History of U.S. Foreign Policy
Major Themes in U.S. Foreign Policy
-
Commerce
-
Geographic Expansion
-
Hemispheric Dominance
-
Global Involvement
-
Missionary “Burdens”
-
Idealism
-
Realism
-
Isolationism
-
Involvement
-
Unilateralism
-
Multilateralism
The New Nation (1776-1783): Firsts & Beginnings
1.
Recognition – Morocco, 1777
2.
Franco-American Alliance, 1778
3.
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Early National (1783-1800): Challenges & Groundwork
1.
Challenges & Weaknesses
a.
Articles of Confederation
b.
Treaty with Algeria, 1795
c.
Treaty with Tripoli, 1796
d.
Treaty with Tunis, 1797
2.
Groundwork
a.
Neutrality Proclamation, 1793
b.
Jay Treaty, 1794
c.
Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796
d.
Treaty of Mortefontaine, 1800
New Republic (1800-1815): Initial Expansion & Respect
1.
Initial Expansion
a.
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
2.
Gaining Respect
a.
Treaty with Tripoli, 1805
b.
Embargo Act, 1807
c.
War of 1812
d.
Treaty of Ghent, 1815
Antebellum America (1815-1860): Geographic Expansion, Hemispheric
Ambitions, New Commerce
1.
Geographic Expansion
a.
Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817
b.
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
c.
Manifest Destiny
d.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842
e.
Oregon Treaty, 1846
f.
Mexican-American War, 1846
g.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
h.
Gadsen Purchase, 1853
2.
Hemispheric Ambitions
a.
Monroe Doctrine, 1823
3.
New Commerce
a.
Latin America, 1808-1822
b.
Harris Treaty, 1858
Civil War (1861-1865): Maintaining Existence
1.
Trent Affair, 1861
2.
Great Britain
Imperial Era (1860s-1914): Building an Empire, Continued Commerce,
Hemispheric Control, Missionary “Burdens”
1.
Building an Empire
a.
Alaska Purchase, 1867
b.
Midway Islands, 1867
c.
Samoan Crisis, 1889
d.
Alfred Thayer Mahan, 1890
e.
Hawaiian Annexation, 1898
f.
Spanish-American War, 1898
g.
Philippine-American War, 1899-1901
2.
Continued Commerce
a.
Burlingame Treaty, 1868
b.
Open Door Notes, 1899
c.
Boxer Protocol, 1901
d.
Dollar Diplomacy, 1913
3.
Hemispheric Control
a.
Latin America, 1880s-1910s
b.
Venezuelan Crisis, 1895
c.
Spanish-American War, 1898
d.
Teller Amendment, 1898
e.
Treaty of Paris, 1898
f.
Philippine Insurrection, 1899-1902
g.
Platt Amendment, 1901
h.
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 190?
i.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1903
Missionary “Burdens”
a.
Anti-Imperialist League, 1898
b.
“White-Man’s Burden”
c.
Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905
d.
Gentleman’s Agreement, 1907
WWI (1917-1920): Wilsonian Diplomacy
1.
Mexican Punitive Expedition, 1917
2.
World War One, 1917-1919
a.
Neutrality, 1914-1917
b.
Lusitania, 1915
c.
Unrestricted submarine warfare, 1917
d.
Zimmerman Telegram, 1917
e.
14 Points, 1918
f.
League of Nations
g.
Treaty of Versailles, 1919
3.
Russian Revolution, 1918-1920
1920s & 1930s: Isolationism
1.
Washington Naval Treaty, 1922
2.
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
3.
Latin America, 1920s
4.
Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930
5.
Recognition of the Soviet Union, 1933
6.
Good Neighbor Policy, 1930s
7.
Neutrality Acts, 1935-1937
8.
Quarantine Speech, 1937
b.
Global (1940s-Present)
WWII: Involvement, War, Post-War
1.
Involvement
a.
Lend-Lease Program, 1941
b.
Atlantic Charter, 1941
c.
Tripartite Pact, 1940
d.
Pearl Harbor, 1941
2.
War
a.
Yalta Conference, 1945
b.
Potsdam Agreement, 1945
c.
Hiroshima, Nagasaki, 1945
3.
Post-War
a.
UN Charter, 1945
b.
Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
Cold War
1.
New Institutions
a.
United Nations, 1945
b.
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 1944
c.
World Bank
d.
General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (now the WTO)
2.
Beginnings
a.
Iron Curtain, 1946
b.
Containment, 1947
c.
Truman Doctrine, 1947
d.
