern concept of the seven deadly sins is linked to
the works of the fourth-century monk Evagrius Ponticus,
who listed eight evil thoughts in Greek as follows:[6]
• Γαστριμαργία (gastrimargia) gluttony
• Πορνεία (porneia) prostitution, fornication
• Φιλαργυρία (philargyria) avarice
• Ὑπερηφανία (hyperēphania) hubris – sometimes
rendered as self-esteem[7]
In AD 590, a little over two centuries after Evagrius
wrote his list, Pope Gregory I revised this list to form
the more common Seven Deadly Sins, by folding (sorrow/despair/despondency) into acedia, vainglory into
pride, and adding envy.[10] In the order used by Pope Gregory, and repeated by Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) centuries later in his epic poem The Divine Comedy, the seven
deadly sins are as follows:
1. luxuria (lechery/lust)[11][12][13]
2. gula (gluttony)
3. avaritia (avarice/greed)
4. acedia (sloth/discouragement)
5. ira (wrath)
6. invidia (envy)
7. superbia (pride)
3.2
Gluttony
3
The identification and definition of the seven deadly sins
over their history has been a fluid process and the idea of
what each of the seven actually encompasses has evolved
over time. Additionally, as a result of semantic change:
• socordia sloth was substituted for acedia
It is this revised list that Dante uses. The process of semantic change has been aided by the fact that the personality traits are not collectively referred to, in either a
cohesive or codified manner, by the Bible itself; other literary and ecclesiastical works were instead consulted, as
sources from which definitions might be drawn. Part II of
Dante’s Divine Comedy, Purgatorio, has almost certainly
been the best known source since the Renaissance.
The modern Catholic Catechism lists the sins in Latin as
"superbia, avaritia, invidia, ira, luxuria, gula, pigritia seu
acedia", with an English translation of "pride, avarice,
envy, wrath, lust, gluttony, and sloth/acedia".[14] Each of
the seven deadly sins now also has an opposite among corresponding seven holy virtues (sometimes also referred
to as the contrary virtues). In parallel order to the sins
they oppose, the seven holy virtues are humility, charity,
kindness, patience, chastity, temperance, and diligence
(see below).
3
3.1
Lust
Sankt Bartholomäus church (Reichenthal), Pulpit (1894)
Historical and modern definitions
Lust
Main article: Lust
Lust, or lechery (carnal "luxuria"), is an intense and uncontrolled desire. It is usually thought of as uncontrolled
sexual wants, however the word was originally a general
term for desire. Therefore, lust could include the uncontrolled desire for money, food, fame, or power.
In Dante’s Purgatorio, the penitent walks within flames to
purge himself of lustful thoughts and feelings. In Dante’s
Inferno, unforgiven souls of the sin of lust are blown about Excess
in restless hurricane-like winds symbolic of their own lack (Albert Anker, 1896)
of self-control to their lustful passions in earthly life.
3.2
Gluttony
Main article: Gluttony
Gluttony (Latin, gula) is the overindulgence and
overconsumption of anything to the point of waste. The
word derives from the Latin gluttire, meaning to gulp
down or swallow,
selfishness; essentially placing concern with one’s own interests above the well-being or interests of others.
Medieval church leaders (e.g., Thomas Aquinas) took
a more expansive view of gluttony,[15] arguing that it
could also include an obsessive anticipation of meals, and
the constant eating of delicacies and excessively costly
foods.[16] Aquinas went so far as to prepare a list of six
ways to commit gluttony, comprising:
In Christianity, it is considered a sin if the excessive desire
for food causes it to be withheld from the needy.[15]
• Praepropere – eating too soon
Because of these scripts, gluttony can be interpreted as
• Laute – eating too expensively
4
3
HISTORICAL AND MODERN DEFINITIONS
• Nimis – eating too much
3.4 Sloth
• Ardenter – eating too eagerly
Main article: Sloth (deadly sin)
Sloth (Latin, acedia) can entail different vices. While
• Studiose – eating too daintily
• Forente – eating wildly
3.3
Greed
Main article: Greed
Greed (Latin, avaritia), also known as avarice, cupid-
Sloth
Parable of the Wheat and the Tares by Abraham Bloemaert,
Walters Art Museum
sloth is sometimes defined as physical laziness, spiritual
laziness is emphasized. Failing to develop spiritually will
lead to becoming guilty of sloth. In the Christian faith,
sloth rejects grace and God.
