Remote Sensing Satellite Technology Workshop 2016 Nov. 28, 2016 NSPO SMART PHONE AND PERSONAL SATELLITE CUBESAT PLATFORMS: YAMSAT-2 &3 Chen-Joe Fong1*, Albert Lin1, Ming-Shong Chang1, Yu-Lin Kuo1, Anson Tai2, Bo-Kai Huang1, Randson Huang3, Henry Chen1, Hsiu-Ching Cheng1, Chian-Chian Liou1, Ching-Horng Lee1, Vicky Wen1, Alex Wang2, Sen-Miao Chen2, 4, and Kevin Lee1 1 National Space Organization (NSPO), HsinChu, Taiwan MoGaMe Mobile Entertainment Co. Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan 3 Chinese Taipei Amateur Radio League, Taipei, Taiwan 4 Dep. of Bio-Industrial Mechanics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan * Email: [email protected] 2 ABSTRACT The YamSat-1 was the first developed picosatellite class CubeSat development program in National Space Organization, Taiwan. Since the YamSat-1 program, the follow-on NSPO-built CubeSat program named “YamSat-2 & 3” are 2U & 3U CubeSat engineering development model platforms, respectively, and all built from commercial-off-the-shelf parts for advanced technology demonstration and academically educational purpose. The YamSat’s mission objective is to develop a 2U CubeSat bus platform for smart phone and ship traffic tracking applications. And the YamSat-3 mission objective is to develop a personal satellite 3U CubeSat platform for remote sensing and GNSS-RO applications. The candidate payloads of YamSat-2 & 3 include Automatic Identification System, Automatic Packet Reporting System, Remote Sensing, and GNSS-RO payloads, high power LED/LD array, and CMOS-based Tiny Remote Sensing Instrument module with narrow and 360-degree wide Field-of-View cameras, where image and video data are downlinked through a dedicated 5.84 GHz high speed link. The programs also include an amateur radio frequency band YamSat ground station, a DIY software-defined radio received-only 70 cm band ground station; and a 5.84 GHz high-speed downlink ground station. The spacecraft bus platform will consist of the required subsystems to support the mission. YamSat’s new experience gave fruitful lessons learned and had opened up an innovative avenue for conducting new academic, educational, and low-cost space research experiment to the follow-on CubeSat satellites built in Taiwan’s universities. In this paper we will describe the two-year follow-on NSPO-built YamSat-2 & 3 CubeSat program of its current status. KEYWORDS: YamSat-2, YamSat-3, CubeSat, Systems Engineering 1. INTRODUCTION The first CubeSat design in the world (satellite weight less than 1 kilogram, called picosatellite) was proposed in 1999 by Jordi Puig-Suari of California State Polytechnic University and Bob Twiggs of Stanford University. The goal of CubeSat was to enable graduate students to be able to design, build, test and operate in space. The first batch of CubeSats was launched in June 2003 on a Russian Eurockot. Since then it opened a new era of pico-satellite development. (Heidt, 2000) YamSat-1 is the first picosatellite class satellite developed by National Space Organization, A1 Remote Sensing Satellite Technology Workshop 2016 Nov. 28, 2016 payload module, automatic packet reporting system, and camera functions. In this paper, we will describe the development of the YamSat-2 and YamSat-3 satellite program status. (Fong, 2014a-c, 2016a-d) Taiwan. Different from the traditional system engineering development, NSPO developed a new satellite system engineering development model and also opened a new rapid prototyping system engineering method. At the time, YamSat’s new experience gave fruitful lessons learned and had opened up an innovative channel for conducting new academic, educational, and low-cost space research experiment to the Pico and Nano satellites built in Taiwan’s universities and research institutes. (Lin, 2001; Fong, 2002; Hu, 2002) 2.YAMSAT MISSION 2.1 Satellite Mission Objectives The main objectives of this YamSat-2 & 3 mission development are (Fong, 2014a-c): - Complete technology demonstration of the prototype model. After appropriate system environmental tests (such as radiation, thermal