Flora and Fauna Assessment
AECOM
Area C contains a small stormwater pond surrounded by a few scattered eucalypts such as Forest Red Gum and
an understorey of native grasses such as Kangaroo Grass. Some common native species within this area include
Bottlebrush (Callistemon sp.) and Bracelet Honeymyrtle (Melaleuca armillaris).
Area D is located in a highly modified area comprised of hard stand areas, stockpiles, pathways and fill material.
The area is primarily cleared of canopy trees with ground cover comprised of exotic grasses such as Couch Grass
(Cynodon dactylon), Pigeon Grass (Setaria gracilis), African Lovegrass (Eragrostis.curvula), Rhodes Grass
(Chloris gayana) and Paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum). Other exotic groundcover species include Plantain
(Plantago lanceolata), Red-flowered Marrow (Modiola caroliniana), Wild Turnip (Brassica rapa) Purple Top
(Verbena bonariensis), Cobbler’s Pegs (Bidens pilosa) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).
The few native species that occur in this area include native grasses such as Red-leg Grass (Bothriocloa macra)
and Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis) and a few scattered eucalypts. These include Thin-leaved Stringybark
(Eucalyptus eugenioides) and White Stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea).
Area E is also comprised of scattered eucalypts such as Grey Gum and Stringybarks, with native understorey
shrubs such as Bracelet Honeymyrtle. The dominant exotic shrub species within this area include Broad-leaf
Privet and exotic grasses dominate the understorey layers. Native grasses that occur include Kangaroo Grass.
Area F: An existing access path runs through area F and continues south through the study area. A vegetated
mound is apparently part of a previously bunded area on the eastern side of the pathway and is largely covered
by exotic grass species such as Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) and Rhodes Grass. Dense patches of exotic
shrub species such as Large-leaf Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster glaucophyllus var. serotinus) and Broad-leaf Privet
(Ligustrum lucidum) align either side of the pathway. The few native species that persist include Narrow-leaved
Geebung (Persoonia linearis), Bracelet Honeymyrtle (Melaleuca armillaris), Narrow-leaved Bottlebrush
(Callistemon linearis), Wallaby Grass (Austrodanthonia tenuior) and Basket Grass (Oplismenus sp.). Scattered
canopy trees that occur along the eastern side of the pathway include Grey Gum, Thin-leaved Stringybark and
White Stringybark.
Beyond the bund (eastwards) is a deep excavated area historically used for the placement of spoil material from
Boral Cement and is largely clear of native vegetation. Exotic species such as Castor Oil (Ricinus communis),
Fennel and Rhodes Grass are scattered throughout.
A small constructed drainage channel is located along the western side of the pathway, adjacent to a wire mesh
fence. Native species located along the drainage channel include Blady Grass (Imperata cylindrica), Saw Sedge
(Gahnia sp.) and Blue Flax Lily (Dianella caerula spp. producta). A steel pipeline is located within the drainage
channel and is elevated above the channel on precast footings. Exotic species located along the western side of
the pathway between the channel and fenceline include Moth Vine (Araujia sericifera), Blackberry (Rubus
fruiticosus) and African Boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum).
In the southern region of area F, exotic species include Cotton Bush (Gomphocarpus fruticosus), Fennel and
dense thickets of Broad-leaf Privet.
4.3.1
Vegetation Communities
Two vegetation communities have been mapped by DECCW (2009) as occurring within and adjacent to the study
area (Figure 2):


