CURS 10
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PLURAL NOUNS (Pluralul substantivelor)
# Spelling rules for regular noun plurals (Ortografierea pluralelor regulate)
1. One vowel – one consonant (o vocală – o consoană)
Cat (pisica) – cats
bed (pat) – beds
2. Words ending in ss, sh ( cuvinte terminate în ‘ss’, ‘sh’)
Glass (pahar) – glasses
dish (farfurie) – dishes
3. Words ending in ch (cuvinte terminate în ‘ch’)
Match (pereche, chibrit, meci) – matches
watch (ceas) – watches
4. Words ending in x (cuvinte terminate în ‘x’)
Box (cutie) – boxes
fax (fax) – faxes
5. Words ending in o (cuvinte terminate în ‘o’)
Potato (cartof) – potatoes
tomato (roşie) – tomatoes
6. Words ending in consonant and y (cuvinte terminate în consoană + ‘y’)
Family (familie) – families
7. Words ending in vowel and y (cuvinte terminate în vocală + ‘y’)
Donkey (măgar) – donkeys
8. Words with final consonant f (cuvinte terminate în consoana ‘f’)
Knife (cuţit) – knives
life (viaţă) – lives
Leaf (frunză) – leaves
thief (hoţ) – thieves
# Irregular noun plurals (pluralele substantivelor neregulate):
Some nouns have irregular plurals or do not change ( unele substantive au plurale
neregulate sau nu se schimbă)
Man (bărbat) – men
Child (copil) – children
Mouse (şoarece) – mice
woman (femeie) – women
tooth (dinte) – teeth
foot (picior) – feet
# No change (nu suferă schimbări):
Some words have the same singular and plural (unele cuvinte au acelaşi singular
şi plural).
Sheep (oaie) – sheep
fish (peşte) – fish
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Some words are always plural (unele cuvinte sunt întotdeauna plurale)
Scissors (foarfeci)
Trousers (pantaloni)
jeans (blugi)
shorts ( cămaşă bărbăteasca scurtă)
a pair of scissors
a pair of trousers
a pair of jeans
a pair of shorts
Practice:
1. What are they?
( Ce sunt ele/acestea?)
They are……………….(picioare)
They are ………………(cuţite).
They are………………..(copii)
They are………………(dinţi)
They are ……………….(oi)
They are…………………(pahare).
2. Write the plural of each word in brakets (scrieţi pluralul fiecărui cuvânt din paranteze):
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Can you go to the shops? We need some (potato) …potatoes
Most (family)…………….enjoy going on holiday together.
Jake decided to make some (bookshelf)………………….for his bedroom.
Do you think you could help me wash the (dish)………….?
Sue bought three (box)………..of chocolates.
In the afternoon we went to the zoo and fed the (monkey)……………………
3. Complete the words (completaţi cuvintele):
a). In the autumn, the l………..eaves on the trees change colour, and then fall off.
b). In the library there were lots of s…………. full of books.
c). We wanted to light a fire so we bought a box of m……………..
d). Kate has got to c…………….a son and a daughter.
e). Nowadays w……………want to do the same jobs as men.
f). My eyes ache when I read. I think I need new g……………..
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COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (substantive numărabile şi
nenumărabile)
# Countable nouns (substantive numărabile)
1. We can count countable nouns (putem număra substantivele numărabile)
Three bottles ( 3 sticle)
A bottle ( o sticlă)
two bottles ( 2 sticle)
2. Countable nouns - singular – a/an ( substantivele numărabile - singular – ‘a/an’)
We use an before words beginning with a vowel (folosim ‘a/an’ în faţa cuvintelor
care încep cu vocală)
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I’ve got an umbrella ( Am o umbrelă).
Have you got a chair? ( Ai un scaun?)
Some words are irregular because the sound is different ( unele cuvinte sunt
neregulate pentru ca sunetul diferă):
An hour (the ‘h’ is silent) – ‘o ora’ (‘h’ nu se aude)
A university ( yu……) – o universitate
3. Countable nouns – plural – some, any, not any ( substantive numărabile – plural)
We use some for statements ( folosim ‘some’ [nişte] pentru afirmaţii)
There are some chairs in the other room
( Sunt nişte scaune în camera cealaltă).
We use any for questions ( folosim ‘any’ [vreo/vreun] pentru întrebări)
Are there any chairs in the other room?
( E vreun scaun / sunt cumva scaune în camera cealaltă?)
We use not…….any for negatives ( folosim ‘not….any’ [ nici un] pentru negaţii)
There aren’t any chairs in the other room.
( Nu e nici un scaun / nu există scaune în camera cealaltă)
# Uncountable nouns (substantive nenumărabile) = mass nouns
1. We cannot count uncountable nouns ( nu putem număra substantive nenumărabile)
some coffee = nişte cafea
some milk = nişte lapte
some rice = nişte orez
2. All uncountable /mass nouns – some, any, not any (toate substantivele
nenumărabile)
We bought some tea. (Am cumpărat nişte ceai)
Did you buy any tea? ( Ai cumpărat ceai?)
