International Law Studies - Volume 71
The Law of Armed Conflict:
Into the Next Millennium
Michael N. Schmitt & Leslie C. Green (Editors)
Index
A
AFGHANISTAN, War Crimes, 48
AGGRESSION, see CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; WAR CRIMES
AffiCRAFf, HAGUE CONVENTION FOR 1HE SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL
SEIZURE OF (1970),24
AffiSPACE, Straits, 267
ALAND ISLANDS, Demilitarized, 503
ALAND ISLANDS STRAIT, Right of Passage, 278-79
ANGOLA, Economic Sanctions, 463,466
ANTARCTICA, Demilitarized, 503
ARGENTINA, Strait of Magellan, 276-77
ARMED CONFLICT
See also LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf; WAR CRIMES, Grave Breaches
Bosnia, see INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
Definition, 121
International/lnternal Distinction, 52
See also under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf
Naval Warfare, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf; MILITARY OPERATIONS
Regional,391
Rwanda, see INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAw IN RWANDA
ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT, Nuclear Weapons, 65, 318-19
See also NON.PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS; WEAPONS
ARUSHA TRffiUNAL, see INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF
VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA
ATTORNEY GENERAL 1.1. EICHMANN (1962), 20, 22
See also JURISDICTION; UNIVERSALITY; WAR CRIMES
AVIATION
See also INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf,
Right of Overflight; MILITARY OPERATIONS; Outer Space
Hijacking, 24-25
Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft, 442
B
BALTIC STRAITS, Right of Passage, 277-78
BIBLE, Law of Armed Conflict, 145-46
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION (1972),319,370
BOSNIA
See also INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA;
YUGOSLAVIA .
Law of Armed Conflict, 48, 63, 239, 360, 376-80
BOSPORUS, Right of Passage, 264, 275
BOUNDARIES, Argentina·Chile, 276
The opinions shared in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions
of the U.S. Naval War College, the Dept. of the Navy, or Dept. of Defense.
Index
BUSINESS PRACTICES, Corporations, 10-15
C
CANADA, Straits, 270-71
CATHOLIC CHURCH, Law of Anned Conflict, 150-51,295
CELESTIAL BODIES, Demilitarized, 503
See also MILITARY OPERATIONS; Outer Space
CHEMICALANDBACIERIOLOGICAL WEAPONS PROTOCOL, GENEVA (1925), 188, 371
CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION (1993), 191-92,211-12,219,319,370-71
Economic Sanctions, 459
CHILD, CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE, Protocol Additional on the
recruiunent and participation of children in hostilities, 48, 55
CHILDREN, Combatants, 48, 54, 55
CHILE, Strait of Magellan, 276-77
CHINA, ANCIENT, Law of Armed Conflict, 147
CHIVALRY, LAW OF, 151-52
CIVIL WAR, THE (U.S.)
See also LIEBER CODE
Stockton, Charles H., xx-xxii, 157
Weapons, 302
CIVILIANS, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Non-State Actors; GENEVA CONVENTIONS
(1949), Civilian Persons; GENOCIDE; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf; Civilians; WAR CRIMES;
Civilian Actors; WEAPONS, Indiscriminate (Incidental Injury to Civilians)
CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION
International Humanitarian Law, 132-34
Law of Armed Conflict, 143,367
United Nations Claims Commission, 134
United Nations Compensation Commission, 375
CLAUSEWITZ, 141, 165
COLD WAR, 120
COLOMBIA, Antipersonnel Mines, 54
COLONIALISM, 120
Pre-World War I, 2-3
Spain, 299
COMBATANTS
Children, see CHILDREN, Combatants
Civilians, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY; Non-State Actors; WAR CRIMES; Civilian Actors
Crirninal Groups, 58
Definition, 405
Guerrillas, 54, 405
Hors de combat, 41, 44
Mental Health, 51
Mercenaries, 26,57,171
Multinational Forces, 60
Private Security Companies, 57-58
Supranational Forces, 61-62
United Nations Armed Forces, 59-60
522
Index
COMMANDER'S HANDBOOK ON THE LAW OF NAVAL OPERATIONS, 204, 266,
