Q1.
The diagram represents an atom. Choose words from the list to label the diagram.
electron
ion
neutron
nucleus
(Total 3 marks)
Q2.
Atoms are made up of three main particles called protons, neutrons and electrons.
Use the periodic table on the data sheet to help you to answer these questions.
(a)
Sodium is in Group 1 of the periodic table.
(i)
Why are potassium and sodium in the same Group of the periodic table?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
How many protons are in an atom of sodium? .....................................
(1)
(iii)
The atomic number of sodium is 11.
How many neutrons are in an atom of sodium with mass number 23?
......................................
(1)
Page 1 of 27
(iv)
Each sodium atom has 11 electrons. Complete the electronic structure of sodium.
(2)
(b)
The chemical equation for a reaction of sodium is shown below.
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
Describe this reaction of sodium in terms of the names of the substances and the
numbers of the atoms involved.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q3.
Here is the word equation for a chemical reaction.
magnesium
+
zinc oxide
→
magnesium oxide
+
zinc
Write down everything that the word equation tells you about the reaction.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
Page 2 of 27
Q4.
The diagram shows an electric light bulb.
When electricity is passed through the tungsten filament it gets very hot and gives out light.
(a)
What reaction would take place if the hot tungsten was surrounded by air?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
State why argon is used in the light bulb. Explain your answer in terms of the electronic
structure of an argon atom.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 3 of 27
Q5.
To make crude oil more useful it is separated into different fractions.
(a)
Complete the gaps in the following sentences.
Crude oil is separated into different fractions by a process called ............................
.................................. . Each fraction has a different ............................................... .
(2)
(b)
Each fraction is a mixture of compounds. Most of these compounds are hydrocarbons,
made up of the elements hydrogen and carbon.
(i)
Explain the difference between a mixture and a compound.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Explain the difference between a compound and an element.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 4 of 27
Q6.
(a)
(i)
Balance these chemical equations.
H2 +
O2 →
H 2O
(1)
(ii)
Al +
O2 →
Al 2O3
(1)
(b)
Briefly explain why an unbalanced chemical equation cannot fully describe a reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q7.
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3
(a)
The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle.
Write the name of the correct calcium compound in each empty box to complete the flow
chart.
(3)
Page 5 of 27
(b)
Limestone is heated with clay to make cement.
Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar.
A student investigated the strength of six mortar mixtures. Each mortar mixture contained
100cm3 cement but each contained a different volume of sand.
To do the investigation the student:
•
added and stirred water into each mortar mixture
•
put each mixture into the same sized moulds
•
left each mixture to set hard
•
dropped a metal ball from increasing heights until the mortar cracked
•
recorded the results in a table.
Volume of sand in cm
(i)
3
Volume of cement in cm
3
Height the metal ball was
dropped from to crack the
mortar in cm
700
100
24
600
100
30
500
100
36
400
100
37
300
100
48
200
100
54
What happens to the strength of the mortar as the volume of sand increases?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 6 of 27
(ii)
The student was worried about an anomalous result.
Which result was anomalous?
Volume of sand = ................. cm3
Explain why you have chosen this result.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The student repeated the investigation but used six concrete mixtures.
From the results the student concluded correctly that concrete was stronger than mortar.
Suggest one reason why concrete is stronger than mortar.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q8.
A limestone quarry is in an area of natural beauty and near several villages.
The company operating the quarry wants planning permission to build a new cement works in
the quarry.
The diagram shows some of the substances used and produced at a cement works.
Page 7 of 27
(a)
Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
Write the correct number in the box to complete each sentence.
(i)
The formula shows that calcium carbonate, CaCO3,
contains
different elements.
(1)
(ii)
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, contains a total number of
atoms.
(1)
(b)
The company wants the new cement works because the nearest cement works is 100 km
from the quarry. The company argues that a new cement works sited inside the quarry
would reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Suggest why the new cement works might reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Residents from the villages near the quarry are concerned that there will be atmospheric
pollution from the new cement works.
(i)
Name and explain how one of the emissions from the chimney causes atmospheric
pollution.
Name of emission: ...........................................................................................
Explanation: .....................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest what the company could do to reduce this atmospheric pollution.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 8 of 27
Q9.
Limestone contains the compound calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
(a)
Limestone is used to make cement in a rotary kiln.