Sloth has also been defined as a failure to do things that
one should do. By this definition, evil exists when good
men fail to act.
1909 painting The Worship of Mammon by Evelyn De Morgan.
ity or covetousness, is, like lust and gluttony, a sin of
excess. However, greed (as seen by the Church) is applied to a very excessive or rapacious desire and pursuit
of material possessions. Thomas Aquinas wrote, “Greed
is a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much
as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal
things.” In Dante’s Purgatory, the penitents were bound
and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated too much on earthly thoughts. Hoarding of materials or objects, theft and robbery, especially by means of
violence, trickery, or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by Greed. Such misdeeds can
include simony, where one attempts to purchase or sell
sacraments, including Holy Orders and, therefore, positions of authority in the Church hierarchy.
Edmund Burke (1729-1797) wrote in Present Discontents
(II. 78) “No man, who is not inflamed by vain-glory into
enthusiasm, can flatter himself that his single, unsupported, desultory, unsystematic endeavours are of power
to defeat the subtle designs and united Cabals of ambitious citizens. When bad men combine, the good must
associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle.”
Over time, the “acedia” in Pope Gregory’s order has come
to be closer in meaning to sloth. The focus came to be on
the consequences of acedia rather than the cause, and so,
by the 17th century, the exact deadly sin referred to was
believed to be the failure to utilize one’s talents and gifts.
Even in Dante’s time there were signs of this change; in
his Purgatorio he had portrayed the penance for acedia as
running continuously at top speed.
3.5 Wrath
Main article: Wrath
Wrath (Latin, ira), also known as "rage", may be described as inordinate and uncontrolled feelings of hatred and anger. Wrath, in its purest form, presents with
As defined outside of Christian writings, greed is an inor- self-destructiveness, violence, and hate that may provoke
dinate desire to acquire or possess more than one needs, feuds that can go on for centuries. Wrath may persist long
after the person who did another a grievous wrong is dead.
especially with respect to material wealth.[17]
3.7
Pride
Wrath,
by Jacques de l'Ange
Feelings of anger can manifest in different ways, including impatience, revenge, and self-destructive behavior,
such as drug abuse or suicide.
5
Envy
Arch in the nave with a gothic fresco from 1511 of a man with
a dog-head, which symbolizes envy (Dalbyneder Church, Denmark)
3.7 Pride
Wrath is the only sin not necessarily associated with selfishness or self-interest, although one can of course be Main article: Pride
wrathful for selfish reasons, such as jealousy (closely re- Pride (Latin, superbia), or hubris (Greek), is considlated to the sin of envy). Dante described vengeance as
“love of justice perverted to revenge and spite". In its
original form, the sin of wrath also encompassed anger
pointed internally as well as externally. Thus suicide was
deemed the ultimate, albeit tragic, expression of hatred
directed inwardly, a final rejection of God’s gifts.
3.6
Envy
Main article: Envy
Envy (Latin, invidia), like greed and lust, is characterized by an insatiable desire. Envy is similar to jealousy
in that they both feel discontent towards someone’s traits,
status, abilities, or rewards. The difference is the envious
Building the Tower of Babel was, for Dante, an example of
also desire the entity and covet it.
pride. Painting by Pieter Brueghel the Elder
Envy can be directly related to the Ten Commandments,
specifically, “Neither shall you desire... anything that belongs to your neighbour.” Dante defined this as “a desire
to deprive other men of theirs”. In Dante’s Purgatory,
the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn
shut with wire because they have gained sinful pleasure
from seeing others brought low. Aquinas described envy
as “sorrow for another’s good”.[18]
ered, on almost every list, the original and most serious of
the seven deadly sins: the source of the others. It is identified as believing that one is essentially better than others,
failing to acknowledge the accomplishments of others,
and excessive admiration of the personal self (especially
holding self out of proper position toward God); it also includes vainglory (Latin, vanagloria) which is unjustified
6
6
ASSOCIATIONS WITH DEMONS
boasting. Dante’s definition of pride was “love of self 4.2 Vainglory
perverted to hatred and contempt for one’s neighbour”.
