Pure & Appl, Chem., Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 941-958, 1990.
Printed in Great Britain.
@ 1990 IUPAC
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE
AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DIVISION
COMMISSION ON RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES*
TOTAL HALF-LIVES FOR SELECTED
NUCLIDES
Prepared for publication by
NORMAN E. HOLDEN
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
* Membership of the Commission during the period (1985-89) this report was prepared was
as follows:
Chairman: 1985-87 J. C. White (USA); 1987-89 D. C. Hoffman (USA); Secretary: 1985-87
D. C. Hoffman (USA); 1987-89 H. R. von Gunten (Switzerland); Titular Members: J.-P.
Adloff (France; 1987-89); J. Foos (France); K. S . Kasprzak (USA); Y.-F. Liu (China;
1987-89); M. Sakanoue (Japan; 1985-87); I. Zvilra (USSR); Associate Members: H. J.
Ache (FRG); J.-P. Adloff (France; 1985-87); H. A. Das (Netherlands); H. R. von Gunten
(Switzerland; 1985-87); R. J. Ch. Hagemann (France; 1987-89); G. Herrman (FRG; 198789); P. Karol (USA); Y.-F. Liu (China; 1985-87); S. G. Luxon (UK); W. Maenhaut
(Belgium; 1986-89); M. Sakanoue (Japan; 1987-89); H. Sano (Japan; 1987-89); National
Representatives: G. B. Bar0 (Argentina); E. Roth (France); K. Burger (Hungary; 1987-89);
M. Sankar Das (India; 1987-89); E. Yellin (Israel); T. Shiokawa (Japan; 1986-89); E.
Steinnes (Norway); M. Peisach (RSA); N. K. Aras (Turkey; 1987-89); B. F. Myasoedov
(USSR); N. E. Holden (USA).
Republication of this report is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an
acknowledgement, with full reference together with IUPAC copyright symbol (0 1990 IUPAC), is printed.
Publication of a translation into another language is subject to the additional condition of prior approval from the
relevant IUPAC National Adhering Organization.
Total half-lives for selected nuclides
A b s t r a c t - M e a s u r e m e n t s of t h e h a l f - l i v e s of 3 H , ’OBe, I 4 C , “ A l ,
4 0 K , 3gAr, 53Mn, 87Rb, “Nb, l z s I , I3’La, 1 4 7 S m ,17’Lu, 1 7 4 H f , lsoTa,
l 8 7 ~ 1860s,
~ ,
180pt, 204pb, zlopb, 210po, z z z R n , 224Th, Z 2 6 R a 2 2 7 ~ ~
zz8Ra, ‘“Th, 230Th, 232Th, 231Pa h a v e been c o m p i l e d a n d e v a l u a t e d
The e f f e c t of t h e 14C half-life v a l u e on c a r b o n d a t i n g a g e s is
d i s c u s s e d a s well a s t h e s t a b i l i t y of ‘04Pb.
INTRODUCTION
In t h e p a s t , m a n y c o m p i l a t i o n s a n d e v a l u a t i o n s of half-lives h a v e been m a d e which
h a v e u n c r i t i c a l l y a c c e p t e d a u t h o r s ’ v a l u e s a n d u n c e r t a i n t i e s . They h a v e m e r e l y
r e c o m m e n d e d weight-averaging r e p o r t e d r e s u l t s . This e v a l u a t i o n a t t e m p t s t o reassess
e a c h e x p e r i m e n t i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e i n c l u d i n g a n e s t i m a t e of t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n
u t i l i z i n g , w h e r e p o s s i b l e , a n e s t i m a t e of t h e s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r . The long-lived
n u c l i d e s of l i g h t e l e m e n t s a r e of i n t e r e s t f o r t h e i r u s e i n d a t i n g m e t h o d s a n d
f o r c a l c u l a t i n g c o s m i c - r a y e x p o s u r e a g e s of m e t e o r i t e s . The h e a v y m a s s n u c l i d e s
a r e of i n t e r e s t i n d e t e r m i n i n g geological a g e s u s i n g t h e Re-0s o r t h e Lu-Hf d a t i n g
m e t h o d s , i n s u p p l y i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e n a t u r a l r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y c h a i n s a n d i n
t h e c a s e of t a n t a l u m b e c a u s e i t r e p r e s e n t s t h e f i r s t long-lived s t a t e w h i c h i s
actually a n isomer.