Use the information in the diagram to name the two main waste gases from this rotary
kiln.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 9 of 27
(b)
Columns used as supports for buildings can be made from materials such as limestone
blocks or concrete.
From the diagrams, name which you think is the better material for making a column.
....................................................................................................................................
Give three advantages for your choice of material.
1 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q10.
Portland cement was invented by Joseph Aspdin, a builder from Leeds. The flow diagram
shows how cement is made.
(a)
(i)
Name the raw material X used to make cement.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
In the kiln the raw materials are heated to about 1500°C.
The limestone (calcium carbonate) is broken down at this temperature.
Complete the word equation for this reaction.
calcium carbonate → ........................................ + carbon dioxide
(1)
Page 10 of 27
(iii)
Suggest one major cost of this process other than the cost of the raw materials.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Cement can be used to make concrete.
Name two substances that must be mixed with cement to make concrete.
1 .....................................................................
2 .....................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q11.
Sea water contains magnesium ions. Magnesium oxide can be obtained from sea water
using the following process.
(a)
State the chemical name for limestone.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Write a word equation for the action of heat on limestone.
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
State the chemical name for slaked lime.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Write a balanced chemical equation for the addition of water to quicklime.
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
How can magnesium hydroxide be separated from sea water?
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 11 of 27
(f)
Suggest and explain how magnesium could be obtained from magnesium oxide.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q12.
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
At a cement works, limestone is mixed with clay and heated in a kiln.
(a)
(i)
When methane is burned in this process the waste gases contain carbon dioxide
and nitrogen.
Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Complete the symbol equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.
CaCO3 → ......................... + .........................
(2)
Page 12 of 27
(b)
A different fuel is burnt at the cement works.
Suggest one reason the company may give for using this different fuel at the cement
works.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
The cement works continue to burn the different fuel.
Local residents are concerned because more children are suffering asthma attacks.
Residents have also noticed that parked cars are becoming dirty because of smoke
particles from the chimney.
The table shows the possible medical risk from smoke particles.
Particle size in mm
Medical effect
Larger than 0.4
No medical risks known
0.3 and smaller
Causes asthma attacks
0.2 and smaller
May cause cancer
It is also recommended that to avoid damage to health, the concentration of any particles
should be no higher than 2 parts per million (ppm).
Scientists were brought in to monitor the emissions from the cement work’s chimney.
They positioned four sensors around the cement works to monitor airborne smoke
particles.
These four sensors only detect particle sizes larger than 0.5 mm and measure the
concentration of particles in ppm. The scientists reported that the particle sensors showed
that the average concentration of particles was 1.8 ppm. The scientists concluded that
there was no risk to health.
Page 13 of 27
(i)
Explain why the local residents objected to the positions of the four sensors.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
What evidence did the scientists use to conclude that there was no risk to health?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The local residents were still concerned that there was a risk to health, even though
the average concentration of particles was 1.8 ppm.
Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q13.
Magnesium chloride is a useful salt.
The flow diagram shows how it can be made.
Page 14 of 27
(i)
Describe how calcium hydroxide can be made from limestone.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Write a word equation for the neutralisation of magnesium hydroxide with a suitable acid to
form magnesium chloride.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q14.
Limestone is an important raw material.
(a)
The main compound in limestone has the formula CaCO3 .
Name the elements in this compound.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Limestone has many uses. Select from the list below two important materials made from
limestone.
cement
poly(ethene)
diesel oil
sodium hydroxide
glass
sulphuric acid
.............................................................. and ..............................................................
(2)
Page 15 of 27
(c)
The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal.
(i)
Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give two reasons why carbon dioxide is produced in the lime kiln.
Reason 1 ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Reason 2 ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
(i)
Quicklime (calcium oxide) can be converted to slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) by
adding water.
Write a word equation to represent this reaction.
...................................... + ...................................... → ....................................
(1)
(ii)
Why do farmers sometimes add slaked lime to acidic soil?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 16 of 27
Q15.
Limestone is an important raw material.
The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal.
(i)
Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give two reasons why carbon dioxide is produced in the lime kiln.
Reason 1 .....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 .....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Page 17 of 27
M1.
electron
nucleus
neutron
each for 1 mark
[3]
M2.
