Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences
Vol. 44(6), June 2015, pp. 842-855
Biodiversity of marine mollusc from selected locations of Andhra Pradesh
coast, South eastern India
*S. Monolisha & J.K. Patterson Edward
Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, 44 Beach Road, Tuticorin - 628001, Tamil Nadu, India
*[Email: [email protected]]
Received 12 November 2013; revised 06 January 2014
Study on the diversity of molluscan fauna was carried out in eight locations along Andhra Pradesh coast. 70 species of
mollusc including 44 species of Gastropods, 23 species of Bivalves and 3 species of Cephalopods were collected and
documented. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of Gastropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods ranged from 1.36 to 1.47, 1.11 to
1.21 and 1.06 to 1.43 respectively and Pielou’s Evenness index ranged from 0.90 to 0.94, 0.90 to 0.96 and 0.35 to 0.92
respectively. Total percentage varies within the class Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda. Gastropod existed with highest
range of 60% followed by Bivalvia with 32 % and the lowest range existed to be the Cephalopods with 8%. Fishers α range
varied from 0.44 to 7.22. Brillouin index range varied between 1.06 and 3.42. Among the eight locations, total density was
observed higher in Location II (Vadrevu) with 15.12% and least density range in Location 8 (Nellore harbour) with 7.67% as
this study site was highly polluted due to anthropogenic activities near harbour. Umbonium vestiarium, Cerithidea cingulata
were observed to be the dominant and maximum in numbers and the bivalves Perna viridis and Donax faba were found to be
maximum in diversity.
[Key words: Diversity, Mollusc, Indices, Distribution, Andhra Pradesh]
Introduction
In the geological time scale, molluscs
evolved about 600 million years ago and this phyla
is a very old monophyletic lineage, dating from
before the Cambrian1, and is the second most
diverse of all animal phyla 2, 3, occurring in many
habitat types 4, 5. Phylum Mollusca constitutes
dominant groups of animals and includes a variety
of most conspicuous, animals, such as clams,
oysters, snails, squids and octopods 6. Mollusca are
second only to Arthropoda in numerical abundance
7
. The number of species identified under phylum
mollusca varies between 80,000 to 1, 00,000 around
the world ocean. They are more abundant in the
littoral zones of tropical seas.
Mollusc support economically in the fishery
sector and the ambiance of our coastal communities
are frequently overlooked with diversity of these
marine organisms. Molluscan populations as a
source of food, ornamental purposes and
commercial uses have brought them under the shade
of endangered species 7. The gastropods and bivalve
fisheries are of sustenance nature and used for
edible purpose, source of lime, as decorative shells
(or) for industrial purpose. Details on specific
aspects of bivalves and gastropods management,
biology, aquaculture and their relations to
economic, public and ecosystem health are of
paramount importance but are at present lacking
aspect. Gastropods and bivalves have a significant
ecological role to play in the marine ecosystem. The
importance of maintaining healthy molluscan
population and the type of information needed to
sustain these structural and functional resources
cannot be over emphasized 8.
Structurally molluscs are a heterogeneous
group of animals with different structural form such
as slugs, mussels, octopus and snails. Indian
coastline is rich in molluscan diversity. Some
literature is available on this diversity, notable
among which are the works of Crichton (1941)9,
Gravely (1941, 1942) 10, 11. The only comprehensive
work on the molluscan fauna of the south eastern
coast of India is by Satyamurthi (1952, 1956) 12, 13.
Present survey on the mollusc diversity in eight
locations along Andhra Pradesh coast is carried out
to provide the present status in the study area.
Materials and Methods
Current study involves identification and
quantitative analysis of mollusc of Andhra pradesh
coast, South eastern India. Samples of mollusc were
collected from eight locations covering four coastal
districts – Guntur, Prakasam, Krishna and Nellore
during the period between November 2012 and
December 2012. The state of Andhra Pradesh is
situated between latitudes 13°40’N and 19°N and
longitudes 80°E and 85°E. It is bordered by the Bay
of Bengal in the east, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh in
the north, Maharashtra in the north-west, Karnataka
in the west and south-west, and Tamil Nadu in the
south. Sampling locations are illustrated in the
Figure 1 and the study area include Location INizampatnam Harbour (15°90´ 24 N,80°66 E),
Location II - Vadrevu port (15°81´67 N, 80°35´00
E), Location III - Chirala fishing village (15°82´N,
80°35´ E), Location IV- Machilipatnam (16°25´56
MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST
Fig. 1: Map showing Locations I-VIII of Andhra Pradesh
coast
Results
The present study was aimed on to assess
the biodiversity of molluscan fauna in Andhra
pradesh coast. The results have confirmed the
presence of 44 species of Gastropods, 23 species of
bivalves and 3 species of Cephalopods (Table 1).