National Security Act, 1947
e.
Department of Defense
f.
Central Intelligence Agency
g.
National Security Council
h.
Marshall Plan, 1948
i.
Berlin Airlift, 1949
j.
China, 1949
k.
Soviet Union, 1949
l.
North Atlantic Treaty, 1950
m.
NSC-68, 1950
n.
Korean War, 1950-1953
o.
Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, 1954
p.
Hungary, 1956
q.
Sputnik, 1957
r.
U-2 Incident, 1960
Crises of the 1960s
a.
Bay of Pigs, 1961
b.
Alliance for Progress, 1961
c.
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
Vietnam
a.
Truman
b.
Eisenhower
c.
Kennedy
d.
Johnson
e.
Nixon
f.
Ford
The 1970s: Détente, Middle East, Shadows of Vietnam, & Human Rights
a.
Détente
i.
Summit Meetings
ii.
SALT 1, 1972
iii.
China, 1972
b.
Middle East
i.
Israel
ii.
Arab-Israeli War, 1973
iii.
OPEC Embargo, 1973
c.
Shadows of Vietnam
i.
Angola, 1975
d.
Human Rights
i.
Jimmy Carter, 1977
ii.
Iran, 1978
iii.
Camp David Accords, 1979
iv.
China, 1979
v.
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979
vi.
Afghanistan, 1979
1.
Carter Doctrine
The Reagan Era (1980s): Cold War & Morality
a.
Cold War
i.
Defense Spending
ii.
Military Force
1.
Libya, 1981
2.
Grenada, 1983
3.
Syria, 1983
4.
Lebanon, 1984
5.
Central America, 1981-1986
6.
Reagan Doctrine
iii.
Fall of the Soviet Union, 1989-1991
b.
Morality
i.
Dictatorships
ii.
South Africa
iii.
El Salvador, 1984-1987
iv.
Haiti, 1986
v.
Philippines, 1986
vi.
South Korea, 1987
vii.
Chile, 1987
1990s – The Bush Years
a. George H. W. Bush
b. Challenges to Communism
a. China
i. Tiananmen Square, 1989
ii. Protest, Normal Relations
b. Eastern Europe, 1989
i. Poland
ii. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany, Romania
iii. Germany, 1990
c. U.S.S.R.
i. Gorbachev
ii. Glasnost, Perestroika
iii. 1991
iv. Questions
v. START II, 1993
vi. Ethnic, racial hatred
1. Yugoslavia
c. Persian Gulf Crisis
a. Panama
b. Iraq, 1990
i. Hussein … and U.S.
ii. Kuwait
iii. U.N embargo
iv. Security Council, 1991
v. 500K, 300K
vi. Congress, January 16, 1991
vii. 37 day airstrike
viii. Chemical, biological, environmental weapons
ix. Operation Desert Storm, February 23rd … 4 days
x. Hussein stays, U.S. more involved in Middle East
1990s - The Clinton Years
A.
Cold War over …
B.
Peacekeeping Missions
C.
D.
i.
Somalia, 1994
ii.
Rwanda
iii.
Bosnia, 1995
iv.
Serbia, 1999
Human Rights and Trade
i.
China
ii.
NAFTA
Middle East
i.
PLO versus Israel
2000s
A. George W. Bush
B. Kyoto Treaty
C. 9/11
a. NYC WTC, Wash DC, Pa = 3k+
b. Osama bin Laden
c. Al Qaeda
d. Afghanistan
e. Taliban … and U.S.
f. 3 months
D. New Ideas
a. “Asymmetrical warfare”
b. Preemption
c. USA Patriot Act
d. Department of Homeland Security
e. Military tribunals
f. Guantanamo Detention Camp
E. Security versus liberty?
F. Iraq
a. U.N. inspections, 1991-2002
b. “Axis of Evil”
c. Preemptive warfare
d. Accusations – WMD’s, terrorism, democracy
e. Europe
f. Congress, 2002 – defend U.S. security and enforce U.N. resolutions
g. March 19, 2003 – invasion
h. Great Britain
i. April 2003, over
j. Hussein 2004
k. “Mission Accomplished,” 2003
G. Owning Iraq
a. Sunni versus Shia
b. Insurgency
c. Abu Guraib prison
d. Regional terrorists
e. 2006
f. Surge, 2007
H. Obama
a. Iraq – withdrawal 2011
i. 50K
b. Afghanistan
i. Taliban, Al Qaeda, Pakistan
ii. Withdrawal goal – 2011, but surge first
iii. Bin Laden, May 2011