DATA BOOKLET
Geology 12
June 2003
©2003 Ministry of Education
Acknowledgements for Photographs
Photograph 1
©The Natural History Museum, London
Photograph 3
Harry Taylor
Photograph 4
Harry Taylor
Photograph 5
Geocomp Media
Photographs 2, 6, 7, 9
J.L.M. Visuals
Photograph 8
R. Carrara, USGS
Photograph 10
D. Heron
GEOLOGICAL MAP
Drill hole
pond
T
U
V
X
W
S
80∞
Y
50 m
Unit T
Coal
Unit U
Shale
Igneous rock S
Unit V
Sandstone
Zone of contact
metamorphism
-i-
ROCK AND MINERAL INFORMATION TABLE
Photograph 1
Photograph 2
Mineral R
Rock S
Hand
specimen
Note: The three specimens on the top right
have been cut into gemstones.
Mineral R
Magnified
view
This space intentionally blank
4 mm
Additional
information
Properties of Mineral R
Mineral Composition
Hardness – can scratch glass
Streak – white
Specific gravity – between 3 and 4
Dark ferromagnesian minerals: 60%
- ii -
Dark gray calcium-rich
plagioclase feldspar:
40%
ROCK AND MINERAL INFORMATION TABLE
Photograph 3
Photograph 4
Rock V
Rock W
Hand
specimen
Mineral K
Shell
debris
Mineral J
Magnified
view
5 mm
1 mm
Additional
information
Mineral Composition
Mineral J: 95%
Mineral K: 5%
Mineral Composition
Mineral J:
0%
Mineral K: 100%
Mineral J
A transparent to translucent mineral with well-developed cleavage which can be
scratched with a copper penny. Reacts vigorously with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Mineral K
A transparent mineral with no apparent cleavage and a conchoidal fracture which
can scratch a steel knife. No reaction with hydrochloric acid.
- iii -
PHOTOGRAPHS
Photograph 5
Photograph 6
- iv -
Photograph 7
Photograph 8
-v-
Photograph 9
Photograph 10
- vi -
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
PRECAMBRIAN
PALEOZOIC
LOWER
UPPER
PALEOZOIC
MESOZOIC
Tertiary
CENOZOIC
Cretaceous
PERIOD
ERA
PLANTS
ferns
birds
(including dinosaurs)
reptiles
amphibians
ammonites
bivalves
belemnites
gastropods
VERTEBRATES
conifers
INVERTEBRATES
algae
mammals
fishes
insects
brachiopods
trilobites
graptolites
corals
(and jellyfish)
The life-span of each group is shown. The relative abundance of each group is shown by the thickness of the column.
DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE THROUGH TIME
echinoids
crinoids and
- vii -
flowering
plants
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
ERA
PERIOD
EPOCH
TIME (m.y.)
Holocene
Quaternary
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Cenozoic
Miocene
Tertiary
Oligocene
Eocene
Paleocene
0.01
2
5
24
37
58
66
Cretaceous
144
Mesozoic
Jurassic
208
Triassic
245
Permian
286
P
a
l
e
o
z
o
i
c
Upper
Carboniferous
Pennsylvanian
320
Mississippian
360
Devonian
408
Silurian
438
Lower
Ordovician
505
Cambrian
570
Precambrian
4000*
Based on Hamblin, The Earth’s Dynamic Systems, 1982. Dates from Montgomery, Physical Geology, 1987.
It is recognized that there is some variation in the dates given in the literature.
*Approximate age of the oldest rocks.
COMMON ISOTOPE PAIRS CHART
Isotope
Half-life
of Parent
Effective
Dating Range
Parent
Daughter
(years)
(years)
Uranium-238
Rubidium-87
Potassium-40
Carbon-14
Lead-206
Strontium-87
Argon-40
Nitrogen-14
4.5 billion
48.8 billion
1.3 billion
5 730
1 million to 4.5 billion
10 million to 4.5 billion
10 000 to 3 billion
< 50 000
Source: Carl Zimmer, National Geographic, September 2001
- viii -
FOSSIL SAMPLES
1
Tertiary
(Eocene)
2
Tertiary
(Oligocene)
1
2
Magnification
4
Triassic
Magnification
5
Mississippian
Cambrian
1
2
10
Silurian
Cretaceous to Holocene
apertural
ventral
11
Miocene
1
2
16
Pennsylvanian
9
Mississippian
top
side
17
12
1
2
1
- ix -
Devonian
1
2
15
1
2
Devonian
Mississippian
1
4
1
2
14
Mississippian to Permian
1
2
45
Ordovician
1
4
13
6
1
2
8
Jurassic
1
4
Magnification
1
1
2
7
3
Ordovician to Devonian
25
18
Jurassic to
Quaternary
1
2
BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES
High Temperature
1200∞C
Ultramafic
(calcium-rich)
Olivine
Mafic
Pyroxene
Intermediate
Amphibole
Pla
gio
clas
e
Feld
spa
r
1000∞C
Biotite Mica
Silicic/Felsic
(sodium-rich)
800∞C
Potassium Feldspar
Muscovite Mica
Quartz
600∞C
Low Temperature
-x-
PERCENTAGE OF MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS
Colour Index
15
0
Silicic (Felsic)
Mineralogical Composition as Percent of Volume
100
45
Intermediate
85
Mafic
100
Ultramafic
Muscovite