vacuum testing and the dynamic testing), the prototypes can be changed into a flight model and to be launched into space. - The development of educational experiment payload, scientific payload and engineering payload will be combined with the cooperation of industry, academia and research to promote the space industry of Taiwan's CubeSat satellite. - Manufactured parts, components, assemblies, or subsystems can be verified on the engineering development model for further use on different mission CubeSats. Since 1999 after 17 years from the academy to the promotion of the industry, CubeSats have crossed over Death-of-Valley of technological development the cost of a CubeSat is significantly less and are easier to launch than larger satellite. Scientific experiment can be scaled down to a sizeable volume for a CubeSat mission. And nontraditional satellite users in academia, industry, and government agencies now have options for accessing space. the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (in US) conclude that CubeSats are already producing high value science, are enabling new kinds of targeted measurements, and can augment – but not replace – the capabilities of large satellite missions and ground-based facilities. (Jones, 2014; National Academies, 2016) 2.2 YamSat Mission Trade-Off Analysis The YamSat satellite program is to develop a 2U and 3U CubeSat engineering development platform consisting of COTS components to demonstrate the integration of advanced technologies and to provide space applications for academic education in universities. The design standard for CubeSats is generally to use the open hardware and software, and many related technologies are available on the Internet. Because the mission life is about a few months, it is possible to combine with commercial or automotive electronic components. Table 1 shows the results of the system trade-off update for the YamSat-3 satellite mission. (Fong, 2014a-c, 2016a-d) After the development of the first YamSat (1A, 1B, 1C) in Taiwan, YamSat-2 & 3 are the two R&D projects in the “NSPO Satellite Key Technology Development Program.” Internal R&D subproject, YamSat-2 is a smart phone satellite R&D / verification sub-program, YamSat-3 is a personal satellite R&D sub-program. These two subprograms will develop 2U and 3U CubeSat engineering development platform consisting of COTS components to demonstrate the integration of advanced technologies and provide space applications for academic education in universities. The current candidate payloads for YamSat-2 & 3 consists of self-developed mobile phones and personal satellite development platforms with smart phones, AIS (Automatic Identification System) receiver 2.3 YamSat Satellite Characteristics NSPO-developed YamSat-2 & 3 satellites will establish a 5.84 GHz high-speed transmission engineering development model and its ground system. The future will be in a technical way to A2 Remote Sensing Satellite Technology Workshop 2016 Nov. 28, 2016 show the further development of multi-purpose 2U & 3U CubeSat flight prototype model. Table 2 is the major characteristics of the YamSat-2 & 3 satellite. (Fong, 2014a-c, 2016a-d) ArduSat opens to the ground users to write a variety of flight software and personal experiments. So it is very suitable for educational experiments. As for the Raspberry Pi, which can be equipped with Linux OS, more like the CubeSat enthusiasts. Space improved version of the Raspberry Pie referred to as AstroPi. Our program follows the current international trends and transforms the Arduino payload module into the AstroPi payload module. AstroPi has a class-6063 of aviation standard aluminum shell, equipped with an 8-level color LED matrix and 5 control button joystick. There are a large number of sensors including gyroscope, accelerometer, magnetometer, temperature Sensors, atmospheric pressure sensors, and humidity sensors. In addition, the program’s AstroPi payload is equipped with a visible light camera and a far-infrared camera. The upper right corner of Figure 2 is the sensing and control component that the AstroPi payload instrument may be put in the program. Figure 6 shows the AstroPi payload module. 