Name: ____________KEY____________________________ Date: __________________________ Period: ________ Lipids 8. Name the 3 main types of lipids: Oils, fats, waxes, cholesterol (you could have any three) Chemistry of Life Review Worksheet | Chapter 2 (2.3, 2.4, 2.5) 9. What are the main functions of lipids? a. Usable energy for cells Carbon Based Molecules 1. In terms of science, what does the term “organic” mean? Contains carbon, or carbon based. b. They make up the cell membrane 2. What is it about Carbon’s atomic structure that makes it “the building block of life”? it has 4 outer electrons c. Used for insulation (needs 8 to be full)‐ so it can form up to FOUR BONDS. 10. Fill in the table for lipids: 3. Name the four different types of organic molecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Monomer Nucleic acids Fatty acid
4. Define the following and label the following picture: Fat
Lipid
membrane
a. Monomer: smaller carbon based sub‐
11. Label as either SATURATED or UNSATURATED: One
Many
unit b. Polymer: a chain of linked monomers Polymers monomer
Carbohydrates Unsaturated
Saturated
a. ________________________________ b. _______________________________ 5. List the 3 elements that make up carbohydrates: a. Carbon Have fatty acids in which all carbon carbon
bonds are single bonds.
polymer
b. Hydrogen Saturated
Unsaturated
c. ________________________________ d. _______________________________ c. Oxygen 6. What is the ratio of these elements to one another? __1____ : ___2___ : ___1___ 12. Fill in the table below: 7. Fill in the table for the three major polysaccharides and one monosaccharide used in biology: Saturated Fats Solid Type of Carbohydrate Monomer or Polymer? Have fatty acids with at least one
carbon-carbon double bond.
Where found? Characteristics/Function Characteristics State (soild/liquid/gas) at room temperature Unsaturated Fats liquid animals Sugar Commonly found in which type of organisms plants
Types of bonds connecting carbon atoms double Plants Source of energy/food single Starch Plants/animals Glycogen 13. What is the structure below? Label all parts of this structure including the polar & nonpolar regions. Phospholipid
Non polar, fatty acid tails
a. ________________________________ Specific starch found in the liver and muscles of Animals Cellulose Excess plant sugar that gets converted and stored animals‐ it is a readily available source of energy A plant starch found in the cell walls, which help Plants make the plant rigid Polar, phosphate head
(usually glycerol in other
lipids)
Nucleic Acids Monomer Nucleotide Polymers DNA Functions Stores information/instructions on how to RNA 28. Draw, on the molecules pictured below, 2 arrows where these bonds would be: to the ribosome. 16.Circle an entire nucleotide on the DNA segment. P
17.How many nucleotides are shown in the DNA P
S
segment pictured? ____8_______________ A
S
P
18.Name the three parts of a DNA nucleotide. P
S
G
a. Phosphate (P) S
P
P
b. Sugar (s) S
T
S
c. Nitrogen containing (nitrogenous) base P
P
S
19.Fill in the DNA molecules to the right using letters: C
S
P
P (phosphate) G (guanine) P
S (sugar) T (thymine) C (cytosine) Proteins Amino group
Carboxyl group
Enzymes 29. Define enzyme: A type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. 30. What is another term for an enzyme? A catalyst (which is something that speeds things up) 31. Why are enzymes important? a. They reduce the activation energy, allowing homeostasis to be maintained. b. Give two examples: i. Enzymes help break down food (metabolism/digestion) ii. Enzymes help build protein 32. What are 3 characteristics of enzymes? Characteristics of Enzymes Specific Examples/Explanation Enzymes have a specific “active site” where only certain molecules can bond (that’s why it’s called a “lock and key”). Their names are specific to what they do, ex: amylase breaks down 20. Fill in the table for proteins: amylose. Polymer Protein polypeptide 25. Circle the group on the structure (pictured below) Copies DNA’s instructions and takes them protein
15.Fill in the blank: The arrangement of the nucleotides determines the kind of ___________________ created. Monomer 27. What is another term for protein? 24. Label the molecule’s parts (a – c). that is different for every one of these molecules. R-group
A (adenine), Peptide bonds (a type of covalent bond) Amino acid make proteins. Amino acid 26. What type of bonds form between amino acids? 23. What is the molecule pictured below? 14. Fill in the table for nucleic acids: Function Reusable Enzymes can be used over and over. Many different functions (ex: the protein hemoglobin transports oxygen) Sensitive 21. How many different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms? _____20_______________ 22. Fill in the blanks: The order / arrangement of amino acids determines the type of protein made. Even one incorrect amino acid placement can change a protein’s structure and function.
Must stay within a set range of temperature and/or pH, otherwise they start to break apart. 33. What causes enzymes to no longer work? Hydrogen bonds start to break apart and the enzyme/protein Chemical Reactions stops working. 38. Match the following words with the proper definition: 34. Put the pictures of the reaction in order by placing a 1, 2, or 3 in the box above the picture. ___C___ Chemical Reactions 35. Describe what is happening on the lines below the picture. ___E___ Reactants 36. Label the letters (a – c) on the pictures below. 3
___G___ Products 1
product
___F___ Bond Energy 2
substrates
a. The amount of energy that is needed for a chemical reaction to start. b. When a reaction takes place at an equal rate in both directions. c. Change substances into different substances by breaking and forming bonds. d. A chemical reaction the releases more energy than it absorbs. e. The substances changed during a chemical reaction. f. The amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms. g. The substances made by the chemical reaction. h. A chemical reaction that absorbs more energy that it releases. ___B___ Equilibrium ___H___ Endothermic ___A___ Activation Energy enzyme
new product is formed and gets released. the substrates are binding to the active site of the enzyme. ___D___ Exothermic 39. For each of the following graphs: enzyme weakens the a. Label each section (a – f). b. Circle whether each graph represents an exothermic or endothermic reaction. c. Describe what is happening in each graph to support your answer. bonds of the substrates. Activation energy
Activation energy
Energy
released
Energy of reactants
rate
energy
energy
Energy of products
37. Describe what is happening in the following graph: Energy
released
Energy of reactants
Energy of products
rate
Exothermic or Endothermic Exothermic or Endothermic The solid line represents a normal chemical reaction (with no enzyme), and the dotted line The bond energy in the products is lower than The bond energy of the products is higher represents the same reaction with an enzyme being used. You can see the catalyzed reaction the bond energy of the reactants, so the extra than the reactants, so the extra energy gets (one with the enzyme) requires less activation energy‐ so it’ll happen quicker. Uncatalyzed energy gets released to the surroundings as absorbed. reactions require more activation energy. light/heat.