(a)
(i)
both have one / 1 electron in the outer energy level / shell
allow both react in a similar way
1
(ii)
eleven / 11
1
(iii)
twelve / 12
1
(iv)
(2x)
max 1 if candidate changes the number of electrons in the first
energy level / shell
8x (in second energy level / shell)
1
1x (in outer energy level / shell)
1
(b)
two sodium atoms (react)
1
two (bonded) chlorine atoms (react)
allow one chlorine molecule (reacts)
1
two sodium ions and two chloride ions (are produced)
allow two molecules of sodium chloride (are produced) or two
sodium chloride particles (are produced)
1
[8]
Page 18 of 27
##
correct use of ‘react’/‘reaction’/reactants’/combine
(not mixed/added/join)
correct use of ‘produce’/‘products’/gives/forms/makes/creates
reactants correctly identified
each for 1 mark
products correctly identified
(Reactants must be correctly identified for ‘react’
mark to be awarded. Similarly for products)
(magnesium reacts with zinc oxide to produce magnesium
oxide and zinc or similar, will gain all 4 marks)
Oxidise or reduce given correctly can be credited both
the marks for react and produce
[4]
M4.
(a) react with oxygen / oxidise / burn in oxygen / burning / combustion or
tungsten to tungsten oxide or makes an oxide
key idea is oxidation
ignore breaking ignore fire / flames / exothermic
ignore react with air
1
(b)
it is (very) unreactive / not reactive / inert / does not react with tungsten
or it is a noble gas or it is in group 0 or 8 or 18
do not accept unreactive / inert metal or argon is not very reactive
1
full outer shell (of electrons) / 8 electrons in outer shell
1
does not need to gain / lose / swap / transfer / share electrons or does not need to
form bonds
does not bond ionically / covalently
1
[4]
M5.
(a)
fractional distillation
1
boiling point or use
1
(b)
(i)
mixture: compounds or elements or substances together but not chemically
combined
ignore references to separation
1
compound: (different) elements or different atoms together and chemically combined
ignore references to separation
1
Page 19 of 27
(ii)
element: contains only one type of atom
accept made of atoms which contain the same number of protons
1
compound: contains different types of atom chemically combined
‘chemically combined’ not needed here if already stated in (b)(i)
1
[6]
M6.
(a)
(i)
H2 + O2 → H2O *both circled correct
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
A1 +
O2 → A12O3 all circled correct
for 1 mark
1
(b)
idea that:
must end up with the same number of atoms as at the start
any 2 each
otherwise matter is shown to be lost/gained
for 1 mark
won’t show correct amount of each element/compound
2
[4]
M7.
(a)
calcium oxide
1
calcium hydroxide
1
calcium carbonate
1
substances must be in the order shown
(b)
(i)
strength of mortar decreases (as volume of sand increases)
1
(ii)
400 (cm3)
1
because the height the metal ball dropped from should
be 42 cm and not 37 cm
accept because the other results show that the height the metal ball
dropped from should have an interval of 6cm
1
Page 20 of 27
(c)
contains aggregate
allow bonding is stronger
1
[7]
M8.
(a)
(i)
3 / three
1
(ii)
5 / five
1
(b)
any one from:
•
less / no transport
accept less / no distance
•
less / no (fossil) fuel used
ignore references to carbon dioxide / carbon emissions
1
(c)
(i)
carbon dioxide / CO2
for a correct emission
1
(causes) global warming / climate change / greenhouse gas
explanation must be correct for named emission
ignore ozone layer
or
(cement) particles / smoke (1)
(causes) asthma / dust / (global) dimming (1)
accept breathing problems
or
sulfur dioxide / SO2 / nitrogen oxides / NOx (1)
(causes) acid rain (1)
do not accept nitrogen or water vapour for emissions
do not accept no named emission
1
(ii)
absorb / trap / capture / filter / pass through water / scrub / electrostatic attraction
ignore condense / off setting / different fuel
1
[6]
Page 21 of 27
M9.
(a)
any two from:
•
nitrogen
accept formulae N / N2
•
carbon dioxide
accept formula CO2
ignore CO
•
water (vapour) / steam
accept formula H2O
2
(b)
any three from:
no mark for ‘limestone’ or ‘concrete’ on first line – mark advantages
only
limestone
•
abundant / local
ignore ideas of speed of production or easier to use
•
natural material or no ‘processing’ needed
•
relatively easy to cut
•
appearance better
concrete
•
raw materials are abundant
•
can be reinforced (by steel rods) / strong(er) / supported (by steel rods)
accept ‘can build higher’
•
concrete mixture can be poured / moulded / constructed on site
•
less reactive with acid rain / weathering / erosion
ignore density / extraction / quarrying / pollution / cost
3
[5]
M10.