2.4 YamSat Satellite System Architecture Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the YamSat-2 & 3 satellite bus electrical system block diagram, respectively. YamSat-3 satellite bus mechanical structure is shown in Figure 3. Figure 4 & 5 show the YamSat-2 & 3 satellite engineering model, respectively. (Fong, 2014a-c, 2016a-d) 3. SATELLITE PAYLOAD The YamSat-2 & 3 program extends the handset and personal satellite research to develop space experiments and applications. YamSat-2 candidate payload will include self-developed smart phones, AIS payload module, auto-packet reporting system (APRS) and with the camera function of the mobile phone CubeSat research and development platform. The YamSat-3 candidate payload will consist of a Tiny Remote Sensing Instrument (TRSI) with a CMOS camera. The TRSI contains an optical telescope system. The captured image and video data from the TRSI module is downlinked to the ground via a high-speed 5.84 GHz transmitter. A set of open source AstroPi payload modules that can accommodate a variety of space sensors and a set of high-brightness high-power LED/LD (Laser Diode) array modules are adopted for optical communication. A brief introduction is described as follows. (Fong, 2014a-c, 2016a-d) 3.2 Tiny Remote Sensing Instruments (TRSI) PC-104 Module NSPO developed the TRSI (Tiny Remote Sensing Instruments) shown in Figure 7. By use of RPi dual CMOS Camera interface and self-made space lens, with Omnivision 5647 500 million pixels, supports 1080P (maximum resolution QSXVGA) powerful photographic capability. Combine 5.8 GHz RF and data rate up to 4Mbps through this telemetry module to take photographs and photography that one can be connected with the ground station image data back. Using Pi4J program development framework shown in Figure 8, the design process to deal with multi-threaded scheduling, receiving XML commands from the ground station, and analysis. XML processing analysis module, after analysis, we can see the type and type of service to be executed (real-time command / regular work services). NSPO XML development framework used for the JAXB, pre-designed XML Schema related through the Binding Compiler generate the relevant categories and interfaces. Then directly through 3.1 Arduino/AstroPi Payload Instrument Module NSPO develops with the open source systems Arduino/Raspberry Pi payload module for a variety of space sensors. Due to the open source feature of Arduino that is the open source systems including open hardware and software, and a considerable number of sensing and control module for its design. Arduino is also the first to be used in the International Space Station, a variety of space applications, and later by ArduSat selection. After the launch, A3 Remote Sensing Satellite Technology Workshop 2016 Nov. 28, 2016 444.5 mm, occupying 2.5 U of the CubeSat. Figure 12 shows the CubeSat structure frame and telescope system design. In addition, we must consider the diffraction phenomenon of the telescope system. For the light through the optical system imaging will produce the phenomenon of diffraction in the focus of the spot. This spot is called Airy Disk. The Airy spot diameter must match the Pixel Size of the CMOS sensor, otherwise the image is blurred. From the formula (2), we can see that the spatial diameter of the CIE system is about 7.83 μm, which is 5 times of the Pixel Size of the CMOS sensor. Therefore, the imaging may be slightly blurred and need to be analyzed by optical simulation software. the JAXB API Marshal / Unmarshal related documents. In this way, in accordance with the RF received from the xml command, the dynamic generation of relevant XML file instructions, designed to achieve standardization. It is easy to expand and ensure that the subsequent generation of documents to meet the original XML definition. 