Most of the species are commonly found in all the
1.6000
Shannon-Wiener Diversity index
N, 82°14´23 E), Location V - Bandar Harbour
(16°18´43 N, 81°13´49 E), Location
VI Dumalapenta (14°90´20 N, 80°06´60 E) , Location
VII - Isakapalli (15°00´12 N, 79°31´87E) and
Location
VIII - Nellore harbour (14°43´N,
79°97´E). This coastline was represented with thick
patches of mangroves in deltaic regions of Krishna,
Guntur and Nellore and the coastline represents
estuaries, tidal creeks and channels, tidal flats,
mudflats and sandy shores along the study area in
all four districts.
Visits were planned by considering the tidal
activity. Samples were also collected from the
bycatch obtained from trawl fishing nets.
Quantitative analyses of the samples were carried
out by collecting the specimens by the method of
hand picking in transect of known area or using a
quadrate of known size. At the same time the
foulers like mussels and oysters were collected by
scrapping those using knives or spatula from a
known unit area either using a quadrate. Further, the
in faunal bivalves were collected by hand digging
the substratum or by hand picking in different
places of each sampling regions 14. Specimens were
brought to laboratory, cleaned and identified using
appropriate monographs. Data’s were collected
fortnightly throughout the study period. Information
was reported mainly in form of still photographs
and few empty molluscs were collected for
identification purpose. This was to prevent undue
killing of fauna. The number of species for a
particular region was utilized to determine the
Shannon Wiener index. Shannon Wiener index
value is then used to determine the diversity nature
of Andhra pradesh coast and the level up to which
the study area is free from the ever growing
problem of pollution. Shannon-Wiener Diversity
Index, H, was calculated using the equation H = -Σ
Pi lnPi where Pi is the proportion of each species in
the sample 15.
843
1.4000
1.2000
1.0000
Gastropod
0.8000
Bivalve
0.6000
Cephalopod
0.4000
0.2000
0.0000
Location I Location II Location III Location IV Location V Location VI Location VIILocation VIII
locations (I-VIII).
Shannon-Wiener diversity of Molluscan
fauna in Andhra Pradesh coast is illustrated in the
following figure -2. Shannon-Wiener diversity
index (H') of Gastropods ranged from 1.36 to 1.47
ind.m-2 in Locations I to VIII, showing minimum
range in Isakapalli (Location VII) and maximum
range observed in Bandhar (Location V). In
bivalves, Diversity index ranged from 1.11 to 1.21
ind.m-2 revealing minimum range in Isakapalli
(Location VIII) and maximum range in Vadrevu
port (Location II). Shannon-Wiener diversity index
(H') of Cephalopods ranged from 1.06 to 1.43
ind.m-2 with minimum range observed in
Machilipatnam (Location IV) and maximum
INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 6 JUNE 2015
844
diversity range observed in Dumalapenta (Location
VI).
Fig.2: Shannon-Wiener diversity index of molluscan fauna
in Andhra Pradesh coast
Pielou’s Evenness index (Figure 3) of
molluscan fauna was carried out, Evenness index
ranged from 0.90 to 0.94 ind.m-2 in gastropods, with
maximum range observed in Nizampatnam
(Location I) and minimum range observed in
Nellore Harbour (Location VIII), the Pielou’s index
of bivalves ranged from 0.90 to 0.96 ind.m-2,
maximum value was observed in Nizampatnam
(Location I) and minimum range observed in
Bandhar, Dumalapenta and Iskapalli (Location V,
VI and VII). Pielou’s index of Cephalopods ranged
from 0.35 to 0.92 ind.m-2, maximum range observed
in Nizampatnam (Location I) and minimum range
observed in (Bandhar Location V).