(a)
(i)
clay
for one mark
(ii)
calcium oxide / quicklime / CaO
for one mark
(iii)
sensible answers such as cost of fuel etc. / accept a wide range
of appropriate answers
for one mark
3
Page 22 of 27
(b)
sand
gravel (owtte) e.g. crushed rock
water
any two for 1 mark each
2
[5]
M11.
(a)
calcium carbonate
not formula
1
(b)
calcium carbonate → calcium oxide
not common names
allow correct formulae
1
+ carbon dioxide
1
(c)
calcium hydroxide
not formula
1
(d)
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
allow if doubled
all formulae correct, no extra ones
1
balanced
1
(e)
filtration
allow centrifugation
not decanting
not evaporation, crystallisation
1
(f)
electrolysis stated or implied
molten MgO / magnesium oxide is ionic / Mg2+ goes to cathode
not just heated
1
or add sodium / K / Ca / Li / a more reactive metal
1
displaces Mg / reduces Mg
give no marks if reference made to reduction by C or H
1
[9]
Page 23 of 27
M12.
(a)
(i)
oxygen / air reacts with carbon / methane (to form carbon dioxide)
accept from the decomposition / reaction of calcium carbonate
ignore CO2 from the air
1
nitrogen is (unreacted) from the air
1
(ii)
CaO
1
CO2
any order
ignore words
any incorrect balancing max 1 mark
1
(b)
any one from:
•
more energy / efficient
allow converse for present fuel
•
from a sustainable / renewable resource
•
produces less / no carbon dioxide / greenhouse gases / global warming
ignore no pollution / environmental damage
•
more profit or money for local economy
accept fuel is cheap(er)
•
more readily available
it = different fuel
1
(c)
(i)
any two from:
•
not near where people / residents live
accept not between cement works and where people live
ignore sensors are unsightly
•
not positioned where concentration of particles was likely to be highest
•
not positioned downwind
2
(ii)
the average / concentration was 1.8(ppm) or the average / concentration
was below 2(ppm)
accept 1.8(ppm) is less than 2.0 (ppm)
1
Page 24 of 27
(iii)
any three from:
•
children / people suffering asthma attacks
•
result was an average
•
readings (at some (2/3) sensors) could have been higher than 2ppm
•
sensors did not detect particles below 0.5mm
•
small particles / particles below 0.5mm / 0.4mm / 0.3mm / 0.2mm could (still)
cause cancer / asthma
ignore global dimming or cars becoming dirty or position of
sensors
3
[11]
M13.
(a)
(i)
heat (the limestone)
accept decompose limestone
accept heat with coke
1
add water / slake
dependent on 1st mark unless they say add water to the calcium
oxide
1
(ii)
magnesium hydroxide +
hydrochloric acid
1
→ magnesium chloride + water / H2O
1 mark for each side of the equation
(if a symbol equation is given then give 1 mark for correct formulae
(all) and 1 mark for balancing)
1
[4]
M14.
(a) calcium
carbon
oxygen
2 correct for 1 mark
3 correct for 2 marks
2
(b)
cement
glass
each for 1 mark
2
Page 25 of 27
(c)
(i)
allows coal to bum / flushes out CO2
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
produced by burning coal
produced by decomposition of limestone
each for 1 mark
2
(d)
(i)
calcium oxide + water → calcium hydroxide
or quicklime + water → slaked lime
for 1 mark
(allow composite equation from these two)
1
(ii)
to neutralise it / because it is alkaline or basic
for 1 mark
1
[9]
M15.
(i)
(hot air) gives faster reaction makes coal burn faster
(provides air / oxygen to help to) allow the coal to burn / helps combustion
flushes out the waste / gases / carbon dioxide
any one for 1 mark
1
(ii)
decomposition of limestone yields carbon dioxide (owtte)
the combustion / burning of coal produces carbon dioxide (owtte)
each for 1 mark
2
[3]
Page 26 of 27
Page 27 of 27