Wherever?
DPRK Japan
Korea
North-East Asia
Sub-region Position Paper
Mongolia
China
2005. 10. 24
IL-PYO, HONG
KOREA WATER FORUM
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS
I
II
Basic Characteristics
Basic Characteristics
Main challenges regarding water issues
III
Strategies that have been implemented to face water issues
IV
Successful experiences and local actions carried out in the country
V
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Main organization and technical and financial support
institutions in regard with water issues
VI
Conclusions, learned lessons and future perspectives
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Basic Characteristics
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Basic Characteristics
Annual Average Rainfall
Annual
Annual rainfall
rainfall in
in Japan
Japan from
from 1900
1900 to
to 2003
2003
2,000
2,000
Country
Rainfall
(mm)
1
CHINA
650
2
DPRK
927
3
JAPAN
1,700
4
MONGOLIA
224
5
Republic of
KOREA
1,283
6
WORLD
Average
973
mm
1,700
1,900
1,900
1,800
1,800
1,283
973
927
650
224
Annual rainfall
rainfall (mm)
(mm)
Annual
No.
1,700
1,700
1,600
1,600
1,500
1,500
1,400
1,400
1,300
1,300
Annual
Annual Rainfall
Rainfall
55 years
years moving
moving average
average
Trend
Trend
1,200
1,200
1,100
1,100
CHINA
DPRK
JAPAN MONGOLIA ROK
WORLD
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
1900
1900
1910
1910
1920
1920
1930
1930
1940
1940
1950
1950
Year
Year
1960
1960
1970
1970
1980
1980
1990
1990
2000
2000
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
1
Basic Characteristics
Basic Characteristics -CHINA
Annual rainfall in ROK from 1770 to 2000
2800 billion m3 of water resources (6th in the world)
3500
Annual rainfa ll (mm)
3000
5 year moving a vera ge
Low water resources per capita, uneven distribution in time and space.
Annual a vera ge ra infall (1770 ~ 2000)
Rainfall (mm)
2500
Considering the current population, water resource per capita in China is
only 2200 m3, no more than 1/3 of world average.
2000
1500
Temporal distribution in China: sharp variation of yearly precipitation
Precipitation during flood season (4 months) is above 70% of annual
precipitation while the other 30% concentrates in non-flood season.
1000
500
0
1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994
Year
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Basic Characteristics - DPRK
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Basic Characteristics - JAPAN
The mountain occupies more than 80 ％ of the land.
Most of rivers have mountainous river characteristics.
60-70 % of annual precipitation : from June to September.
tropical cyclone and typhoon → floods and landslides
Precipitation decrease 10-15% than before during recently 20~30 years,
but water demand has been increasing rapidly.
Many dikes, dams, reservoirs and irrigation channel systems have built by
national and regional government’s effort, but disaster has never disappeared.
Japan is an island country located on the eastern edge of Asia and in the northwest
of the Pacific Ocean, and occupies an area of approximately 380,000 km2.
About four-fifths of the country are covered with mountains with few
expansive plains.
The average annual precipitation is approximately 1,700 mm, nearly double the
world's average of 970 mm. The per capita annual average precipitation is
approximately a quarter of the world's average.
The per capita potential quantity of water resources is 3,300 m3, nearly half the
world's average.
Precipitation concentrates in the typhoon season (September and October) and
rainy season (June).
Rivers are generally short and run rapidly in numerous sections.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Basic Characteristics - MONGOLIA
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Basic Characteristics REPUBLIC OF KOREA
The annual mean precipitation amount is 224 mm. About 85-90 per cent of
total precipitation falls in summer months as rain
Average annual precipitation is 1,283 mm.
(1.3 times of world average, 973mm)
90.1 percent of annual rainfall evaporates, only 9.9 per cent forms surface
runoff, partially recharging into ground water aquifers.
Precipitation per Capita: 2,705 m3/year
(12 % of World’s precipitation per capita: 26,803 m3)
Glacier is one of biggest resources of fresh water and as unique indicator
of climate change
From June to Sep. more than 60% of annual precipitation.
Total Water use in 33 billion m3 /year
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
2
Main challenges regarding water issues
I
Main challenges regarding water issues
II
Water Shortage
and Use
Flood
Water Quality
and
Pollution
Flood
Recently, due to the
unexpected climate,
extreme heavy storm,
flood, typhoon happen
the North East Asia
Soil Erosion
and Land Slide
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Main challenges regarding water issues
III
Water Shortage and Use
Main challenges regarding water issues
IV
Because of the uneven time
and spatial distribution of
the precipitation,
Sufficient water supply
has been big concern.
For the public health, high
quality water supply is also
national policy
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Main challenges regarding water issues
V
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Water Quality and Pollution
Because of the
economic growth and
industrial development,
the water quality and
pollution is also
big water issues
in North –East Asia.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Strategies that have been implemented to face water issues
CHINA
Soil Erosion and Land Slide
Since 1998, China put forward new development strategies
China and Mongolia has the issues of the soil erosion and
sedimentation.