Shale/Sandstone Transition Forest.
River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains.
Existing vegetation mapping (DECCW, 2009a) for the area has limitations in its assessment at a local scale due
to a number of factors. These include inconsistencies in map units from region to region and line work that was
often compiled at larger spatial scales than the published map (DECCW, 2009a).
The study area is largely clear of native vegetation with only a few scattered eucalypts occurring around hard
stand areas. These areas have been mapped as having less than 10% canopy cover (NPWS, 2009).
The condition of vegetation communities within the study area is highly modified due to previous land clearing with
a high occurrence of weed infestations in the understorey layers. Larger areas of remnant native vegetation do
however occur adjacent to the study area. The most significant of these is located beyond the southern boundary
adjacent to the Nepean River (Figure 2).
9
¯
re
e
k
!
e
Ston
r
qua
ry
C
Pic
ton
ver
d
Roa
!
!
Ne
pe
Ri
an
Maldon Bridge R oa d
!
!
! !
!!
!
Boral Cement Property
Cumberland Plain Woodland
!
Phascolarctos cinereus
Moist Shale Woodland
!
Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora
Shale/Sandstone Transition Forest
!
Persoonia bargoensis
Sydney Coastal River Flat Forest
Unclassified
Species recorded within 1 km of location identified in this figure
(Denaturing Specifications for Sensitive Species records (DECCW 2009))
Threatened Flora and Fauna
Source: DECCW (2009)
0
125
250
500
m
DEC 2010
60142623
Fig.
2
¯
Picton Ro
ad
Maldon Bridge Road / Picton Road
Intersection Upgrade
Level Crossing
Ma
in
So
ut
he
Ma
rn
Ra
ldo
ilw
ay
Road
ridge
n B
Boral Cement Plant
Unloading facility
St
on
eq
Conveyor
ua
rry
7400T stockpiles
Creek
Transfer stockpile
200T stockpiles
Offices, amenities and parking area
Sediment basin
Truck parking area
Wheel wash
Water tank
Weighbridge
Front end loader parking and maintenance area
Bioretention basin
Stormwater pond
Extension of rail siding
!
Extent of earthworks
Bioretention and sediment basin
Ne
!
Boral Cement Property
Cumberland Plain Woodland
Existing Rail Siding
Moist Shale Woodland
Small-flower Grevillea
Shale/Sandstone Transition Forest
Sydney Coastal River Flat Forest
Unclassified
pean Riv
er
Threatened Flora and Fauna and Development Footprint
Source: DECCW (2009)
0
50
100
200
m
DEC 2010
60142623
Fig.
3
Flora and Fauna Assessment
AECOM
A description of the vegetation communities within the study area is described in further detail below.
4.3.1.1
Shale Sandstone Transition Forest
The eastern, western and south western boundaries of the study area are mapped as Shale Sandstone Transition
Forest in the Sydney basin bioregion (DECCW, 2009a). This community is listed as an endangered ecological
community (EEC) under the TSC Act and EPBC Act (Figure 2 and 3).
Shale Sandstone Transition Forest occurs at the edges of the Cumberland Plain where shale rock and clay soils
gradually change to sandstone (NPWS, 2004). Where shale substrates deepen and there is a lower sandstone
influence, it is common that the community will grade into Cumberland Plain Woodland (DECCW, 2009a)
Components of this community include Cumberland Shale Sandstone Ironbark Forest (S_GW04) and Hinterland
Transition Grey Gum Ironbark Forest (S_DSF 18) (DECCW, 2009a).
Cumberland Shale Sandstone Ironbark Forest is described in Tozer et al. (2006) as Cumberland Shale Transition
Forest (GW p2). This vegetation type is found on the edges of the Cumberland Plain where one or two species of
ironbarks (E. crebra and E. fibrosa) are present in the canopy layer along with Grey Gum and Red Bloodwood
(DECCW, 2009a).
Shale Sandstone Transition Forest (with a low sandstone influence) is described by Tozer et al. (2006) as being a
moderately tall eucalypt forest with a mixed understorey of sclerophyll shrubs and grasses. Characteristic canopy
species include Forest Red Gum, Grey Gum, Narrow-leaved and / or Broad-leaved Ironbarks, and Thin-leaved
and / or White Stringybarks (NPWS, 2004). A small tree stratum is usually present and dominated by shrubs such
as Blackthorn (Bursaria spinosa) with Black She-oak (Allocasuarina littoralis) and Sydney Green Wattle (Acacia
decurrens) sometimes present. Native grasses include Kangaroo Grass and Hedgehog Grass (Echinopogon
ovatus) (Tozer et al. 2006).
The Scientific Committee final determination on Shale Sandstone Transition Forest lists characteristic tree
species as; Grey Gum, Red Mahogany (Eucalyptus resinifera), and one of the stringybarks (E. globoidea, E.
eugenoides, E. sparsifolia and E. agglomerata). One or more ironbarks (E. fibrosa, E. crebra and E. paniculata)
may be locally important (NSW Scientific Committee, 1998).
The vegetation within the study area contains only few specimens of Grey Gum, and Forest Red Gum. Scattered
ironbark species also occur within the areas to be impacted. From the assemblage of understorey species listed
by the NSW Scientific Committee, only Kangaroo Grass occurs within the areas requiring clearing.
Approximately 161 ha of Shale Sandstone Transition Forest community is mapped as occurring within a 1.5 km
radius of the study area. Approximately 30 ha of this vegetation community is mapped within the Boral Cement
boundary.
These areas are outlined in Figure 2 and have been mapped by NPWS (2009) as ‘severely disturbed’ forest.
‘Severely disturbed’” means that “over 75 % of all assessed polygons have more than 10% of their area impacted
by some form of disturbance or over 10% are disturbed severely with more than 70% of their area affected by
disturbance” (DECCW, 2009a).
4.3.1.2
River-Flat Eucalypt Forest
River-Flat Eucalypt Forest is listed as an EEC under the TSC Act. This community is located along the western
boundary of the study area, aligning the banks of a tributary of the Nepean River.
River-Flat Eucalypt Forest occurs on flats, drainage lines and river terraces of coastal floodplains where flooding
is periodic (DECC, 2007). It is a tall mixed open forest to woodland area and is comprised of either a mixed or
single species eucalypt tree layer (including Angophora spp.), with few Black She-oak or Swamp Mahogany
(Eucalyptus robusta) (DECC, 2007).
Dominant canopy trees include Forest Red Gum, Cabbage Gum (E. amplifolia), Rough-barked Apple (Angophora
floribunda) and Bangalay (E. botryoides). On the Hawkesbury Nepean floodplain, the threatened species Camden
White Gum (E. benthamii) may also occur (DECC, 2007).
4.3.2
Endangered Flora Populations
The Atlas of NSW Wildlife data search identified no endangered populations of flora species listed under the TSC
Act that may potentially occur within 10 km of the study area.
12
Flora and Fauna Assessment
4.3.3
AECOM
Threatened Flora
The database searches revealed 17 threatened flora species of interest. Six of these have been previously
recorded (DECCW, 2010c) and the remainder are predicted to potentially occur within a 10 km radius of the study
area (the search area). The likelihoods of occurrence of these species in the study area is assessed in
Appendix B. These assessments are based upon an analysis for each species of previous records in the search
area, distribution and habitat preferences. Two species were assessed as having a moderate to high likelihood of
occurring (Table 1). Potential impacts on these two species from the proposed development are assessed in
Section 5.
Table 1
Threatened flora species with a moderate to high likelihood of occurrence within 10 km of the study area
Scientific Name
Common Name
Type of
species
TSC Act
Status
EPBC Act
Status
Likelihood of
Occurrence
Grevillea parviflora ssp.
parviflora
Small-flowered
Grevillea
Shrub
V
V
High (previously
recorded).
Persoonia bargoensis
Bargo Geebung
Shrub
E
V
Moderate
V = Vulnerable, E = Endangered,
4.3.4
Introduced Flora
4.3.4.1
Noxious Weeds
Four weed species listed as noxious within the Wollondilly LGA were recorded within the study area (Table 2).
Weeds that are declared noxious are those weeds that have potential to cause harm to the community and
individuals, can be controlled by reasonable means and most importantly, have the potential to spread within an
area and to other areas (DPI 2005a).
Table 2
Control Requirements for Noxious Weeds recorded in the study site
Scientific Name
Common
Name
Control
Class
Control Requirement
Cortaderia species
Pampas
Grass
3
The plant must be fully and continuously suppressed and
destroyed.
Ligustrum lucidum
Privet (Broadleaf)
4
The growth and spread of the plant must be controlled
according to the measures specified in a management
plan published by the local control authority and the plant
may not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed.
Lycium ferocissimum
African
Boxthorn
4
The growth and spread of the plant must be controlled
according to the measures specified in a management
plan published by the local control authority and the plant
may not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed.
Rubus fruiticosus
aggregate species
Blackberry
4
The growth and spread of the plant must be controlled
according to the measures specified in a management
plan published by the local control authority and the plant
may not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed.
4.3.4.2
Environmental Weeds
A number of weed species which cause harm to the environment, but are not listed as noxious in the Wollondilly
LCA, were also recorded in the study area. These species include but are not limited to:




