Laboratory Safety
PRELAB EXERCISE: Locate the emergency eye-wash station, safety sho&er,
and fire extinguisher in your laboratory. Check your safety glasses or goggles for
size and transparency. Learn which reactions must be carried out in the hood.
Learn to use your laboratory fire extinguisher; learn how to summon help and how
to put out a clothing fire. Learn first aid procedures for acid and alkali spills on the
skin- Learn how to tell if your laboratory hood is working properly. Learn which
operations under reduced pressure require special precautions. Check to see that
compressed gas cylinders in your lab are firmly fastened to benches or walls. Learn
the procedures for properly disposing of solid and liquid waste in your laboratory.
The organic chemistry laboratory is an excellent place to learn and practice
safety. Common-sense procedures practiced here will also apply to the shop,
kitchen, and studio.
Know the safety rules of your particular laboratory. Know the locations
of emergency eye washes and safety showers. Never eat, drink, or smoke in
the laboratory. Don't work alone. Perform no unauthorized experiments and
don't distract your fellow workers; horseplay has no place in the laborarory.
Eye protection is extremely important. Safety glasses of some type must
be worn at all times. contact lenses should not be worn because reagents can
get under the lens and cause damage to the eye before the lens can be
removed. It is very difficult to remove a contact lens from an eye after a
chemical has splashed into it.
Ordinary prescription eyeglasses don't offer adequate protection. Laboratory safety glasses should be of plastic or tempered glass. if you do not
have them, wear goggles that afford protection from splashes and objects
coming from the side as well as the front. If plastic safety glasses are used.
they should have side shields. (See Fig. 2.1.)
Dress sensibly in the laboratory. wear shoes, not sandals or cloth-top
sneakers. confine long hair and loose clothes. Don't use mouth suction to fill
a pipette, and wash your hands before leaving the laboratory. Don't use an
organic solvent to remove chemicals from skin. This will only hasten the
absorption of the chemical through the skin.
Eye protection
Dress sensibly
Working with Flammable Substances
Relative fiammability
organic solvents
12
of
Flammable substances are the most commonhazard of the organic laboratory' organic chemicals differ greatly in their flammability. Carbon disulÍide
(bp 46'C) can be ignited by the hear from a steam bath; it has an ignirion
rcm
!
yOu
160
cau:
lASt
orgi
exp(
ver\
woi
labc
Fig.
am(
com
alrh
the
not(
atte
Rer.
thus
sink
bee
Sub
one
ope:
one
ina
roll
pre\
fror,
mig
so-c
victl
usel
beer
diox
Fig.
CHAPTER
2
13
LABORATORY SAFETY
FlG. 2.1 SaÍety gogg|es and
safety glasses.
temperature o[ 80"C. Diethyl ether (bp 35"C), the most flammable substance
ty shower,
/oggles for
the hood.
and how
pills on the
earn which
to see that
tralls. Learn
'laboratorY.
!p
nd practice
o the shoP,
locations
)r smoke in
re
'iments and
laboratorY.
r type must
.eagents can
,ens can be
eye after a
;ction. Labyou do not
and objects
ies are used,
or cloth-toP
ruction to fiIl
Don't use an
y hasten the
you will usually work with in this course, has an ignition temperature of
i60"C, which means that placement on a hot plate at that temperature will
of
cause it to burn. For comparison, n-hexane (bp 69'C)' a constituent
points of these three
gasoline. has an ignition temperature of 225'C. The flash
fire if
árguni. liquids-that is, the temperatures at which they will catch
are
three
These
to
from
or
spark-range
-45"C.
-20
exlosed to a flame
difficult
to
not
are
they
you
careful.
if
are
however,
liquids;
very flammable
use
in
the
you
will
liquids
the
all
of
almost
water,
for
Except
*oik *ith.
laboratorY will be flammable.
Bulk solvents shouid be stored in and dispensed from safety cans. (See
Fig. 2.2.) These and other liquids will burn in the presence of the proper
uriount of their flammable vapors, oxygen, and a source of ignition (most
commonly a flame or spark). It is usually difficult to remove oxygen,
although it is possible to stop a fire in a beaker or a flask by simply covering
the vessel with a flat object, thus cutting off the supply of air. Your lab
notebook might do in an emergency. The best solution is to pay close
attention to sources of ignition-open flame, sparks, and hot surfaces.