The i m p a c t of t h e r e c o m m e n d e d 1 4 C h a l f - l i f e of 5715 y e a r o n t h e c a r b o n d a t i n g
t e c h n i q u e , w h i c h u s e s t h e Libby v a l u e of 5568 y e a r , will be d i s c u s s e d . Also t h e
p o s s i b l e p r i m o r d i a l o c c u r r e n c e of “Nb i s now d e f i n i t e l y r u l e d o u t b y t h e
r e c o m m e n d e d h a l f - l i f e of 3.7 x lo7 y e a r . B a s e d o n t h e r e c o m m e n d e d 2’Al
h a l f - l i f e v a l u e , t h e 21Ne p r o d u c t i o n r a t e f o r c a l c u l a t i n g c o s m i c - r a y e x p o s u r e
a g e s r e m a i n s t o o h i g h , c o m p a r e d t o r a t e s u s i n g t h e 53Mn a n d IoBe h a l f - l i f e
v a l u e s . It i s s h o w n t h a t ‘04Pb, which w a s p r e v i o u s l y t h o u g h t t o be r a d i o a c t i v e ,
is stable.
I t will be n o t e d t h a t m a n y of t h e u n c e r t a i n t i e s r e c o m m e n d e d h e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y
exceed, by u p t o a n o r d e r of m a g n i t u d e , u n c e r t a i n t i e s q u o t e d by i n d i v i d u a l a u t h o r s
i n t h e i r p u b l i c a t i o n s ; e.g. 3H, 210Po,‘“Rn, 227Ac. a n d 228Th,
The g e n e r a l p r o c e d u r e followed i n t h i s p a p e r h a s been t o review e a c h e x p e r i m e n t
a n d t o r e v i s e t h e p u b l i s h e d v a l u e s f o r t h e l a t e s t e s t i m a t e s of v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s
o r i g i n a l l y r e p o r t e d by t h e a u t h o r s ; e . g . i m p r o v e d d a t a o n b r a n c h i n g r a t i o s
a s s u m e d , o n t h e h a l f - l i v e s of o t h e r n u c l i d e s involved,, on t h e i s o t o p i c a b u n d a n c e
in a n a t u r a l s a m p l e , t h e n u c l i d i c m a s s e s a n d t h e p h y s i c a l c o n s t a n t s s u c h a s t h e
Avogadro’s n u m b e r . When d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n u n c e r t a i n t i e s was a v a i l a b l e i n
e a c h e x p e r i m e n t , t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n was c o m b i n e d w i t h o n e t h i r d of t h e
s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r t o p r o v i d e t h e u n c e r t a i n t y q u o t e d i n t h e t a b l e . The r e s u l t
of t h i s p r o c e d u r e s h o u l d be t h a t t h e l i m i t of e r r o r of t h e half-life would be
o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s u m of t h e s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r p l u s t h r e e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s ;
i.e. 30. Where t h e r e w a s n o a d e q u a t e d i s c u s s i o n of t h e s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r a n d
t h e t o t a l e r r o r w a s e x t r e m e l y s m a l l ; e . g . 0.1 p e r c e n t o r l e s s , a s y s t e m a t i c
e r r o r of 0.1 p e r c e n t was e s t i m a t e d . One t h i r d of t h i s a m o u n t , a b o u t 350 p a r t s
p e r m i l l i o n ( p p m ) , was a d d e d t o t h e p u b l i s h e d e r r o r t o o b t a i n t h e f i g u r e g i v e n
i n t h e v a r i o u s t a b l e s . The u n c e r t a i n t y l i s t e d f o r t h e r e c o m m e n d e d v a l u e i n e a c h
t a b l e w a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m a w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e of t h e l i s t e d m e a s u r e m e n t s u s i n g a
v a r i a n c e w e i g h t i n g t e c h n i q u e ; e i t h e r t h e r e c i p r o c a l s q u a r e of t h e a u t h o r ’ s r e p o r t e d
u n c e r t a i n t y , or a s revised a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a b o v e scheme. Exceptions t o t h e weighted
a v e r a g e r u l e h a d t o be m a d e f o r s o m e n u c l i d e s a n d will b e d i s c u s s e d u n d e r t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e s e c t i o n f o r t h o s e n u c l i d e s . In s u c h c a s e s , r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e m a d e
using e i t h e r a selected value considered superior t o o t h e r listed measurements,
o r a w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e w a s c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h of t h e d i f f e r e n t e x p e r i m e n t a l
t e c h n i q u e s used a n d a n u n w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e of t h e s e h a l f - l i v e s w a s r e c o m m e n d e d .
