Water And The Major Minerals
Water And The Body Fluids
Functions of water:
• Transport
• Structural support for molecules
• Participates in metabolic reactions
• Solvent
• Lubricant
• Body temperature regulation
• Maintains blood volume
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Water And The Body Fluids
• Water balance and recommended intakes
• Intracellular fluid
• Extracellular fluid
• Interstitial fluid
One Cell
And Its
Associated
Fluids
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Water And The Body Fluids
• Water balance and recommended
intakes
• Water intake
• Dehydration
• Water intoxication
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Water And The Body Fluids
• Water balance and recommended
intakes
• Water sources
• Water losses
• Water recommendations (2 – 3 L)
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Water
• Water balance and recommended
intakes
• Health effects of water
• Hard water vs. soft water
• Bottled water
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Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
• Electrolytes attract water
• Water follows electrolytes
• Solutes
• Osmosis
• Osmotic pressure
Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
• Proteins regulate flow of fluids and ions
• Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
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Fluid And Electrolyte Imbalance
• Sodium and chloride most easily lost
• Different solutes lost by different routes
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Acid-Base Balance
• pH
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Acid-Base Balance
• Regulation by the buffers
• Bicarbonate
• Carbonic acid
• Regulation by the lungs
• Regulation by the kidneys
The Minerals - An Overview
• Inorganic elements
• The body’s handling of minerals
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Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
• Dissociation of salt in water
• Ions
• Cations
• Anions
• Electrolyte solution
The Minerals - An Overview
• Variable bioavailability
• Binders
• Phytates
• Oxalates
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The Minerals - An Overview
• Nutrient interactions
Sodium
• Roles in the body
• Principal extracellular cation
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Sodium
• Hypertension
• Salt sensitivity
• Osteoporosis
• Foods
Sodium
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Sodium: In Summary
• Estimated minimum requirement for
adults:
500 mg/day
• Chief functions in the body
• Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte
balance
• Assists in nerve impulse transmission
and muscle contraction
Sodium: In Summary
• Significant source
• Table salt, soy sauce
• Moderate amounts in meats,
milks, breads, and vegetables
• Large amounts in processed foods
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Potassium
• Principal intracellular cation
• Estimated minimum requirement for
adults:
2000 mg/day
Potassium - Function
Chief functions in the body
• Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte
balance
• Facilitates many reactions
• Supports cell integrity
• Assists in nerve impulse transmission
and muscle contractions
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Potassium - Sources
Significant sources
• All whole foods
• Meats
• Milk and milk
products
• Fruits
• Vegetables
• Grains
• Legumes
Calcium
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Calcium - Intake
• Adequate intake (AI)
• Adults 19-50 years: 100 mg/day
• Adults 51 and older:
1200 mg/day
• Upper level for adults:
2500 mg/day
Calcium - Functions
Chief functions in the body
• Mineralization of bones and teeth
• Involved in muscle contraction and
relaxation, nerve functioning, blood
clotting
• Blood pressure, immune defenses
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Calcium - Sources
Significant sources
• Milk and milk
products
• Small fish (with
bones)
• Tofu (bean curd)
• Green vegetables
(broccoli)
• Legumes
Phosphorus - Doses and Sources
• RDA for adults:
700 mg/day
• Upper level for adults (19-70 years):
4000 mg/day
• Sources similar to calcium
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Phosphorus - Function
Chief functions in the body
• Mineralization of bones and
teeth
• Part of every cell
• Important in genetic material,
part of phospholipids
• Used in energy transfer and in
buffer systems that maintain
acid-base balance
Magnesium - Doses
• RDA
• Men (19-30 years): 400 mg/day
• Women (19-30 years): 310 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 350 mg nonfood
magnesium/day
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Magnesium - Function
Chief functions in the body
• Bone mineralization,
• Building of protein,
• Enzyme action,
• Normal muscle contraction,
• Nerve impulse transmission,
• Maintenance of teeth and bones
• Functioning of immune system
Magnesium - Sources
• Significant sources
• Nuts, legumes
• Whole grains
• Dark green vegetables
• Seafood
• Chocolate, cocoa
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Osteoporosis and Calcium
Healthy vs. Osteoporotic Bones
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Osteoporosis And Calcium
Osteoporosis And Calcium
• Age and gender
• Ethnicity and genetic
factor (Caucasian,
Asian, Hispanic)
• Physical activity
• Body weight (normal
BMI below 30)
• Diet
• Smoking and alcohol
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