Remember the vapors of flammable liquids are always heavier than air and
thus will travel aiong bench tops and down drain troughs and will remain in
sinks. For this reason all flames within the vicinity of a flammable liquid must
rbe extinguished. Never heat a flammable substance with an open flame.
Substances that boil below about 95'C can be heated to their boiling points
on a steam bath. Higher temperatures can be obtained safely with eiectrically
operated heating mantles, oil baths, and hot plates. Adequate ventilation is
one of the best ways to prevent flammable vapors from accumulating. Work
in an exhaust hood when manipulating flammable liquids.
Should a person's clothing catch fire, first knock the person down and
' roll him or her over to extinguish the flames. It is extremely important to
I prevent the victim from running or standing because the greatest harm comes
from breathing the hot vapors that rise past the mouth. The safety shower
.., mignt then be used to extinguish glowing cioth that is no longer aflame' The
p., so-called fire blanket should not be used-it tends to funnel flames past the
yis1lm't mouth, and clothing continues to char beneath it. However, it is
.. useful for warding off shock by keeping the victim wann once the fire has
, -been put out.
The organic chemistry laboratory should be equipped with a carbon
,
or dry chemical (monoamn'.o:iuT.Plosphate) fire extinguis,n.:.: f..
Í' 1':"'^d:
Fig.2.3.) To use this type of extinguisher,lift it from its support, pull the ring
FlG.2.2
Solvent safetY can.
Flammable va7ors travel along
bench tops
ii::.
3anic laborabon disulfide
is an ignition
FlG.
2.3
Carbon dioxide
eXtinguisheÍ.
14
ORGANIC EXPERIMENTS
to break the seal, raise the hose, aim it at the base ofthe fire, and squeeze the
handle. Do not hold onto the horn because it will become extremely cold. Do
not replace the extinguisher; report the fact that it has been used so it can be
refilled.
o
exp
or.
When disposing of certain chemicals, be aiert for the possibility of
spontaneous combustion. This may occur in oily rags; organic materials
iidhe
Pre.
cau
the
exposed to Strong oxidizing agents such as nitric acid. perÍnanganate ion, and
peroxides; alkali metals such as sodium; or very finely divided metals such as
zinc dust and platinum
catalysts.
I
;-:
Pe
Working with Hazardous Chemicals
Flammable vapors plus air in
confined space are explosive
If you do not know the properties of a chemical you are working with, it is
wise to regard the chemical as hazardous. Flammability of organic substances poses the most serious hazard in the organic laboratory. A flammable
liquid can often be vaporized to form, with air, a mixture that is explosive in
a confined space. The beginning chemist is sometimes surprised to learn that
in the laboratory one is in much more danger from fires or explosions with
diethyl ether than from accidental anesthesia. The chances ofbeing confined
in a laboratory with a high enough concentration of ether to causE loss of
consciousness are extremely small. A spark in such a room would probably
eradicate the building.
The probability of forming an explosive mixture of volatile organic
liquids with air is much greater than that of producing an explosive solid or
liquid. The chief functional groups that render compounds explosive are rhe
peroxide, acetylide, azide, diazonium, nitroso, nitro, and ozonide groups.
(See Fig. 2.4.) Not all members of these groups are equally sensitive to shock
or heat. You would find it difficult to detonate trinitrotoluene (TNT) in the
laboratory, but nitroglycerine is treacherously explosive. Peroxides present
special probiems which are dealt with below.
You will need to contend with the corrosiveness of many of the reagents
you will handle. The danger here is principally to the eyes. Proper eye
protection is mandatory. Handling concentrated acids and alkalis, dehydrating
agents, and oxidizing agents calls for common-sense care to avoid spills and
splashes and to avoid breathing the often corrosive vapors.
R-O-O-R
Azide
FlG.
2.4
Functional groups
that can be explosive in some
compounds.