404
COMMERCE AND mADE, Japan, 3-4
COMMlTI'EE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 123
CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS, CONVENTION ON CERTAIN (1981), 51, 129-30,
342-43
See also WEAPONS
Protocol I (1980) (X-Rays), 189
Protocol II (1996) (Mines, Booby-Traps, and Other Devices), 50, no, 171, 189, 192,
208-11,249,320,344,350-53,361,372
Protocol III (1980) (Incendiary Weapons), 189
Protocol IV (1995) (Blinding Laser Weapons), no, 189,207-08,250,320-21,344-47
CRIMES AGAINSTHUMANITI
See also GENOCIDE; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW;
REsPONSIBILITY, Individuals; WAR CRIMES
Civilians, see This Heading, Non-State Actors
Defenses, 106-11
Definition, 113
Development of Offense, 47,122
Discriminatory Intent, 100-01,331
Geneva Conventions (1949), 172
Genocide, see This Heading, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Violations of
International Humanitarian Law in Rwanda
Internal Armed Conflicts, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, InternationaVInternal
Distinction
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 98-102, 170, 330-31
International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, 26
International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Violations oflnternational Humanitarian Law
in Rwanda, 327
Non-State Actors, 101
See also WAR CRIMES, Civilian Actors
Rape, 327, 332
Remedies, see under INDIVIDUALS
Single Acts, 99-100
Terrorism, see TERRORISM, Crimes against Humanity
CRIMES AGAINST PEACE, 26,142
See also WAR CRIMES
CRUSADES, Law of Armed Conflict, 153
CULTURAL PROPERTI, Protection of, 344
CULTURAL RELATIONS, 9-10
D
DARDANELLES, Right of Passage, 264, 275
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, THE (1776) (U.S.), 300
DEEP SEABED MINING, see under HIGH SEAS
523
Index
DEFENSE AND SECURITI ARRANGEMENTS
Seealso NORTHATLANTICTREAn ORGANIZATION; SELF-DEFENSE; WESTERN EUROPEAN
UNION
Law of Armed Conflict, 59-62, 369
DENMARK, Baltic Straits, 277-78
DEVELOPMENT, Non-Governmental Organizations, 235, 240
DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR RELATIONS, Law of Anned Conflict, 369
E
ECONOMIC COUNCIL OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS), Economic
Sanctions, 458
EL SALVADOR, Revolution, xxx
ENVIRONMENT, Law of Armed Conflict, 173-74, 188, 190, 204-05
ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES, CONVENTION ON TIlE
PROHIBITION OF MILITARY OR ANY OTIlER HOSTILE USE OF (1977), 188
EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Court of Justice, 62, 125
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 65, 366
EXTRADITION, 23
F
FINLAND, Aland Islands Strait, 278-79
FORCE, USE OF, see USE OF FORCE
FRANCE, Nuclear Weapons, 8-9
G
GENEVA CONVENTION (1906), 159
GENEVA CONVENTION FOR TIlE AMELIORATION OF mE WOUNDED IN
ARMIES IN TIlE FIELD (1864), 159,303,340
GENEVA CONVENTION ON mE CONTINENTAL SHELF (1958),436
GENEVA CONVENTION ON TIlE TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE
(1958),266,269,431,433
GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1929), 122,159,307,315
GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), 20-21, 23, 27,45-46,62-63,80-83,91- 92, 123, 129,
131,159,169,172,188,293,306,328-30,361
Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (First Convention), 339
Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members ofArmed Forces at Sea (Second Convention), 339
Prisoners of War (Third Convention), 28, 316, 405
Civilian Persons (Fourth Convention), 89, 339
Additional Protocol I (Victims ofInternationalArmed Conflicts) (1977),53-54.57.93,146,
153,157,168,172,199,202-04,308,317-18,342,370,403
Additional Protocol II (Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts) (1977),48,52-55,
93,95, Ill, 123, 126-27, 168, 172,327,342,361
GENEVA PROTOCOL (1925),164, 211,370
GENGHIS KHAN, Law of Anned Conflict, 299
524
Index
GENOCIDE
See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y; INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION
OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA
Definition, 332
GENOCIDE CONVENTION (1948),5,47,122,361
GENTILl, Law of Anned Conflict, 156
GERMAN WAR BOOK (1915),165-66,171
GERMANY, Straits, 266, 271-72
GIDBON, Law of Anned Conflict, 148
GIDRALTAR, STRAIT OF, Right of Passage, 277
GRAVE BREACHES
Rape, 332
See also under WAR CRIMES
GREECE, ANCIENT, Law of Anned Conflict, 149, 294
GROTIUS, Law of Anned Conflict, 155,295,429,436
H
HAGUE CONVENTIONS, xliii, 41, 122, 187,293
Convention II (Laws and Customs of War on Land) (1899),167,339,343
Convention N (Laws and Customs of War on Land) (1907),167,339,405
Convention XIII (1907),271
HAITI,EcononUcSanctions,463
HERZEGOVINA, see BOSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
HIGH SEAS
See also LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Right of Transit; LAw OF THE SEA, High Seas, Straits
Deep Seabed Mining, 505-10
Freedom of the High Seas, 505-09
Military Purposes, 501-10
HIJACKING, see under AVIATION
HORMUZ, STRAIT OF, 265, 270
HUDSON, MANLEY, xiii
HUMAN RIGHTS
See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y; GENOCIDE; HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION;
INDIVIDUALS; INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW; LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT;
International Humanitarian Law, 333
Investigations, 367-69
MinOrities, 122
Non Bis In Idem (Freedom from Double Jeopardy), 28-29
Non-Governmental Organizations, 238-40
Nuclear Weapons, 216
Remedies, see INDIVIDUALS, Remedies
Reporting Violations, 246-50
Self-Determination, 122, 124
HUMAN RIGHTS, UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF, 5
525
Index
HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION, 121,369
See also GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II; HUMAN RIGHTS;
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAw; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Human Rights
I
INDIVIDUALS
See also CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION; COMBATANTS; CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI';
HUMAN RIGHTS; JURISDICTION; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Civilians; WAR CRIMES;
WEAPONS, Indiscriminate
Collective Rights, see HUMAN RIGHTS, Self-Detennination
Command Responsibility, 104-06, 112, 485
Defenses, see under CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI'; WAR CRIMES
Remedies, 123-28, 366
Responsibility, 91,102-11,122,169-70,331,375
See also This Heading, Command Responsibility; WEAPONS, Individual Responsibility
Stateless Persons, 99
Subjects ofIntemationallaw, 120, 126
Terrorists, see TERRORISM
INFORMATION, Military Operations, 394-96
INTERNAL CONFLICTS, see GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II; LAW
OF ARMED CONFLICT, InternationaVlnternal Distinction
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA), Economic Sanctions, 459
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO), 270
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (ICRC), 49,50,53,55-56,60,
62,65-66,123,129,154,159,173, 197,237-38,241,247, 293,303-04,315-18,339-44,
403
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (IC])
Advisory Opinion on Namibia, 373
Advisory Opinion on The Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 65, 96, 173-76,
185-86,193-94,205,212-21,308-09,373
Ozse concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide, 373
Corfu Channel Case, 265,373,507
Frontier Dispute (Burkina FasolMali) Case, 373
law of Armed Conflict, 372
Nicaragua v. United States, 83-84, 86-92,328,373,507-08
U.S. Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran Case, 373
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (1966)
Optional Protocol (1966), 123
Right of Self-Determination, 124
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
RIGHTS (1966), Right of Self-Determination, 124, 239
INTERNATIONAL CRIMES, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI'; CRIMES AGAINST PEACE:
WAR CRIMES