We didn’t buy any tea. ( N-am cumpărat ceai deloc)
Could you buy me some tea? ( Ai putea să-mi cumperi nişte ceai?)
( I expect you to say ‘yes’) – ( Mă aştept să spui ‘da’).
Are there some sandwiches for me? – There isn’t any food left.
( Mai sunt sandwich-uri şi pentru mine? – Nu a mai rămas nimic de
mâncare)
Practice:
1. Choose a or some (alegeţi ‘a’ sau ‘some’)
a) un pom……….
B) nişte cafea………..
d)nişte sandwichuri
e) o pasăre
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c) nişte apă……….
f) nişte bani
2. Underline the correct word in each sentence (subliniaţi cuvântul corect în fiecare
propoziţie)
a) Jack hasn’t got a/any brother.
b) There weren’t some/any letters for me this morning.
c) Could I have a/some water, please?
d) I went to the supermarket because I didn’t have a/any milk.
e) There isn’t a/any railway station in this town.
f) Sorry, we don’t have some/any boxes left.
g) Have you got a/any pen that I can borrow?
3. Choose some or any for each space (alegeţi ‘some’ or ‘any’ pentru fiecare spaţiu
liber)
a). There aren’t any good restaurants in this town.
b). Don’t worry about lunch. I’ve brought ………….sandwiches.
c). You need………….scissors to cut the paper.
d). Have you got…………brothers and sisters?
e). I think you owe me……………….money.
f). We’d like to stay longer, but we don’t have ………….time.
g). Could you give me………….information please?
# Countable and uncountable nouns: problems (substantive numărabile şi nenumărabile:
probleme).
1. Change of meaning( schimbare de sens): some nouns are countable with one meaning
and uncountable with another meaning (unele substantive au un sens dacă sunt
numărabile si altul dacă sunt nenumărabile):
a fish = un peşte (viu)
a coffee = o cană de cafea
a paper = un ziar
a wood = o pădure
an iron = un fier de călcat
a glass = un pahar
some fish = peştele gătit
some coffee = boabele de cafea
some paper = mai multe coli de hârtie
some wood = scâduri, lemn lucrat
some iron = obiecte din fier
some glass = sticlă, geamuri
2. Uncountables with no ‘s’ plural (subst nenumărabile care au fac ‘s’ la plural)
advice [sfat]
spaghetti
English [language – limba]
Hair [păr]
Furniture [mobilă]
Information [informaţie]
Weather [vreme]
Money [bani]
Can I have some advice? ( Poţi să-mi dai nişte sfaturi?)
I’d like some spaghetti. ( Aş vrea nişte spaghetti)
Your English is good. ( Engleza ta este bună)
Your hair is beautiful. ( Părul tau este frumos).
This furniture is very modern. (Mobila asta e foarte
modernă.
Could you give me some information? (Poţi să-mi dai nişte
informaţii?)
The weather is awful! ( Vremea este groaznică)
The money is on the table. ( Banii sunt pe masă).
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Luggage [bagaj]
My luggage is in the taxi. ( Bagajul meu este in taxi).
3. Other problems (alte probleme)
people [lume, oameni]
There are some people in the garden. ( E ceva lume/ sunt
nişte oameni in grădină)
There is a person in the garden. ( Este o persoan/cineva in
grădină).
Bread [pâine]
Could you buy a loaf of bread? ( Poţi să cumperi o
franzelă?) – (We cannot say a bread – nu putem spune ‘a
bread’)
Fish [peşte]
One fish [un peşte], two fish { 2 peşti – nu fishes]
Police [ poliţia]
The police are coming! [Vine poliţia!] (singular form,
plural verb!)
News [ştiri]
The news is on TV. [ Sunt ştirile la TV]. (plural form,
singular noun)
Practice:
1. Complete the sentences. ( Completaţi propoziţiile). Choose a, an or no article for each
space ( alegeţi ‘a’, ‘an’, sau ‘nici un articol’ pentru fiecare spaţiu).
a). The old bridge was made of --- iron.
b). Shall we have……..fish? This restaurant is famous for it.
c). Could you bring me………glass, please?
d). They make this towels from…………….recycled paper.
e). That was silly of me. Now there’s ……….coffee all over the table.
f). My shirt is dry now. Have you got……….iron?
g). One wall is ……….glass, so there is lots of light in the room.
h). Can you buy me…………..paper? I want to check the football results.
2. Choose the most suitable word or phrase for each space ( alegeţi cuvântul sau sintagma
cea mai potrivită pentru fiecare spaţiu):
a). I’ll post your letters. Have you got ….B?
A) a stamp
B) any stamps
C) any stamp
b). The streets were empty. There weren’t ……. There.
A) peoples
B) some people
C) any people
c). Have you got …………? I can help you.
