Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
Ricardo Matheus1
José Carlos Vaz2
Manuella Maia Ribeiro3
Abstract: Since the introduction of computers and the emergence of electronic government
in Latin American countries, especially the construction of tools for financial control and
revenue in the state, popular participation and social control has been done in a background
role of governmental actions. However, currently, we have discovered interesting
experience in this area and we can see emerging new forms created to built and implement
a channel where the society can help to combat the corruption through sending information
about crimes and bias via internet. The study highlights experiences of several Latin
American countries which have opted to implement the anti-corruption web as a tool of
anti-corruption. We will study and compare them to identify what level of effectiveness of
this tool in terms of expansion of spaces and participatory involvement of social actors
against the corruption. As product is presented a comparison between the various
monitoring systems and their limits and challenges of improving, so that other states and
even states studied, can be guided by our studies on online monitoring systems against
corruption in Latin America.
Special thanks to Open Society Foundations for their support in the presentation at First Global
Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
1
Bachellor in Public Policy Management and Master of Science at University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil.
Professor at Foundantion and School of Commerce Alvares Penteado. (FECAP). E-mail:
[email protected].
2
Bachellor in Business Administration at USP, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy at Getúlio
Vargas Foundantion (FGV). Professor at USP. E-mail: [email protected].
3
Bachellor in Public Policy Management at USP and Master of Science at FGV. E-mail:
[email protected].
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 1
1. Introduction
The introduction of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in public
administration was an important step toward improving processes, service delivery and also
the participation and social control. Most recent articles focuses on the possibilities of ICT
as a promoter of management improvements, however, several initiatives in the world and
Latin America show that some locations are creating innovative ways to use ICTs to
promote transparency of data and government actions, which expand the possibilities of
social control and fighting corruption.
This use of ICTs within government is often called electronic government (e-gov).
It is important to note that there is no consensus for specific e-gov, but to take this study as
a condition that the use of ICTs for improving internal processes and service delivery is a
basic condition of electronic government. We will deepen this condition within the
theoretical framework on e-gov. However, some researchers point to the use of ICTs for
social purposes, such as citizen participation, transparency and social control is called egovernance. The e-governance, therefore, reflects the optimization of information networks
and gaining a better management of information flow to citizens and companies offer and,
neatly, push. And e-governance was characterized as the promise of wider interaction with
citizens, and always focused on delivering services, which leads us to believe that we will
inevitably develop an electronic democracy (JUNIOR & ROVER, 2007).
Through exploratory research, contact with social networks of researchers and
literature search, we could find many initiatives in Latin America that ICT is used as
promoter of transparency, oversight and fighting corruption. Through cameras, portals and
specific transparent channels of access to government information which is not static, we
will describe these initiatives and create an analysis according to the literature on the
subject. This required creating a historical context of politics, society and economy of local
villages to facilitate the understanding of the reasons and the main reasons these initiatives
are located in certain areas, or not. Thus it was also necessary to create a theoretical
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 2
framework that would guide the study and analysis of each initiative, describing its
limitations and challenges.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Politics and Economy in Latin America: State Reform in Latin America
Unlike the current scenario in wich there is the economic and political stability, in
most countries of Latin America, its recent constructions were troubled and unstable. The
economic crisis generated by the shock of oil prices during the 70s and 80s meant that Latin
America was suffering economically and socially their effects (Zettelmeyer, 2006) these
decades and especially in the 90s. This was a time when there was opportunity for the
nation states that used the Weberian bureaucratic model (Weber, 1979) as a model of
governmental structure going to introduce something called the management model or
'New Public Management' (Barzelay, 2001, 2000, 1992 , Dunleavy & Hood, 1994 Hood,
1995).
In the developed countries, United States was the pioneer of reforms. In 1993, Bill
Clinton, through the National Performance Review (NPR), inspired by reading a best seller
by Osborne and Gaebler, proposed to reform the U.S. State. The results were surprising and
during the first presidential term the government saved 177 billion, which link 31 billion
and is certainly due to the recommendations made by American researchers (Osborne &
Gaebler, 1995).
Following in the footsteps of Anglo-Saxon countries like Britain and the United
States, Latin American countries have opted for these reforms to achieve greater efficiency
in processes, budget cuts to improve public spending, creation of performance assessment
and other strategies acquired (OSBORNE & GAEBLER, 1995). These reforms made by
national states were characterized as a neo-liberal movement, especially the tax hike to
contain inflation and reduce the state by selling shares of public enterprises and public
policy processes (BAER & MALONEY, 1997, MESA-LAGO, 1997, 2000, MARINI,
2002, 2004).
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 3
Comparison of Weberian bureaucracy and New Public Management
Weberian bureaucratic model
Public interest
Efficiency, equity
Administration
Expertise, formal authority
structure
Force the responsibility
Follow rules and procedures
Operate administrative systems
New Public Management
Results for Citizens
Quality Control and Value Added
Flexibility
Production
and Mission, and return services to
consumers
Construct accountability
Identify
and
solve
problems,
continuous improvement
Separate control service
Table 1
Source: (BARZELAY, 1992: 119)
Despite the many advances in the economy of public resources, it is clear that the
new public management has not advanced in sectors such as the effectiveness of public
spending, especially when we see social areas such as health, education and social
spending. While infrastructure areas such as highway construction, fiscal tightening, and
production of procurement policies overhaul of internal processes, the state was able to
reduce costs. This is partly because the public agenda of governments, which first bothered
to stabilize the economy through the reinvention of the state, being in the background to
restructure the health, education and social spending, such as social security. While some
areas of government have modernized, many parts of these social areas, or even
completely, follow a line of reasoning of the Weberian bureaucratic model.