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC)
Creation, 313-14,325-33,371
Judicial Procedure, 483-95
526
Index
Ju~diction,46-47,56,63, 131, 193,332
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRffiUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
Creation, 484
Indictments, 79,325,484
Jurisdiction,27,29, 77,82,92-93,98-99, 173
law of Armed Conflict, 77-114, 170, 192,365,376-80
Production of Documents, 484-95
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION;
LAw OF ARMED CON FLIer; WAR CRIMES
Definition, 293
Evolution, 120-26,293-309,328,337-53
Human Rights law, 333
Non-Governmental Organizations, 337-53
Protecting Powers, 314-18, 364
INTERNATIONAL LAW
Customary, 96-97
Education, xxi-xxii, 313
Enforcement, 359-84
Sources, 135, 163-64
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) , 270
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRffiUNAL AT NUREMBERG, 26, 50, 98, 100, 123,
143,167,169,365,483,506
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, Economic Sanctions, 458-59
INTERNATIONAL TRffiUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA, 436, 443
INTERNATIONAL TRffiUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA, 48, 63, 77, 173, 239,
325-26,365,380
IRAN, Strait of Hormuz, 265, 270
IRAQ
Claims and Compensation, 375
Economic Sanctions, 471
War Crimes, 48, 360, 374-76
ISLAM, law of Armed Conflict, 150-51,296
J
JAPAN, Commerce and Trade, 3-4
JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
International Ctiminal Court, 483-95
International Ctiminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 78
Production of Documents, 484-95
JURISDICTION
See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY; INTERNATlONALCRIMINAL COURT; INTERNATlONAL
CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA; WAR CRIMES, Grave Breaches;
UNIVERSALITY
Active Personality (Nationality of Offender), 18, 26
Concurrent, 23-24, 26
527
Index
NationallInternational, 123, 127, 132
Passive Personality (Nationality of Victim) , 18, 26
Prescribe/Adjudicate/Enforce,30-32
Primacy of International Tribunals over National Courts, 27-28
Protective Principle, 18, 22
Territoriality, 17-18, 26
K
KELLOGG.BRIAND AGREEMENT, see PARIS, PACT OF (i92S)
KELSEN, HANS, xiii-xiv
RIEL CANAL, 264
L
LANDMINES, CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF (1997), 130, 192, 210,219,
320, 348-50,372.
LANDMINES, see WEAPONS, Mines (Land)
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Counterdrug Operations, 448
Maritime, 440-48
Posse Comitatus Act (U.S.), 448
U.S. Coast Guard, 448
LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
See also ARMED CONFLICT; GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949) ; WAR CruMES; WEAPONS
Civil War, see GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol II
Civilians (Discrimination), 54, 56,99,199-202,341,399-400,403
Combatants, see COMBATANTS
Compensation, see CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION
Crimes against Humanity, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANI1Y
Customary International Law, 192-93
Education, 313
Enforcement!Implementation, 359-84
Environment, see ENVIRONMENT, Law of Armed Conflict
Grave Breaches, see under WAR CRIMES
History, 40-41,141-76,293-309
Human Rights, 47-49
See also HUMAN RIGHTS
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 77-114, 192
International!Internal Distinction, 52-57, 62, 81-86, 92-94, 98-102, 126, 193, 219, 265,
329,403,485
See also GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional Protocol I, Additional Protocol II
Legitimate Targets, 127, 190, 403-{)5
Mercenaries, 26,57, 171
Military Necessity, 163
Naval Warfare, xvii-lxii, 263-80
Nuclear Weapons, see INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, Advisory Opinion; WEAPONS,
Nuclear
528
Index
Perfidy, 127, 190,202-04
Prisoners of War, 28,55,166,300,316-17
Proportionality, 43, 215, 218
Protected Persons, 86-92, 152-53
Reprisals, Ill, 370-71
See also under SANCfIONS
Right of Overflight, 267, 505-06