A) a luggage B) some luggages
C) any luggage
d) Do you like………? No, I don’t.
A) hot milk B) a hot milk
C) some hot milk
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e) We’ve just moved into our house , and we haven’t got ………….
A) a furniture
B) any furniture
C) some furniture
f) There wasn’t any wood, so we used………
A) plastic
B) any plastic
C) a plastic
g) Can you help me? I’d like…………….
A) an advice
B) some advice
C) advices
3. Choose is or are for each space ( alegeţi ‘is’ sau ‘are’ pentru fiecare spaţiu)
a). Helen’s hair is very long.
b). The weather……….really good at the moment.
c) Don’t worry. The police here………..very friendly.
d) Can you turn on the television? The news ………….on.
e) Women ………usually better listeners than men.
f) Where ………money that I gave you yesterday?
g) Your glasses ………on the table.
h) David’s French ……….good. He’s been taking lessons.
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INSIDE JOURNALISM – REVIEW
# A good journalist is supposed to:
1. You must be able to present information clearly and simply with spotless
spelling, punctuation and grammar.
2. You must have an unparalleled interest in all aspects of humanity and have a
fascination for people in all walks of life and their lives. You should be able to exhibit a
genuine interest in current affairs.
3. You must be sensible and have sound judgement, which is often assessed at
interview by asking you how you would respond in a specific situation, and be able to
write balanced copy objectively.
4. You must be prepared to devote your life to the pursuit of news, work very
unsociable hours and be prepared to subordinate your private life to journalism.
5. You have to be able to work fast and accurately with accute attention to detail.
6. You have to be a good communicator and listener but assertive enough to
refuse to take ‘no’ for an answer.
7. You must be able to face moral dilemmas and be prepared to conform to
editorial demands even if it is against your own wishes or principles.
8. Lastly, and perhaps, most importantly, you should have a healthy disrespect for
authority and question everything that is considered common sense.
# In order to publish your first article:
1. First, have an idea. You may hear of something unusual in your community which you
feel is newsworthy to the target readership. Make sure it has not been covered already by
sifting through back issues in the library. Then try to come up with an angle, that is, the
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most newsthworthy aspect of the story which will catch the editor’s - and the readers’attention.
2. Once you have the idea, make sure it is workable by knowing that you will be able to
gain access to the relevant spokespeople and research. It’s no use suggesting an exclusive
about a local vice ring if no one will ever confirm it to you or comment on it. This is
making sure you can “stand the story up”.
3. Study your target outlet. How long do articles tend to be? Are they written in a
particular style? Try to stick to this as much as possible.
4. Once convinced your story will stand up, telephone the editor and explain who you are
and ask if they would be interested in your story. If you tend to be nervous on the
telephone, write down a script beforehand to put beside the telephone to remind you of
the points you want to discuss so you come across as confident and cheerful, rather than
hesitant.
5. If they accept, ask in what format they would like the work presented and to what
deadline. Bigger papers may ask you to file over the telephone to a copytaker. A weekly
may be happy with copy typed on one side of A4 paper, double-line spaced with a catchword ( a one-word title to identify your story instantly to the newsdesk, sub-editors, etc),
date of publication and your name. It may help the newsdesk if you also include names
and telephone numbers of your contacts. However, if and when you start being paid for
your contribution you can ask to be paid extra for contact details.
6. Don’t ask to be paid, not the first time anyway. The column inches are more valuable
to you than the chance of a fiver at this stage in your career.
# How to impress your colleagues for a work placement
1. Offer to write fillers which are one or two paragraph stories important in their own
right and also used to fill gaps between stories on newspaper pages. These are timeconsuming when you have main leads to do so get the reporters to sort through their
in-trays. They may have some pictures that need captioning as well.
2. Offer to do a vox pop. This is where you go into the street and ask a random selection
of members of the public their views of a particular issue, from pollution to football.
These are time-consuming to journalists but add flavour to a newspaper or radio
bulletin and would be well-received. They also give you the chance to illustrate and
practice your interviewing and writing skills.
3. Ask if you can shadow a member of staff such as a sub-editor. They may take you to
where the paper is printed and show you the production process in action or teach you
a little of the rudiments of subbing which looks great on your CV. Or go out with a
photographer and see what they get up to. As a journalist, there is more and more call
for you to be multi-skilled. You certainly need to be able to communicate with people
in other departments than your own.
4. Ask if any advertising features need writing. On a weekly paper, advertisements will
sometimes be accompanied by editorial. Reporters often don’t like doing these
because they feel producing material of a commercial nature compromises their
journalistic objectivity so your help will be welcomed.
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Afterwards, keep in touch on a regular basis, letting them know what you are doing and
seeing if you can assist with any particular project.
The News Producer at Sky News advises that work placement candidates don’t
make a pest of themselves because everyone is so busy. Don’t be pushy, she warns,
because the commonly held belief that foot-in-the-door types land journalism jobs is not
true. You are more likely to be invited back if you are polite, calm and competent.
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