3.3 Tiny Remote Sensing Instruments (TRSI) Optical Telescope Design The CubeSat is planned to work in the 400 km altitude orbit and the ground resolution of 2 m to use Ov5647 series of CMOS sensor (see Table 3). The Pixel Size is 1.4 μm. As for the mirror selection, the aspheric mirror compared to spherical mirror has a better set of light. Because there is no domestically manufactured aspherical mirror of the optical plant we chose commercial Edmund reflector lens as a CubeSat engineering telescope mirror group. Based on the above requirements and specifications, we design a suitable telescope system for CubeSat. (Fong, 2016a-d) (2) By means of optical software simulation, we can obtain the important performance indexes of the system as shown in Table 6. The optical modulation transfer function (MTF) is about 30% at 1/2 cut-off frequency. From formula (3), we can calculate that the cut-off frequency is about 357.14 lp/mm. From the image simulation, we can observe to produce slightly lattice-like image blur effect as shown in Figure 11. The telescope system designed by a Cassegrain telescope which is a reflective system consisting of two sets of axisymmetric mirrors. The design has the advantage of reducing the long focal length system to a shorter accommodation space. Figure 9 shows the telescope system of the 3D architecture. Based on the telescope requirement that the orbit height is 400 km, the ground resolution is 2 m, the CMOS sensor Pixel Size is 1.4 μm and the formula (1), the effective focal length of the telescope system must be greater than 280 mm. (3) 3.4 High Brightness and High Power LED / LD Array Module Manufactured by domestic academic institutions as the experimental payload mechanical configuration that mainly equipped with high-brightness and high-power LED / LD arrays and Laser Retro Reflector (LRR). In addition to allowing the surface through the surface of the receiver to see the surface of the satellite’s LED light in the future, but also can be transmitted Moss password based on its high brightness characteristics. Its high-power laser diode and LRR can be used for laser communication and other academic education experimental purposes. (1) For the selection of the lens, the primary mirror is a parabolic mirror with a diameter of 76.1 mm and a radius of curvature of -889 mm. The reflecting surface is aluminum-plated. The secondary mirror is a plane mirror with a diameter of 50 mm and a reflective surface of aluminum (See Figure 10, Table 4 and Table 5). The effective focal length of the lens group is A4 Remote Sensing Satellite Technology Workshop 2016 Nov. 28, 2016 5.84 GHz band. For ground station video transmission system, the ground receiving station includes 5.84 GHz high-speed system, the receiving antenna feed head and RF low-frequency signal down-converter circuit low noise block (LNB) development. 3.5 Custom AIS Payload Currently the reason to select AIS Receiver communication is as follows: - Monitoring of marine vessels in accordance with Taiwan needs - Users of the public, with business opportunities - Domestic manufacturers AIS receiver, technology is mature - Familiar with AIS system and data processing - Wide range of antenna transmission and reception, low requirement for satellite attitude control that is available with B dot magnetic control Table 7 shows the specifications of the AIS receiver verification version. (Fong, 2016cd) 5.2 Self-Developed 70 cm Band Software Radio Receiver Ground Station The self-developed 70 cm band software radio receiver ground station system consists of a 70-cm (430 MHz) 8-Elements linear polarization Yagi antenna, a low-noise linear amplifier (LNA), a FunCube Dongle Pro + software radio receiver, or a Realtek radio receiver RTL SDR TV Stick, Raspberry Pi open source personal computer. The system block diagram of the software radio receiver ground station for the entire 70 cm (430 MHz) band is shown in Figure 14. 