All of t h e t a b l e s i n d i c a t e t h e p a r t i c u l a r m e t h o d c h o s e n .
942
Total half-lives for selected nuclides
THE LIGHT ELEMENTS ( A < 100)
For 3 H , a n u m b e r of m e a s u r e m e n t s h a v e been r e p o r t e d f o r which t h e precision only
is given. The r e p o r t e d v a l u e s d i s a g r e e by 20 t o 30 s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s . The d i f f e r e n t
t e c h n i q u e s w e r e w e i g h t - a v e r a g e d a n d a n u n w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e of t h e s e n u m b e r s was
recommended.
For 1 4 C , Mann' d i s c u s s e d t h e p r o b l e m of r e t e n t i o n of a s m a l l a m o u n t of h i g h
s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y ( ~ 0 . 0 2 % c) a r b o n d i o x i d e d u r i n g t h e g a s d i l u t i o n p h a s e . T h i s
s y s t e m a t i c e f f e c t c o u l d c a u s e u p t o a 30% s p r e a d in t h e r e s u l t i n g h a l f - l i f e a n d
was e l i m i n a t e d by s u b s t i t u t i n g a c l e a n f l a s k d u r i n g s u b s e q u e n t d i l u t i o n p h a s e s .
E a r l i e r m e a s u r e m e n t s , w h i c h v a r i e d f r o m 4700-7200 y e a r , w e r e p e r f o r m e d e i t h e r
w i t h v e r y low e n r i c h m e n t ( a few p e r c e n t ) o r w i t h t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d d i l u t i o n
p r o c e s s w i t h l a r g e s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r . T h e s e r e s u l t s w e r e d i s c a r d e d . In M a n n ' s
r e v i s i o n ' of h i s e a r l i e r m e a s u r e m e n t , h e m e n t i o n s a d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n
m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e a m o u n t of 1 4 C a t o m s . S a m p l e s w h i c h
w e r e r u n a t t h e USA N a t i o n a l B u r e a u of S t a n d a r d s , NBS, i n W a s h i n g t o n , DC. a n d
a t t h e Atomic Weapons Research E s t a b l i s h m e n t , A W R E , in A l d e r m a s t o n , U K showed a
lower r e a d i n g o n o n e of t h e t h r e e m a c h i n e s a t NBS. Mann n o t e d t h a t t h e r e s u l t
o b t a i n e d on t h e m a s s s p e c t r o m e t e r a t A W R E a g r e e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o n t h e t w o
o t h e r NBS i n s t r u m e n t s b u t c h o s e n o t t o u s e t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n . In m y a n a l y s i s , I
have averaged t h e results on t h e samples from all four i n s t r u m e n t which has
s l i g h t l y l o w e r e d M a n n ' s h a l f - l i f e . A w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e g i v e s 5692 i 20 y e a r ,
while a n u n w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e gives 5715 i 24 y e a r . The u n w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e is
r e c o m m e n d e d b e c a u s e t h e wide v a r i a t i o n i n a u t h o r s e s t i m a t e s of s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r
s o u r c e s t e n d s t o p e n a l i z e t h o s e w h o d o t h e b e s t j o b of e r r o r a n a l y s i s . T h e
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n is e x p a n d e d t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e v a r i a t i o n in t h e w e i g h t e d a n d
u n w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e s a n d t o allow f o r u n d i s c l o s e d s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r s .