African Lovegrass Eragrostis curvula
Cotoneaster Cotoneaster glaucophyllus var. serotinus
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
Castor Oil (Ricinus communis).
13
Flora and Fauna Assessment
4.4
Fauna
4.4.1
Fauna Habitats
4.4.1.1
Disturbed Areas
AECOM
Fauna habitat on the site is degraded due to the disturbed nature of the environment as a result of previous and
current land use practices.
The only fauna species likely to be resident on the site are exotic species and native species that are capable of
utilising disturbed and fragmented habitat. Exotic species such as foxes, rabbits and exotic rodents are likely to
inhabit the site as well as common native species including birds such as Australian Magpies (Cracticus tibicen)
and Noisy Miners (Manorina melanocephala), frogs such as the Eastern Common Froglet (Crinia signifera) and
Striped Marsh Frog (Limnodynastes peronii). Other common mobile native fauna may use the site on a transient
basis. None of these native species are of conservation concern.
As key habitat features such as tree hollows, fallen timber and rock outcrops are absent, combined with the
limited plant species diversity, it is unlikely that threatened fauna species will be resident on the site. However, a
nd
meeting on the 22 July, 2010, with the Maldon Cement Works Community Liaison Committee revealed that
microbats are currently roosting in one of the cement plant buildings within the study area. As the species of
microbat is unconfirmed, it cannot be ascertained whether this species is listed as threatened under the TSC Act
or EPBC Act, however it is unlikely that this colony will be impacted by the proposed development as discussed in
following sections.
4.4.1.2
Forested Areas
The vegetation communities within the study area are highly fragmented with low species diversity. The shrub
layer of the fenced patch of vegetation to the south of the proposed weighbridge and east of Maldon Bridge Road,
has been largely removed, hence cover and foraging areas for small to medium sized mammals and small birds is
reduced. Exotic shrub species in the understorey layers along the existing pathway may provide potential cover
and habitat for small, opportunistic birds and mammals. Small patches of vegetation occur along the boundaries
of the existing cement plant, but populations of fauna species with large home ranges (e.g. Spotted-tailed Quoll
Dasyurus maculatus, Koala and Powerful Owl Ninox strenua) are unlikely to persist in this environment. This is
due to the relatively small size of the patch of vegetation that is located within the study area and its isolation. The
isolation of the patch of vegetation to the south of the proposed weighbridge from other forested areas also limits
its potential as habitat for less mobile fauna species.
Larger and more intact forested areas are located beyond the southern Boral Cement boundary and these provide
nectar and potential food for a variety of fauna species. A variety of bird species are likely to use these areas for
nesting, roosting and as a movement corridor.
4.4.1.3
Aquatic Habitats
The drainage system within the study area has been artificially created and includes either excavated earth drains
or concrete lined channels and underground pipes. Many of the exposed drains are dominated by exotic species
such as African Lovegrass and Fennel. The drainage channel located along the western edge of the existing
pathway which runs in a north south direction through the centre of the proposed stockpile area, also comprises
common, disturbance tolerant species and is dominated by exotic species.
Within the study area, the ground slopes gently down towards the south and east. An existing storm water pond is
located east of the proposed truck turning area and comprises a small patch of Bullrushes. This storm water pond
will need to be removed to accommodate the proposed stockpile area and will be replaced with new storm water
management infrastructure.
The Nepean River is located along the southern boundary of the existing Maldon cement plant and is lined by
riparian vegetation mapped as River-flat Eucalypt Forest, Shale/Sandstone Transition Forest and unclassified
vegetation communities (DECCW, 2009; Figure 2). Stonequarry Creek is located to the west of the study area,
whilst an unnamed tributary of the Nepean River is located along the eastern boundary of the Boral Cement plant.
4.4.1.4
Wildlife Corridors
There are no wildlife corridors mapped as occurring within the study area. A regional fauna corridor runs to the
south of the site along the Nepean River, some distance south of the development footprint and outside of the
study area.
14
Flora and Fauna Assessment
4.4.1.5
AECOM
SEPP 44 Koala Habitat
The patch of vegetation located in the southern section of the study area (south of the proposed weighbridge)
contains less than 15% cover of Forest Red Gum and Grey Gum. The total canopy cover is only about 10%.
Therefore, patches of this vegetation do not meet the definition of core Koala habitat in SEPP 44.
4.4.2
Endangered Fauna Populations
The Atlas of NSW Wildlife data search identified no endangered populations of fauna species listed under the
TSC Act that may potentially occur within 10 km of the study area.
4.4.3
Threatened Fauna
The database searches revealed 26 threatened fauna species of interest. Fourteen of these have been previously
recorded (DECCW, 2010c) and the remainder are predicted to potentially occur within a 10 km radius of the study
area (the search area). The likelihoods of occurrence of these species in the study area are assessed in
Appendix B. These assessments are based upon an analysis for each species, of previous records in the search
area, distribution and habitat preferences. Five species were assessed as having a moderate to high likelihood of
occurring (Table 3). Potential impacts on these five species from the proposed development are assessed in
Section 5.4.4.
Table 3
Threatened fauna species with a moderate to high likelihood of occurrence within 10 km of the study area
Common Name
Scientific Name
Type of
species
TSC
Act
Status*
EPBC
Act
Status*
Likelihood of
Occurrence
Gang-gang Cockatoo
Callocephalon fimbriatum
Bird
V
-
Moderate
Little Eagle
Hieraaetus morphnoides
Bird
V
-
Moderate
Koala
Phascolarctos cinereus
Mammal
V
-
High (previously
recorded)
Grey-headed Flying-fox
Pteropus poliocephalus
Mammal
V
V
High
Cumberland Land Snail
Meridolum corneovirens
Mollusc
E
-
Moderate-High
* V = Vulnerable, E = Endangered, - = Not listed
4.4.4
Migratory and Marine bird species listed under the EPBC Act
The EPBC Protected Matters database search revealed 13 Migratory and / or Marine bird species that might
potentially occur in the study area:













Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis
Cattle Egret Ardea ibis
Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus
Great Egret Ardea alba
Latham’s Snipe Gallingo hardwickii
Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis
Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus
Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza Phrygia
Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons
Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca
Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor
White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster
White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus.
15
Flora and Fauna Assessment
AECOM
Assessments of significance for these species are provided in Appendix D. These assessments indicated that no
migratory and marine bird species are likely to be significantly impacted by the proposed development.
5.0
Assessment of Potential Impacts
5.1
Introduction
The potential impacts discussed here are based on desktop studies of the project area and field investigations.
Legislation and regulations relevant to the assessment of potential ecological impacts of the proposed
development are summarised in Section 2. NSW Assessments of Significance (7-Part Tests) for threatened
species and Endangered Ecological Communities are presented In Appendix C. EPBC Act Assessments of
Significance for threatened species and Endangered Ecological Communities are presented In Appendix D.
As identified in Section 4, ecological values that might be potentially impacted by the proposed development
include:

protected areas

endangered ecological communities

other vegetation communities

threatened flora species

threatened fauna species

migratory and marine birds

fauna habitat.
Potential impacts to ecological values (flora, fauna and vegetation communities) in the study area during the
construction phase may include:

clearing of native vegetation

disturbance and fragmentation of fauna habitat and wildlife corridors

noise levels

dust levels

sedimentation and pollution of aquatic environments

weed invasion.
Potential impacts to ecological values during the operational phase may include:

noise and vibration levels

light levels

dust levels

sedimentation and pollution of aquatic environments

weed invasion.
5.2
Construction Impacts
5.2.1
Clearing of Native Vegetation
Vegetation clearing will be required within the southern section of the study area. Approximately 0.14 ha of
vegetation will be cleared south of the proposed new rail siding extension (Area E). This area is already largely
cleared and consists of open areas dominated by exotic shrubs and grass species. The few scattered eucalypts
occurring in this area that will require removal include Grey Gum and Narrow-leaved Ironbark. Native shrub
species that persist in this area include Bracelet Honeymyrtle, which is a disturbance tolerant species and not of
conservation concern. Vegetation in this area appears to be regrowth and restricted to translocated soils from
previous bulk earthworks which involved the creation of an earth berm along the eastern side of the existing
pathway that runs in a north south direction through the proposed stockpile facility.
16
Flora and Fauna Assessment
AECOM
In addition, a conservative estimate of the amount of trees requiring removal to accommodate the new aggregate
handling facility is approximately 10 eucalypts (Forest Red Gum and Ironbark trees) (Figure 3). These eucalypts
are located within the highly transformed areas C, D and F as well as the extreme northern portion of Area B.
The railway extension has been designed to minimise the amount of vegetation requiring removal and the
alignment has been positioned to avoid removal of canopy trees in the patch of vegetation occurring to the south
of the proposed stockpile area and weighbridge.
5.2.2
Disturbance and Fragmentation
Disturbance and fragmentation of fauna habitat and wildlife corridors through clearing reduces the habitat
available to fauna species. However, habitat within the proposed development footprint is very limited in area and
is already highly degraded and fragmented. The subject site does not appear to contain habitats important to any
threatened fauna or flora species.
The railway extension has been designed to minimise the amount of vegetation requiring removal and the
alignment has been positioned to avoid removal of canopy trees in the patch of vegetation occurring to the south
of the proposed stockpile area and weighbridge.
5.2.3
Noise Levels
Construction activities will lead to a temporary increase in noise levels in the subject site. However, the proposed
works are in an existing industrial noise environment. In some circumstances, artificial noise levels can disrupt
individual animals, but not entire fauna species or populations. It is likely that the animals that currently exist
within the subject site are already conditioned to the existing noise levels. In addition, no threatened fauna
species have been identified as being on the site with any regularity. An existing cement plant building is currently
providing roosting habitat to a population of microbats which has become accustomed to living within and existing
industrial environment. The proposed development is south of this building and unlikely to increase disturbances
above existing noise levels currently experienced within this building.
5.2.4
Dust Levels
Construction activities will lead to a temporary increase in dust levels. Excessive dust levels might impact on
nearby vegetation and animals. Careful management will be implemented to minimise dust levels during
construction. Mitigation measures for minimising dust levels are recommended in Section 6.
5.2.5
Sedimentation and Pollution of Aquatic Environments
Construction activities will include earthworks. Earthworks temporarily generate dust and expose soils to erosion
risks. This could lead to increased sedimentation of downstream systems, namely the Nepean River, either
directly via stormwater run-off or by precipitation of dust.
Increased sediments and pollutants in stormwater run-off from the construction site could lead to detrimental
impacts on local waterways.
Consequently, careful management measures will be implemented to minimise the amount of sediment and
pollutants leaving the site. A stormwater management plan has been developed to trap sediments and pollutants
and minimise their entry into nearby waterways. Further details are provided in Section 6.
5.2.6
Spread of Weeds
Construction activities will involve vegetation clearing and earthworks in areas with considerable existing levels of
weed infestation. Movement of soil by machinery and / or water can lead to transport of weed seeds and
propogules. Disturbance of soils can increase the amount of suitable habitat for the establishment and spread of
weeds.
Weed invasion can degrade vegetation communities and fauna habitats by choking and / or out competing
vegetation, and by altering fire regimes. Weed dominance may result in a reduction of plant species diversity,
which is often important for native wildlife. Weed thickets may also harbour feral animals such as foxes and
rabbits.
Proposed mitigation measures to prevent an increase in the establishment and spread of weeds include direct
weed control, revegetation, soil management, erosion and sedimentation controls, vehicle and plant hygiene, and
stormwater run-off management. See Section 6 for further details.
17
Flora and Fauna Assessment
5.3
AECOM
Operational Impacts
Once operational, two additional trains will deliver aggregate to the subject site on a daily basis. This will be
offloaded and then transported to a stockpile area by a conveyer belt. The aggregate will then be loaded onto an
additional 190 trucks per day for transport to end-users.
5.3.1
Noise and vibration Levels
Increased truck and train movements may increase noise and vibration levels within the study area that may
impact on potential habitat areas south of the study area. However, results of the noise assessment have
indicated that the increase in noise levels as a result of the proposed operations is unlikely to be more than
2 dB(A), which is generally considered indiscernible to the average human receiver.
In some circumstances, artificial noise and vibration levels can disrupt individual animals, but not entire fauna
species or populations. It is likely that the animals that currently exist within the subject area are already
conditioned to the existing noise and vibration levels. In addition, no threatened fauna species have been
identified as being on the site with any regularity. Although a microbat population roosts in the existing cement
plant buildings, it has not been identified and is unlikely to be affected by the proposed rail terminal as it has
become accustomed to the industrial environment.
5.3.2
Light Levels
Floodlights will be erected around the proposed aggregate handling area to enable the facility to operate from
5:00am to 10:00pm.
In some circumstances, artificial light spill can disrupt individual animals, but not entire fauna species or
populations. It is likely that the animals that currently exist within the subject are already conditioned to the
existing light levels. In addition, no nocturnal threatened fauna species have been identified as being on the site
with any regularity.
Regardless of the low risk of significant impact, careful management should be implemented to minimise
excessive light spill. Consequently, mitigation measures for minimising light spill are recommended in Section 6.
5.3.3
Dust Levels
Coarse aggregate contains few fine particles that will generate a minor amount of dust. Multiple handling of the
aggregate (unloading from the trains, loading to conveyer, stockpiling, and loading onto trucks) has the potential
to result in an increase in dust levels at the subject site.
Increased dust levels might impact on nearby vegetation and animals.
Careful management measures will be implemented to minimise dust levels during operation. Mitigation measures
for minimising dust levels are recommended in Section 6.
5.3.4
Sedimentation and Pollution of Aquatic Environments
Coarse aggregate contains minor fine particles that might generate a small amount of sediment, either directly via
stormwater run-off or by precipitation of dust.
Increased sediments and pollutants in stormwater run-off from the site could lead to detrimental impacts on local
waterways.
Consequently, careful management practices will be implemented to minimise the amount of sediment and
pollutants leaving the site. A stormwater management plan has been developed to trap sediments and pollutants
and minimise their entry into nearby waterways. Further details are provided in Section 6.
5.3.5
Spread of Weeds
Increased handling of aggregate and increased transport movements come with a risk of contributing further to
the spread of weeds. Movement of sediment from the aggregate handling area by wind or in storm water runoff,
can lead to the transport of weed seeds and propagules to surrounding and downstream areas.
Weed invasion can degrade vegetation communities and fauna habitats by choking and / or out competing
vegetation, and by altering fire regimes. Weed dominance may result in a reduction of plant species diversity,
which is often important for native wildlife. Weed thickets may also harbour feral animals such as foxes and
rabbits.
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Proposed mitigation measures to prevent an increase in the establishment and spread of weeds include direct
weed control, windblown sedimentation controls, vehicle and plant hygiene, and stormwater run-off management.
See Section 6 for further details.
5.4
Ecological Values
5.4.1
Protected Areas
No Commonwealth, State or Local Government Protected areas occur near the study area.
5.4.2
Endangered Ecological Communities
No EECs or CEECs are mapped as occurring within the development footprint. The DGRs indicated the need to
consider the EECs Shale Sandstone Transition Forest and River-Flat Eucalypt Forest and the CEEC Cumberland
Plain Woodland.
5.4.2.1
Shale Sandstone Transition Forest
The EEC Shale Sandstone Transition Forest is mapped immediately adjacent to the development footprint.
Although the proposed works will not involve the removal of vegetation mapped as Shale Sandstone Transition
Forest, remnant trees characteristic of this community will be removed for the new rail terminal facility. The area
where these trees will be removed is highly disturbed, largely cleared and already fragmented. The floristic
composition of the vegetation in this area includes only a few characteristic canopy species due to the disturbance
history and current land use practices. Few native species are likely to be present in the soil seed bank. The area
is no longer contiguous with larger remnant stands of Shale Sandstone Transition Forest south of the study area
south and west of Maldon Bridge Road associated with the Nepean River Valley. Habitat fragmentation is not
likely to be increased due to the minimal amount of vegetation requiring removal and the disturbed nature of this
area.
As the vegetation patch that boarders the proposed aggregate handling area has some similarities to the EEC
Shale Sandstone Transition Forest, two assessments of significance (a TSC 7-part test and an EPBC impact
assessment) were conducted (Appendix C and Appendix D).
The assessments indicated that significant impacts on Shale Sandstone Transition Forest from the proposed
development are not likely.
5.4.2.2
River-Flat Eucalypt Forest
River-Flat Eucalypt Forest occurs within the vicinity but not within the study area or subject site. Therefore, this
EEC is not likely to be impacted by the proposed development. Consequently, assessments of significance are
not necessary.
5.4.2.3
Cumberland Plain Woodland
Cumberland Plain Woodland does not occur within the vicinity of the study area or subject site. Therefore, this
CEEC is not likely to be impacted by the proposed development. Consequently, assessments of significance are
not necessary.
5.4.3
Other Vegetation Communities
The study area is zoned as Industrial Land under the existing and Draft LEP. Therefore, vegetation clearing
controls in the VM Act do not apply.
The study area is not mapped in the Draft LEP as containing Environmentally Significant Land. Therefore,
vegetation clearing controls in the Draft LEP do not apply.
5.4.4
Threatened Flora Species
Seventeen threatened flora species were identified for further assessment from the desktop survey. No
threatened flora species were recorded in the subject site during field surveys. Due to the disturbed nature of the
existing environment it is not likely that any threatened flora species occur within the study area (Appendix B).
Preferred habitat for two threatened flora species listed in Table 1 is likely to occur amongst the vegetated areas
west and south of the subject site. These two species are discussed below.
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Small-flowered Grevillea Grevillea parviflora ssp. parviflora
Small-flowered Grevillea has been previously recorded within the development footprint in May 2006. Atlas of
NSW wildlife database records indicate Small-flower Grevillea as occurring south of the proposed rail siding
extension, within the earthworks fill embankment footprint (refer to Figure 3). As threatened species records are
often only indicative of the approximate location of species sightings (exact coordinates of sitings are not given), a
targeted search was undertaken for this species. No individuals of the Small-flowered Grevillea were recorded
within the subject site during dedicated searches which were undertaken on 16th February and 6th May 2010.
Although this species is not present within the development footprint and immediate surrounds, is assumed that
preferred habitat for the species is present in areas to the west, south and east of the study area.
Since there is a previous record and possible potential habitat for this species in areas to the west, south and east