''to h
groi
"
grol
.
spol
', espe
;t'.i,i
l,,i
(suc
per(
har',
ben.
and
exn'
and
per(
poin
resi.
is ve
R-C:C-Metal
Peroxide
R_N: N:
Cer
Acetylide
N
R-
NO2
Nitro
o
R/-tR
R-N:O
Nitroso
R_N=N
+
Diazonium salts
o-o
Ozonide
I
Ether
CHAPTER
ueeze the
cold. Do
' it can be
.ibility of
materials
ion. and
e
:ls such as
2
15
LABORATORY SAFETY
Certain organic chemicals present problerirs with acute toxicity from
or repeated
short-duration exposure and chronic toxicity from long-term
contact with the skin,
exposure. Exposure can come about through ingestion,
is being focused on
or, .or, commonly, inhalation. Currently great attention
effect on a
chemicals that are teratogens (chemicals that often have no
(chemicals
mutagens
pregnant woman but cause abnormalities in the fetus),
in
mutations
to
which
can
lead
.uu!i"g changes in the structure of the DNA,
the offspring), and carcinogens (cancer-causing chemicals)'
Peroxides
with, it is
: substan-
iammable
xplosive in
learn that
,sions with
s confined
use loss
of
d probabiY
i1e organic
ive soiid or
sive are the
ide grouPs.
,ve to shock
-NT) in the
so sensitive
certain functional groups can make an organic molecule become
functional
with
these
work
io heut and shock inat it will explode. Chemists
g.oup'onlywhentherearenogoodalternatives.oneo|thesefunctional
insidious because it can form
!r;";', thé peroxide group, is particularly
(See Fig. 2.5.) Ethers.
present.
are
ípon.un"ou'íywhen o*yg.n and light
alcohols
eipecialy cyciic ethe.s and those made from primary or secondary
form
ether)'
diisopropyl
and
ether'
ut tltrahydrofuran, diethyl
i*"tt
that
peroxides. other compounds that form peroxides are aldehydes. alkenes
^have
ailylic hydrogen atoms (such as cyclohexene), compounds having
benzylic hydrogens on a tertiary carbon atom (such as isopropyl benzene)'
and vinyl compounds (such as vinyl acetate). Peroxides are iow-power
explosives but are extremely sensitive to shock, sparks, light, heat. friction,
and impact. The biggest danger from peroxide impurities comes when the
peroxide-forming compound is distilled. The peroxide has a higher boiling
point than the parent compound and remains in the distilling ffask as a
residue that can become overheated and explode. This is one reason why it
is very poor practice to distil anything to dryness'
Ethers form exPlosit'e
peroxides
Detection of Peroxide s:
To a solution of 0.1 g sodium
iodide in 1 mL of glacial acetic
acid, add I mL of the liquid
suspected of containing a
peroxide. If the mixture turns
brown, a high concentration of
peroxide is Present; if it turns
of
-v-ellow, a low concentration
peroxide is Present.
Don.t clistíl to dryness
des present
the reagents
lroper
eYe
dehydrating
id spills and
r-l
\o/
CH;
/CH'
-O_CH
,/\
CH,
CH,
'CH
Tetrahydrofuran
a)
\-2
Cyclohexene
,o. R
)-o
I
)zonide
FlG.
2.5
Diisopropylether
Removal of Peroxides:
Pouring the solvent through a
o
CH,:(11 -O-C-CHr
Vinyl acetate
Some comPounds that form
Peroxides.
Problems with peroxide formation are especiaily critical with ethers'
Ethers form peroxides readily and, because they are frequently used as
column of basic activated
alumina
w i
ll
s
imul t ane ous ly
remove peroxides and drY the
solvent. Do not allow the
column to drlt out while in use.
When the alumina column is
no longer ffictive, wash the
column with 5% aqueous
ferrous sulfate and discard it.
ORGANIC EXPERIMEI.ITS
sorvents, they are often used in
quantity and then removed to
reave the
reaction product. Containers of
dióthyl ..r'..
be
aated
when
opened
and if not used within one month
'r'."iJ
In rh'
sháuld
rni,-ut.'.]u!"":!:.]::ö:''rff
il ,*;;;
ior peroxides.
::nJ:":T"il.:;*iÍ.l-.:-i".:::'jl
decomposes violently if contaminated
'ffi with metals or their sarts.
ljl.g,canc
Working with Corrosive Substances
Handre strong acids, alkalis, dehydrating
agents, and oxidizing agents
Jare_
fully so as to avoid contact witn
"""á
tlre
.v., ;; ; avoid breathing the
corrosive Vapors that attack
'ti"
the respirato.y íu",. Áli srrong
concentrated
acids attack the skin and eyes.
concentrated surfuric acid is both
a dehydrat_
ing agent and a strong aciá and
will.cause
chromic acid (used in cleaning solutions) "..';.;;;.;urns. Nitric acid and
ur,o á-,.luá'bu.,,,. Hydrofluoric
acid is especialry.harfu! causing
deep, painfur,
wounds.
