Hist 102 Test I Study Guide
Reconstruction to Empire and Expansion
Chapters 22-27
The Ordeal of Reconstruction: 1865-1877
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Reconstruction involved what four extended controversies?
At the end of the Civil War, many white southerners still held what two beliefs?
Give four meanings of emancipation for blacks.
The greatest achievements of the Freedmen’s Bureau came in what area?
What was the main purpose of the Black Codes?
Give four provisions of the Black Codes.
To many northerners, the Black Codes seemed to indicate what?
Congress objected to the readmission of Southern states to the Union under
Johnson’s plan for what four reasons?
The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed what for freed slaves?
In the 1866 congressional elections, voters made what decision?
What was the root cause for the battle between Congress and President Andrew
Johnson?
Both moderate and radical Republicans agreed that freed slaves should have what
right?
Blacks in the South relied on the Union League for what instruction?
Radical Reconstruction state governments had what three traits?
Give four goals of the Ku Klux Klan.
Even though the Force Acts and the Union Army helped suppress the Ku Klux Klan,
it still achieved what central goal?
Reconstruction might have been more successful if what radical program had been
implemented?
Politics of the Gilded Age, 1869-1896
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Why did U.S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader despite his status as a
military hero?
What afflicted both business and government in the aftermath of the Civil War?
What did the owners of the Credit Mobilier do in an attempt to avoid prosecution for
their corrupt dealings?
The Liberal Republican revolt from the regular Republican party in 1872 was
motivated primarily by what?
What was a major cause of the panic that began in 1873?
What was the solution to the depression that followed the panic of 1873 advocated
by debtors?
What were two traits of the presidential elections of the 1870s and 1880s?
What was one reason for the extremely high voter turnouts and partisan fervor of the
Gilded Age?
During the Gilded Age, what was the lifeblood of both the Democratic and
Republican parties?
In late-nineteenth century elections, Democrats could generally count on the support
of what groups?
What was the impact of the Compromise of 1877 on Reconstruction and southern
blacks?
In the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court made what ruling?
Public executions and lynchings of black men in the Jim Crow South were done for
what purpose?
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From what did labor unrest during the Hayes administration stem?
The Chinese came to the U.S. for what two reasons?
What were four platform planks adopted by the Populist party in their convention of
1892?
The early Populist campaign to create a coalition of white and black farmers ended
with what consequence?
What largely shaped the political developments of the 1890s?
Industry Comes of Age, 1865-1900
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The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction by
providing railroad corporations with what two things?
What was the greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental railroad
network?
Give four common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons.
On what basis did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that state legislatures could not
regulate railroads in the case of Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v.
Illinois?
The vast, integrated, continental U.S. market greatly enhanced what method of
production?
The American system of mass manufacture of standardized, interchangeable parts
provided strong incentives for U.S. capitalists to take what action?
Give four factors promoting the growth of manufacturing in post-Civil War America.
What two technological innovations greatly expanded the industrial employment of
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women in the late 19 century?
What did Andrew Carnegie’s system of vertical integration entail?
The oil industry became big business due to the development of what technology?
Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner believed what due to their support of
the doctrine of “survival of the fittest?”
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Courts ingeniously interpreted the 14 Amendment that helped corporations avoid
what?
What was the economic status of the South during industrialization?
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Despite rising wages in the late 19 century, industrial workers were extremely
vulnerable to what four threats?
The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would
disappear when what happened?
America Moves to the City, 1865-1900
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By 1900, American cities had what three common traits?
What was the result of the transformation of American cities due to the development
of electric trolleys?
What were four factors that increasingly made cities more attractive than farms for
young adults in post-Civil War U.S.?
What were three traits of the New Immigrants who came to the U.S. after 1880?
Most New Immigrants attempted to do what once they reached America?
Besides serving immigrants and the poor in urban neighborhoods, settlement
workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley actively lobbied for what social
reforms?
Why were New Immigrant groups regarded with special hostility by many nativist
Americans?
Many native-born Americans tended to blame New Immigrants for what four things?
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Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants exhibited what
four traits?
How did the Darwinian theory of organic evolution through natural selection affect
American religion?
Why did Americans offer growing support for a free, public education/?
What was the best evidence for the success of public schools in America?
Booker T. Washington believed that what was key to political and civil rights for
African Americans?
What did W.E.B. Du Bois demand for African Americans?
The new, research-oriented modern American universities tended to focus on what?
As a result of industrialization, Americans increasingly shared what?
The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896
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In post-Civil War America, Indians surrendered their lands only when they had been
promised what two things?
Indians battled whites for what four reasons?
How were the Plains Indians finally forced to surrender?
Give four factors leading to the defeat of the Plains Indians.
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The 19 century humanitarians who advocated kind treatment of Indians had what
view of Indian culture and religion?
To assimilate Indians into white society, the Dawes Act had what four provisions?
What vital role did the mining frontier play?
The bitter conflict between whites and Indians intensified as a result of what?
Give four reasons for the decline of the long drive and the cattle boom.
What was one major problem of the Homestead Act on the Great Plains?
What was the major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains during the 1870s?
After exploring much of the West, geologist John Wesley Powell warned what about
western settlement?
Why were Americans disturbed by the announcement by the superintendent of the
census that a stable frontier line was no longer discernable?
Why did the safety valve theory that the West dampened class conflict have some
validity even though sometimes exaggerated?
What was the root cause of the American farmers’ problems after 1880?
Why were farmers slow to organize and promote their interests?
What was the original purpose of the Grange?
Why was the Farmers’ Alliance originally formed?
Labor unions, Populists, and debtors saw the brutal Pullman episode as the evidence
of what alliance?
The severe economic depression of the 1890s strengthened what Populist
argument?
What was the major issue of the presidential election of 1896?
The 1896 presidential election marked the last time for what?
The consolidation of Republican power and eclipse of the Populists after the 1896
election can be attributed to what three things?
Empire and Expansion, 1890-1909
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In his book, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, the
Reverend Josiah Strong advocated U.S. expansion for two purposes?
What factor facilitated a shift in American foreign policy toward imperialism in the late
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19 century?
What argument by Alfred Thayer Mahan also promoted the move toward American
imperialism?
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What was one reason why the white American sugar lords tried to overthrow native
Hawaiian rule and annex the islands to the U.S.?
Why was Queen Liliuokalanii forced from power in 1891?
Why did President Grover Cleveland reject the effort to annex Hawaii?
Why did President McKinley ask Congress to declare war on Spain?
The most successful U. S. military action during the Spanish-American War was
largely due to what?
What did the U.S. do in addition to its capture of the Philippines?
On the whole, what was the level of performance by the U.S. Army in Cuba?
What was the greatest controversy that emerged at the end of the Spanish-American
War?
American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines especially
stressed what issue?
What four reasons did anti-imperialist give against the U.S. acquisition of the
Philippines?
Why did guerrilla warfare begin in the Philippines in 1896?
Why did many Americans become concerned about the increasing foreign
intervention in China?
What did China’s Boxer Rebellion attempt to do?
In response to the Boxer Rebellion, the U.S. abandoned what?
What was the main motivation for the construction of an isthmian canal across
Central America?
What was TR’s role in the Panamanian Revolution?
The Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the Monroe Doctrine that was
designed to do what?
What was the primary diplomatic result of TR’s diplomatic ending of the RussoJapanese War?
What was the secret Gentlemen’s Agreement that TR worked out with the Japanese
government in 1907-1908?