R̥ g-Veda I.1.1
( 9)
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1
(®….1, +x…÷.1)
n‰˘¥…i…… + FÊ&
UÙxn˘& M……™…j…“
$ +º FÊ®…“ ≥‰˝ {…÷ΩÆ˙…‰ Ω»˛i…∆ ™…ºY…∫™…» n‰º˘¥…®…fiΩŒi¥…V…»®…¬
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∫… x…»& {…ºi…‰¥…» ∫…⁄Ωx…¥…‰%Fʉ ∫…⁄{……™…ºx……‰ ¶…»¥…
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∫… n‰º˘¥……ƒ BΩ˛ ¥…»I… i…
™…º∂…∫…∆ ¥…º“Æ˙¥…»k…®…®…¬
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x…®…º…‰ ¶…Æ»˙xi…º B®…» ∫…
¥…v…« ®……x…∆º ∫¥…‰ n˘®…‰ ∫…S…»∫¥…… x…& ∫¥…º∫i…™…‰ 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
I magnify Agni the domestic priest,2the divine ministrant of the sacri!ce,
the invoker, best bestower of treasure …
Transliteration
1.001.01a
1.001.01c
1.001.02a
1.001.02c
1.001.03a
1.001.03c
1.001.04a
1.001.04c
1.001.05a
1.001.05c
1.001.06a
1.001.06c
1.001.07a
1.001.07c
1.001.08a
1.001.08c
1.001.09a
1.001.09c
agnim ÁËe purohitaÎ yajÈasya devam Ãtvijam |
hotÀraÎ ratnadhÀtamam ||
agniÏ pÂrvebhir ÃÍibhir ÁËyo nÂtanair uta |
sa devÀÙ eha vakÍati ||
agninÀ rayim aÌnavat poÍam eva dive-dive |
yaÌasaÎ vÁravattamam ||
agne yaÎ yajÈam adhvaraÎ viÌvataÏ paribhÂr asi |
sa id deveÍu gachati ||
agnir hotÀ kavikratuÏ satyaÌ citraÌravastamaÏ |
devo devebhir À gamat ||
yad aÇga dÀÌuÍe tvam agne bhadraÎ kariÍyasi |
tavet tat satyam aÇgiraÏ ||
upa tvÀgne dive-dive doÍÀvastar dhiyÀ vayam |
namo bharanta emasi ||
rÀjantam adhvarÀÉÀÎ gopÀm Ãtasya dÁdivim |
vardhamÀnaÎ sve dame ||
sa naÏ piteva sÂnave 'gne sÂpÀyano bhava |
sacasvÀ naÏ svastaye ||
page 2
Pada Text
•
When Sanskrit words are put together in sentences there are often changes in
the sounds at the beginnings and ends of the words owing to their contact
across word-boundaries.
•
The phonological changes are called sandhi ‘joining’.
Some rules of sandhi
1. i, u → y, v before vowel
2. a → Ø after a long vowel
•
In order to ensure that the Vedas were transmitted without any errors, the
brahmins memorized not only the Veda in the version called saṃhitā (as it
was pronounced with sandhi), but also a second type of text, the padā text, in
which each word is pronounced separately.
Agním īḷe purṓhitaṃ
yajñásya devám r̥tvijaṃ
hṓtāraṃ ratnadhāt́ amaṃ
Agni-ACC magnify-1sg house-priest-ACC
sacri!ce-GEN divine-ACC ministrant-ACC
invoker-ACC treasure-giver-ACC
Agním | īḷe | puráḥ | hitam | yajñásya | devám | r̥tvíjam |
hṓtāraṃ | ratna |dhāt́ aman
page 3
Vedic Meter
The Vedas are written in various poetic meters, which require
particular patterns of heavy versus light syllables.
A light syllable is one with a short vowel and no coda.
A heavy syllable is any other type.
Onsets (segments preceding the syllable’s sonority peak) are
irrelevant for calculating syllable weight.
Gayatrī meter
xxxx| ⏑—⏑x
3 times
Often a line is metrical only when the sandhi is ‘undone’.
This suggests that the poems were !rst composed before the
sandhi rules became part of the grammar of Vedic Sanskrit.
page 4
R̥ g-Veda 6.54.5
Pūṣā́ gā́ ánvetu naḥ
Pūṣā́ rakṣatvárvataḥ
Pūṣā́ vāj́ aṃ sanōtu naḥ
Let Pushan go after our cows;
Let Pushan protect our horses;
Let Pushan gain booty for us.
The !rst two lines are not metrical in the Gayatrī meter unless the sandhi is
‘undone’:
One rule of sandhi:
{i, u} → {y, v} before a vowel
—— — ⏑ ⏑ —⏑ —
Pūṣā́ | gā́ | ánu | ētu | naḥ
—— —⏑ ⏑ —⏑ —
Pūṣā́ | rakṣatu | árvataḥ
Pushan, solar deity