Dark Grey
Plagioclase
Feldspar
Quartz
80
Ca
60
Pink Potassium
Feldspar
White
Plagioclase
Feldspar
40
a
Dark Ferromagnesian Minerals
N
(Biotite, Amphibole, Pyroxene, Olivine)
20
0
0
GRANITE
DIORITE
GABBRO
Rhyolite
Andesite
Basalt
TABLE OF HARDNESS
Object
Mohs Scale of Hardness
Glass or steel knife
5.5
Wire nail
4.5
Copper penny
3.5
Fingernail
2.5
- xi -
PERIDOTITE
- xii -
bright green
Malachite
variable: clear, white
brown to yellow
white, pearly
Quartz family
Sphalerite
Talc
dark green to black
bronze yellow
Pyrrhotite
Pyrite
Pyroxene (augite)
olive green, olive brown
brass yellow
Olivine
white-grey
white
yellow to brown
white
grey-black
cubes, massive, granular
metallic
earthy
waxy, greasy
resinous/metallic
vitreous
metallic
vitreous
metallic
vitreous
metallic
fibrous, massive
tetrahedral crystals, massive
prismatic crystals, granular
usually massive or granular
stubby crystals
cubic crystals or massive
granular masses, grains
scaly masses, flakes
flakes, scaly masses
flakes or earthy masses
commonly massive
earthy masses, granular
metallic or earthy scaly or earthy masses
vitreous
vitreous
white, grey
massive or scaly masses
flakes, grains, massive
12 or 24 faced crystals
cubes or massive
cubic crystals, massive
stubby crystals, grains
tabular crystals, grains
scaly masses
tetrahedral crystals, massive
rhombohedral crystals, granular
massive
vitreous to pearly tabular crystals or massive
metallic
metallic
vitreous
metallic
vitreous
vitreous-pearly
vitreous
vitreous-earthy
metallic
vitreous
metallic
earthy
greenish black
massive or fibrous
crystals or massive
long crystals, grains
Form
earthy or vitreous earthy mass or tiny crystals
waxy
vitreous
vitreous
Lustre
pale green
black
bluish grey
black
Magnetite
red brown
brownish yellow
white, grey, brown
brown to yellow brown
Limonite
lead grey, bluish tinge
steel grey, earthy red
Hematite
white
white
Molybdenite
colourless, white
Halite
dark grey
yellow
white/pale red
grey-black
white
white
white
pale green
black
white to grey
grey-black
pale blue
none to white
white
white to grey
Streak
Mica (muscovite, biotite) white, green, black
colourless or white
Gypsum
variable: green, purple
Feldspar (potassium)
Fluorite
black
white or pink
Feldspar (plagioclase)
gold yellow
white to grey
Chlorite
Graphite
green to dark green
Chalcopyrite
Gold
golden-brassy yellow
Calcite
lead-grey
white, pink or yellow
Bornite
variable: commonly red
iridescent blue, purple
Azurite
Garnet
blue
Asbestos
Galena
usually green
green or black
Apatite
dark green to black
Colour
Amphibole (hornblende)
Mineral
1 perfect
6 perfect
none
none
2 excellent at 90∞
1 very poor
none
1 perfect
1 perfect
seldom visible
seldom visible
rarely observable
none
3 excellent at 90∞
1 excellent, 2 good
1 perfect
none
none
3 perfect at 90∞
4 excellent, octahedral
2 excellent at 90∞
2 excellent at 90∞
1 perfect
1 poor
3 perfect, not at 90∞
none
seldom visible
none to fibrous
1 poor
2 excellent at 56∞
Cleavage
1
3.5 – 4.0
7
3.5 – 4.5
6
6.0 – 6.5
6.5
1.0 – 1.5
2.5
3.5 – 4.0
5.5 – 6.5
5.5 – 6.0
5–6
2.5
2
1–2
2.5 – 3.0
7
2.5
4
6
6
2.5
3.5 – 4.0
3
3
3.5 – 4.0
2.5 – 5.0
5
6
Hardness
PROPERTIES OF COMMON AND IMPORTANT MINERALS
2.7 – 2.8
4.0
2.6
4.6
3.3
5.0
3.3
4.7
2.8 – 3.2
3.6 – 4.0
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
5.2
2.2
2.3
2.1
19
3.6 – 4.0
7.6
3.0 – 3.3
2.7
2.6 - 2.8
2.6 – 3.3
4.2
2.7
5.0
3.8
3.1
3.1
3.0 – 3.4
Specific
gravity
BASIC DATA ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Planet
2
Equatorial
Mass
Radius
Relative to
Earth2
(km)
Density
(g/cm3)
Number
of
Moons
Mean Surface
Temperature
(∞C)
Mercury
57.9
2 440
0.0558
5.42
0
350 / –170*
Venus
108.2
6 050
0.8150
5.25
0
475
Earth
149.6
6 378
1.000
5.52
1
22
—
1 738
0.012
3.34
n/a
110 / –180*
Mars
227.9
3 397
0.107
3.94
2
–23
Jupiter
778.3
71 400
317.90
1.31
39
–150
Saturn
1 425
60 330
95.15
0.69
30
–180
Uranus
2 870
25 400
14.54
(1.19)
21
–210
Neptune
4 490
24 300
17.23
1.66
8
–220
Pluto
5 900
(1 500)
0.0022
(0.9)
1
–230
Earth’s moon
1
Mean
Distance
from Sun1
In millions of kilometres
(mass of planet) / (mass of earth)
* Two surface temperatures are given for Mercury and the Moon because the very slow rotations of
these planets result in extreme temperature differences between day and night.
Numbers in parentheses are approximate.
- xiii -