2.1.1. State Reform in Costa Rica
Costa Rica is a country located in Central America with a high human development
index (rank 62) and has about 4.5 million people and a GDP of 30 billion dollars. This is
one of Latin American countries in which they were found some government initiatives
related to systems for online monitoring corruption. Thus it was felt providential encounter
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 4
data and historical facts for the reader to contextualize and better understand under what
circumstances and environments were taken certain measures. Firstly it is worth noting that
like the rest of Latin America Costa Rica also had his conversion to democracy recently,
through a series of dictatorship, repression environments shaping civil rights instituted by
the military in power (FONT FABREGAS, 1998).
In this special case the political transition was merged with the economic reshaping
of the National State (ROMERO-PEREZ, 2004). This point means that structural reforms
aimed at implementing a managerial government were similar to the process of
democratization of the country, generating, for example, conflict of public calendars,
because after all, what was before, since the small universe of possibilities of action state?
This crisis agenda has often been pointed out by a scholar of the area as a crisis of
governance within the state, hampering the implementation of various government projects
and reducing the capacity of state governance as for the population, generating
dissatisfaction and decrease the credibility of government action (CARBALLO, 2001,
HOMEDIR & Ugalde, 2002). However, it is worth noting that some local government areas
were first on the public agenda and achieved prominence subsumed implementation and
evaluation, as economic reform and some units of government, such as health, unlike
criticized state reform (Oszlak, 1999, VEGA CARBALLOS, 2001, GUTIÉRREZ SAXE,
2003). This points to the analysis of Evans (1996), verifying distortions in a nation-state as
a solution in some areas and sometimes as a problem in certain departments.
2.1.2. State Reform in Ecuador
Ecuador is a country that lies north of the South American continent. It has a
population of 14.5 million people, with a GDP of 120 billion dollars. The human
development indicators point to high development (rank 77). Ecuador is another nation
state that has suffered historical process and socioeconomic status similar to that of Costa
Rica. Before the late democratization in the mid-80s, Ecuador experienced a period of
dictatorship after the repression of civil rights of the majority population. Many economic
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 5
plans were implemented, however, without significant success (OSZLAK, 1999). The
Constitutional Reform occurred similarly to the democratization process and also of the
management reform of the National State (BASABE-SERRANO, 2009).
Some authors suggest that national reforms of the Ecuadorian state served as a
guarantee for that Ecuador could reach levels of government to align the development of
economic reform that was being planned (HAGGARD, 1995, ASSIES, 2003, ASSIES et al,
2002). Nevertheless, it is important to stress again that some social areas have not had good
results, especially since they were in the background for these reforms. It was necessary
first to ensure the quality of economic restructuring and then intervene as aggressively in
the areas of health, education and social spending such as pensions and social assistance
(Franco-Giraldo et al, 2006), verifying again the distortions in that a country may be,
according to the theories of Evans (1996), in a national state as a solution in some situations
and other times as a problem.
2.1.3. State Reform in Mexico
Mexico is a Latin American country that lies south of the North American continent.
It has a population of 113 million people, with high human development index (rank 56)
and gross domestic product of US$ 1 trillion. In Mexico state reform in Mexico was
nothing more than a metaphor instrumental for economic reform were implemented. The
changing priorities and working model of the State appeared to favor the formation of a
new economy, focused on economic reform. The combination of measures of economic
stabilization, structural adjustment and readjustment of state activities represent a large
package of State Reform (ROMERO-PEREZ, 2004).
It is worth noting that Mexico also had historical moments like Costa Rica and
Ecuador. Experienced military dictatorships, however, the process of democratization came
after the restructuring process and state of the economy (SOSA, 2000, REBOLLEDO,
1993, MESA-LAGO, 2000). Thus, it is interesting to note that a fundamental law of our
studies in Mexico was the Transparency Act of 2000, very new. Therefore, we will deepen
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 6
the information on this bill below, outlining a small part in this historical context of
democratization and state reform in Mexico.
2.1.3.1.
Transparency Law of Mexico
The federal law on transparency and access to information from the Mexican
government (MEXICO, 2002) is fundamental to understand the models that Mexico
presents this because there is a need for standardization and municipalities, states and
federal agencies make portals of transparency and easy access models government
information (VAZQUES, 2008). This law was one of the pioneers in the developing world,
which gives some value to Mexico, a country that presents some interesting proposals to
combat corruption through the dissemination of information through portals, creativity in
building web applications for citizen participation in combating corruption and other
models.
2.1.4. State Reform in Brazil
Brazil is a country located in the South American continent, with a population of
190 million inhabitants, gross domestic product of US$ 2 trillion and high human
development index (rank 73). In Brazil, the State Reform in Brazil was one of the major
movements in search of improving the modern bureaucracy, construction of WEBER
(1979), not override it. Bresser-Pereira and Cunil-Grau (1999) reported that the Reform of
Public Management, between 1995 and 1998 in Brazil did not underestimate the
patrimonial and clientelist elements (NUNES, 2003) still exist in a state like Brazil,
however, does not allow the sole concern in this object, as opposed to the restructuring of
government in the 30s.
It is worth noting that in Brazil the first major reform of the state comes up with the
DASP (Department of Public Administration) during the government of Getulio Vargas in
the 30s. Harmed by the influence of economists throughout the twentieth century, the
Brazilian government was not the scene of major studies for the promotion of social
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 7
development, developmental vision and just purely economic efficiency, as well as
RABBIT (2006: 70) points in the lethargy of studies and establishment of academies and
graduations in the area of public administration in the country.
As the reform of 30, the reform of the 90s in Brazil had the assumption that the best
way to combat other forms of ‘clientelism’ (NUNES, 2003) and state capture is a step
forward and make the state more efficient and more modern (BRESSER-PEREIRA &
CUNIL-GRAU, 1999). Thus, only just after the democratization of the country and the
need to professionalize the public bureaucracy to achieve the principles of reform of the
state is emerging careers, positions, and selection process that culminated in the emergence
of various courses of public administration in the country and you can then create solutions
to sectorial areas have not yet upgraded (MATHEUS, 2009, MATHEUS & RIBEIRO,
2009, MARINI, 2002, PACHECO, 2000).