Right of Transit, 264-79, 505-06
Stateless Persons, 99
Weapons, see WEAPONS
LAW OF LAND WARFARE, THE (U.S. 1956), 163
LAW OF THE SEA
Archipelagic Waters, 433-34
COnnguous Zone, 434-35
Deep Seabed, see HIGH SEAS, Deep Seabed Mining
Exclusive Economic Zone, 273, 432, 435-36
High Seas, 436-37, 501-10
Hot Pursuit, 437-38
Maritime Exclusion Zones, 505
Pollution, see POLLtITION
Right ofInnocent Passage, 273
Right of Overflight, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf
Right of Transit, see under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf
Straits, 269-73
See also LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Transit
See also UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAw OF THE SEA
TerritorialSea,431-33
Warships, see LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Transit
LAW OF THE SEA, CONVENTION ON, see UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE
LAw OF THE SEA
LAW OF WAR, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf
LffiERIA, Economic Sanctions, 463
LffiYA, Economic Sanctions, 463
LffiBER CODE, xiii, xlii, xlvi, 41,157-58,187,303-04,343
LONDON AGREEMENT FOR THE PROSECUTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE
MAJOR WAR CRIMINALS OF THE EUROPEAN AXIS (1945), 26
LONDON, DECLARATION OF, CONCERNING THE LAW OF NAVAL WAR (1909),
xiii,lv
M
MAGELLAN, STRAIT OF, Right of Passage, 276-77
MANU, CODE OF (INDIA), Law of Armed Conflict, 296
MARMARA SEA, Right of Passage, 275
MARTENS CLAUSE, 66, 168, 174, 176,210, 220,343
See also HAGUE CONVENTIONS, Convention II
MEnECINS SANS FRONTIERES, 238
MERCENARIES, see under COMBATANTSi LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf
529
Index
METIIODS OF WARFARE, see WEAPONS
MIDDLE AGES, Law of Armed Conflict, 40, 154
MILITARY OPERATIONS
Demilitarized Areas, 503
High Seas, 501-10
Humanitarian, 392
See also HUMANITARIAN PROTECfION; UNITED NATIONS, Armed Forces, Peacekeeping
Forces
Information Systems, 394-96
Naval Warfare, 263-80, 501-10
Operation Deliberate Force (Former Yugoslavia), 378
Operation EI Dorado Canyon (Libya), 402
Outer Space, 399, 503
Weapons Systems, 396-99
See also WEAPONS
MONTENEGRO, see BoSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER
YUGOSLAVIA
MONTREAL OZONE PROTOCOL, Economic Sanctions, 459
MONTREUX CONVENTION (1936),264,275
MOORE, JOHN BASSETT, xiii, xlii, xliii, xlvii
MULTINATIONAL FORCES, Law of Armed Conflict, 60
MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATIES, see DEFENSE AND SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS
N
NATIONAL SECURITY
Straits, 267
United States, 392-94
NATURAL LAW, 297-98
NAVAL WAR CODE (1900), Development, xli.xlviii, 119
NAVAL WAR COLLEGE, xiii, 164
Stockton, Charles H., xxxi-lxii
NEUTRALITY
International Committee of the Red Cross, 247
International Humanitarian Law, 128-29
Maritime, see This Heading, Straits
Non.GovernmentalOrganizations, 246-50
Straits, 263, 267-79
NICARAGUA tI. UNITED STATES, see under INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
NON.GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
See also INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS
Accountability, 251-53
Armed Conflicts, 65-66, 233-56
Development, 235-36, 337-53
Human Rights, 238-39, 246-50
Human Rights Watch, 344-48
International Humanitarian Law, 333,337-53
Landmines, 348-53
530
Index
Ml!decins sans Frontieres, 238
Medical, 237-38, 245-46, 341
Neutrality, 246-50
Refugees and Displaced Persons, 238,340-41
Relief, 236-37, 242-45, 341
Safety ofNGO Workers, 372
NON.INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS, see GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949), Additional
Protocol II; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, IntemationaVIntemal Distinction
NON.PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS
Conventional Weapons, 51, 56, 392
High-Technology Weapons, 391
Nuclear (Non-Proliferation Treaty), 221
NORm ATLANTIC TREATI ORGANIZATION, 59,60,378
NORm KOREA, Nuclear Weapons, 8
