Introduction • Purposes tobacco served in daily life of Plains Indians and Iroquois Native American Smoking Pipes: A Focus on Plains Indians Bowls and Stems • Differences between pre­ and post­contact periods Patrick Sullivan Anthropology Dept. • Comparison between Plains Indians and Iroquois smoking cultures Research Questions • Literature exists on Plains pipes – Why was tobacco so important to Plains Indians? – Who was allowed to smoke tobacco? Background • Catlinite? • Calumet Ceremony Origins • Iroquois pipes made of clay • Plains peoples stems of wood and bowls of catlinite www.muiniskw.org/pgCulture2a.ht m Methods • Analyzed pre­contact oral histories • Analyzed SIUE museum artifacts • Variables: • Bead size • Fur and rawhide • Brass studs Stems and Bowls • Connection of two pieces only warranted prior to smoking, usually specifically ceremonial • Disconnection of stem and bowl concludes ceremonies • 10 stems, 10 bowls analyzed • All Plains Indians stems and bowls
nashvillefiles.com/blog/archives/0 01373.html 1 Stems • Typical Plains Indian Stem Stem 1 • Typical Plains Indian Stem • Thunderbird Motif • Horsetracks Motif Stem 2 Stem 3 • Horse tracks • Interpretations • Thunderbird motif • Interpretations Bowls • Elbow­shaped • L­shaped • Effigy • Elbow­shaped
• Inlayed http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/lewisa ndclark/images/ree0048as.jpg 2 • L­shaped • Effigy Results • Healers as well as • Important to Plains ordinary peoples in and Iroquois peoples Plains peoples culture for ceremonial significance • No research indicating smoking of tobacco by women in Iroquois cultures • Inlay design Conclusion • Ceremonial (Plains) • Sundance • Communication with spirits • Medicinal (Plains) • Smoked subsequent to contact References • Bjornlund, Lydia • Blakeslee, Donald J • Doherty, Craig A. and Katerine M. Doherty • Erdoes, Richard • Graymont, Barbara • Gundersen, Jam es Novotny • Knapp, Jeffery • King, Jonathon C. H. • Paper, Jordan D. – – – – • Iroquois more ceremonial – – – – • Problem – Lack of information – Calumet – Iroquois religion – – 2001 Indigenous Peoples of North America: The Iroquois. Lucent Books, San Diego. 1981 The Origin and Spread of the Calumet Ceremony. American Antiquity, Wichita. 1989 The Iroquois. Franklin Watts, New York 1972 The Sun Dance People: The Plains Indians, their past and present. Borzoi Books, New York. 1988 The Iroquois. Chelsea House Publishers, New York. 1993 “Catlinite” and the Spread of the Calumet Ceremony. American Antiquity, Wichita. 1988 Elizabethan Tobacco. University of California Press, Berkely. 1977 Smoking Pipes of the North American Indians. British Museum Publications Limited, London. 1988a Offering Smoke: The Sacred Pipe and Native American Religion. University of Idaho Press, Moscow, Idaho. 1988b The Sacred Pipe: The Historical Context of Contemporary Pan­Indian Religion. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Oxford. • Rice, Earl Jr. • Turnbaugh, William A. • West, George A. – – – Life Among the Great Plains Indians. Lucent Books, San Diego. 1979 Calumet Ceremonialism as a Nativistic Response. American Antiquity, Rhode Island. 1970 Tobacco, Pipes, and Smoking Customs of the American Indians. Greenwood Press, Westport.
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