Herein, during the 2000s was the introduction of striking new public management
techniques, enabled by the established management reform in the 90s and the
professionalization of certain local government areas. The inclusion of new social
technologies in the production of public policies and business process reengineering of the
public bureaucracy and other goodies, the government comes to introducing e-government,
a theme noted by other authors (MATIAS-PEREIRA, 2002, 2004).
Despite the many advances in the economy of public resources, the new public
management has not advanced in sectors such as the effectiveness of public spending.
While infrastructure areas such as highway construction, fiscal tightening, production of
procurement policies overhaul of internal processes, the state was able to reduce costs.
However, like other Latin American countries described above, Brazil has developed areas
facing the economy without having the same mechanism of modernization in areas such as
health, education and social policy, including being one of the cases studied by Evans
(1996), where it is observed in Brazil that there are 'islands of excellence' in certain
government departments such as Finance and Treasury, while other areas have not yet
reached levels of excellence and state modernization (CARDOSO, 1972).
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 8
As part of the solution of these problems, e-government was established, and the use
of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to create the environment that
could bring benefits, such as the inclusion of new actors - civil society and the private
sector - in formulation, implementation and monitoring of social policies at the local level
marks an important turning against the pattern of state action in the social field in the
country (FARAH, 2001). The opening of national policy for social participation in the
2000s is one of the highlights WALNUT (2004), which we believe is a key to the
construction of public policies more efficient and effective, not only in Brazil but
throughout Latin America .
2.2. Electronic Government
First we must point out that the E-Government is a concept still under construction
(CAPELLA, 2008), often being confused with e-governance and computerization and use
of ICTs by the government, without a specific plea (Cunha, 2005). Our study finds that
electronic government is defined largely by the use of ICTs, especially the computerization
of the public sector and using the Internet as a communication medium, but also uses other
means of communication, not only focus on the use of computers (CHADWICK & MAY,
2003, NAVARRE & CORNFORD, 2006, VAZ, 2001, 2003b).
Nevertheless, there is a consensus that the main medium used in e-government is the
Internet, especially due to technological factors. Others point out that this trend will
diminish over time, with the development of new information technologies (DAVIES,
2007, GRANT & CHAU, 2005). Moreover, it is noted that the overall e-government
initiatives have always been a feature in common: the use of ICTs by government (BASU,
2004, CARTER & BELANGER, 2005, LAYNE & LEE, 2001, MOON, 2002, NDOU,
2004, SCHUPPAN, 2009, WEST, 2004, WORLD BANK, 2005, UNPAN, 2008, OECD,
2002 DAMN & VASQUEZ, 2009, JAEGER, & THOMPSON, 2003).
2.2.1. Electronic Government in Latin America
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 9
From now on, to summarize the general context of Latin America we opted for the
Latin American cases were similar in the introduction of electronic government, as
evidenced by several authors this issue (LAU, et al, 2008. Therefore, we will condition the
theoretical references to Brazil; it is the country that has more publications and initiatives in
electronic government and electronic governance. That does not disqualify or diminish the
importance of initiatives in other Latin American countries like Argentina, Chile, Mexico,
Costa Rica, Ecuador and more recently Colombia, Venezuela and Peru, but it must be clear
that several of these countries have not been studied and there were no initiatives, which
consider it prudent to focus on countries in which we are developing our studies, especially
where knowledge is produced in the area to consultation and referral, facilitating the
process of this paper.
2.2.1.1.
Electronic Government in Brazil
As in most Latin American countries (LAU et al, 2008), Brazil, e-gov had her
embryo with the computerization of the federal state apparatus in the 70s (Garcia et al,
2005, Diniz, 2009). During the 90s, we had the spread of commercial Internet in Brazil,
with the emergence of a National Research Network and the early government websites in
1995 (JARDIM, 2000, 2005, MARCONDES & JARDIM, 2003), and in 1998 the Brazil
already had a good network of services through the use of ICTs, such as electronic
commerce (DINIZ, 2000), the delivery of income tax, access to government information
(VAZ, 2003a) and a host of other services online (COELHO, 2001, CUNHA, 2004,
FERRER & SANTOS, 2004, FERRER & BORGES, 2004, MEDEIROS, 2004,
REINHARD & DIAS, 2005, FUGINI et al., 2005, JOIA, 2002).
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 10
Focus
Generation
First
Second
Management information and
basic transactions online
"Age of Electronic Portals"
Targeted integration and the
citizen as customer
Capacity
 Technology
 Development Tools
 Infrastructure
 Interoperability
 Public Policy Management
"Era of Interoperability”
Third
Focused on collaboration, and
centralized public servant and
the citizen
"Era of Collaboration"
 Knowledge Management
 Collaboration between IT and
Management
 Human Resource Development
 Building Measures
 Improved quality of access (humanmachine interaction)
 Use of Web 2.0
 Use of Mobile Technologies
MATHEUS (2011)
2.3. Electronic Governance
From the electronic government concept being understood as a promoter of the
rights of citizenship, such as social control, combating corruption and citizen participation,
the State may extend the use of traditional e-government, based on process improvement
and fiscal revenue economic, to expand the dialogue and meeting public expectations. This
is when we went to e-governance, another concept that also is still no consensus prevailing
in academia (SAXENA, 2005, GRANT, 2008, JAEGER & THOMPSON, 2003,
SHACKLETON et al., 2004, 2006, RILEY, 2001, CARLITZ & GUNN, 2002).
One of the issues found in the literature on the topic of e-governance are the
possibilities and limits they have in making changes in the relationship between civil
society and governmental sphere (SILVA 2005, BRAGA, 2007) In the literature on eGovernance Are generally divided into two groups regarding the use of ICTs in the
relationship between government and society: the optimists and pessimists. Between these
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 11
optimists, we can cite Lévy (1999). However the author points out that the use of ICTs will
not solve all the problems of cultural and social world (LÉVY, 1999). Among them are
those who believe in e-governance as a promoter of socioeconomic development, public
management, increasing transparency and combating corruption, especially by means of
citizen participation (REZENDE & FREY, 2005, MATHEUS, 2009, ROTHBERG, 2008,
ARAÚJO & GOMES, 2004).