NUREMBERG TRffiUNAL, see INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TruBUNALAT NUREMBERG
o
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) , Economic Sanctions, 458
ORGANIZATION ON SECURITI AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE)
Development Assistance, 240
Human Dimension, 124
OUTER SPACE, see under MILITARY OPERATIONS
P
PANAMA CANAL, 263-64
PARIS, DECLARATION OF (1856), xliv, lx, 159
PARIS, PACT OF (1928), 143,321
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648),402--PEACEKEEPING,52
Law of Armed Conflict, 59-62
United Nations, 312-13, 378
PICTET,}EAN,297-98
POLLUTION, Maritime, 438-40
POPULATION,5-6
PRISONERS OF WAR, see under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf
PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF mE UNITED NATIONS, CONVENTION ON
(1946),131
PROTECTED PERSONS, see under LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf
PROTECTING POWERS, see under INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
R
RAPE, see CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, Rape; WAR CRIMES, Grave Breaches
RED CRESCENT, 56, 66
RED CROSS, see INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS
REMEDIES, see CLAIMS AND COMPENSATION; INDIVIDUALS
531
Index
REPRISALS, see under LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT; SANCTIONS
REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, Economic Sanctions, 466
RESPONSIBILITY
See also INDIVIDUALS, Responsibility; LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT; WAR CRIMES
States, 86-87, 125, 132,169,376
RHODESIA, SOUTHERN, Economic Sanctions, 471
ROME, ANCIENT, Law of Armed Conflict, 149,296
ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D., Chemical Weapons, 164
ROUSSEAU, JEAN.JACQUES, Law of Armed Conflict, 300-301
RWANDA
See also INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN RWANDA
Economic Sanctions, 463
s
SAN REMO MANUAL ON INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICABLE TO ARMED
CONFLICTS, 203, 271-72, 507-08
SANCTIONS
Against Individuals, 369
Arms Control and Disarmament, 319-20
Economic, 455-77
Humanitarian Limits, 473-74, 476
Reprisal, 111, 370
United Nations, 459-69
SELF.DEFENSE, 144,402,442
Necessity, 218
Proportionality, 218
Straits, 272-73
Weapons, 189
SELF.DETERMINATION, see under HUMAN RIGHTS
SERBIA, see BoSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
SHAKESPEARE, Law of Armed Conflict, 147-48
SHIPPING
Neutral, 265
Use of Force against Civilian Vessels, 440-48
SIERRA LEONE, Economic Sanctions, 463
SOMALIA
Economic Sanctions, 463
United Nations, 59, 239, 361
SOUTH AFRICA, Economic Sanctions, 471
SOVEREIGNTY, 121
See also CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION;
JURISDICTION
SPAIN
Colonization, 299
Strait of Gibraltar, 277
532
Index
ST. PETERSBURG, DECLARATION OF (1868),159,187,190,197,302,343,409
STATELESS PERSONS, 99
STOCKTON, CHARLES R., xiii, 119, 136
Biography, xvii-lxii
STRAITS, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICT, Right of Transit
SlnDAN,EcononrlcSanctions,463
SUEZ CANAL, 264
SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, Law of Anned Conflict, 61-62
SWEDEN, Aland Islands Strait, 278-79
T
TALLEYRAND, Law of Anned Conflict, 301
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, Television, 6
TERRORISM, Crimes against Humanity, 113, 331
THE IAW AND USAGES OF WAR AT SEA, xiii
TORTURE CONVENTION (1984),124
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS, LAW OF, Breach, 144
TURKEY, Straits, 264
u
UNITED KINGDOM
Chenrlcal Weapons, 211
Law of Anned Conflict, 162,371-80
UNITED NATIONS
Anned Forces, 59-60, 311-13, 379
Claims COmnUssion, 134
Comnrlssion on Human Rights, 48, 63, 132
Compensation Comnrlssion (1991),375
Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 344
High COmnUssioner for Refugees, 238, 378
Human Rights Comnrlttee, 216, 239
Implementation Force (Fonner Yugoslavia), 379
International Police Task Force (IPTF) , 379
Peacekeeping Forces, 312-13, 378
Transitional Adnrlnistration for Eastern Slavonia, 379
