10/21/2009
 What
is the most important thing
about Criminal Investigations?
Detective Jeff Marshall
Nassau County Police Department
Jeffrey Marshall 2009
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Define Forensic Science and Criminalistics
Identification of people
Application of Forensic Science applied to
criminal justice system
Q liti D
t ti
h ld h
Qualities
Detectives
should
have
Undercover police work
Polygraph testing
DNA analysis
Behavioral science applications
 What
is forensic science?
 It
is the part of science
that answers legal
questions.
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One Branch of Forensic Science
Deals with study of physical evidence related
to crime.
So what is Criminalistics
Th application
The
li ti
off scientific
i tifi di
disciplines,
i li
such
h
as geology, physics, chemistry, biology,
mathematics, to criminal investigation and
the study of physical evidence.
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Analysis of physical evidence
Identifying traces of evidence
Reconstructing criminal acts
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 Link
the suspect with the
victim
 Link the person to the crime
scene
 Disproving or supporting
witness testimony
 Identification of suspect
Corpus Delicti
Body of the crime
Modus Operandi
Method of operation
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Began in Europe
First book was written in 1983 by Hans Gross
Book was translated to English in 1906
Two primary aspects
Personal
P
l identification
id
ifi i
Firearms analysis
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Two major systems
Anthropometry
Dactylography
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Developed by Alphonse Bertillon 1882
First attempt at criminal identification that
was thought to be reliable and accurate.
Based on the facts that every human being
was different from everyone
y
else.
Began to take measurement of criminals and
photographs of criminals.
He concluded that if you took eleven physical
measurements of a person were taken, the
chance of finding another person with the
same measurements were 4,191,304 to 1
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First used in England in 1900’s as a system of
identification
The study ands comparison of fingerprints as
means of criminal identification; first used
systematically for that purpose in England in
1900, but means of identification since the
first century.
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1906 Sgt Joseph Faurot arrest James Jones for
burglary that occurred at the Waldorf- Astoria
hotel. Jones fingerprints were sent to Scotland
Yard and learned that Jones was actually Daniel
Nolan who had 12 convictions for hotel thefts
and he was wanted in England for Burglary.
1903 Will W
Westt arrived
Federal
i d att F
d
l penitentiary
it ti
where a staff member said that his photo and
Bertillon measurements were already on file. The
card was of William west for was there since
1901. This incident served to establish the
superiority of fingerprints over the
anthropometry as a system of personal
identification.
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Devised by Edward Henry, the fingerprint
classification system that facilitated the use
of fingerprints in criminal identification;
adopted in England in 1900 and today used
in almost every country.
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The Henry Classification System assigns each
finger a number according to the order in which
is it located in the hand, beginning with the right
thumb as number 1 and ending with the left
p
y as number
u be 10.
0 The
e syste
so ass
g sa
pinky
system a
also
assigns
numerical value to fingers that contain a whorl
pattern; fingers 1 and 2 each have a value of 16,
fingers 3 and 4 have a value of 8, and so on,
with the final two fingers having a value of 1.
Fingers with a non-whorl pattern, such as an
arch or loop pattern, have a value of zero.
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August Vollmer
Police Chief of Berkeley Calf.
First full Forensic Laboratory
Albert Osborn- Questioned Document
Ed
dL
d microscopic
i
i evidence
id
Edmond
LocardLeone Lattes- Blood typing from dried blood
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Began a process of change which affected how
police services where delivered & investigation
conducted. With improved agricultural methods
gave England increased productivity. Now with
improvement in agriculture led to Industrial
Revolution because it freed people from farm
work to work for city jobs. Population increased
in cities grew, slums grew, crime increased and
disorder became more frequent. Consequently
public demands for government to control crime
grew louder.
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1835 Henry Goddard first successful attempt
to indentify a murderer from a bullet
recovered from the body of a victim.
1913 Professor Balthazard published a atricle
on firearms identification
identification. He noted that the
firing pin, breech block, extractor and ejector
all leave marks on cartridges and these
markings vary among different types of
weapons.