2.3.1. Electronic Governance in Latin America
In Latin America we also found a similar trend of global research. Although some
authors point to certain spots, such as transparency, and fighting corruption, and citizen
participation, all authors who deal with Latin America point to a certain optimism about the
e-governance, especially for socioeconomic development, public management, increasing
transparency and combating corruption, especially by means of citizen participation
(PADGET, 2005, BASU, 2004, SLOMSKI & MELLO, 2010, HOSSAIN, 2005, FRICK,
2004, CELLARY, 2008, WELP, 2007, PEEL, 2009).
2.3.1.1.
Electronic Governance in Brazil
In Brazil, e-Governance, according to Teixeira (2004, 2006), is related to improved
quality, efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and oversight of government entities.
Ribeiro (2008) points out that e-governance can go beyond the availability of government
information. It can universalize the provision of public services and serving as an
information channel and uninterrupted communication between the remote and public
administration and population, with the advantage of promoting transparency, especially in
the accounting area, as occurs in the portal of the Federal Government Transparency. And
that e-governance was characterized as the promise of wider interaction with citizens, and
always focused on delivering services, which leads us to believe that we will inevitably
develop a so-called electronic democracy (JUNIOR & ROVER, 2007).
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 12
However, our concept "shows that e-governance is one of the impacts of the
introduction of e-government successful, public management and offer a channel for
dialogue of the population's demands and actions of government, with greater legitimacy,
notably through the dissemination of information from all areas of public administration,
with full public access to services provided by the Internet, cell phones, television and
interact seamlessly and remotely, to promote substantial increase transparency, not only of
the accounting reports of the Administration, but also the actions taken by all branches of
government and administrative spheres of government.
In Brazil we say that there are some authors who focus their work in several areas of
electronic governance. For some, e-governance facilitates interaction/communication
between government and society (PRADO & LOUREIRO, 2006, CARDOSO apud
PINHO, 2008, FREY, 2005, RIBEIRO, 2008). For others there is the possibility of
democratization of the population even without this law (PRADO & LOUREIRO, 2006), as
well as to strengthen local democracy (FREY, 2005). Meanwhile there are authors who
intend to promote greater government transparency (PRADO & LOUREIRO, 2006,
PINHO, 2008; WELP, 2007; FREY, 2005, RIBEIRO, 2008) and accountability of
governments (PRADO & LOUREIRO, 2006, PINHO, 2008) As well as expanding the
availability of public information (PRADO & LOUREIRO, 2006, PINHO, 2008) and
opening new channels of participation spaces (WELP, 2007).
It is noteworthy that ICTs are still considered by the authors as promoters of change
by its potential, i.e., despite several possibilities cited changes that provide e-governance
does not necessarily mean that they are being held. In addition, there are few studies on the
use of ICTs to improve the functioning of democratic political system (WELP, 2007).
Pinho (2008), for example, has conducted research on ICTs and democracy in those
parts of the Brazilian capitals and found no functionality of electronic participation in the
formulation of public policies on those websites. For the author, the technology for virtual
participation already exist, then the problem is not technology for the use of ICTs for the
promotion of social control, transparency and participation in public management. Pinho
(2008) cites the difficulty for the actual realization of electronic governance to the existence
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 13
of some problems that occur in the real world as the issue of citizen participation and a
culture of transparency are also difficulties in the virtual world. In short, the problem was
not technological, but the current political culture.
2.3.2. Electronic Governance and the promotion of rights of social control of
public management
The right to social control of public management refers to monitoring the
formulation of policies and government initiatives by citizens and their organizations. This
category of rights creates conditions for the establishment of trust between rulers and ruled,
and gives legitimacy to the actions of the latter (VAZ, 2001).
The initiatives are related to these rights are the checks and balances and the
disclosure of government activities. The right to social control depends crucially on access
and availability of government information, or is directly related to the right to public
information. The experiences found in this category can monitor, assess and monitor
government performance. For example, the publication of financial statements, reports on
activities of public institutions, progress of works and dissemination of bidding (VAZ,
2003a).
With the use of ICTs the right to social control of government can be promoted by
the possibility of facilitating access to information, especially using the Internet. The
Internet is a fast, relatively inexpensive and easy to use that enhances the promotion of this
right. Examples of using ICTs to promote this right may be cited: the dissemination of
government information over the internet, sending through the provision of listed phone via
text message, the complaint online, among others.
2.3.3. Combating Corruption, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Control
The theme of fighting corruption, transparency, oversight and accountability are
closely linked. No doubt that transparency can generate a significant increase in social
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 14
control by citizens, thus hindering some deviations and biases of Public Management, such
as corruption and ‘clientelism’ (NUNES, 2003). Thus, through social control easier, the
citizen would exercise more and better their right of participation and accountability of
actions and accounts of government (MICHAEL, 2005). Although we believe that these
concepts are inseparable, this article divides the four concepts into smaller, more detailed
chapters, entitled Anti-corruption, transparency, accountability and social control, trying to
get better division of the references and definitions of the concepts proposed and studied.
2.3.3.1 Fighting Corruption
Combating corruption in Brazil has gained great prominence through increased
surveillance of domestic institutions of government as the comptroller General's Office and
the Audit Courts throughout Brazil, as well as points TREVISAN et al (2003). Despite
evolution of fighting corruption in these instances, the authors describe that popular
participation is essential to curbing corruption, a concept which we believe is also in line
with our expectations, and social control and accountability, there is no really diminish the
maximum all the deviations and acts of corruption within the country.