In Jacob Bidermann’s medieval miracle play, Cenodoxus, Main article: Vanity
pride is the deadliest of all the sins and leads directly to Vainglory (Latin, vanagloria) is unjustified boasting.
the damnation of the titulary famed Parisian doctor. In
perhaps the best-known example, the story of Lucifer,
pride (his desire to compete with God) was what caused
his fall from Heaven, and his resultant transformation into
Satan. In Dante’s Divine Comedy, the penitents are burdened with stone slabs on their necks which force them
to keep their heads bowed.
4
4.1
Historical sins
Acedia
Main article: Acedia
Acedia (Latin, acedia) (from Greek ἀκηδία) is the ne- Conversion of the Magdalene' or 'Allegory of Modesty and
Vanity by Bernardino Luini, c. 1520
Pope Gregory viewed it as a form of pride, so he folded
vainglory into pride for his listing of sins.
The Latin term gloria roughly means boasting, although
its English cognate - glory - has come to have an exclusively positive meaning; historically, vain roughly meant
futile, but by the 14th century had come to have the strong
narcissistic undertones, of irrelevant accuracy, that it retains today.[19] As a result of these semantic changes,
vainglory has become a rarely used word in itself, and
is now commonly interpreted as referring to vanity (in its
modern narcissistic sense).
Acedia
mosaic, Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière
5 Catholic seven virtues
The Catholic Church also recognizes seven virtues, which
glect to take care of something that one should do. It correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins.
is translated to apathetic listlessness; depression without
joy. It is related to melancholy: acedia describes the behaviour and melancholy suggests the emotion producing 6 Associations with demons
it. In early Christian thought, the lack of joy was regarded
as a willful refusal to enjoy the goodness of God and the
In 1409-1410 The Lanterne of Light (an anonymous
world God created; by contrast, apathy was considered a
English Lollard tract often erroneously attributed to
refusal to help others in time of need.
Wycliffe)[20] paired each of the deadly sins with a demon,
When Thomas Aquinas described acedia in his interpre- who tempted people by means of the associated sin. Actation of the list, he described it as an uneasiness of the cording to this classification system, the pairings are as
mind, being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restless- follows:
ness and instability. Dante refined this definition further,
describing acedia as the failure to love God with all one’s
• Lucifer: pride
heart, all one’s mind and all one’s soul; to him it was the
middle sin, the only one characterised by an absence or
• Mammon: greed - avarice (avarouse) and covetousinsufficiency of love. Some scholars have said that the
ness (covetise)
ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to sui• Asmodeus: lust (leccherouse)
cide.
7
• Beelzebub: envy (envious)
• Enneagram of Personality
• Belphegor: gluttony (glotouns)
• Five poisons in Buddhism
• Aamon or Pazuzu: wrath (wraþþe)
• Five Thieves in Sikhism
• Abaddon: sloth (slowȝ)
• Knightly Virtues
In 1589, Peter Binsfeld again paired each of the deadly
sins with a demon, in a slightly contrasting classification
system, whereby the pairings are as follows:[21]
• Seven Social Sins written by Mohandas Gandhi
• Sufism in Islam
• Lucifer: pride (superbia)
• The Seven Sins of Memory
• Mammon: greed (avaritia)
• Theological virtues
• Asmodeus: lust (luxuria)
• Tree of virtues
• Leviathan: envy (invidia)
• Beelzebub: gluttony (gula or gullia)
• Satan: wrath (ira)
• Belphegor: sloth (acedia)
In Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, there is a “parade” of the
seven deadly sins that is conducted by Mephistopheles,
Satan, and Beelzebub suggesting that the demons do not
match with each deadly sin, but the demons are in command of the seven deadly sins.
7
• Nafs and Tazkiah in Islam
Patterns
According to a 2009 study by a Jesuit scholar, the most
common deadly sin confessed by men is lust, and for
women, pride.[22] It was unclear whether these differences were due to the actual number of transgressions
committed by each gender, or whether differing views on
what “counts” or should be confessed caused the observed
pattern.[23]
10 References
Notes
[1] Catechism of the Catholic Church, nn.1856. See also
nn.1854–1864.
[2] Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 1866.
[3] Boyle, Marjorie O'Rourke (1997) [October 23, 1997].