The English Contribution
Agricultural & Industrial Revolutions
Fielding Brothers & Bow Street Runners
London Metropolitan Police
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Small group of volunteers/non-uniformed
homeowners
Established in 1750 by Henry Fielding/called
"Take Thieves"
Hurry to scene of crime and begin
investigation
First modern detective force
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1844 -24 police force in New York
1880 –All major cities had a police force that
used Peel’s Principles
Uniforms accepted after the Civil War
18458 5 New
e York
o C
City
ty 800 o
officer
ce p
plain
a c
clothes
ot es
1857 -20 patrol officers as Detectives &
Rogues gallery
1884 -Chicago first CIB
1886- Chief Detectives Byrnes, Professional
Criminals in America, Mulberry Street
Morning Parade.
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No such thing as perfect crime. Criminals
either take of leave something behind.
Preliminary Investigation
Continuing investigation
R
t
ti
th
i
Reconstructing
the crime
Focusing the investigation
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Myths
Reality
Must possess four personal attributes
Unusual capability fro observation and recall
Knowledge
rules
K
l d off law,
l
l off evidence
id
Power of imagination
Working knowledge of social psychology
Lawfully arrest will bring the case into greater
focus
Officer must know laws of arrest
Reports, documents and exhibits present
orderly to the prosecutor
Corpus Delicti has been established
Defendant can offer an affirmative defense or
attack the case
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1865- US Secret Service
1903 – service responsibility changed
1905- California Bureau of Criminal Identification
& Penn State Police formed
1908- FBI created
1908
1924- J. Edgar Hoover
1935- Congress enacted legislation
1932- Crime lab established service free
1935- National Academy
1967- National Crime Information Center (NCIC)
Highly sought-after
Long period of time
Very competitive
Problems with the role
Lower confidence in the rule of law
Must be able to cultivate
Must sustain the deception
More times under cover problems with drugs
and alcohol
Returning to Patrol
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Used since 1900’s
Measures blood pressure, pulse rate and
breathing rate
Two uses
S
Specific
ifi issuing
i
i
testing
t ti
& Preemployment
P
l
t
screening
At times it may be admitted in court.
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Two testing methods
Restriction fragment length
polymorphism(RFLP)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
d b
1990 DNA IIndex
began b
by FBI
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DNA “Fingerprinting” used is legal case in US
since 1987
Proponents hope this well end the search for
prefect means of personal identification
Deoxyribonucleic acid
The only people who share the same DNA
sequences are identical twins.
Where does DNA come from?
Courts have recognized that DNA profiles are
reliable and objective
Frye standard established in 1932
1993 US Supreme Court set a new standard,
that was Daubert v
v. Merrell Dow
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Three major laboratories
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Mitochondrial DNA
It is a tiny ring-shape molecule that’s smaller
than the more familiar nuclear DNA that
reveals genetic makeup.
Taken from hair bones when little else
remains of the body
1994-Entring DNA profiles into Data base
CODIS Combined DNA Index System
1998- FBI NDIS National DNA Index System
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Criminal Profiling
Analysis the behavior of the perpetrator
within the crime scene.
Types of investigation
P
Psychics
hi and
d Hypnosis
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Forensic Science
Insects were merely a sign of decay.
1668- Link between fly eggs and maggots
discovered in the West.
1855 used
d iin fforensic
i science
i
18551930’s- entomological evidence
Strongest circumstantial evidence is when two
people are seen together.
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Erotomanic- Delusional disorder in which the
victim, usually a person of higher status and
opposite gender is believed to be in love with
the stalker. Victim does not know the stalker
usually last one to four months.
Love Obsessional- stalker does not know the
victim except through the media and has a
psychiatric diagnosis; stalkers usually write
letters make telephone calls in campaign to
make their existence known to the victim.
Last often exceeding ten years.
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Interrogations
Little is known what works for terrorism
Torture and deliberate is cruelty and thought
as lazy and incompetent interrogators
P
People
l change
h
Perhaps different techniques used
Crime of the 1990’s
Fours types
Erotomanic
Love Obsessional
Si
l Obsessional
Ob
i
l
Simple
The false victimization syndrome
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Simple Obsessional- stalker had prior
relationship with the victim, as a former spouse
or employer and the stalking began after the
relationship soured. Last about 5 months
y
The false victimization syndrome-rarest
form, in
which a person claims that someone is stalking
him or her in order to gain attention as victim.
There is no stalker. Similar to Munchausen
syndrome. People intentionally produce physical
symptoms of illness in their children in order to
gain attention.
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Cyber crocks
Pedophiles
Mere possession of photographs
National Center for Missing and Exploited
Child
Children
(NCMEC)
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Must have the right mix of investigators
Case usually over a year old
Highest priority homicide
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