ICTs, particularly the Internet, may increase the potential for transparency in basic
processes made by e-gov. According to Camerer (2006), the proper use of information is
the best vaccine to combat corruption. So there is no doubt that the Anti-Corruption Tools
Online does not resolve the problem of corruption, but will certainly fight them. We
reaffirm the role of other institutions such as the Comptroller General's Office and the
Court of Audit, as major allied agencies to promote the fight against corruption through
their respective legal and administrative.
KAUFMANN (2002) recommends the wide dissemination of these tools online that
can provide the empowerment of political decisions, and we anticipate that the online
public consultation can perform this role of offering space and 'voice' in public policy
debates subnational and even national As exemplified with regulatory agencies and
ministries of Brazil.
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 15
1.1.1.1.
Social Control and Accountability
This article will understand how the concept of social control the way in which the
company directly control the state, adding branches and alternative institutions such as the
comptroller and internal Audit Courts. Brazil recently drafted a law called the Statute of the
City (Law 10257) that projects the population participate in the decision of public
administration, according to the guidelines of the City Master Plan (RIBEIRO, 2008).
However, we should point out that there is still a difficulty to implement systems of
citizen participation due to bureaucracy and lack of culture of citizen participation in the
country, but internationally recognized as the Digital Participatory Budget in Belo
Horizonte (PEIXOTO, 2008). Exactly what pointed Campos (1990) two decades ago,
wondering when Brazil could actually have citizen participation to promote social control
and accountability.
We also question the public administrators about his actions, as we point
accountability, referring to the provision of accounts and definitions of the objects of
actions. However, this action a citizen needs information, to question their leaders.
AKUTSU (2005) emphasizes the interdependence between social control and
accountability, being essential to the transparency of decisions of public officials.
Nevertheless, it is shown that the administration acted with economy, efficiency and
honesty.
2.3.3.2 Transparency
The concept of transparency can be understood in two aspects according to Ribeiro
(2008). The first indicates the concept of transparency as a synonym for publicity, and the
second as transparency and the availability of data, considering the transparency with data
access, digital inclusion and availability of data, particularly regarding the frequency and
timeliness of information contained portals and government sites, according to the words
mentioned by VAZ (2003b), recognizing the information as a public right of every citizen.
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 16
Furthermore, some authors suggest there is no reason why public managers do not have
their acts, accounts and information content without confidentiality are not available for the
population (SPECK, 2004).
Obviously, there is a rule on advertising for acts of administration, provided for in
the Constitution that allow for confidentiality of certain information especially essential to
the security of society and the state, such as cases of national security, law enforcement
investigations or interests of the Directors. Therefore, we believe that the true meaning of
transparency is the opening of the supply of information, free and universal access, constant
update, posted to a single channel of communication and interaction with citizens and with
search tool to help citizens find the theme you want fast.
2.3.3.3 Citizen Participation and Electronic Democracy
According to some authors, participation in public consultations online requires a
little knowledge and information, especially for the support of the hypothesis suggests that
the citizen (BERTI, 2009). The author claims that this makes the environment more
consistent and can promote a society in relevant context.
However, we believe that although the analysis with a scientific nature, or based on facts
and statistics, we can take into consideration that citizens have the right to raise issues
pertaining to social reality. E-government can lead to increased citizen participation and
participatory democracy through the principles studied here, as social control, transparency
(Mello, 2008).
Quite the contrary, we can point VAZ (2005) suggests that the public's right to be
heard by governments. That we would characterize as more collaborative democracy,
listening and, of course, filtering the demands of society. However, the tool online public
consultation is one element that can indeed improve society participation in the
development of programs, laws and various other matters that the Brazilian government has
historically done without consulting the public (PINHO, 2008) .
DAVIES (2007) suggests that ICTs have come so that citizens could come together
and form groups to discuss public policy forums and legitimizing and facilitating
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 17
interaction within communities, especially in sub-areas. FRICK (2005) points to several
international examples of good use of public consultations online, online forums and other
tools for citizen participation through a model of electronic democracy.
2.4. Anti-Corruption Online Tools
2.4.1. Online Monitoring Systems
This paper considers that the complaint is understood as the online delivery of
information via electronic forms or through electronic mail, to combat corruption (FRICK,
2004, MATHEUS, 2009, MATHEUS & RIBEIRO, 2009). The complaint in this online
survey is being perceived as sending the complaint to the government via electronic form or
through an online based web platform. In Latin America the most common kind of form is
via electronic mail, however, several let through telephone and mail (MATHEUS, 2009,
MATHEUS & RIBEIRO, 2009).
2.4.2. Anti-Corruption Online Tools of Supreme Audits of Brazil
Tools Online Anti-Corruption may be defined, briefly, for programs that provide
information, graphics, interactive maps and other modern means earned by the use of ICTs
in governmental websites allowing people to run the social control of the actions of
government (MATHEUS, 2009, MATHEUS & RIBEIRO, 2009, MORAES, 2006).
3. Methodology
Our methodology assumes that a previous survey about the public consultations
online tools and anti-corruption was made by discovering the current state of the Art and
prominent cases in Brazil, both at national and subnational levels. So our search begins at
the point of the analysis of anti-corruption tools of SASs, especially the states of Mato
Grosso, Paraíba, Piauí and Paraná.
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
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Furthermore, we focused on exploratory analysis of the anti-corruption online tools
in Latin America and decided to highlights the best practices we found. After this initial
step was accomplished, we searched literature references in the area. So that, we could
answer some of our questions in the research. Thus, qualitative analysis produced by the
reflection of the reading of literature specializing in e-gov, transparency promotion, social
control and combating corruption. The results are in the final considerations, highlighting
the positive and negatives aspects of anti-corruption online tools and proposing new ideas
and solutions for problems we found in the exploratory and qualitative analyses, in
according with our literature research in the area.