Especially China, soil erosion area reaches 3.56 million km^2,
and 5 billion tons of soil eroded every year.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
After 1998, the guideline of “post-flood construction, rivers and lakes’
training water projects development” in water management.
Through large-scale development and construction, raised the disaster
mitigation capability of the water infrastructures to secure socio-economic
development.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
3
Strategies that have been implemented to face water issues
CHINA
Since 1998, China put forward new development strategies
Strategies that have been implemented to face water issues
DPRK
Making and implementing the education and research plans for establishment
of flood and drought forecasting operation system and capacity building.
Construction of large, medium and small-scale power stations,
reservoirs and irrigation systems and expansion of their capacity building.
The government attaches great importance to water resources management,
especially emphasizing allocation, saving and protection of water resources.
Strive to build a water saving society, rationally allocate water resources,
attach importance to water for ecology and environment, highlight water
protection, development water resources scientifically to support sustainable
socio-economic development with sustainable utilization of water resources.
Through the corporation with hydrological group, Typhoon committee,
establishment of flood and drought early warning system, settlement of
making approach for flood hazard mapping, establishment of the decision
support system for sustainable water resource management
and the water resource information service system.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Strategies that have been implemented to face water issues
JAPAN
Five ministries involved in water administration formed an
inter-ministerial commission concerning the establishment of a sound
hydrological cycle system, and defined the sound hydrological cycle.
The "new master plan for food, agriculture and rural areas" specifies
the need of establishing measures for appropriate protection of the
properties.
The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare developed the
"Waterworks vision" in June 2004. It comprehensively provides
specific measures and steps concerning the future directions of
waterworks.
In 2000, the Cabinet approved a new Basic Environment Plan.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Strategies that have been implemented to face water issues
MONGOLIA
Since the 1990s the management of water resources has been
fragmented between the different institutions and ministries.
The Mongolian Government has ratified National Action Plan on
Water in 1999. And new Water Law was amended in 2004.
The National Government and Parliament of Mongolia have
approved 23 laws regulating environmental protection and
management of nature resources. Almost all-environmental laws
have close relevance to water and aquatic resources of lakes.
Mongolia made a bi-lateral agreement with neighboring countries as
Russia and China on conservation and rational use of transboundary
water bodies and its buffer zones in 1995 and 1994, respectively.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Strategies that have been implemented to face water issues
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Since 1960’s, to support the nation-wide development projects,
constructed a number of multipurpose dams and reservoirs.
Now, fifteen multipurpose dams, 1,200 large dams with other purposes.
Flood forecasting and early warning systems were established since 1974.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Strategies that have been implemented to face water issues
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Major river channels have been improved by straightening and
embankment works along the shorelines (for flood protection).
Water quality conservation and protection
Has been one of the major issues
Irrigation water management measures are strengthened
through repair & reinforcement of aged existing irrigation facilities
and setting up of automatic TM/TC systems etc.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
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Successful
Successful experiences
experiences and
and local
local actions
actions carried
carried out
out in
in the
the country
country
CHINA
Successful
Successful experiences
experiences and
and local
local actions
actions carried
carried out
out in
in the
the country
country
CHINA
Water project construction
Water resources management
Intensify water management planning
Reinforce water legislation
Increase investment
Facilitate reform on water resources management system
Water project construction in full swing
Strengthen water resources protection
Protect water environment
Build a water-saving society
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Successful
Successful experiences
experiences and
and local
local actions
actions carried
carried out
out in
in the
the country
country
DPRK
1
Constructed many lock gates, reservoirs, dikes and measures for water
control and preventing of disaster in many rivers as structural measure
to prevent disaster from flood and landslide governmentally and on a
mass scale.
2
Hydrology Research Institute (HRI) has been improving flood and
drought forecasting operation system and has been studying to
construct landslide forecasting and warning system.
3
Evaluation and forecasting of flood and drought and service of the
information to parts of agriculture, electric power, forestry, transport,
municipal management, etc.. had been performed.
4
Through the cooperation with Hydrology Group, TC, some projects like
as flood early warning system, flood hazard mapping and hydrology
information service was implemented in downstream area.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Successful
Successful experiences
experiences and
and local
local actions
actions carried
carried out
out in
in the
the country
country
JAPAN
Public involvement, public-private partnership and networks
Public involvement
™ Environmental Impact Assessment Law
™ Participatory irrigation management for good agricultural
water management
™ Reflection of public opinions in river improvement plans
Public-private partnership
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Successful
Successful experiences
experiences and
and local
local actions
actions carried
carried out
out in
in the
the country
country
JAPAN
Public involvement, public-private partnership and networks
Networks :
Following the 3rd World Water Forum, a network was formed
with the Japanese government serving as the secretariat
™ NARBO (Network of Asian River Basin Organization)
™ IFNet (International Flood Network)
™ WEPA (Water Environment Partnership of Asia)
™ INWEPF (International Network for Water and Ecosystem
in Paddy Field)
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Successful
Successful experiences
experiences and
and local
local actions
actions carried
carried out
out in
in the
the country
country
MONGOLIA
The first hydropower project was realized on main canal
irrigation scheme in one province in 1959. Today has
6 hydropower Plants small size rated at 150-2000 Kw.