“Three: The Flying Serpent”. Loyola’s Acts: The Rhetoric
of the Self. The New Historicism: Studies in Cultural Poetics, 36. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
100–146. ISBN 978-0-520-20937-4.
[4] [bible verse Proverbs 6:16–19]
[5] Galatians
[6] Evagrio Pontico,Gli Otto Spiriti Malvagi, trans., Felice
Comello, Pratiche Editrice, Parma, 1990, p.11-12.
[7] In the translation of the Philokalia by Palmer, Ware, and
Sherrard.
[8] Remedies for the Eight Principal Faults
[9] Refoule, 1967
8
Cultural references
[10] Introduction to Paulist Press edition of John Climacus:
The Ladder of Divine Ascent by Kallistos Ware, p63.
The seven deadly sins have long been a source of inspira- [11] Godsall-Myers, Jean E. (2003). Speaking in the medieval
world. Brill. p. 27. ISBN 90-04-12955-3.
tion for writers and artists, from medieval works such as
Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy, to modern works such [12] Katherine Ludwig, Jansen (2001). The making of the
as the film Se7en.
Magdalen: preaching and popular devotion in the later
The seven sins also have been used as enemies in the video
game The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth.
9
See also
• Arishadvargas in Hindu religion
• Cardinal virtues
Middle Ages. Princeton University Press. p. 168. ISBN
0-691-08987-6.
[13] Vossler, Karl; Spingarn, Joel Elias (1929). Mediæval Culture: The religious, philosophic, and ethico-political background of the “Divine Comedy”. University of Michigan:
Constable & company. p. 246.
[14] “Catechism of the Catholic Church”.
Vatican.va.
Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved
July 24, 2010.
8
12
[15] Okholm, Dennis. “Rx for Gluttony”. Christianity Today,
Vol. 44, No. 10, September 11, 2000, p.62
[16] “Gluttony”. Catholic Encyclopedia.
[17] “The Free Dictionary”. The Free Dictionary. April 1,
1987. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
[18] “Summa Theologica: Treatise on The Theological Virtues
(QQ[1] - 46): Question. 36 - Of Envy (four articles)".
Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
EXTERNAL LINKS
• Rebecca Konyndyk DeYoung, Glittering Vices: A
New Look at the Seven Deadly Sins and Their Remedies, (Grand Rapids: BrazosPress, 2009)
• Solomon Schimmel, The Seven Deadly Sins: Jewish, Christian, and Classical Reflections on Human
Psychology, (New York: Oxford University Press,
1997)
• "Doctor Faustus" by Christopher Marlowe
[19] Oxford English dictionary
[20] Milford, Humphrey. Introduction, The Lanterne of Liȝt.
Oxford University Press, 1917
[21] Morton W. Bloomfield, The Seven Deadly Sins, Michigan
State College Press, 1952, pp.214-215.
[22] “Two sexes 'sin in different ways’". BBC News. February
18, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
[23] Morning Edition (February 20, 2009). “True Confessions:
Men And Women Sin Differently”. Npr.org. Retrieved
July 24, 2010.
Bibliography
• Refoule, F. (1967) Evagrius Ponticus. In Staff
of Catholic University of America (Eds.) New
Catholic Encyclopaedia. Volume 5, pp644–645.
New York: McGrawHill.
• Schumacher, Meinolf (2005): “Catalogues of
Demons as Catalogues of Vices in Medieval German Literature: 'Des Teufels Netz' and the Alexander Romance by Ulrich von Etzenbach.” In In the
Garden of Evil: The Vices and Culture in the Middle
Ages. Edited by Richard Newhauser, pp. 277–290.
Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
11
Further reading
• The Divine Comedy (“Inferno”, “Purgatorio”, and
"Paradiso"), by Dante Alighieri
• Summa Theologica, by Thomas Aquinas
• The Concept of Sin, by Josef Pieper
• The Traveller’s Guide to Hell, by Michael Pauls &
Dana Facaros
• Sacred Origins of Profound Things, by Charles Panati
• The Faerie Queene, by Edmund Spenser
• The Seven Deadly Sins Series, Oxford University
Press (7 vols.)