I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e f i f t h (Godwin3) a n d s i x t h ( J o h n s o n 4 )
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Carbon-14 Conferences recognized t h a t t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e h a l f - l i f e
a t t h a t t i m e f o r t h e d e c a y of r a d i o c a r b o n was 5730 i 40 y e a r , t h e m e a s u r e r s of
r a d i o c a r b o n d a t e s would c o n t i n u e t o u s e 5568 y e a r r e a l i z i n g t h a t t o o b t a i n t h e
c o r r e c t d a t e s , a f a c t o r of 1.03 m u s t be used. The f a c t o r now b e c o m e s 1.026 w i t h
t h i s r e c o m m e n d e d half-life.
For 3 8 A r , t h e weighted a v e r a g e is 268 i 8 y e a r , w h e r e t h e 3% s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r
h a s been used r a t h e r t h a n t h e 1% s t a t i s t i c a l e r r o r u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s
half-life.
For 4 0 K , t h e t w o s i g n i f i c a n t d e c a y b r a n c h e s of e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e , ec, a n d n e g a t i v e
b e t a d e c a y , @ - , h a v e been s e p a r a t e l y a v e r a g e d a n d t h e t o t a l half-life h a s been
calculated f r o m t h e two decay c o n s t a n t s . Most of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e been r e p o r t e d
a t t h e 1% a c c u r a c y level. One s i m i l a r e x p e r i m e n t c l a i m s a n a c c u r a c y of 0.1%. An
u n w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e is r e c o m m e n d e d t o t r e a t a l l e x p e r i m e n t s o n a n e q u a l level.
F o r 53Mn. t h e e a r l y m e a s u r e m e n t s a s s u m e d a c o n s t a n t c o s m i c r a y f l u x o v e r
a p e r i o d of 10 m i l l i o n y e a r s , w h i c h is a q u e s t i o n a b l e a s s u m p t i o n . Those e a r l y
m e a s u r e m e n t s h a v e n o t been used
For ezNb, Makino's r e s u l t 5 for t h e specific a c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t a s
r e p o r t e d i s i n e r r o r . The h a l f - l i f e s h o u l d be 3.98 i 0.76 x l o 7 y e a r . In
Nethaway's measurement', he ignores all o t h e r m e a s u r e d (n,2n) cross section
v a l u e s f o r p r o d u c i n g t h e m - s t a t e e x c e p t h i s o w n 7 . T h e a u t h o r n o t e s a 10%
effect is involved in t r e a t i n g t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n for p r o d u c i n g t h e long lived
s t a t e . The a u t h o r a v e r a g e s a l l t o t a l ( n , 2 n ) c r o s s s e c t i o n s f r o m 13 t o 15 MeV,
b u t s e l e c t s t h e p e a k c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r m - s t a t e p r o d u c t i o n a t 14.6 MeV. In t h i s
paper, I have renormalized t h e z3aU (n,f) flux monitor t o t h e latest value
of t h e E v a l u a t e d N u c l e a r Data File ENDF/B-V a n d I h a v e r e c a l c u l a t e d t h e half
l i f e o n t h e b a s i s of 13-15 MeV a v e r a g e ( n , 2 n ) c r o s s s e c t i o n d i f f e r e n c e f o r
t o t a l a n d m - s t a t e p r o d u c t i o n a s well a s 14.8 MeV d i f f e r e n c e s . The f o r m e r gives
3 . 7 9 x l o 7 y e a r a n d t h e l a t t e r 4 . 0 2 x l o 7 y e a r . An a v e r a g e is s e l e c t e d t o
represent this experiment.
THE MEDIUM ELEMENTS (100 c A c 200)
F o r '''I,
the most accurately quoted results a r e either unpublished or
c o n t a i n n o d e t a i l s . A n u n w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e of a l l d a t a is r e c o m m e n d e d .
943
944
COMMISSION ON RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES
For 17'Lu, t h e t w o measur,ements w h i c h w e r e p e r f o r m e d w i t h e n r i c h e d s a m p l e s
d o n o t a g r e e . The d i f f e r e n c e is b e t w e e n f o u r a n d s e v e n s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s . An
unweighted is recommended.
