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AS
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Unit 2 Humans - their origins and adaptations
Tuesday 7 June 2016
Afternoon
Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have:
 a ruler with millimetre measurements
 a calculator.
Instructions





Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
Answer all questions.
You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box around each
page or on blank pages.
Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked.
Information




The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
The maximum mark for this paper is 80.
You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
You will be marked on your ability to:
– use good English
– organise information clearly
– use accurate scientific terminology.
(JUN16HBIO201)
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HBIO2
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2
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1
Figure 1 shows a homologous pair of human chromosomes.
Figure 1
M
N
1 (a)
Name the structure labelled N.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
1 (b)
M is the locus of a gene on the pair of homologous chromosomes. Despite being the
same gene, the genes on the homologous chromosomes are not identical.
Explain why.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
1 (c) (i)
Give one piece of evidence from Figure 1 that shows the homologous chromosomes
have already undergone DNA replication.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
1 (c) (ii) What is meant by the semi-conservative replication of DNA?
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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2 (a)
What is a species?
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2 (b)
What is meant by reproductive isolation?
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2 (c)
Give two factors that can result in differential survival and reproduction within a species.
[2 marks]
1 ____________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________
2 (d)
Sometimes new alleles arise that can increase an organism’s chance of survival and
reproduction.
How do new alleles arise?
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2 (e)
Some human populations have evolved adaptations of their blood that allow them to live
at high altitude.
Give one adaptation of their blood that allows them to live at high altitude.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6
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3 (a) (i)
Name the genus to which modern humans belong.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
3 (a) (ii) Name one other species in the same genus as modern humans.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
3 (b)
Figure 2 shows stone tools used by different species of hominids.
Figure 2
Group A
Group B
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3 (b) (i)
Give one piece of evidence from Figure 2 that shows the tools in Group A were made
by earlier hominids than the ones who made the tools in Group B.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3 (b) (ii) Describe how the tools in Group B could have been produced.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3 (b) (iii) Suggest one possible use of the tools in Group B.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6
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4
Figure 3 shows a section of DNA.
Figure 3
L
Strand J
T A C T T A G G C A T G A A C
A T G A A T C C G T A C T T G
Strand K
4 (a)
Name the two components that make up the part of Figure 3 labelled L.
[2 marks]
1 ____________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________
4 (b) (i)
RNA is a copied section of DNA.
Give the first six bases in the RNA copied from Strand J in Figure 3.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
4 (b) (ii) What is the maximum number of amino acids that could be coded by the section of DNA
in Figure 3?
[1 mark]
4 (c)
Biologists sequenced the DNA of two species of puffer fish. In the first species, the
biologists found that 17% of the bases were thymine. In the second species, they found
that 23% of the bases were thymine.
Suggest the reason for the difference.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6
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5
In one type of tissue, the mean time for one cell cycle is 24 hours. A student looked at
sections from this tissue and counted the number of cells in each stage of the cell cycle.
Her results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Stage of the cell cycle
Number of cells
Interphase
171
Prophase
68
…………………………
5 (a) (i)
25
Anaphase
14
Telophase
62
Complete Table 1 with the name of the missing stage of the cell cycle.
[1 mark]
5 (a) (ii) The number of cells in each stage is proportional to the time the cells spend in each
stage of the cell cycle.
Assuming that one cell cycle takes 24 hours, calculate the time spent in prophase.
Show your working.
[2 marks]
Answer __________________
5 (b)
Name one thing that happens during interphase that prepares a cell for mitosis.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5 (c)
Describe the function of the spindle fibres in mitosis.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6
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6
There are different factors used to classify people as being overweight or obese.



Body mass index (BMI), where people with a BMI of 25 to 29.9 are classed as
overweight. People with a BMI of over 30 are classed as obese.
A waist circumference much larger than non-overweight people.
A waist-to-hip ratio much higher than non-overweight people.