12 External links
• Catholic Catechism on Sin
• Medieval mural depictions - in parish churches of
England (online catalog, Anne Marshall, Open University)
• Stranger, An Allegorical Tale of the Seven Deadly
Sins, ISBN 9781311073846
9
13
13.1
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
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IRP, Mintrick, Piano non troppo, Kingpin13, Aesopm, Ulric1313, Flewis, Bluerasberry, Materialscientist, Downfall2209, Sstrnod, Rrtorres,
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Valeheight, KasparBot, Artemisianna, ABCDEFAD, Glasscattus and Anonymous: 2776
13.2
Images
• File:'Conversion_of_the_Magdalene'_or_'Allegory_of_Modesty_and_Vanity'_Bernardo_Luini.JPG
Source:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/%27Conversion_of_the_Magdalene%27_or_%27Allegory_of_Modesty_and_
Vanity%27_Bernardo_Luini.JPG License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Wmpearl Original artist: Bernardino Luini
https:
• File:Abraham_Bloemaert_-_Parable_of_the_Wheat_and_the_Tares_-_Walters_372505.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Abraham_Bloemaert_-_Parable_of_the_Wheat_and_the_Tares_-_Walters_372505.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Walters Art Museum: <a href='http://thewalters.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Nuvola filesystems folder
home.svg'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg/20px-Nuvola_
filesystems_folder_home.svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_
filesystems_folder_home.svg/30px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg/40px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='128' data-fileheight='128' /></a> Home page <a href='http://art.thewalters.org/detail/26419' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png' width='20'
height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png
1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-filewidth='620' data-file-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Abraham Bloemaert
• File:Acedia_(mosaic,_Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_Fourvière).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/
Acedia_%28mosaic%2C_Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_Fourvi%C3%A8re%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rartat
• File:Albert_Anker_-_Stillleben_-_Unmässigkeit.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Albert_Anker_
-_Stillleben_-_Unm%C3%A4ssigkeit.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: SIKART dictionary and database. SIK inventory number
64673. Original artist: Albert Anker
13.3
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• File:Boschsevendeadlysins.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Boschsevendeadlysins.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: “The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things”, painting by “Hieronymus Bosch” Original artist:
Hieronymus Bosch (circa 1450–1516)
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Dalbyneder_kirke_vestre_hvælvfag_skibet_hundehoved.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/
Dalbyneder_kirke_vestre_hv%C3%A6lvfag_skibet_hundehoved.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Malene Thyssen
• File:Dirc_van_Delft_-_The_Holy_Ghost_and_the_Seven_Deadly_Sins_-_Walters_W171110R_-_Full_Page.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Dirc_van_Delft_-_The_Holy_Ghost_and_the_Seven_Deadly_Sins_-_
Walters_W171110R_-_Full_Page.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Walters Art Museum: <a href='http://thewalters.org/'
data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Nuvola filesystems folder home.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg/20px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg/30px-Nuvola_
filesystems_folder_home.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_
folder_home.svg/40px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png
2x'
data-file-width='128'
data-file-height='128'
/></a>
Home page <a href='http://art.thewalters.org/detail/81632' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg' src='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png' width='20' height='20'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-filewidth='620' data-file-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Dirc van Delf
• File:Jacques_de_l'Ange_-_A_young_Man_with_a_Sword_restrained_by_a_young_Woman,_'Anger'.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Jacques_de_l%27Ange_-_A_young_Man_with_a_Sword_restrained_by_
a_young_Woman%2C_%27Anger%27.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/objects/makedetail.php?
pmu=730&mu=732&gty=qsea&sec=&dtn=15&sfn=Artist%20Sort,Title&cpa=1&rpos=0&key=WA1845.28 Original artist: Jacques de
l'Ange (f 1630 - 1650)
• File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_(Vienna)_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg
Source:
https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_
Art_Project_-_edited.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Levels adjusted from File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_
of_Babel_(Vienna)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg, originally from Google Art Project. Original artist: Pieter Brueghel the Elder
(1526/1530–1569)
• File:Sankt_Bartholomäus_(Reichenthal)_04.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Sankt_Bartholom%
C3%A4us_%28Reichenthal%29_04.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hermetiker
• File:Tableau_de_mission_-François-Marie_Balanant_tableau_1-.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/
25/Tableau_de_mission_-Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Balanant_tableau_1-.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original
artist: Moreau.henri
• File:The_worship_of_Mammon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/The_worship_of_Mammon.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Evelyn De Morgan
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