of the study area, two assessments of significance (a TSC 7-part test and an EPBC impact assessment) were
conducted (Appendix C and Appendix D).
The assessments indicated that significant impacts on this species from the proposed development are not likely,
given the mitigation measures that will be implemented.
5.4.4.2
Bargo Geebung Persoonia bargoensis
Bargo Geebung has been previously recorded within 1 km to the south of the study area, in close proximity to the
Nepean River (DECCW, 2009) (Figure 2). Bargo Geebung is very restricted to a small area south-west of Sydney
on the western edge of the Woronora Plateau and the northern edge of the Southern Highlands (NPWS, 2000d).
Population sizes are estimated to be small (NPWS, 2000d). This species was not recorded within the subject site
during dedicated searches on 16th February and 6th May 2010.
Since there is a previous record within 1 km and possible potential habitat within the subject site, two
assessments of significance (a TSC 7-part test and an EPBC impact assessment) were conducted (Appendix C
and Appendix D).
The assessments indicated that significant impacts on this species from the proposed development are not likely,
given the mitigation measures that will be implemented.
5.4.5
Threatened Fauna Species
Twenty-six threatened fauna species were identified for further assessment from the desktop survey. No
threatened fauna species were recorded in the subject site during field surveys. Due to the disturbed nature of the
existing environment it is not likely that any threatened fauna species are reliant on habitats in the subject site.
However, for five species, there are past records from the vicinity and / or the subject site and marginal but
potential habitat in the subject site (Appendix B). These five species are discussed below.
5.4.5.1
Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum
The Atlas of New South Wales Wildlife contains three past records of Gang-gang Cockatoo from the vicinity (i.e.
within 10 km of the subject site).
The Gang-gang Cockatoo is distributed from southern Victoria to central-eastern NSW. In NSW it is distributed
from the south-east coast to the Hunter region, and inland to the Central Tablelands and south-west slopes. In
summer, the species is generally found in tall mountain forests and woodlands, particularly in heavily timbered
and mature wet sclerophyll forests. In winter, it may occur at lower altitudes in drier more open eucalypt forests
and woodlands, and is sometimes found in urban areas (DECCW, 2010).
Available habitat in the subject site might be temporarily suitable for individual birds passing through the vicinity,
perhaps utilising the regional wildlife corridor along the Nepean River. However, the habitat within the subject site
is likely too small, disturbed and fragmented to support or contribute to the support of either individuals or a
population of Gang-gang Cockatoo.
Therefore, a significant impact from the proposed development on the Gang-gang Cockatoo is unlikely.
Consequently, an assessment of significance (TSC 7-part test) is not necessary.
5.4.5.2
Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides
The Atlas of New South Wales Wildlife contains one past record of the Little Eagle from the vicinity (i.e. within
10 km of the subject site).
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The Little Eagle is found throughout the Australian mainland except the most densely forested parts of the Great
Dividing Range escarpment. It occurs as a single population throughout NSW (DECCW, 2010). It occupies open
eucalypt forest, woodland or open woodland. It nests in tall living trees within a large remnant patch, where pairs
build a large stick nest in winter.
Available habitat in the subject site might be temporarily suitable for individual birds passing through the vicinity,
perhaps utilising the regional wildlife corridor along the Nepean River. However, the habitat within the subject site
is likely too small, disturbed and fragmented to support or contribute to the support of either individuals or a
population of Little Eagle.
Therefore, a significant impact from the proposed development on the Little Eagle is unlikely. Consequently, an
assessment of significance (TSC 7-part test) is not necessary.
5.4.5.3
Koala Phascolarctos cinereus
The Atlas of New South Wales Wildlife contains nine previous records of Koala from within 10 km of the study
area. One record is from within the study area west of Maldon Road in December, 1999 (DECCW, 2010c; Figure
2). Despite this, Koalas are not likely to persist within the study area due to the small patch size and fragmentation
of the vegetation in these areas. Koalas might utilise habitats in the vicinity and in the larger more intact vegetated
areas to the south of the study area. This includes the Nepean River that provides a suitable movement corridor.
The vegetation in the subject site has a canopy density of less than 15% cover, and hence it does not meet the
definition of core Koala habitat under SEPP44. The main vegetation patch within the subject site is also
completely enclosed by a perimeter fence, therefore discouraging access to this area.
Since there is a previous record and possible potential habitat within the study area, an assessment of
significance (a TSC 7-part test) was conducted (Appendix C).
The assessment indicated that significant impacts on this species from the proposed development are not likely,
given the mitigation measures that will be implemented.
5.4.5.4
Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus polioephalus
The threatened Grey-headed Flying-fox is likely to forage in urban areas in flowering and fruiting specimens of
both native and introduced tree species. Due to its wide-ranging foraging behaviour, foraging habitat for this
species is considered to be present wherever fleshy-fruited and nectar-producing trees are present within 15 km
of roost sites (DECCW, 2010). Areas containing extensive stands of eucalypt forest are considered to be
particularly important to this species as foraging habitat.
Roost camps were not observed within the study area, and potential foraging habitat is considered to be poor
given the disturbed nature and low species diversity of the subject site. The vegetation affected is unlikely to be
used by this species as roosting habitat and is only likely to be used as foraging habitat on a very sporadic and
infrequent basis. Due to the minimal presence of preferred feed trees for the Grey-headed Flying-Fox, the subject
site contains only low value potential habitat for this species.
Since there is a previous record within 10 km and possible potential habitat within the subject site, two
assessments of significance (a TSC 7-part test and an EPBC impact assessment) were conducted (Appendix C
and Appendix D).
The assessments indicated that significant impacts on this species from the proposed development are not likely,
given the mitigation measures that will be implemented.
5.4.5.5
Cumberland Land Snail Meridolum corneovirens
The Atlas of NSW Wildlife contains three previous records of Cumberland Land Snail Meridolum corneovirens
from within 10 km of the study area. Targeted searches were conducted for the Cumberland Land Snail in suitable
habitat throughout the study area. No evidence of the species was detected, including either live specimens or
dead shells. However, it is possible that the Cumberland Land Snail exists within the study area. Potential habitat
for this species (woodland on shale-base soil types) exists in the study area, primarily in the western section west
of Maldon Bridge Road.
The common carnivorous snail Austrorhytida capillacea was recorded at the bases of Grey Box trees west of
Maldon Bridge Road. The introduced snail Bradybaena similaris, which apparently excludes the Cumberland Land
Snail, was not found in the study area.
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Since there are three previous records within 10 km and potential habitat within the subject site, an assessment of
significance (a TSC 7-part test) was conducted (Appendix C).
The assessment indicated that significant impacts on this species from the proposed development are not likely,
given the mitigation measures that will be implemented.
5.4.6
Migratory and Marine Birds
The EPBC Protected Matters database search revealed 13 EPBC listed Migratory and / or Marine bird species
that might potentially occur in the study area. Impact assessments were conducted for each of the species
according to the ‘significant impact criteria’ as outlined in the EPBC Act Policy Statement 1.1, Significant Impact
Guidelines (DEH 2006). These assessments are provided in Appendix D.
The assessments indicated that significant impacts on migratory birds are not likely to eventuate from the
proposed development.
5.4.7
Fauna Habitat
It is unlikely that the proposed works will have a significant adverse impact on fauna species or their habitats as
the study area has relatively limited habitat value for native fauna species. It is not likely that any threatened fauna
species will utilise the habitat areas within the study area, due to previous history of disturbance and the degraded
condition of the habitat. However highly mobile species such as birds and bats or species tolerant of disturbances
may occur on site on a sporadic basis. The microbat population currently roosting in one of the existing cement
plant buildings within the study area have become conditioned to the existing industrial environment. The
proposed development is located primarily within a highly disturbed area and will therefore not impact on any
potential microbat habitat.
Larger more intact areas of vegetation exist along the southern boundary adjacent to the Nepean River and are
likely to provide more suitable habitat for native fauna. Habitat fragmentation is not likely to be increased due to
the small amount of habitat removal required, the existing fragmentation of the site and the proposed revegetation
works.
Due to the low abundance of mature trees, tree-hollows of sufficient size to provide habitat for hollow-dependant
fauna are not likely to occur within the study area. No tree hollows were observed within the subject site. None of
the trees within the subject site are considered to be of sufficient size to produce hollows. Therefore the proposed
works will not require the removal of hollow bearing trees. The eucalypt species (chiefly Forest Red Gum)
occurring south of the new aggregate handling facility, between the existing access pathway/road and Maldon
Bridge Road will be retained. Key habitat features for fauna species such as fallen timber and tree hollows were
not observed within the study area and threatened fauna species that depend on these resources for breeding are
unlikely to persist here. The proposed works will not result in the removal of likely nesting or roosting habitat for
threatened or migratory fauna species.
Areas containing suitable habitat for the Cumberland Plain land Snail (west of Maldon Bridge Road) will not be
impacted by the proposed works.
5.4.7.1
Wildlife Corridors
The proposed works will be in areas that are currently cleared or disturbed and fragmented. They are not likely to
function as wildlife corridors presently and the main patch of vegetation within the study area is surrounded by a
perimeter fence, which further limits wildlife movement through this area. Barriers to fauna movement are not
likely to be significantly increased as a result of the proposed development, given the existing level of
fragmentation.
Riparian habitats and wildlife corridors south of the study area will not be impacted by the proposed works and will
continue to provide movement corridors for fauna species likely to persist in these locations.
The proposed revegetation works (refer to Section 6.7) will include the planting of tree, shrub and ground layer
species which would be of local provenance to assist in the maintenance of the adjacent communities.
5.4.7.2
Aquatic Habitat
Potential impacts on aquatic habitats, particularly south of the study area include the potential pollution through
stormwater run-off laden with sediments, or that may contain fuels and other hazardous materials from the
construction and operational phase.
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Consequently, careful management measures will be implemented to minimise the amount of sediment and
pollutants leaving the site. A stormwater management plan has been developed to trap sediments and pollutants
and minimise their entry into nearby waterways. Further details are provided in Section 6.
5.4.8
SEPP 44 Koala Habitat
Remnant patches of vegetation in the study area do not meet the definition of core Koala habitat in SEPP 44.
Consequently, no plan of management is required under SEPP 44, and consideration of SEPP 44 is not required
with respect to any proposals to clear this vegetation.
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Mitigation Measures
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be developed in two parts, a Construction EMP (CEMP) and an
Operational EMP (OEMP). These will give specific details on measures to avoid, minimise, mitigate, manage, and
if required, offset all environmental impacts of the proposed construction and operation of the rail terminal facility.
The EMPs would be developed in consultation with DECCW, DII, Council and other relevant stakeholders. The
following measures are recommended for inclusion in the EMPs.
6.1
Vegetation Clearing
The design process for the rail terminal facility has been through extensive and iterative revision to minimise the
size of the development footprint and reduce the requirement for vegetation clearing.
The following measures are recommended to minimise potential impacts to the mature trees to be retained in
areas close to the proposed works:

The minimum feasible amount of clearing of native vegetation communities, including groundcover
vegetation) should be conducted for construction purposes, particularly within the area of the proposed
new rail terminal facility at the southern end of the study area.

Clear marking and delineation (i.e. signage and rural barrier fencing) must take place between the works
areas and vegetation that is to be retained, prior to the commencement of construction.
6.2
6.3
Weed Management

Earth-working equipment must be cleaned of excess soil prior to arrival and departure from work areas
to minimise the spread of weed seeds, weed propogules and plant pathogens.

Sediment fences and sediment traps must be put in place during construction to prevent sediments that
contain weed seeds, weed propagules and plant pathogens leaving the site.

Soil excavated for earthworks shall only be stockpiled within delineated and fully bunded work areas
within the designated development footprint. These areas must be kept away from low points and
stormwater runoff paths.

Disturbed areas will be kept to a minimum and will be revegetated as soon as practically possible. This
will reduce sites for colonisation by weeds and will also minimise the potential for erosion and sediment
transport.

Any soil and vegetation removed from the site must be covered during transport and only taken to
approved disposal sites, to minimise the spread of weeds and plant pathogens such as Phytopthora
Root Rot (Phytophora cinnamomi).

Weeds (including vegetation, fruit and seed) removed during vegetation clearing must be destroyed or
disposed of by suitable means.