Different groups of doctors have investigated the association between being overweight
and colon cancer. The doctors presented the results of their investigations as relative
risks. Overweight people’s relative risk of developing colon cancer is their risk compared
with non-overweight people. Non-overweight people have a relative risk of 1.
The doctors’ results can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2
Factor
6 (a)
Relative risk of
colon cancer
Men
Women
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9)
1.25
1.08
Obese (BMI 30+)
1.70
1.09
Large waist circumference
1.67
1.47
High waist-to-hip ratio
1.90
1.48
The doctors presented their results as relative risks.
Explain why.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6 (b)
If doctors could only choose one factor from Table 2 to use as a guide to determine if
their patients are at risk from colon cancer, which one should they choose?
Explain your answer.
[2 marks]
Factor ________________________________________________________________________
Explanation ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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6 (c) (i)
The doctors found that the standard deviations for relative risk for all factors did not
overlap between men and women.
What does this suggest about the effect of not maintaining a healthy weight on the risk
of developing colon cancer in men and women?
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6 (c) (ii) Do the data in Table 2 provide evidence that being overweight causes colon cancer?
Give reasons for your answer.
[3 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8
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7 (a)
Figure 4 shows the increase in the rate of oxygen uptake during and after exercise.
Figure 4
2
Increase
in the rate
of oxygen
uptake
1
3
4
Time
Exercise begins
Exercise ends
Each of the following statements describes part of the graph. Write a number from
Figure 4 in each box that corresponds to each statement.
7 (a) (i)
This represents oxygen used during the breakdown of lactate.
[1 mark]
7 (a) (ii) This shows oxygen uptake at its peak rate.
[1 mark]
7 (a) (iii) This shows oxygen uptake during exercise.
[1 mark]
7 (b)
The medulla in the brain controls breathing rate. It receives nerve impulses from
chemoreceptors.
7 (b) (i)
Name two places in which these chemoreceptors are found.
[2 marks]
1 ____________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________
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7 (b) (ii) In areas of high altitude, such as mountains, there is less oxygen in the air. When
humans climb in areas of high altitude, chemoreceptors cause an increase in breathing
rate. Suggest how.
[3 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8
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8
Hookworms are parasitic worms that live in the small intestine of humans. Humans can
become infected by walking on soil or faeces containing hookworm larvae. The larvae
are too small to be visible in the soil.
The life cycle of the hookworm can be seen in Figure 5.
Figure 5
Larvae penetrate
the skin
The larvae are
carried through
the veins to the
heart and then
to the lungs
Larvae grow
in faeces or
soil
Larvae
hatch
Eggs are
passed out
in faeces
Larvae reach the
small intestine,
mature into adult
worms and attach
to the wall of the
small intestine.
They release eggs
into the intestine.
8 (a)
Label Figure 5 with a letter Q at a point on the life cycle in which infection occurs.
[1 mark]
8 (b)
When a larva reaches the lungs, it is able to leave the blood and move into an alveolus.
Describe how the larva gets from the lungs to the small intestine.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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8 (c)
Suggest how a doctor can use a sample of a person’s faeces to determine whether that
person is infected with hookworms.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8 (d) (i)
Adult hookworms have hooks at the front end of their bodies.
Suggest what they use these hooks for.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8 (d) (ii) When the hookworms infect the small intestine, the infected human may
start to lose blood.
Suggest what might cause this blood loss.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8 (d) (iii) Female hookworms can lay up to 30 000 eggs per day and up to 54 million eggs during
their lifetime.
Suggest the advantage of this.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8
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9
An ecologist in Italy investigated the effect on biodiversity of merging small farms into
medium-sized farms and then into large farms.
Her results are shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6
40
Key
Small farms
Medium-sized
farms
Large farms
30
Standard
deviation
Mean
number
of species 20
per field
10
0
Plants
Grasshoppers
Butterflies
Group of organisms
9 (a) (i)
Describe the pattern shown for the number of species of butterflies in Figure 6 and
suggest a reason for it.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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9 (a) (ii) The ratio of the number of species of plants to butterflies for large farms in
Figure 6 is 1.67:1
Calculate the ratio of the number of species of plants to butterflies for small farms in
Figure 6.