Therefore, we'll redo the exploratory research, revisiting all the Anti-Corruption
Online Tools to confirm old assumptions of challenges, and perhaps find new limitations
after two years from the first exploratory research in 2008. Through this we will propose
solutions to improve the tools and public consultations, especially in terms of citizen
participation, trying to expand the model of citizen participation, social control and access
to government information. Are these the basic precepts of citizens' rights that we use as
our theoretical framework.
Thus, it was felt necessary to construct a literature review on the issues involved in
the theme, and thorough studies on the references of the themes of Electronic Government,
Transparency, Fighting Corruption, Social Control and Participatory Democracy and
Citizen Participation. Moreover, the construction of legal reference, with the main laws
which changed the duties and responsibilities of SASs.
Since there was the opportunity for a graduate of these tools was organized table
with degree levels, each with certain desired characteristics to meet that level. Thus we
could get a degree and see what the State of the Art according to our conceptions of quality.
From this we can draw some conclusions, both qualitative and quantitative. And so we have
tables and graphs summarizing our study.
4. Results and Analyses
4.1. Descriptive results of Online Monitoring Systems of Latin America
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
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Among the possibilities of the use of ITCs by governments, their use for combating
corruption is evident. We analyzed four innovative web tools at local level in several
countries of Latin America. But the experiences studied need to develop several points, like
the access of the information and receive protocol to check the status of his denounce.
Currently the definition of transparency is limited to offer for the citizen the numbers of
Public Administration, but is necessary to think about the level of transparency that is really
necessary for the citizen produce social control and improve our democracy, combating the
corruption in all the government spheres. The transparency of government must go beyond
advertising data by the government, looking for a translating into graphics and basic words,
enough to be understandable for all the citizens in the society.
4.1.1. Denuncie la corrupción (Xalapa, México)
Guadalajara is a city with 1.646.183 inhabitants in Mexico. The city had built an
anti-corruption online tool called Denuncie la corrupción, with the objectives of promoting
the social control through sent information about corruption by an electronic formulary.
This action can combat the corruption through the sent of information containing corruption
information. Every citizen can sent any information about corruption cases. If it is the
desire, they can send the information anonymously. Nevertheless, the portal of the
municipality does not send any kind of protocol or show information about the status of
your process. Some indicators had been created to see how the online tool has been used by
the population. The link is: http://enlinea.guadalajara.gob.mx/sim/indicadores.asp. Also,
complementing
that
information,
they
created
some
graphics
for
citizens:
http://enlinea.guadalajara.gob.mx/sim/infoindicador.asp?cd=614.
4.1.2. Denuncia Corrupción (Guadalajara, México)
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
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Directed by the authorities of the Municipal Controller at the city of Guadalajara,
the anti-corruption online tool Denuncia Corrupción is currently helping a municipality
with around 1.7 million people to combat the corruption. The website address is
http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/consejos/consejoT/denuncias.asp. The main difference of
that tool is the anonymously that you acquire if the citizen sent a lot of information and data
that the municipality considers important and essential for the process. But it is a right of
the citizen to be anonymously without sending a lot of information, because sometimes
people could not have all the data or any kind of information but it could be a link to
connect problems to their cause. No doubt the online tool is very important in combating
corruption trough the social control from the civil organized society; however, it is not
enough. The Denuncia Corrupción could be more attractive if a few questions were asked
and the anonymously being a right of the people, not like any kind of gift from the
maximum of information sent. Probably we will see scenario with more information would
be sent with fewer requisites from the municipality.
4.1.3. Denuncia en línea (Guayaquil, Equador)
Another online tool from Latin America is Denuncia en Línea built on the city of
Guayaquil, Equador. The Municipality is one of the biggest in the country, with population
around
2
million
people.
The
tools´
website
is
http://www.guayaquil.gov.ec/denunciaslinea/FormularioDenuncias.aspx. Like the others
tool is remarkable the no sense for transparency with the data and information sent by some
citizen for combat corruption in Guayaquil. Without any kind of protocol and a section with
the report of the results from all the processes that were reported by citizen the website tool
is not yet perfect if we measure (MATHEUS & RIBEIRO, 2009).
4.1.4. Investigación y Análisis (Cartago, Costa Rica)
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
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The municipality of Cartago at Costa Rica is one of the online tools that promote the
corruption combat for the citizens. Information from 2007, the city has just 167 thousand
people.
The
online
address
is
the
link:
http://www.muni-
carta.go.cr/paginas/ENG/1024/contralo.html. Even as the other tools found, Investigación y
Análisis can promote the social control and another benefits like the population possibility
in combating corruption and the rise of the citizen report corruption online. In the other
hand, the tool does not have transparency for people who tried to send some information for
the municipality. It is a problem that must be solved with the introduction of protocol and
transparency in the results, like posting it online in a section of the municipality website. If
it is not possible, some information could send for an online address (e-mail), postal mail,
by telephone or messages in a mobile phone.
4.2. Descriptive results of Anti-Corruption Online Tools of Supreme Audit States
(SAS) of Brazil
In this section we show the result of the analysis of systems Online Tools AntiCorruption of TCEs of some States that had such systems tools 4. This result comes from
previous research done among all Brazilians SASs.
4.2.1. The SAS of Mato Grosso and the GEO-Obras Tools
The SAS of Mato Grosso is one of Supreme Audit most advanced in the area of
promoting the transparency of data from the municipalities and the state, especially in the
area of the industry works. Introducing an anti-corruption online innovator in public works,
the SAS of Mato Grosso available to its citizens GEO-Obras, a promising system in social
control and fighting corruption as it provides public notices, photographs, maps, search
option by type of work, city and state of the work. Another positive point is the tool found
in this section called the ombudsman, which can be triggered by citizen participation,
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
First Global Conference on Transparency Research, Rutgers University, Newark, May 19-20, 2011.
PAGE 22
controlling the actions of public administration in the state. To learn more about this tool
TEC Mato Grosso, it is available at: http://geoobras.tce.mt.gov.br/cidadao/.
4.2.1.1.