It should be used only after thorough
instruction."Jrr"*-irealing
hydroxides are common bases you
*,,, li.oJlX,;#?;,J,T;,1",1:T"",um
ammonium hydroxide
i, u,.u.i! ;:ff:il:]í'lffi]"í,i: jliil'J'":,x:
mx
1!d !:So,'P,o,, Ca,o, and ::.i;:!"iJ":.:;:*;:ff:''.;..""1,"'Áiri*'í:*::m*
NaoH
to waÍer, not the
skin. Because.they reieaseá
*..", deai of r,.", *I'."..i'.y react with
reverse
they should always be added-to
water'
water rather ttran *aier be
added to them.
Among the strong oxidizing agents
perchroric acid is probably
the most
hazardous' It can form heavf
metat ano
and it can react expíosiu.ty *t,.n ".*-i.'o..chlorates that are
:Jll:''".'
;;;;il
ío'*pouna, are added
shourd one ofthese-substances get
on the skin or in the eyes,
affected area with very large
quun.íl., or water' using the safetywash the
shower
and/or eyewash fountain. (See
Fig. 2.;l;" nor artempr ro
neutralize rhe
reagent chemically. Remove
contaminated clothing
ií".".r'"."'gh washlng can take place. Take care
to wash the reagent r.om
'" ,rna..ir,. nl'g..nuirr.
When you are using very small
quantities-of rh.r;;."g.;;r,
no pu*i"uru.
safety equipment is needed.^".p,.,uÁiv.'*,u,,.,.
Take
care
not to let a
reagent such as sulfuric acid
run áo*n tt,. o.utside of a
bottle
or
flask where
it can come in conracr wT!
rhe n"g.rr.-wifJup spits
immeoiatJv'Jth
damp sponge. Pellets of hydroxiáe
ulr ái'';I". i" ,r*.*li.. ,íö u u..y
from the air and so sh-oulá u.
o,.u uo
*ú"a upl.., qui"t,,.-dil;;
larger quantities of these corrosive
*,.n
'á.,u,n,
chemical
sti l l l a rger q uun ti tr.r, u
s e a race
;;.ji; )!T.il?:"""J[.:i,: i:? #'j!
'""ru, ;;
the corrosive vapors can be avoideá
ü'
"".öi"* out work in a good exhaust
Working with Toxic Substances
Many chemicals have very specific toxic
effects. They interfere with the
body's metabolism in a known *uy.
Éo.!^u,'pt., cyanide ion combines
aflat
spec
;
t+;ixi::
':.
suDs
i---
:
"''.ii.. Íera1
t' are
::i...1
.,
"
b
di..
bipht
mon(
the n
embr
amotl
skin
.
I
subst.
or dri
shoul,
place.
conta
a
goo(
with
r
course
routin
invoh
as ben
you si
workir
you m
would
precau
safety
Using
Moderr
their tin
two pe(
laboratr
the hoo,
be nece:
CHAPTEB
2
17
LABORATORY SAFETY
irreversibly with hemoglobin to form cyanomethemoglobin, which can no
longer carry oxygen. Aniline acts in the same way. Carbon tetrachloride and
some other halogenated compounds cause liver and kidney failure. Carcinogenic and mutagenic substances deserve special attention because of
their long-term insidious effects. The ability of certain carcinogens to cause
cancer is very great; for example, special precautions are needed in handling
that no
aflatoxin B,. In other cases, such as dioxane, the hazard is so low
precautions are needed beyond reasonable care in the laboratory.
'ro leave the
|hen opened
des.
en peroxide.
: skin, and it
i.
special
agents carerreathing the
'oncentrated
ra
dehydrat-
tric acid and
-{ydrofluoric
ring wounds.
on bases you
he eye, and
.ulfuric acid,
powerful
burns to the
.Lre
i with water,
ded to them.