F o r 17'Hf, lsoTa, a n d l e s O s , t h e m o s t r e c e n t m e a s u r e m e n t h a s been
s e l e c t e d i n e a c h case. This c o r r e s p o n d s t o e i t h e r t h e o n l y v a l u e , a v a l u e w h i c h
i s f a r s u p e r i o r t o o t h e r m e a s u r e m e n t s or it is a h i g h e r u p p e r l i m i t t o t h e t o t a l
half -life.
For le7Re, a n u n w e i g h t e d
m e a s u r e m e n t by Naldrett',
a v e r a g e i s r e c o m m e n d e d t o t a k e a c c o u n t of t h e
which is s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower t h a n t h e o t h e r v a l u e s .
THE HEAVY ELEMENTS (200 < A)
F o r "'Pb,
Riezler' used a n u c l e a r e m u l s i o n t e c h n i q u e t o m e a s u r e , a
s a m p l e of z 0 4 P b e n r i c h e d t o 27.0%. A p e a k was f o u n d b e t w e e n 8 /I a n d 9 /I i n
t h e e m u l s i o n , which f r o m F a r a g g i ' s r a n g e e n e r g y c u r v e s " w a s a t t r i b u t e d t o a n
a l p h a e n e r g y of 2.6 MeV. The l a t e s t m a s s d a t a o n 'O'Pb, '"Hg,
a n d 'He i m p l y
a n a v a i l a b l e a l p h a e n e r g y of 1.93 MeV, i.e. a p e a k below 6.5 p . The p e a k h a s
t o b e d u e t o s o m e t h i n g o t h e r t h a n t h e a l p h a d e c a y of z 0 4 P b . T h e r e i s n o
e v i d e n c e t h a t "'Pb
i s r a d i o a c t i v e . The m o s t r e c e n t t h e o r e t i c a l work"
p r e d i c t s a half-life v a l u e of 4.5 x
y e a r c o m p a r e d t o Riezler's m e a s u r e m e n t
of 1.4 x lo" y e a r .
F o r "'Pb,
t h e two m o s t a c c u r a t e l y q u o t e d m e a s u r e m e n t s do n o t agree. The
d i f f e r e n c e is b e t w e e n s e v e n a n d s e v e n t e e n s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s . An u n w e i g h t e d
a v e r a g e h a s been r e c o m m e n d e d .
F o r ' l o P o , "'Rn,
z'7Ac a n d 2 z * T h , t h e r e c o m m e n d e d v a l u e i s b a s e d o n a
w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e of t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s b u t t h e q u o t e d v a l u e f o r t h e u n c e r t a i n t y
h a s been i n c r e a s e d t o 0.1% (see d i s c u s s i o n of r e s u l t s s e c t i o n ) .
F o r Z 3 0 T h . t h e r e s u l t s of H y d e "
and Attree13 have been revised
w i t h t h e l a t e s t p a r a m e t e r s a s well a s w i t h t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a l l t h e t h o r i u m
i n t h e i r s a m p l e s , w h i c h w a s n o t "'Th,
w a s 232Th. Meadows" h a s r e c a l c u l a t e d
a l l of t h e e a r l i e r m e a s u r e m e n t s b a s e d o n z z s R a t o t h e p r e s e n t l y a c c e p t e d
half life of 1600 y e a r .
F o r "'Th,
t h e r e c o m m e n d e d v a l u e is b a s e d o n a w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e of a l l
m e a s u r e m e n t s . The u n c e r t a i n t y h a s been i n c r e a s e d f r o m 0.5% t o 0.7% t o a c c o u n t
for systematic errors.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
In m o s t c a s e s , t h e r e c o m m e n d e d v a l u e s a n d u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n t h e t a b l e s a r e
based o n v a r i a n c e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e s . The r e c o m m e n d e d v a l u e s l i s t e d a r e g i v e n i n
u n i t s of s e c o n d (s), d a y ( d ) , a n d y e a r ( a ) . A l t h o u g h i t h a s b e e n p r e v i o u s l y
d i s c ~ s s e d ' ~s,o m e w o r d s o n t h e p r o b l e m of e r r o r e s t i m a t i o n c a n n o t be s t a t e d
too often.
