The Reproductive System The Reproductive System BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II MARY CATHERINE FLATH, PH.D. All living organisms must reproduce to continue their species Humans reproduce by sexual reproduction ◦Genetic contribution from both parents ◦Much variability in offspring COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH FUNCTIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PRODUCTION OF GAMETES TRANSPORT OF GAMETES MAINTENANCE OF GAMETES MAINTENANCE OF DEVELOPING EMBRYO/FETUS (FEMALE) PRODUCTION OF SEX HORMONES REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN OVERVIEW COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 1 MEIOSIS OVERVIEW MEIOSIS ONE PARENT CELL GENETIC INFORMATION IS CARRIED BY DNA LOCATED ON GENES OF CHROMOSOMES ◦ TWO SETS OF DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES; ◦ 23 PAIRS OF DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES IN HUMANS, MOST BODY CELLS ARE DIPLOID ◦ 2n; 2 SETS OF CHROMOSOMES; 23 PAIRS HUMAN SEX CELLS (GAMETES) ARE HAPLOID ◦ 1n; 1 SET OF CHROMOSOMES; 23 CHROMOSOMES TWO DAUGHTER CELLS ◦ ONE SET OF DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES; ◦ 23 DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES MEIOSIS IS THE SPECIAL TYPE OF CELL DIVISION THAT REDUCES THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER BY ONE-HALF ◦ 2n1n; 2 SETS 1 SET; 4623 CHROMOSOMES IN GAMETE FOUR GAMETES ◦ ONE SET OF CHROMOSOMES; ◦ 23 CHROMOSOMES COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH MEIOSIS OVERVIEW SPERMATOGENESIS OCCURS IN MALE TESTES OOGENESIS OCCURS IN FEMALE OVARIES COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Occurs during Prophase I COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 2 MEIOSIS IN MALES VS. FEMALES MALES ◦ SPERMATOGENESIS RESULTS IN FOUR SPERM WITH 23 CHROMOSOMES FEMALES ◦ OOGENESIS RESULTS IN ONE OVUM WITH 23 CHROMOSOMES DUE TO UNEQUAL CYTOKINESIS ◦ DISCUSSED IN GREATER DETAIL LATER COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COMPARISON OF MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS MITOSIS MEIOSIS DNA REPLICATES PRIOR TO DIVISION DNA REPLICATES PRIOR TO DIVISION ONE DIVISION TWO DIVISIONS ◦ PMAT ◦ 2 X PMAT TWO DAUGHTER CELLS IDENTICAL TO PARENT CELL IS PRODUCED FOUR GAMETES THAT ARE NON-IDENTICAL TO PARENT CELL RESULT DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISM; GROWTH AND REPAIR OF TISSUES NECESSARY FOR REPRODUCTION OF SPECIES; MUCH VARIABILITY COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 3 TESTES STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION DESCENT OF TESTES INTO SCROTUM OCCURS IN MALE FETUSES COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH LM COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 4 SEM COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH SPERMATOGENESIS ONE SPERMATOGONIUM ◦ 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES ONE PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE ◦ 23 PAIRS OF DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES TWO SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES ◦ 2 X 23 DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES FOUR SPERMATIDS ◦ 4 X 23 CHROMOSOMES FOUR SPERM ◦ 4 X 23 CHROMOSOMES COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 5 SEM Text Figure pageDefective 848 sperm SEM COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH fyi COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH MALE SECONDARY SEX ORGANS HAIR FOLLICLES ◦ FACIAL, AXILLARY, INGUINAL APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS ◦ AXILLARY, INGUINAL EXTERNAL GENITALIA VOCAL CORDS MUSCLE ◦ GROWTH BONE ◦ STRENGTHENS COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 6 HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF OTHER MALES ORGANS COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 7 SPERMATIC CORD passes through inguinal canal VAS DEFERENS AUTONOMIC NERVES TESTICULAR ARTERY TESTICULAR VEIN LYMPHATIC VESSELS CREMASTER MUSCLE COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH SEMEN SPERM ◦ TESTES FRUCTOSE in alkaline fluid ◦ SEMINAL VESICLES SPERM MOTILITY AGENT in milky, alkaline fluid ◦ PROSTATE PENIS LUBRICANT ◦ BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 8 COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Table 22.01 