UNITED NATIONS AND ASSOCIATED PERSONNEL, CONVENTION ON THE
SAFETY OF (1994),26,130,372
UNITED NATIONS CHARTER
Crimes against Peace, 144
Right ofSelf-Deternrlnation, 124
Use of Force, 59
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (1982), 266-67, 269,
273,275-79,429-44,501-10
UNITED STATES
Chenrlcal Weapons, 211
National Security, 392-94
533
Index
Nicaragua, see INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, Nicaragua v. United States
UNIVERSALITI, 17-32
Aircraft Hijacking, 24-25
Crimes against Humanity, 98-102
Piracy, 19
War Crimes, 17-32,46
USE OF FORCE
See also ARMED CONFLICf; AVIATION, Use of Force against Civilian Aircraft; CRIMES
AGAINST PEACE; DEFENSE AND SECURITI ARRANGEMENTS; HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION; LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf; MILITARY OPERATIONS; SANCTIONS;
SELF-DEFENSE; WEAPONS
History, 1-15
Law Enforcement, 440-48
United Nations, 59-62
USS VINCENNES, 51, 267
v
VATIEL, Law of Armed Conflict, 156-57, 301
W
WAR CRIMES
See also CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITI; CRIMES AGAINST PEACE; INTERNATIONAL
CRiMINAL COURT; INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL AT NUREMBERG;
INTERNATIONAL CRiMINAL TRiBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA;
INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAw IN RWANDA; RESPONSIBILITI, Individuals
Allied-State-Actors, 19-20
Bosnia,48,63,239,360,374
Civilian Actors, 19
Defenses, 105,106-11,491
Definition, 21, 92-97
Grave Breaches, 20-21, 27, 46,63,80-92,123,172,328-29,332,485
Internal Armed Conflicts, see LAW OF ARMED CONFLICf, InternationaVInternal
Distinction
Iraq, 48, 360, 374
Jurisdiction over the Person, see UNIVERSALITI
Neutral-State-Actors, 19-20
Prohibited Weapons, see WEAPONS, Prohibited
Remedies, see INDIVIDUALS, Remedies
Reporting, 378
WARFARE, LAW OF, see WEAPONS
WARFARE, ME1HODS OF, see MILITARY OPERATIONS; WEAPONS
WARSHIPS, see LAw OF ARMED CONFLICf, Right of Transit
WEAPONS
Acousric, 398
Biological,44, 188,319-20,343,397
534
Index
Chenrlcal, 164, 166, 188, 191,211-12,302,319-20,340,343
Collateral Damage (to Civilian Objects), 204-05, 398
See also ENVIRONMENT, Law of Armed Conflict
Conventional, see CONVENTION ON CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
Electromagnetic-Pulse, 43, 221,398
History, 186-89
Incendiary, 48, 220
Indiscriminate (Incidental Injury to Civilians), 191, 194, 199-202,406,505
Individual Responsibility, 171,219-20
Infonnation Systems, 394-98
International/lnternal Armed Conflict Distinction, 219
Lasers, 43, 48, 64, 130, 207-08, 250, 320-21, 344-47
Microtechnology, 398
Microwaves, 43,398
Mines (Land), 49, 54, 66, 130, 208-11, 320, 344, 348-53, 372
Mines (Sea), 265-66, 505-07
Miniaturized Munitions Technology, 397
Nonlethal, 44, 398, 406
Nonproliferation, see NON.PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS
Nuclear, 48, 65,173-76,213-16,308-09,318-19,342
See also INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, Advisory Opinion
Precision-Guided Munitions (Smart Weapons), 7-9,379,407
Prohibited, 43,64, 127, 159, 166, 185-<'37, 194-99,206-12,302,409
Proportionality, see This Heading, Collateral Damage, Indiscriminate
Space-Based,44
Technology, 42-43
Unnecessary Suffering, see WEAPONS, Prohibited
WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION (WEU), Law of Armed Conflict, 61-62
WILSON, GEORGE GRAFTON, xiii
WOMEN, Law of Armed Conflict, 152-53
WOOLSEY, THOMAS, xiii, xliii
WORLD WAR 1,2
Stockton, Charles H., lvi-Ix
WORLD WAR II, 7-<'3, 47-48,50, 112
War Crimes, 19
See also International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
Y
YOM KIPPUR WAR (1973), 277
YUGOSLAVIA, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF, 80
Economic Sanctions, 472
YUGOSLAVIA, SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF (FORMER YUGOSLAVIA), 80
See also BoSNIA; INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRiBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
Economic Sanctions, 472
535