,b1y the most
ites that are
.ls are added
.,es, wash the
.afety shower
reutralize the
irough washfingernails.
no particular
re
not to let
a
rr flask where
:ly with a very
they pick up
women of child-bearing age should be careful when handling any
highly suspect
substance of unknown properties. certain substances are
Among these
fetus.
or
embryo
an
in
abnormalities
teratogens, causing
phenol,
formaldehyde,
nitrobenzene.
aniline,
xylene,
are benzene, toluene,
(DMSO), polychlonnated
dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide
carbon disulfide, carbon
sulfide,
hydrogen
(PCBs),
estradiol,
biphenyls
and
nlono*-id.. nitrites, nitrous oxide, organolead and mercury compounds,
cause
of
known
leading
the
course,
of
thalidomide.
sedative
the notorious
The
alcoholism'
maternal
of
form
in
the
alcohol
is
ethyi
effects
embryotoxic
amount of ethanol vapor inhaled in the laboratory or absorbed through the
skin is so small it is unlikely to have these morbid effects'
It is impossible to avoid handling every known or suspected toxic
substance, so it is wise to know what measures should be taken. Because food
or drink should never be consumed in the laboratory and because nothing
should be deliberately tasted, we will assume that ingestion will not take
place. The two most important measures to be taken then are avoiding skin
contact by wearing protective gloves and avoiding inhalation by working in
a good exhaust hood. Because you have not had previous experience working
with orsanic chemicals, most of the experiments you will carry out in this
'co,r.r. 'iitt not involve the use of known carcinogens, although you wiil work
routinely with flammable, corrosive, and toxic substances. A few experiments
involve the use of substances that are suspected of being carcinogenic, such
as benzene and hydrazine. If you pay proper attention to the rules of safety,
you should find working with these substances no more hazardous than
working with ammonia or nitric acid. The single, short-duration exposure
you might receive from a suspected carcinogen, should an accident occur,
would probably have no long-term consequences. The reason for taking the
precautions noted in each experiment is to learn. from the beginning, good
safety habits.
working with
: gloves; with
,ron. Inhaling
good exhaust
Modern practice dictates that in laboratories where workers spend most of
with the
ion combines
two people. This is often not possible in the beginning organic chemistry
laboratory, however. In this course you will find that for some experiments
the hood must be used and for others it is advisable; in these instances it may
be necessary to schedule experimental work around access to the hoods'
:t-ere
Using the Laboratory Hood
their time working with chemicals there should be one exhaust hood for every
FlG. 2.6 Emergency shower
and eve-wash station.
18
ORGANIC EXPERIMENTS
FlG.2.7
Air flow indicator for
hoods. The indicator should be
permanently mounted in the
hood and should be spinning
whenever the hood is in
ooeration.
Model airplane
propeller
headed pin
Small diameter
-Large
Al'
co1
Íee
'an(
an(
Keep the hood sash closed
The hood offers a number of advantages for work with toxic and
flammable substances. Not only does it draw off the toxic and flammable
fumes, it aiso affords an excellent physical barrier on all four sides of a
reacting system when the sash is pulled down. And should a chemical spill
occur, it is nicely contained within the hood.
It is your responsibility each time you use a hood to be sure that it is
working properly. You shouid find some type of indicating device that will
give you this information on the hood itself. A simple propeller on a cork
works well. (See Fig. 2.7.) The hood is a backup device. Don't írse it to
dispose of chemicals by evaporation. Toxic and flammable fumes should be
trapped or condensed in some way and disposed of in the prescribed manner.
Except when you are actually carrying out manipulations on the experimental apparatus, the sash should be pulied down. The water, gas, and
electrical controls should be on the outside of the hood so it is not necessary
to open the hood to adjust them. The ability of the hood to remove vapors
is greatly enhanced if the apparatus is kept as close to the back of the hood
as possible. Everything should be at least 10cm back from the hood sash.
Chemicals should not be stored permanently in the hood but should
be
removed to ventilated storage areas. If the hood is cluttered with chemicals,
you will not have good, smooth air flow and adequate room for experiments.
Working at Reduced Pressure
FlG,
2.8
Safetv shield.
Whenever a vessel or system is evacuated, there is the danger of implosion
caused by atmospheric pressure on the empty vessel. It makes little difference
whether the vacuum is perfect or just l0mm Hg; the pressure difference is
almost the same (760mm Hg vs. 750mm Hg). An implosion may occur if
there is a star crack in a flask, or if the flask is scratched or etched. So
whenever a vacuum distillation is being carried out, it is good practice to
employ a safety shield (see Fig. 2.8) or to close the sash of the hood. Only with
heavy walled flasks specifically designed for vacuum filtration is the use of a
safety shield ordinarily unnecessary.