During the study, 3184 gastropod and 1669
bivalve samples were counted in eight sampling
Locations, highest density of gastropod and bivalve
(15.1 %, 16.1 %) was observed in Location II –
Vadrevu port and least density (6.9%, 7.7%) was
observed in Location VIII – Nellore. Among the
3184 gastropod samples studied, the most abundant
species includes Umbonium vestiarium (7.69%),
Cerithidea cingulata (5.81%), Cerithidea duplicata
(5.75%), Onchidium tigrinum (5.06%), Clithon
oualaniensis (4.96%), Babylonia spirata (4.93%),
Babylonia zeylanica (4.81%), Euchelus asper
(4.43%), etc. Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithidea
duplicate and Onchidium tiger were abundant due
to rich patchy mangroves as study Locations in
Krishna and Prakasam district, and Clithon
oualaniensis was found rich in near shore regions of
estuarine areas of Krishna and Paderu River. From
eight locations,
Pielou’s Evenness index
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Gastropod
0.4
Bivalve
Cephalopod
0.2
0
Location I Location II Location III Location IV Location V Location VI Location VII Location VIII
Fig.3: Pielou’s Evenness index of molluscan fauna in
Andhra Pradesh coast
about 1669 species were collected and the most
abundant species includes Perna viridis (11.50%),
Donax faba (8.69%), Isognomon isognomon
(8.15%), Anadara rhombea (7.85%), Tellina
coarctata (7.61%), Sunetta meroe (5.93%), etc.
High abundance of Perna viridis was noticed in
ferro-cemented bridges near harbours, and
Isognomon sp., was observed attached to the barks
of mangroves as substratum. 400 samples of
Cephalopods were counted and the most abundant
species includes Sepiella inermis (40.5%), Loligo
duvuaceili (34.5%) and Sepia pharaonis (25%).
In the present study, 44 species of
gastropods, 23 species of bivalves and 3 species of
cephalopod was recorded from eight Locations of
four districts from Andhra Pradesh coast.
Umbonium vestiarium, Cerithidea cingulata were
observed to be the dominant and maximum in
numbers and the bivalves Perna viridis and Donax
faba were found to be maximum in numbers of
diversity.
In Figure 4, Location wise total density was
analysed, Location II, III, V and I was highly
diverse with 15.12%, 14.53%, 13.52% and 13.31 %,
respectively. Density of gastropod was rich in
Location II, Location III and Location V with
15.1%, 15 and 14%. Bivalvia existed with range of
16.1% and 14.4% in Location II and Location I
respectively. Cephalopods were found with density
of 15.8, 15 and 14.3 % in Location III, IV and V
respectively.
Total percentage variation in Gastropods,
Bivalves and Cephalopods were illustrated in the
Figure 5. Overall study states that total percentage
varies within class Gastropoda, Bivalvia and
Cephalopoda, and Gastropod existed with highest
range of 60% followed by Bivalvia with 32 % and
the lowest range existed to be Cephalopods with
8%.
The common mollusc species recorded are
given in Figs. 6 to Figure 12.
Diversity indices of the mollusc were
illustrated in the table-2 and the study area showed
greater (D) diversity of gastropods (5.331), Bivalves
(1.669) and Cephalopods (0.3338). Pielou’s
Evenness (J') ranged from 0.91 to 0.98 ind.m-2.
Values of H' ranged from 1.08 to 3.461 ind.m-2, the
highest range was observed in gastropods with
3.461 ind.m-2 and cephalopods with lowest range of
about 1.08 ind.m-2. Fishers α ranged from 0.44 to
7.22 ind.m-2 with least range observed in
cephalopods and highest range observed in
gastropods. Brillouin index ranged from 1.06 to
MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST
3.42 ind.m-2, the highest range was observed with
gastropods (3.32) and least range (1.06) in
Cephalopods. These diversity indices reveal that the
study areas are highly diversified with significant
variations.
