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Non Ferrous Mineral Potential of the Penokean Volcanic Belt
Tom Quigley
Aquila Resources Inc.
Zinc rich massive sulfide – Back Forty
Penokean volcanic Belt with mineral deposits
and occurrences
Gold rich quartz float – Reef Project
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Paleoproterozoic Island
Arc volcanic –
sedimentary sequences
shown in blue. These
sequences formed in
1900 my old oceans
marginal to older
Archean cratons. These
Paleoproterozoic
sequences contain both
a volcanic, Island Arc
assemblage as well as a
marginal basin
sedimentary sequence
(yellow) and were
accreted to the Archean
margins during the
Penokean Orogeny
Basement Terrains
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Bedrock Geology
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Flin Flon Belt
Paleoproterozoic
Archean
Superior
Province
Paleozoic Sediments
Island Arc assemblages
contain volcanogenic
massive sulfide (VMS) and
related mineral deposits and
are important sources of
base metals Cu, Zn, Pb,
precious metals Au and Ag.
Back Forty
Penokean
Volcanic Belt
Paleoproterozoic
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Bedrock Geology – Superior Province
Penokean Marginal Basin
Sedimentary Assemblages
Upper Peninsula Of Michigan
Back Forty
Penokean Volcanic Belt
Island Arc Assemblage –
Pembine Wausau Terrain
Lower Michigan
•VMS – Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide
•Sulfide rich deposits containing copper, zinc, lead, gold and
silver deposited by black smoker activity
•Formed in submarine environments by hydrothermal
solutions related to volcanic activity related to both
convergent and divergent (spreading) plate boundaries.
•In the Penokean Volcanic Belt VMS deposits are related to a
1875 Ma Island Arc environment that developed from
converging oceanic plates marginal to the Superior Craton
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Plate Boundaries and Known Sea Floor Massive Sulfide Sites
What is an Island Arc?
VMS Deposit
Modified from Stern, 2002
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Plate Boundaries and Known Sea Floor Massive Sulfide Sites
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Nautilus Minerals exploring the sea floor for massive sulfide deposits in
the Manus back arc basin.
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The resource
was defined by
EM surveys, 111
drill holes and
numerous
surface samples
Mineral resource estimate (43-101) for the Solwara 1 deposit
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Plan view
electromagnetic
response.
Circles are
samples of
black smoker
chimneys
Electromagnetic
Response over
topography
Conductivity Images Solwara 1
From: Schulz K.J., Cannon W. F. 2007, The Penokean orogeny in the Lake superior region
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Modified from: Schulz K.J., Cannon W. F. 2007, The Penokean orogeny in the Lake superior region
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Bedrock Geology – Penokean Volcanic Belt
Lynne
Crandon
Back Forty
Flambeau
Bend
Major VMS Deposits in Penokean Volcanic Belt
Crandon
67 million tons 5.6% Zn, 1.04% Cu, 1.1 g/t Au, 39 g/t Ag*
Lynne
5.6 million tons 9.27% Zn, .47% Cu, .7 g/t Au, 74 g/t Ag*
Flambeau
5.8 million tons 4.0% Cu, 1.7 g/t Au, 31 g/t Ag*
1.9 million tons 10.5% Cu, 3.4 g/t Au, 69 g/t Ag (mined)
Bend
3.5 million tonnes
1.9% Cu, 2.8 g/t Au, 12 g/t Ag*
Back Forty
Toronto
Exchange: AQA
18.8 million tonnes
2.8%
Zn, 1.9g/t
OTCQX:
AQRF Au, 24 g/t Ag, 0.3 % Cu
*Historic Resources – Not 43-101 Compliant
Frankfurt Exchange:
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Modified from: Schulz K.J., Cannon W. F. 2007, The Penokean orogeny in the Lake superior region
Sulfide Ores – Plan View
Sulfide Ores – Section View
200 m
200 m
All Massive Sulfides
TONNES
AU ppm
9,888,827 1.80
AG ppm
24.11
CU %
0.48
PB %
0.23
ZN %
4.68
NSR $/T
$119.32
TONNES
AU ppm
6,436,152 1.39
AG ppm
15.60
CU %
0.15
PB %
0.22
ZN %
0.86
NSR $/T
$51.16
All Stringers
Back Forty consists of massive sulfides and associated stringer and disseminated sulfides as
well as separate zones of low sulfide, gold and silver ores
Gold Ores – Plan View
Gold Ores – Section View
200 m
All Gold Zones and Gossans
TONNES
AU ppm
AG ppm
CU %
PB %
ZN %
NSR $/T
2,213,684
3.98
43.76
0.11
0.27
0.25
$171.92
Gold ores are associated with altered rhyolites, siliceous sediments, younger QFP’s, and gossans
developed from weathered massive sulfides
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Back Forty Block Model
Pit Shell #32 (brown) and Underground
Development (blue) from 2014 PEA
2014 PEA Open Pit
Resource (diluted)
12,256,000 tonnes M+I
244,000 tonnes inferred
2014 PEA Underground
Resource (diluted and
extracted)
2,734,002 tonnes (M +I)
Approx. 200 meters
911,334 tonnes
(Inferred)
22
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Stratigraphy and Rock Types – Back Forty Project
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Rhyolite 3
Quartz Feldspar Porphyry
Tuff Zone Massive
Sulfide
Siliceous
Sediments
QFP
Rhyolite 2
Main Zone and
Pinwheel Zone
Massive Sulfides
Altered Rhyolite
Rhyolite 1
Deep Zone
Massive Sulfide
Rhyolite 0
Rhyolite Fragmental
Thick section (> 4000 ft.) of
highly altered (quartz, sericite,
pyrite) rhyolites and associated
pyroclastic rocks and sliceous,
exhalative sediments cut by
numerous dikes and sills of
quartz feldspar porphyry of
dacitic to andesitic
composition.