The SAS of Paraíba and the “SAGRES” Tool
The SAS Paraíba is one of the Courts of Auditors, which achieved a good level of
transparency of data and information from the State and the Municipalities of Paraíba. The
anti-corruption tool called SAGRES online is one of the innovations in TEC of Paraiba and
provides citizens with information of revenues, expenditures, commitments and lenders at a
single site, and also a search tool that can be done through data as the year, Municipality
and other categories, showing the complexity of the tool online. The portal is available to
citizens SAGRES page http://sagres.tce.pb.gov.br/estado_empenhos01.php.
4.2.1.2.
The SAS of Piauí and the “OBRAS-WEB” Tool
Standing out in the National scene, the SAS of Piaui, is a court of Auditors has also
advanced in the area of transparency of information and use of ICTs, emerging standards
and outdated static pages with no interactivity or search system to the citizen.
The anti-corruption tool-WEB WORKS is a breakthrough in the area of
transparency, together with other programs studied in this work. For example, there is a
search engine that can find work throughout the state, reporting data, the individual nature
of the works, the value of the contract and even state of the work.
As a challenge to improve the tool, which is worth to highlight the inclusion of an
area of ombudsman, thus offering the power of citizen participation, channeling complaints
in one place and instructing citizens to contribute in combating corruption in public
Administration.
4.2.1.3 The SAS of Paraná and the “Obras Públicas” Tool
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The SAS is one of Parana of Supreme Audit Brazilians who valued the use of ICTs
to promote transparency of data and information concerning their works done by the
government. This appreciation led to the creation of anti-corruption tool called the Public
Works, where the citizen can know the status of state and municipal works, made from the
use
of
public
money
in
the
state.
The
link
to
access
the
tool:
http://www.controlesocial.pr.gov.br/ObrasPublicasConsultar.aspx.
As challenges to improve this tool, we highlight the lack of an ombudsman for easy
access to the tool, as in other TCEs and also a section in which there is photographic
record, proving that the works were made and according to the notices, deadlines and
guidelines established by the rules and laws of the State.
4.2.1.4 The scenario of Anti-Corruption Online Tools of Brazilians
SAS
Thus, we have a scenario of little use of ICTs to promote transparency of data and
information at a level of depth of information we put into our theoretical framework that
does not meet the desired level to reach the entire population of the states involved. We
made a summary table of state tools, the name given by the ECA for the tool and also a
chart showing the status of states that have such a tool and which states do not use ICTs to
promote transparency and offering the possibility of social control population:
Scenario Tools Anti-Corruption Online of TCEs in Brazil
Institution
Name of Anti-Corruption Tool Online
SAS of Mato Grosso
GEO-OBRAS
SAS of Paraíba
SAGRES
SAS of Piauí
OBRAS WEB
SAS of Paraná
OBRAS PÚBLICAS
Source: Elaborated by Ricardo Matheus (2009)
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4.3. Anti-Corruption Online Tools of State Court of Accounts of Brazil
Pros
 Use of Geocoding;
 Tracking public policies and public
works;
 Possibility to increase transparency
of data for social control citizen
 Use ICT to promote citizen
participation: Extension of models
of tools aimed at helping citizens'
participation in external control
conducted by the SAS;
 Although in its infancy, the use of
new social technologies and
multimodal to combat corruption,
such as:
 Web Radio;
 Twitter;
 SMS to complaints and grievances;
 Ombudsmen Online;
 Multimodal
channels
of
information;
 Cadastral surveys of municipalities
and processes that are being judged;
 Provision of informational feedback
regarding complaints;
 Providing information about the tax
situation before the TBI of all
municipalities in the state;
 Use of WEB TV online assistance
for plenary sessions of TCEs
 Proposed establishment of the
National Council of Supreme Audit:
Standardization of decision making,
evaluation and trials of accounts and
processes, ultimately, who controls
the controllers?
Cons
 Database of Online Tools AntiCorruption is incipient. Not envision
the integration of information and
georeferencing of these data are
already collected by the Courts of
Auditors, as studied in LRF and other
laws;
 Works and services can be easily
cataloged (photos, files, digital
purchases and procurement) and
broadcast channel does not exist for
this purpose, only the ECA MT;
 Withdrawn use of mobile technologies
(although there is deep use of
complaints, grievances and so on. via
text messaging services and video
messages and images;
 Poor use of social technologies, such
as twitter, only the TEC has a profile
of Piaui in such communication
portal;
 Use bit-depth technology forums and
blogs online, with discussion of
controversial issues and cases of
raised public interest, such as
complaints made by the media and so
on. and
 Infrequent use of electronic media
technologies, such as rádioweb
system, RSS 'feeds' and also other
technologies that have already been
assimilated by society.
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
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MATHEUS (2009)
4.4. Limits and Challenges of Online Monitoring Systems in Latin America
Among the main limitations and challenges to improving Tools Online
Anticorruption state courts of auditors can highlight the lack of integration of technology
platforms and systems, such as photographs, interactive maps, PDF documents,
spreadsheets and easy access to e-mail or phone number and address of the ombudsman,
which could further enhance the work of these tools installed in some of Brazil controllers
agencies. Among the universe of Brazilian cases studies, the state of Mato Grosso is one of
the most complete systems studied, as it enables the citizen can have the information easily
deployed platform solutions.
The challenges of improving the Anti-Corruption Online Tools of Brazilian cases
are based on the production of programs that can increasingly expand their database, since
the ideas are being implemented, fitting for the near future, to reconcile more databases
have not included in the system for the production of thematic maps, graphs and other
models to attract non-traditional society to control the public sector and the actions of
government.
As an example of this database can highlight the transparency of the Portal, which
has all the information about large projects such as the Bolsa Familia (income transfer
program). However there is still no trace of these public policies georeferenced and can be
pursued. Who undertake a project to that effect, have an anti-corruption online increasingly
transparent and probably more efficient. By means of social control held by the citizen
through more transparent information, the TEC will be helped and can probably find more
irregularities and improves the use of public money thus preventing fraud, embezzlement
and corruption within the public administration.