Council should be consulted to confirm weed species that need to be controlled (i.e. declared noxious
weeds and locally significant environmental weeds) and weed control measures prior to construction
works commencing.

Control of declared noxious weeds and locally significant environmental weeds must be undertaken
throughout the subject site (including operational, landscaped and revegetated areas) routinely during
construction, prior to revegetation, and annually during the operation stage.

A detailed stormwater management plan will include provisions to minimise the risk of weeds spreading
into waterways via stormwater run-off during the operational phase, based upon large stormwater
detention basins with sediments traps.

Annual weed control must be carried out within and downstream of the stormwater detention basins,
sediment traps and bio-swales.
Protection of Aquatic Environments
The proposed mitigation measures have been designed to minimise sedimentation of local waterways adjacent to
the study area.
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
Various stormwater management structures including sediment basins/silt traps, attenuation ponds and
bio-swales will be located south and downslope of the new rail terminal facility and will intercept surface
water run off during the operational phase. These will be designed with capacity to intercept potential
overland flows, attenuate 1 in 100 year flood flows and to minimise the risk of sediments, pollutants and
weeds from the site being transported into aquatic environments down slope. A certain number of these
structures will be established prior to the commencement of construction and combined with other
temporary stormwater management measures such as sandbags, sediment fences and berms, will
ensure that sediment laden runoff and other construction pollutants don’t enter downstream systems.

During construction all potential chemical pollutants (e.g. fuels, oils, lubricants, paints, etc.) will be stored
in appropriate containers within bunded areas within construction compounds to minimise the risk of
spillages and mobilisation of these pollutants into aquatic environments downslope.

A detailed sediment and erosion management plan will be compiled and included in the Construction
Environmental Management Plan.
6.4
Dust Control

During construction, dust levels will be monitored, and sources of dust will be dampened if required.

The stockpile area has been designed with dividing concrete walls, which will assist in shielding the
stockpiles from winds. During operation, a sprinkler system will also be in operation to suppress dust in
the stockpile area.
6.5
Lighting

Lighting on the site should be directed away from sensitive locations such as potential foraging areas
and movement corridors within the larger more intact areas of bushland such as south and west of the
study area.

Trees are not to be directly illuminated.

Construction lighting spill is to be directed towards the ground so that the angle between the beam and
the vertical is kept as small as possible.
6.6
Fauna
The following measures are recommended to minimise potential impacts to native fauna associated with removal
of native vegetation as part of the proposed works:

Immediately prior to clearing, canopy trees are to be visually inspected for the presence of fauna by a
suitably qualified ecologist. If fauna species are detected in a tree scheduled for clearing, the tree is to be
nudged prior to felling to encourage the fauna to vacate the tree prior to felling. If threatened fauna are
located in trees to be scheduled, clearing must be halted until the fauna has relocated itself.


Targeted searches for the Cumberland Land Snail should be conducted by a suitably qualified ecologist
at the bases of trees, under the litter of bark and areas that will be disturbed prior to commencing works.
Felled trees are to be left in-situ for at least 24 hours to allow fauna species to relocate.

Place larger logs from felled native trees within areas to be revegetated for habitat augmentation.

Where feasible, dead wood, fallen branches and logs should be retained for fauna habitat. Dead wood
and logs should not be removed but moved aside into adjacent areas to be retained.

Better quality habitat areas, which are outside of the development footprint (e.g. areas to the west and
south of Maldon Bridge Road) should be considered no go areas and vehicle, machinery and worker
access prohibited.
6.7
Landscape Plan
A landscape concept plan has been developed for the site (Appendix E). It contains details of rehabilitation and
revegetation initiatives to be implemented. Some of the features of this plan include:

The revegetation works will focus on disturbed areas within and adjacent to the proposed new rail
terminal facility, rail siding extension and stormwater management structures.
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
A palate of species has been selected from the Cumberland Plain Woodland and Sandstone Shale
Transition Forest communities.

The planting of local provenance native trees, shrubs, grasses and other groundcover species will assist
in maintaining the genetic integrity of endangered ecological communities adjacent to the study area.

Weed control as part of the establishment and maintenance of vegetation will provide additional
protection to adjacent vegetation communities from weed invasion from the subject site.

Revegetation works, once established, will provide screening to lighting and visual impacts.

Revegetation works would be conducted by a suitably qualified and experienced contractor.
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Conclusions
This Flora and Fauna Assessment has been prepared to assess the potential impacts associated with the
construction and operation of the proposed rail terminal facility at Maldon. Potential environmental impacts,
including impacts to flora, fauna and ecological communities, were considered during the design process.
The condition of vegetation communities within the study area is highly modified due to previous land clearing,
and there is a high occurrence of weed infestations in the understorey layer. Larger areas of remnant native
vegetation do however occur outside and adjacent to the study area.
No Commonwealth or State Protected Areas will be affected by the proposal.
No endangered EECs or CEECs are likely to be impacted by the proposal. Approximately 0.14 ha of vegetation in
one area and approximately 10 eucalypt trees (primarily Forest Red Gum) in another area will require removal.
The assessments in this report indicate that none of this vegetation constitutes any EEC.
The assessments indicate that no threatened flora or fauna species are likely to be significantly impacted by the
proposal.
The assessments indicate that no migratory and marine birds listed under the EPBC Act are likely to be
significantly impacted by the proposal.
No issues within the scope of this Flora and Fauna Assessment report require a referral to DEWHA for
assessment under the EPBC Act.
The study area is zoned as Industrial Land under the existing and Draft LEP. Therefore, vegetation clearing
controls in the VM Act do not apply.
The study area is not mapped in the Draft LEP as containing Environmentally Significant Land. Therefore,
vegetation clearing controls in the Draft LEP do not apply.
Remnant patches of vegetation in the subject site do not meet the definition of core Koala habitat in SEPP 44.
Consequently, no plan of management is required under SEPP 44, and consideration of SEPP 44 is not required
with respect to any proposals to clear this vegetation.
Mitigation measures, including design and management, are proposed for construction and operational stages, to:

minimise the clearing of native vegetation

minimise the net loss of habitat

minimise dust levels

minimise sedimentation and pollution of aquatic environments

minimise further spread and invasion by weeds.
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DPI ( 2005b). Profiles for species, populations & ecological communities: Macquarie Perch. Department of
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