Within the drilled section there
are two and possibly three
horizons of massive sulfide
surrounded by fracture
controlled stringer sulfide
mineralization.
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Host Rocks – Back Forty Project
Rhyolite 3
Rhyolite 2
Rhyolite 1
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Conceptual Model for the Genesis of the Back Forty Deposit
1875 million years ago
Tuffaceous Sediments
VMS MASU
(Deep Zone)
Tuffaceous Sediments
Black
Smokers
Structurally
controlled
hydrothermal
corridor
R0
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Deposition of Rhyolite 1 and prolonged hydrothermal activity with synvolcanic faults. Replacement-style VMS mineralization continues at Deep Zone
massive sulfide, and Main Zone and Pinwheel Zone massive sulfides form on
R1 sea floor.
Black
Smokers
VMS MASU
(Main Zone)
deposition of
exhalative
massive sulfides
VMS MASU (Deep
Zone) growth due to
replacement style
mineralization
VMS MASU
(Pinwheel)
deposition of
exhalative
massive sulfides
Propagation of
hydrothermal
system along faults
and fractures
R1
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Deposition of Rhyolite 2 capped by tuffaceous sediments. Tuff Zone massive
sulfide forms at or near contact in more permeable units/beds within
sediment package.
Tuffaceous
sediments
Tuff Zone
Massive
Sulfide Sp+Gn
?
R2
Development of
lateral disseminated
and stringer sulfides
in R2 py+sp+gn
Pinwheel Zone
Massive Sulfide
py+cpy+/-sp
Main Zone
Massive Sulfide
py+sp+cpy
R2
Stringer Sulfides
(Main/Deep)
py+cpy+/-sp
Deep Zone
Massive Sulfide
py+cpy/sp
R1
Emplacement of Quartz-Feldspar Porphyritic (QFP) dikes/sills. Main
QFP emplaced along structures controlling VMS hydrothermal corridor.
Remobilization of precious metals associated with dike emplacement
due to hydrothermal activity associated with dikes creating precious
metal zones.
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Main QFP
Precious
Metal Zones
Unknown Rock type
Probably more rhyolite
Tuffaceous
sediments
R2
R2
R1
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Intrusion of Rhyolite 3, folding, uplift and erosion, exposure of massive sulfides at
surface and gossan development
Tuff Zone
Massive Sulfide
Sp+Gn
Pinwheel Zone
Gossan
Tuff Zone massive
sulfideMain QFP
Pinwheel Zone
Pinwheel massiveMassive Sulfide
py+cpy+/-sp
sulfide and gossan
Precious
Metal Zones
R3
R3
Rhyolite 2Stringers
py+sp+/-gn
Main/Deep
Stringers
R2.1
py+cpy+/-sp
R2
Main
Zone
Main
Zone
Massive
Sulfide
Massive
Sulfide
py+sp+cpy
py+sp+cpy
Deep Zone
Massive Sulfide
py+cpy/sp
R0
R2
R1
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Bedrock Geology – Penokean Volcanic Belt
Lynne
Crandon
Flambeau
Bend
Reef
Back
Forty
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Plan View – Crandon Deposit
The Crandon VMS deposit is a zinc rich massive sulfide with a total resource of about 60 million
tons of about 1% Cu and 5% Zn*. Strataform Zn ore (30 million tons of 9.4% Zn) is underlain by
copper rich stringer ore. The deposit is nearly 1 mile in strike length and has been drilled to a
depth of about 2500 ft.