4 SATELLITE BUS YamSat-2 & 3 program satellite bus will include the required subsystems to support this task, including the Power Subsystem (EPS), the Attitude Control Subsystem (AOCS) with high-speed transmission links and 430 MHz Frequency band of the amateur radio communication subsystem (COMM), a satellite data processing subsystem (OBDH) with a smart phone as a backup, an engineering structure mechanical subsystem (SMS) for 3D printing and a flight software subsystem (FSW). Please refer to the detailed system design references. (Fong, 2014a-c, 2016a-d) 5.3 YamSat Ground System Figure 15 is the NSPO YamSat satellite ground station system. This project will require the system to work with the independent development of the second generation of intelligent mobile phone functionality of the personal satellite experimental engineering body and open source system ground station to process the software operating system and application upgrades. 5. YAMSAT GROUND SYSTEM 6. CONCLUSION The YamSat satellite program Ground System includes: (Fong, 2014a-c, 2016a-d) • A 5.84 GHz band high-speed ground receiving station system, • Self-made 70 cm amateur radio frequency band for the software radio receiver ground station system, as well • YamSat amateur radio ground station system update. In this paper, we describe the origin of the satellite mission of the YamSat series satellite, and the main objectives of its future development. Also we describes possible satellite payloads for the tasks of YamSat-2 & 3. This paper describes the design of small-scale CMOS remote sensing camera (TRSI) PC-104 module and optical telescope. NSPO's self-developed satellite experimental engineering model and open source system ground station. Hoping to make the relevant development of educational experiment payload, scientific payload and engineering payload will combine the industry and 5.1 Remote Sensing Instruments High Speed Receiving Ground Station System Figure 13 shows a high-speed ground receiving station system with a diameter of 1 meter in the A5 Remote Sensing Satellite Technology Workshop 2016 Nov. 28, 2016 CubeSat Platform for Remote Sensing & GNSS-RO Mission,” ICEO&SI 2016, PW-4, Keelung, Taiwan, 26-28 Jun. 2016. academia research and mutual cooperation to promote the future of Taiwan’s personal satellite space industry. Fong, C.-J., Lin, A., Chang, M.-S., Kuo, Y.-L. , Tai, A., Huang, B.-K., Huang, R., Chen, H., Cheng, H.-C., Liou, C.-C., Lee, C.-H., Wen, V., Wang, A., and Lee, K. 2016c. “NSPO YamSat-2 & 3 CubeSat Platforms,” INSPIRE Workshop, Chongli, Taiwan, 20-22 Jul. 2016. 7. REFERENCES: Fong, C.-J., Lin, A., Shie, A., Yeh, M., Chiou, W.-C., Tsai M.-H., Ho, P.-Y., Liu, C.-W., Chang, M.-S., Pan, H.-P., Tsai, S., Hsiao, C., Hwang C.-H., Chang-Liao K.-S., and Wang L.-K., 2002. “Lessons Learned of NSPO’s Picosatellite Mission: YamSat - 1A, 1B & 1C”, The 16th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Aug. 2002. Fong, C.-J., Chang, M.-S., Lin, A., Kuo, Y.-L., Chen, H., Huang, B.-K., Cheng, H.-C., and Lee, C.-H. 2016d. “YamSat-2 & 3: NSPO Smart Phone and Personal Satellite CubeSat Platforms,” Vol. 17-04, Kangshan Kaohsiung, 5 Nov. 2016. Fong, C.-J., Chang, M.-S., Chen, H., Cheng, H.-C., Kuo, Y.-L., Liou, C.-C., and Yang, E. 2014a. “NSPO CubeSat Personal Satellite Development for Space Application”, 2014 AASRC, E13, Tainan, Taiwan, 15 Nov. 2014. Heidt, H., Puig-Suari, J., Moore, A.S., Nakasuka, S., Twiggs, R. J. 2000.“CubeSat: A new Generation of Picosatellite for Education and Industry Low-Cost Space Experimentation”, Proceedings of the 14th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Logan, Utah, USA, 13-16 Aug. 2000. Fong, C.-J., Chang, M.-S., Chen, H., Cheng, H.-C., Kuo, Y.-L., Liou, C.-C., and Yang, E. 2014b. “Personal Satellite Research and Development for Space Experiment and Application (PSRDSEA),” RSSTW 2014, Hsicchu, Taiwan, 20 Nov. 2014. Lin, A., Chang, Chang, C.-L., Tsai, S., Fong, C.-J., Chang, C.-P., Lin R., Liu, C.W., Yeh, M., Chung, M.-H., Pan, H.-P., and Hwang, C.-H. 2001. YamSat: the First Picosatellite being Developed in Taiwan, SSC01-VIIIb-8, Proceedings of the 15th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Logan, Utah, USA, 13-16 Aug. 2001. Fong, C.-J. Chang, M.-S., Chen, H., Cheng, H.-C., Kuo, Y.-L. Liou, C.-C., and Chang, G.