[1 mark]
Ratio = __________________
9 (a) (iii) A conservationist who saw these data suggested that governments should pay farmers
not to merge small farms into larger farms.
Do you agree with this suggestion? Give reasons for your answer.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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9 (b)
Another ecologist investigated the relationship between the number of times hay
meadows were cut each year and biodiversity. His results are shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7
60
= one hay meadow
50
40
Total number
of species
per meadow
30
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
Number of times each hay
meadow was cut in a year
9 (b) (i)
What do the data in Figure 7 suggest about the relationship between the number of
times a hay meadow is cut in a year and the total number of species?
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9 (b) (ii) Suggest and explain one reason why farmers might want to increase the number of
times they cut hay meadows in a year.
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8
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10
Read the following passage.
DNA analysis can be used to help understand the effect of natural selection on
European humans. Anthropologists analysed DNA from the skeletons of 20
European humans that lived 5000 years ago. They found evidence from this DNA
that early European humans had darker skin, hair, and eye pigmentation compared
with modern European humans.
In Africa, where humans originated, natural selection had favoured darker skin in
humans. As humans migrated into more northerly latitudes, natural selection
favoured lighter skin pigmentation. However, some humans that lived in coastal
regions at very northern latitudes, such as those native to Greenland, have retained
darker skin. Hair and eye pigmentation have also become lighter over the last
5000 years in northern European humans. The anthropologists believe this is not
due to natural selection as an adaptation to the northern latitude, but is due to
sexual selection.
As humans migrated into northern Europe, the biggest cultural change was from
hunter-gathering to farming. Geneticists analysed DNA from the skeletons of 11
Scandinavians who lived 5000 years ago. Four skeletons were found at an early
farming settlement site, and seven were found at a coastal hunter-gatherer site.
Through DNA analysis of the two distinct populations, the geneticists have shown
that farmers migrating north incorporated the hunter-gatherers into their culture.
The hunter-gatherers’ DNA also showed a lower variety of alleles than the
farmers’ DNA.
5
10
15
20
Use information from the passage and your own knowledge to answer the questions.
10 (a)
What data would the scientists have recorded in their analysis of DNA
(lines 2, 3 and 15)?
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10 (b)
Other than evidence from DNA analysis, suggest two types of evidence that could be
used to show natural selection of humans has occurred.
[2 marks]
1 ____________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________
10 (c) (i)
In Africa, where humans originated, natural selection had favoured darker skin in
humans (lines 6–7).
Give one advantage of having darker skin.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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10 (c) (ii) As humans migrated into more northerly latitudes, natural selection favoured lighter skin
pigmentation (lines 7–8).
Suggest one explanation why.
[3 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10 (c) (iii) Some humans living in coastal regions at very northern latitudes have retained darker
skin (lines 8–10).
Suggest one reason why dark skin is not disadvantageous for these people.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10 (d)
Anthropologists believe that lighter hair and lighter eye pigmentation is a result of sexual
selection (lines 11–13).
Suggest what is meant by sexual selection.
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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10 (e) (i)
As humans migrated into northern Europe, the biggest cultural change was from
hunter-gathering to farming, with farmers incorporating the hunter-gatherers into their
culture. (lines 14–15 and 18–19).
Outline the advantages of farming compared with hunter-gathering.
[6 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10 (e) (ii) The hunter-gatherers’ DNA showed a lower variety of alleles than the farmers’ DNA.
Suggest why hunter-gatherers had a low variety of alleles (lines 20–21).
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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10 (e) (iii) A student considering all of the information contained in the passage suggested that it
could not be used to provide evidence for the theory of evolution.
Give three reasons why the student made this suggestion.
[3 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
20
END OF QUESTIONS
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Copyright Information
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booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is available
for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and
AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House,
Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
Copyright © 2016 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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