The Central Environmental Laboratory is responsible for
the water quality control, data collection, analysis and
service to the public.
There are 56 bio-monitoring stations, where samples of
phyto-zoo-plancton and benthos are periodically taken and
conducted qualitative analysis.
There are 142 of water quality monitoring stations, where
samples for chemical analysis are periodically taken.
Japan Water Forum
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KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
5
Main organization and technical and financial support
institutions in regard with water issues - CHINA
Successful
Successful experiences
experiences and
and local
local actions
actions carried
carried out
out in
in the
the country
country
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Main organizations and authorities to manage water resources
Direction of new water policy
Administrative authorities
- At the central government level :
Ministry of Water Resources is mandated by the State Council
1
Formulate
flood
resistance
land
2
Stable
supply of
clean water
3
4
Establish
Formulate
comprehensive
Ecolong term
friendly
water plan
water
environment
6
5
Water
Information
System
New dam
policy
Environmentaly
eco-friendly
and
sustainable
dam
construction
-At provincial, prefecture and county level :
Water resources/affairs departments/bureaus
River basin authorities
- 7 river basin management authorities;
Yangtze River Water Resources Commission, Yellow River Conservancy
Commission, Huaihe River Commission, Hai River Water Conservancy
Commission, Pearl River Water Resources Commission, Songliao Water
Resources Commission and Taihu Basin Authority.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Main organization and technical and financial support
institutions in regard with water issues JAPAN
Main organization DPRK
Main organizations and authorities to manage water resources
Main organizations
Administrative authorities
State Hydro Meteorological Administration (SHMA)
under cabinet/ Hydrology Research Institute (HRI)
- Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport : Total organizing
Ministry of Healthy, Labor and Welfare
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and fisheries
Ministry of Economy, Trade Industry
Ministry of Environment
Coordination for water resources development, water supply and
demand planning, etc..
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Main organization and technical and financial support
institutions in regard with water issues - MONGOLIA
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Main organization and technical and financial support
institutions in regard with water issues –REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Main organizations and authorities to manage water resources
Administrative authorities
- At the central government level :
Ministry of Construction and Transportation (MOCT)
Ministry of Environment (MOE) , Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MOAF)
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)
Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs (MOGAHA)
Financial support institutions
Korea Institute of Construction and Technology (KICT)
Korea Water Resources Corporation (KOWACO)
Korea Agricultural & Rural Infrastructure Corporation (KARICO)
River basin authorities
4 River Basin Flood Control Office (Han ∙ Nakdong ∙ Kum ∙ Youngsan river)
River Information Center
Regional Construction of Management Office
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
6
Conclusions, learned lessons and future perspectives CHINA
China will continue to emphasize dam construction, reinforce
risk reservoirs and speed up the construction of flood storage
and detention basins to improve flood-control capacity.
The government will accelerate hydraulic facilities construction
to serve and provide safe drinking water to rural areas,
agricultural industry and rural residents.
The government will continue to promote the construction of a
water-saving society which is centering on water demand.
The government will strive to clarify water rights for regions and
users to establish a water right system.
We will put more effort water resources protection and water
environment construction.
Conclusions, learned lessons and future perspectives
DPRK
Implemented water management projects were by all for
providing water demand of one or two parts of economy and
reduced disaster related with water in special region.
It is important to establish integrated water resource
management plan for basin or regional sustainable development
in the country.
It is important to institute and introduce aspects and approaches
of integrated water resource management according to condition
of the country.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Conclusions, learned lessons and future perspectives
Conclusions, learned lessons and future perspectives
JAPAN
MONGOLIA
Japan make efforts to promote sound hydrological cycle system
to implement Integrated Water Resources Management
In Japan, disaster prevention must be regarded as a core national
policy and must be promoted jointly with residents.
Development of water supply systems contributed
to the improvement of public health conditions
Needs have recently been rising for “safer and
more good-tasting water” and advanced water treatment
has been actively introduced
Development Integrated River Basin Management Principles in selected
river basins, proper Coordination of between existing institutions on the
policy, program and management structure, and law enforcement are
needed.
Extension of surface and groundwater monitoring network in terms of
time, space and program is important.
Environmental Impact Assessment studies and use of modern
techniques for water resources studies and management will be provided.
Extend international cooperation is needed.
Important research directions are water balance study and isotope
hydrology(surface and groundwater).
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Conclusions, learned lessons and future perspectives
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
More emphasis is given on the construction of environment friendly
dams and promoting the welfare and incomes of residents in the
surrounding areas of dams. The law for supporting the areas
surrounding dams was enacted in 2001 and changed priorities of
considerations on dam designing and construction.
Integrated agriculture and rural water development and management
measures should be strengthened for efficient irrigation water use.
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Suggestion
Reduce by half loss of human life
caused by water related disasters by 2015
The international community should establish
a goal of halving the number of deaths
by water-related disasters by 2015.
Through the implementation of the integrated water resources
management (IWRM), ROK is hoping to achieve the goal of sustainable
development and management of water resources
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
7
Thank you very much !
Thank
You
for
Your
Attention
KOREA INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
8