-S. 2014c. “NSPO Personal Satellite Engineering Development Model for Technology Demonstration and Education Application,” 2014 Taiwan-Russia Joint Symposium, Taiwan, 22 Dec. 2014. Jones, N. 2014. “Mini satellites prove their scientific power,” Nature, Vol. 508, 17 Apr. 2014, pp. 300~301. Fong, C.-J. Lin, A., Chang, M.-S., Kuo, Y.-L. , Tai, A., Huang, B.-K., Huang, R., Chen, H., Cheng, H.-C., Liou, C.-C., Lee, C.-H., Wen, V., Wang, A., and Lee, K. 2016a. “YamSat-2 & 3 CubeSat Engineering Development Model of Technology Demonstration for Remote Sensing & GNSS-RO Mission,” ICGPSRO 2016, F0014, Taipei, Taiwan, 9-11 Mar. 2016. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Achieving Science with CubeSats: Thinking Inside the Box. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/23503. Fong, C.-J. Lin, A., Chang, M.-S., Kuo, Y.-L. , Tai, A., Huang, B.-K., Huang, R., Chen, H., Cheng, H.-C., Liou, C.-C., Lee, C.-H., Wen, V., Wang, A., and Lee, K. 2016b. “YamSat-2 & 3 Table 1. System Trade-Off for the YamSat-3 satellite mission (Trade-Off) A6 Remote Sensing Satellite Technology Workshop 2016 Mission Payload Orbit Mission Life Weight Model Arduino payload Instrument Module 400km x 60 deg 1 month 1 kg EDM (Engineering Development Model) High brightness / pow er LED/LD array 800 km x 97 deg 3 month 2 kg FM (Flight Model) CubeSat Tiny remote sensing instrument (TRSI) module 300 km 6 month 3 kg PocketQube Smart Phone Design Life Solar Cell Battery 3 month GaAs Triple-junction Li-Ion AX.25 1 month Si Ni-H2 CCSDS Structure Ground Aluminum 6061-T6 Aluminum 7075-T6 Stacks of PCBs follow ing PC/104 standard Upgraded YamSat ground station 70 cm DIY SDR ground station PSRDSEA (Personal Satellite Research & Development Experiment & Application) Nov. 28, 2016 Table 5. 25mm Diameter, Enhanced Aluminum, Flat Mirror PFM (Proto Flight Model) QM (Qulification Model) TubeSat Method DIY DIT (Do-It-Together) Crow d Sourcing Volume 1U (10cm x 10cm x 10cm) 2U (10cm x 10cm x 20cm) 3U (10cm x 10cm x 30cm) Communication Si-Zn Communication (DL) Communication (UL) AOCS On Board Computer DL: 5.84GHz UL: 1.28 GHz GPS Receiver Open systems DL: ~ 430MHz UL: ~ 430MHz IMU RaspBerry Pi 2.0 DL: 144 MHz UL: 144 MHz Magnetometer Smart Phone Magnetic Torquer 3D-Printing 5.84GHz high-speed DL ground station 1.28 GHz UL Ground Station Reaction Wheel Table 6. Key performance indicators of CubeSat telescope system Start Tracker Sun Sensor Requirement of Telescope Table 2. The major characteristics of the YamSat-2 & 3 satellite Orbit (km) 400 GSD (m) 2 EFL (mm) 444.5 MTF (%) 30 % @ ½ Cutoff frequency (Cutoff frequency = 357.14) Specification of Sensor Pixel Size (um) 1.4 x 1.4 Active Array Size 2592 x 1944 Image Area (um2 ) 3673.6 x 2738.4 Specification of Mirror M1 M2 R (mm) -889.0 Inf D (mm) 76.2 50 K -1 - Substrate BOROFLOAT® Coating Enhanced Aluminum Table 7. Custom AIS receiver function verification version specification Table 3. CMOS sensors dominant performance indicators Table 4. 3 Diameter x 17.5 FL, Enhanced Aluminum, Parabolic Mirror Figure 1. YamSat-2 satellite bus electronic system block diagram A7 Remote Sensing Satellite Technology Workshop 2016 Nov. 28, 2016 Figure 2. YamSat-3 satellite bus electronic system block diagram Figure 5. YamSat-3 satellite engineering model platform Figure 3. YamSat-3 satellite bus mechanical configuration Figure 6. AstroPi payload instrument module Figure 7. Tiny Remote Sensing Instrument (TRSI) PC-104 Module Figure 4. YamSat-2 satellite engineering model platform Figure 8. TRSI Service framework A8 Remote Sensing Satellite Technology Workshop 2016 Nov. 28, 2016 Figure 13. High-speed receiver ground-station system Figure 9. YamSat-3 satellite telescope system 3D architecture Figure 10. YamSat-3 satellite telescope system 2D architecture Figure 14. 70cm band software radio receiver ground station system Figure 15. NSPO YamSat ground station Figure 11. Optical simulation software analysis results Figure 12. Design of YamSat-3 satellite structure frame and telescope system A9
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