Fig.5: Percentage variation in class gastropoda, bivalvia and
cephalopoda at Andhra Pradesh coast
Fig. 4: Total Density of molluscan fauna (Location-wise) in
Andhra Pradesh coast
Table.1 List of mollusc identified in Andhra Pradesh coast
(Locations I-VIII)
Cephalopoda
8%
Biva lvia
32%
Ga stropoda
60%
Gastropoda
Family - Trochidae
46
Anadara granosa
24
Terebra subulata
47
Brachidontes ustulatus
Family - Terebridae
1
Trochus stellatus
25
Euterebra capensis
48
Perna viridis
2
Euchelus asper
26
Myurella affinis
49
Modiolus metcalfei
3
Umbonium vestiarium
27
Terebra crenulata
50
Andara inequivalvis
4
Euchelus tricarinatus
28
Terebra maculata
51
Arca decussata
Family - Turbinidae
5
Turbo brunneus
Family - Turridae
29
Family - Architectonidae
6
Architectonica laevigata
Family - Strombidae
7
Tibia curta
8
Tibia delicatula
9
Tonna dolium
Family - Ficidae
10
Ficus gracilis
Family - Bursidae
11
Biplex spinosa
12
Bufonaria echinata
13
Notocochlis tigrina
14
Cerithidea cingulata
30
Babylonia spirata
31
Babylonia zeylanica
32
Agaronia gibbosa
33
Niotha conoidalis
34
Nassarius dorsatus
35
Nassarius luridus
36
Bullia lineolata
37
Bulla ampulla
38
Clithon oualaniensis
39
Littoraria glabrata
Family - Olividae
15
Cerithidea duplicata
Family - Nassariidae
Family - Bullidae
Family - Naticidae
Family - Cerethiidae
Family - Littorinidae
Family - Onchidiidae
40
Family - Muricidae
16
Murex tribulus
17
Chicoreus ramosus
18
Chicoreus virgineus
19
Raphana bulbosa
20
21
22
Lophiotoma indica
Family - Osteriidae
52
Onchidium tigrinum
53
Marginella angustata
42
Crucibulum sp.
Chicorius brunneus
43
Calliostoma tranquebarica
Raphana rapiformis
Thaisella lacera
44
Family - Drillidae
Clavus crassa
Donax faba
Family - Veneridae
54
Paphia textile
55
Meretrix casta
56
Meretrix meretrix
57
Sunetta scripta
58
Sunetta meroe
59
Isognomon isognomon
60
Isognomon bicolor
Family - Isognomiidae
Family - Mactridae
61
Mactra eximia
62
Lutaria planta
63
Solen lamarckii
64
Siliqua radiata
Family - Solenidae
Family - Marginellidae
41
Crassosstrea madrasensis
Family - Donacidae
Family - Buccinidae
Family - Tonnidae
845
Family - Tellinidae
65
Tellina coarctata
66
Pholas orientalis
67
Gari radiata
Family - Crepidulidae
Family - Pholadidae
Family - Calliostomidae
Family - Psammobiidae
Cephalopoda
Family - Sepiidae
INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 6 JUNE 2015
846
Bivalvia
68
Sepiella inermis
Family - Arcidae
69
Sepia pharaonis
Family - Conidae
23
Conus figulinus
45
Family - Loliginidae
Anadara rhombea
70
Loligo duvauceili
Table 2: Diversity indices of molluscan fauna at Andhra Pradesh coast
Diversity index
Sample
Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopod
S
44
23
3
N
3184
1669
400
D
5.331
2.965
0.3338
J'
0.9146
0.9191
0.9829
Shannon-Weiner Index
Brillouin
3.423
2.845
1.064
Fishers α
7.224
3.774
0.4404
H'(loge)
3.461
2.882
1.08
H'(log2)
4.993
4.158
1.558
H'(log10)
1.503
1.252
0.4689
1-Lambda'
0.9622
0.9368
0.6561
* S – Number of Species, N – Number of Samples, D- Diversity index, J' – Pielou’s Eveness
MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST
847
Fig. 6: Common gastropod species recorded in the study area
1. Bufonaria echinata (A.Dorsal & B.Ventral), 2. Cerithidea cingulata (A&B), 3. Architectonica laevigata
(A&B), 4. Telescopium telescopium (A&B), 5. Lophiotoma indica (A&B). 6. Conus figulinus (A&B).
848
INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 6 JUNE 2015
Fig. 7: Common gastropod species recorded in the study area
13. Marginella angustata (A&B), 14. Chicoreus virgineus (A&B), 15. Chicoreus ramosus (A&B), 16.
Notocochlis tigrina (A&B), 17. Calliostoma tranquebaricum (A&B), 18. Trochus stellatus (A&B)
MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST
849
850
INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 6 JUNE 2015
Figure 8: Common gastropod species recorded in the study area
19. Terebra subulata (A&B), 20. Clithon oualaniensis (A&B), 21. Onchidium tigrinum (A&B), 22.
Umbonium vestiarium (A&B), 23. Crucibulum extinctorium (A&B), 24. Biplex spinosa (A&B).
MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST
851
Fig.9: Common bivalve species recorded in the study area
7. Crassosstrea madrasensis (A&B), 8. Perna viridis (A&B), 9. Isognomon isognomum (A&B) , 10.
Isognomon bicolor (A&B), 11. Modiolus metcalfei (A&B). 25. Anadara rhombea (A.Ventral &B.Dorsal)
852
INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 6 JUNE 2015
Fig. 10: Common bivalve species recorded in the study area
26. Pholas orientalis (A&B), 27. Solen lamarcki (A&B), 28. Sunetta meroe (A&B), 29. Sunetta sripta
(A&B), 30. Donax faba (A&B), 31. Mactra eximia (A&B).
MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST
Fig. 11: Common bivalve species recorded in the study area
32. Paphia textile (A&B), 33. Siliqua radiata (A&B)
Fig.12: Common cephalopod species in the study area
12. Sepiella inermis (A&B), 34. Sepia pharaonis (A&B)
853
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INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 6 JUNE 2015
Discussion
In the Phylum – Mollusc, about 3270
species have been reported from India belonging to
220 families and 591 genera. Among these the
Bivalves are the most diverse (1100 species)
followed by Gastropods (190 species). Presently
over 1, 00,000 tonnes of Bivalves and nearby
20,000 tonnes of Gastropods are exploited from
Indian waters 16.
The biodiversity study of marine molluscs
of Thanjavur district in Tamil Nadu, observed about
20 species of class Gastropoda and 20 species of
class Bivalvia 17. 41 species of Gastropods and 5
species of Bivalves were reported in intertidal
beaches of Mumbai coast 18. Thirty species of
gastropods from Cuddalore coast was recorded in
the year 1998 19 and among them Babylonia spirata
is the maximum numbers in the coastline.
Macrobenthic fauna of Loni reservoir 20, benthos of
Powar Lake 21 reported many species of mollusc.
The utility of molluscs in primary classification of
the lake in their various trophic stages was reported
and reported mollusc as indicators for oligotrophic
lakes based on their distribution and relative
abundance was recorded 22, 23. A total of 51 species
of molluscs were associated with corals in Gulf of
Mannar and Gastropods represented the numerically
dominant group with 34 species 24. In the current
study, 70 species of Mollusc were identified which
includes 44 species of gastropods, 23 species of
bivalves and 3 species of Cephalopods from eight
Locations of Andhra pradesh coast. 21 species each
of gastropods and bivalves were reported from
Coringa mangroves, Kakinad bay of Andhra
Pradesh coast 25.
In the Pazhayar back canal region Nerita
(Dostia) crepidularia, Littorina sp, Cerithidea sp,
were observed to the mud banks, mud flats,
mangrove forest, sandy muddy area swamps, proproots and pneumatophores 26. And in the Present
study, two species of Cerithidea with 5.81% and
5.75% were found to be dominant as these species
were highly found in the mangrove regions of
Krishna and Prakasam districts (i.e.) in Location 5,
Location 2 and Location 3.
Shannon-Wiener diversity Index between
3.0 and 4.5 indicates slight pollution in the
surrounding ecosystem 27. Since the calculated
Shannon-Wiener diversity Index lies between 3.0
and 4.5, this indicates that the surrounding
ecosystem of the Rangoan beach of Vasai is slightly
polluted and the Shannon-Wiener diversity Index
was 3.27, 3.27 and 3.31 during pre-monsoon,
monsoon and post-monsoon period respectively.
Average Shannon-Wiener diversity Index of all the
three season comes out to be 3.28 in rangoan beach
8
. Here, in the study Shannon – Weiner index of
molluscan diversity ranged from 1.08 to 3.461.
The 67% gastropod species and 33%
bivalve species found from the selected study
localities of Raigad district coast. Bivalve species
were found higher at Revdanda estuary while
gastropods species were higher at Korlai probably
due to habitat differences 28. Conservation of
biological diversity is considered to be one of the
major goals for sustainable management of marine
renewable resources. The species diversity has a
good relationship with species richness and
evenness and diversity index is maximum with high
number of species and minimum with low number
of species 29. In the present study, total percentage
of gastropods (60%) was higher than bivalves
(32%) and cephalopods (8%). The study provides
detailed information on biodiversity of mollusc in
four districts of Andhra pradesh coast and the
information would assist the researchers and
conservation managers to better study and manage
the resources for sustainable utilization.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Department of
Biotechnology, Government of India for financial
support and Suganthi Devadason Marine Research
Institute for the facilities.
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