Despite some improvements in certain uses of the Internet-based technologies, we
have not seen an intensive practices already adopted by society and the general market,
such as social media (Twitter, for example), channels like blogs and discussion forums on
certain situations or cases that come to the fore by the company, use of mobile
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
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PAGE 26
technologies, such as sending text messages and videos and pictures messages (SMS and
MMS), and the use of Web 2.0 technologies, increasing the interaction between citizen and
government, called e-governance.
5. Final Considerations
From the understanding by the public administration that the information is a civil
right, the search for greater transparency must be the greatest extent possible. This means
that the information in the case of electronic shopping, should not be played anyway in the
Portal of the government only as "goodwill" or even because the legislation requires and
therefore was considered as an example of transparency in government procurement. Even
if a citizen does not want to see this information at any given time, it should be there by
chance might be challenged at any time for all concerned.
The experiences of Transparency Portal appear to cover this concept of transparency
than the principle of publicity. To determine the degree of transparency in the different
public entities by the use of e-government would be interesting for a future study to
construct an assessment tool to check the possibilities of increasing transparency, ie the
construction of indexes that measure the different levels transparency which are
government agencies. Should be cataloged the existing features and adding others in order
to create a possibility of further increasing transparency in public sites.
ICTs, particularly the Internet, can increase the possibilities for increased
transparency for government services in basic processes such as procurement and
disbursement of resources, the facility can be accessed by anyone and anywhere. The
benefits of increased transparency in the gates shown, for example, are as diverse as the
promotion of citizenship rights, such as the right to social control of public administration.
However there are limitations, including the digital divide. Even if the government
makes available all the site information about the different governments in a clear and
accessible if the citizen does not have access to technology or field to use the same
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
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capabilities to fight corruption will be invalid and the path to full citizenship digital will be
missed .
Although the Audit Courts are traditional entities, currently undergo significant
changes, either in their legal frameworks as well as in its modernization and intensive use
of modern management techniques and ICT. These changes have opened opportunities for
the setting of efficiency, transparency, social control and fighting corruption.
Regarding the most recent innovations in the structure of CT, this study examined
further the computerized systems of control online. Through a search of the portals of all
courts found some modernization initiatives using ICTs to promote social control and
transparency of accounts and other public policies. The result proved that some courts have
innovations that tend to incorporate, as well as geo-referenced information, pictures and
even channels of complaint online. But the fact is that some courts have gone further than
others in this requirement of creating a simple and direct channel for transparency and
combating corruption through social control made directly by the population.
Importantly, previous studies on state courts of accounts have pointed to certain
inequalities between the public agencies. While some state courts of auditors had a more
modern apparatus, with the bureaucracy of higher education, others had no such
institutional framework, favoring the incompatibility of operational capacity and meet the
new requirements imposed by law and even civil society. Therefore, despite the efforts of
PROMOEX, still recognize a great imbalance of staff and equipment that public cannot get
results in the area of combating corruption and promoting transparency in this institutional
problem, not by failure of law enforcement or political incompatibility of the state.
As already highlighted in the text, it was possible to establish connections between
changes in constitutions imposed and even assignments of SASs. These legislative changes
such as Law of Fiscal Responsability, brought new demands on SASs. Especially when
blamed for overseeing all the organs and instruments of state government and municipal
levels, i.e., a challenge that is being improved each year and as projects such as the AntiCorruption Online Tools and the growing trend of building chat channels to promote
transparency and social control made by the citizen are being built. This is due to the
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
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importance that SASs was essentially the same after these revolutions in the legislation for
monitoring and assessment of Brazil's public accounts.
Further study of the object, which were the tools of the Anti-Corruption Online
SASs, electronic government and electronic governance and another series of studies on
could not be left out because they were fundamental to building the theoretical framework,
allowing a accurate observation that the e-government can influence the model of public
administration we have in the future, as beyond saving, agility and other goodies coming
from the introduction of e-government in other areas of public management, we can also
improve service delivery public and the creation of a full and legitimate channel of
communication between government and citizens for transparency and combating
corruption.
Furthermore, our study demonstrates the promotion of change in perspective of
social control and transparency and ease of inclusion of some political actors who do not
currently have a "voice" to participate in decisions of public administration and also
promote social control. It is recalled that some tools may often have a low level of demand
on citizens, however, we must consider is that citizens have a right to information anytime
you want, ie access to information should be universal and free entire population,
regardless of their demand be higher or lower.
Another problem that must be overcome is the content of the information and data
that should always be expanded and also have a constant update. Outdated sites can not
offer some depth to the information that citizens may be controlling constantly the Public
Administration.
Therefore, we can state that the initiatives studied here can, and should be an
inspiration to all states and municipalities to produce from its peculiarities, models similar
Tool Online Anti-Corruption and single channels for receiving complaints of corruption by
society and providing information on government by promoting transparency of
information and government actions.
Finally, we should acknowledge the contribution of this work, though more
descriptive, for a better understanding of the Anti-Corruption Online tools and issues
MATHEUS, VAZ & RIBEIRO. Anti-Corruption Online Tools: Online Monitoring systems against corruption in Latin
America
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related to the processes of social control and transparency of public data, such as accounts
and policies public works, etc..
Furthermore, we must credit the advance of research in the modernization of courts
of auditors state in Brazil. Because it is a very recent case, this work served to consolidate
some data, find the State of the Art these online tools and also some data on the structure of
the courts that are currently being implemented.
In fact, this study examined in more detail the technical and managerial aspects of
the modernization process and timing issues gave less weight to the political aspects. Future
work can proceed on this job, trying to measure the impacts of Anti-Corruption Online
tools or even what the state of the art of all SASs on the issue of transparency, social
control and promote practices that promote citizen participation to combating corruption,
embezzlement and improper spending in public administration.
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