Dewar flasks (thermos bottles) are often found in the laboratory without
shielding. They should be wrapped with friction tape or covered with plastic
net to prevent the glass from flying about in case of an implosion. (See
bol
Itt
car
chi
ox)
ger,
.;i;r
shc
:..:ri;,
att,
suf
in
pat
Bo
har
CHAPTER
2
19
LABORATORY SAFETY
wrapped with tape before
Fig.2.g.) similarly, vacuum desiccators should be
being evacuated.
Working with Compressed Gas Cylinders
gas cylinders in this
Although you will not often need to handle compressed
work' Many
advanced
more
gases
in
.ou.t.,lou will be using compressed
reactants
the
that
so
atmosphere
inert
under an
,auation,
';;ii", are carried out react
Nitrogen
air.
in
the
moisture
or
oxygen
with
producrs will not
used. Oxygen is widely used
uná,u.gon are the inert gases most frequently
FlG. 2.9 Dewar flask with
safetv net in Place.
welding.
toxic and
flammable
" sides of a
:emical sPill
re that it is
ice that will
:r on a cork
r't use it to
:s should be
ced manner.
r the exPer:r, gas, and
ot necessary
nove vapors
of the hood
glassblowing and
l"it' "íu reactant and to provide a hot flame for(chapter
5l). Helium
Alkynes
of
coupling
it is used in the oxidative
is the
gases
gas used in gas chromatography (see Chapter l3)' Some other
a
soivent;
as
used
often
"urri".
ammonia,
are
laboratory
."Á*"irv used in the
used in combination with
chlorine, used for chlorination reactions; acetylene'
and low-pressure hydrohighfor
used
hydrogen
oxygen ior welding; and
genation reactions.
Certainrulesapplytoallcompressedgases:Compressedgascylinders
that
should be firmly secured at all times. For temporary use, a clamp
wiil
cylinder
for
the
beit
a
has
and
top
bench
laboratory
attaches to the
cylinders
to
secure
be
used
should
chains
and
Eyebolts
2.10.)
(See
Fig.
suffice.
in permanent installations.
A variety of outlet threads are used on gas cylinders to prevent incompatible gur., f.o.n becoming mixed because of an interchange of connections'
botfr rilnt- and left-handed external and internal threads are used. Lefthanded nuts are notched to differentiate them from right-handed nuts' Right-
'hood sash.
Lt should be
.h chemicals,
experiments.
oí implosion
tle difference
difference is
may occur if
'r etched. So
d practice to
rd. Only with
s the use of a
rtory without
d with plastic
plosion.
(See
FlG. 2.10 Gas cYlinder clamP.
20
ORGANIC EXPERIMENTS
Outlet pressure gauge
Cylinder pressure gauge
i,
Di
.
Toi
i;sub
che
sub
sub
deg
int
Notches
.Wa
indicating
Needle valve
left-hand
thread
F1G.2.12 Gas cvlinder
FlG.2.11
In t,
was
can.
Gas pressure regulator.
sub:
acic
dorr
shor
upr
handed threads are used on nonfuel and oxidizing gases, and left-handed
threads are used on fuel gases, such as hydrogen
cylinders come equipped with caps that should be left in place durins
storage and transporration. These caps can be removed by hand. under thes!
caps is a hand wheel valve. It can be opened by turning the wheel counterclockwise; however, since most compressed gases in full cylinders are under
very high pressure (commonly up to 3000 lbin.2), a pressure regularor must
be attached to the cylinder. This pressure regulator is almost always of the
diaphragm type and has two gauges, one indicating the pressure in the
cylinder, the outer the outlet pressure. (See Fig.2.ll.) on rhe outlet, lowpressure side of the regulator is located a small needle valve and then the
outlet connector. After connecting the regulator to the cylinder, unscrew the
diaphragm valve (turn it counterclockwise) before opening the hand wheel
valve on the top of the cylinder. This valve should be opened only as far as
necessary. For most gas flow rates in the laboratory, this will be a very small
amount. The gas ffow and/or pressure is increased by turning the two-flanged
diaphragm valve clockwrse. when the apparatus is not being used, turn off
the hand wheel valve (clockwise) on the top of the cylinder. Before removing
the regulator from the cylinder, reduce the flow or pressure to zero. cylinders
should never be emptied to zero pressure and left with the valve ooen because
the residual contents will become contaminated with air. Empiy cylinders
should be labeled "empty," capped, and returned to the storage area,
separated from full cyiinders. Gas cylinders should never be dragged or rolled
from place to place but should be fastened into and moved in a cart desisned
for the purpose. (See Fig. 2.12.)