From: LaBerge, G. L., Ed., 1996, Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of northern
Wisconsin: A commemorative volume: Institute on Lake Superior Geology
Proceedings, 42nd Annual Meeting, Cable, WI, v. 42, part 2, 179 p.
*Historic Resource – not 43-101 compliant
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From: LaBerge, G. L., Ed., 1996, Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of northern
Wisconsin: A commemorative volume: Institute on Lake Superior Geology
Proceedings, 42nd Annual Meeting, Cable, WI, v. 42, part 2, 179 p.
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Lynne Deposit
5.6 million tons 9.27% Zn, .47% Cu, .7 g/t Au, 74 g/t Ag*
Resources Inc.
From: LaBerge, G. L., Ed., 1996, Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of northern
Wisconsin: A commemorative volume: Institute on Lake Superior Geology
Proceedings, 42nd Annual Meeting, Cable, WI, v. 42, part 2, 179 p.
*Historic Resource – not 43-101 compliant
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Bend Deposit
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3.5 million tonnes
1.9% Cu, 2.8 g/t Au, 12 g/t Ag*
67 m 2.8 g/t Au, 1.19% Cu
23 m 6.4 g/t Au, 2.1% Cu
75m 1.04 g/t Au
63m 1.3 g/t Au, 0.75% Cu
5.5m 0.84 g/t Au, 3.88% Cu
Modified From: LaBerge, G. L., Ed., 1996, Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of northern
Wisconsin: A commemorative volume: Institute on Lake Superior Geology
Proceedings, 42nd Annual Meeting, Cable, WI, v. 42, part 2, 179 p.
*Historic Resource – not 43-101 compliant
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Flambeau
5.8 million tons 4.0% Cu, 1.7 g/t Au, 31 g/t Ag*
1.9 million tons 10.5% Cu, 3.4 g/t Au, 69 g/t Ag (mined)
*Historic Resource – not 43-101 compliant
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Cross section of the Flambeau
deposit. The gold rich gossan
and underlying supergene
enriched copper ores were
mined from an open pit
1.9 million tons 10.5% Cu, 3.4 g/t
Au, 69 g/t Ag
Gold Rich
Gossan
Supergene
Enriched
Copper Ore
Primary
Massive
Sulfide
From: LaBerge, G. L., Ed., 1996, Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of northern
Wisconsin: A commemorative volume: Institute on Lake Superior Geology
Proceedings, 42nd Annual Meeting, Cable, WI, v. 42, part 2, 179 p.
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Reef Project Regional Geology
Granite
Wolf River
Batholith
Reef Project
Gabbro
Mafic Volcanics
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Reef Project Cross Section
Reef: Au mineralization
In 2012, 42 drill holes, 4400 meters were completed,
targeting expansions of historic intercepts and evaluating lower grade
disseminated mineralization
65 m 2.8 g/t Au
95 m 1.5 g/t Au
15 m 14.6 g/t Au
Footwall Gabbro
Cross Section Looking South
TSX: AQA OTCQX: AQARF FKT: JM4A
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Potential for other metals:
Based on metal occurrences and mines in
the Paleoproterozoic Fennoscania Island
Arc terrains, there could be similar
potential in the Penokean Volcanic Belt
•Orogenic gold
•Ni, Cu, PGE in mafic – ultramafic
intrusions
•Special metals: Li, Be, Mo, Nb, REE
•Uranium
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Bedrock Geology – Wisconsin 1965
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Resources and Reserves – Early
Proterozoic Volcanic Belts
Back
Forty
Penokean Volcanic Belt
ranks 2nd in contained
resources amongst Early
Proterozoic volcanic belts
in spite of only a short
history of exploration, and
almost no history of
mining and resource
growth associated with
development.
Flin Flon VMS Deposits
Growth of mineral deposits after initial discovery and development
∕∕
Flin Flon
Trout Lake
777
Lalor
Stall Lake
Chisel U/G
Callinan
Chisel
Osborne
Anderson
Konuto
Spruce
Schist Lake
Centennial
Westarm
62.5
Initial resource
Coronation
White Lake
Dickstone
Rod
Photo
Added resource
The mineral resource estimate for Lalor is made up of
13.3 million tonnes of indicated resources and 10.2
million tonnes of inferred mineral resources, not
including 6.9 – 8.3 million tonnes of conceptual
estimates.
Cuprus
Flexar
Birch Lake
North Star
Mandy
0
5
10
15
Tonnes (millions)
20
25
30