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 9 THE OVARIES COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH OOGENSIS COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 10 OOGENESIS OOGONIUM ◦ 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES ◦ IN FEMALE EMBRYOS PRIMARY OOCYTE ◦ 23 PAIRS OF DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES ◦ IN FEMALE FETUSES SECONDARY OOCYTE ◦ 23 DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES ◦ IS OVULATED ONCE EACH MONTH ◦ ONLY IF PENETRATED BY SPERM DOES MEIOSIS II OCCUR ◦ LARGE OVUM (23 CHROMOSOMES) FUSES WITH 23 CHROMOSOMES OF SPERM COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH OOGENESIS OCCURS WITHIN A MATURING OVARIAN FOLLICLE COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH MATURATION OF AN OVARIAN FOLLICLE ONCE EACH MONTH FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH from Anterior Pituitary Gland) STIMULATES A PRIMORDIAL OVARIAN FOLLICLE TO MATURE OVER A 14 DAY PERIOD ◦ A STRATIFIED LAYER OF GRANULOSA CELLS DEVELOPS ◦ MEIOSIS I RESULTS IN A SECONDARY OOCYTE ◦ THE ZONA PELLUCIDA SEPARATES THE OOCYTE FROM GRANULOSA CELLS ◦ PRIMARY OOCYTE ◦ A FLUID FILLED CAVITY, THE ATRUM APPEARS ◦ THE CORONA RADIATA APPEARS ◦ SECONDARY OOCYTE COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 11 Secondary (Mature) Follicle COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH THE MATURING FOLLICLE SECRETES THE HORMONE ESTROGEN COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH OVULATION OOGENSIS (MEIOSIS I) IS COMPLETE IN 14 DAYS AT THAT TIME, A SURGE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) IS SECRETED BY THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND THE MATURE FOLLICLE BURSTS RELEASING THE SECONDARY OOCYTE INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE ESTROGEN DEVELOPS SECONDARY SEX ORGANS AT PUBERTY AND THEN MAINTAINS THEM UNTIL MENOPAUSE COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH SEM COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 12 FOLLOWING OVULATION THE REMAINING OVARIAN FOLLICLE BECOMES A GLAND CALLED THE CORPUS LUTEUM THE CORPUS LUTEUM SECRETES THE HORMONE PROGESTERONE PROGESTERONE TARGETS THE UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM TO PREPARE FOR IMPLANTATION OTHER FEMALE ORGANS COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Table 22.02 COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH FALLOPIAN TUBES COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 13 COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Table 22.02 COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 14 COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH HORMONAL CONTROLS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE Outline how ovarian function is hormonally controlled by the hypothalamus to the secondary sex organs. Fully discuss the hormones above in terms of the female reproductive cycle that occurs each month. Be sure to include the names of glands, hormones, target organs, responses, and indicate the day(s) of the cycle when the secretion of each hormone occurs. Outline/Flowchart of Female Hormonal Control through Day 24. COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 15 COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 16 INFERTILITY COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Vaccine To Prevent HPV: GARDASIL INDICATED FOR WOMEN AGES 9-26 WILL PREVENT HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS ◦WILL ALLOW FOR THE IRRADICATION OF CERVICAL CANCER **** SEE YOUR GYNECOLOGIST TODAY! COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 17 Text Figure page 887b COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Text Figure page 887d COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Text Figure page 887e COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Text Figure page 887f COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 18 COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Text Figure page 887i COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Text Figure page 887j COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH Text Figure page 887k Let’s review Objectives 23-36 COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH COPYRIGHT 2016 DR. MARY CAT FLATH 19
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