SUCr
ná Í'
r-'
For
hyo
hrl
ma)
rest'
not{
Wat
in
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Ther
non(
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but I
CHAPTER
2
LABORATORY SAFETY
21
Dísposing of Chemica|s in the Laboratory
Today there is an ever increasing awareness of the effects of various waste
substances on our fellow citizens and on the environment. The organic
of these
chemistry laboratory is an ideal place to learn how to dispose of some
of
such
disposal
well
to
the
substances, but the principies apply equally
photo
lab
chemicais,
baths,
substances as paint thinners, acid etching
generated
degreasers, lubricating oils, cleaning fluids, garden chemicals, etc.,
garage.
the
farm,
and
the
shop,
home, the art studio. the machine
inihe
Water-Soluble Liquid Wastes
Inthepastthesanitarysewersystemwasusedtodisposeofmuchlaboratory
to water-soluble
*urr.,io*.uer, this is poor practice and should be limited
substancesthatarenottoxicandaresodiluteaSnottobeflammable.Strong
I range before being poured
acids and bases should be diluted to the pH 3-1
malodorous substances
down the sink. Lachrymators (tear-producing) and
shouldnotbedisposedo|inthesewerSystembecausetheirvaporsmaycome
uf ln ,o-. othei laboratory. Similarly, very toxic water-soluble substances
The incomsuch as cyanide ion should not be disposed of down the drain'
into
account'
taken
patibility of chemicals poured down the dr.ain should be
er can.
:ft-handed
For e*ample , if someone pours sulfide ion into a sink and then acid is added,
hydrogen sulfide gas will be generated. Cyanide ion and acid generate deadly
rrya.og.n cyanide gas. The number of water-soluble organic chemicals that
may legaily be disposed of through the sanitary sewer system is being
..riri.t.d as more is learned about their effects on the environment. Two
notable examples of substances that should not be disposed of in this way are
ace during
nder these
:l counter. are under
ilator must
.ays of the
.rre
in
the
,utlet, lowrd then the
rnscrew the
:.rand wheel
ly as far as
r ver) Small
wo-flanged
cd, turn off
'e removing
r.
,
acetone and 1-butanol.
Water-
I
nsoluble Liquid Wastes
In general, water-insoluble liquid wastes will be various flammable solvents.
There should be at least two labeled containers for their disposai, one for
nonchlorinated and one for chlorinated solvents. (See Fig. 2.13.) The chlorinated solvents call for special disposal measures because they generate
hydrogen chioride on combustion. The solvents for disposal should be free
of solids and reactive substances.
Cylinders
ren because
:y cylinders
.)rage area,
:ed or rolled
irt designed
Solid Wastes
Solid wastes should be placed in appropriately labeled containers for disposal. If these containers are glass bottles, they should be placed in buckets'
It will be the primary responsibility of the instructor to label the containers'
but you too stLould be aware of the problems of mixing incompatible chemicals.
FlG. 2.'t3 Waste disPosal can
22
ORGANIC EXPERIMENTS
Cleaning Up Chemical Spills
Spilled solids should simply be swept up and piaced in the appropriate solid
waste container. This should be done promptly because many solids are
hygroscopic and become difficult if not impossible to sweep up in a short
time . This is particularly true of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
Spilled acids should be neutralized. Use sodium carbonate or, for larger
spills, cement or limestone. For bases use sodium bisulfate. If the spilled
material is very volatile, clear the area and let it evaporate, provided there is
no chance of igniting flammable vapors. Other liquids can be taken up into
such absorbents as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, dry sand, or paper
towels. Be particularly careful in wiping up spills with paper towels. {f a
strong oxidizer is present, the towels can later ignite. Bits of sodium metal will
also cause paper towels to ignite. Sodium metal is best destroyed with n-butyl
alcohol. If the spilled liquid is toxic, then wear gloves when using paper
towels or a sponge to remove the liquid.
Auestions
PR
wil
cyc
Th,
the
.orl
for
sep
(Ft.
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between iodide ion, a
peroxide, and hydrogen ion. What causes the orange or brown color?
eSCi
2. Why does the horn of the carbon dioxide fire extinguisher becdme cold
to!
when the extinguisher is used?
3. Why is water not used to put out most fires in the organic laboratory?
pre
sup
the
ren-
Dis
the
qF,
wal
sup
eq!r
poi
asi
disr
son
mir
sep
tior
eve
tilk'
scoi
of'