V a r i o u s m e a s u r e m e n t s i n t h e t a b l e s below q u o t e u n c e r t a i n t i e s t h a t b o t h d i s a g r e e
w i t h a n d e x c l u d e m a n y o t h e r good m e a s u r e m e n t s f r o m c o n s i d e r a t i o n . U n d o u b t e d l y ,
s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r s h a v e n o t been c a r e f u l l y considered in t h e s e publications. If
one uses variance weighting indiscriminately in such cases, one penalizes t h e
a u t h o r s who a t t e m p t t h e d i f f i c u l t t a s k of e s t i m a t i n g t h e s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r , while
b e n e f i t i n g t h e a u t h o r s who m a k e no s u c h a t t e m p t t o d e t e r m i n e a l l of t h e i r s o u r c e s
of e r r o r , ( a n a d m i t t e d l y d i f f i c u l t t a s k ) . S o m e a u t h o r s below h a v e r e p o r t e d v a l u e s
f o r a h a l f - l i f e a n d l a t e r rev'ised t h e i r r e s u l t s f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t , when a d d i t i o n a l
d a t a p o i n t s b e c a m e a v a i l a b l e . The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o r e p o r t e d v a l u e s h a s
been a s l a r g e a s t w e n t y s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s of t h e f i r s t r e p o r t e d v a l u e . This
implies t h a t , statistically speaking, t h e two reported values for t h a t experiment
could n o t h a v e been e s t i m a t i n g t h e s a m e p a r a m e t e r . The p r o b l e m n o d o u b t i n v o l v e s
a c o m p l e t e u n d e r e s t i m a t e of t h e t r u e u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e m e a s u r e m e n t .
Total half-lives for selected nuclides
945
In t h e r e v i e w of n u c l e a r d a t a by t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A t o m i c E n e r g y Agency",
t h e i r general comment on u n c e r t a i n t i e s included a s t a t e m e n t questioning t h e
v a l i d i t y of a n y p r e s e n t l y s t a t e d u n c e r t a i n t i e s of less t h a n 0.1% f o r half-lives.
The s a m e c r i t e r i a h a s a l s o been a p p l i e d h e r e i n a f e w c a s e s . No h a l f - l i f e h a s
b e e n r e c o m m e n d e d w i t h a n a c c u r a c y of b e t t e r t h a n 0.1%. The r a t i o n a l e f o r t h i s
r u l e is t h a t s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r s u p t o t e n t i m e s s m a l l e r t h a n t h e t o t a l s t a t i s t i c a l
u n c e r t a i n t y quoted could have a n appreciable effect on t h a t total u n c e r t a i n t y ,
if t h e r e w e r e a n u m b e r of s u c h e r r o r s . R e c o m m e n d i n g v e l u e s a t a c c u r a c y l e v e l s of
a few h u n d r e d p a r t s - p e r - m i l l i o n ( p p m ) would i m p l y t h a t a l l p o t e n t i a l e r r o r s i n
t h e e x p e r i m e n t a t t h e l e v e l of t e n p p m h a d b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d , d o c u m e n t e d a n d
t h e i r e f f e c t o n t h e r e s u l t t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . An e x p e r i m e n t , i n w h i c h s u c h a
t h o r o u g h s t u d y h a s been b o t h p e r f o r m e d a n d d o c u m e n t e d , h a s y e t t o b e r e p o r t e d
t o m y knowledge. In a d d i t i o n , m a n y of t h e s e v e r y p r e c i s e r e s u l t s a r e based o n
t h e e x a m i n a t i o n of o n l y o n e s a m p l e .
The r e c o m m e n d e d d a t a a r e g i v e n i n t h e following t a b l e .
TABULATED RESULTS
Table 1. Total Half-life of SH
Author
Tr/(a)
Jenks"
Jones"
Jones"
Pop 0 v
Memitt"
Jordan"
Jonesz3
RudyZ4
unterwegerz5
s i m p s o nZ8
BudickZ7
OliverZ8
01 i v e r Z 9
R e c o m m e n d e d V a l u e 12.32
Table 2
He g r o w t h
absoluie counting
He g r o w t h ; revised e r r o r
calorimetry
absolute counting
c a l o r i m e t r y ; revised e r r o r
He. grdw t h *
c a l o r i m i t r y ; revised e r r o r
t r i t i a t e d HzO; c o u n t i n g
counting
c o u n t i n g . ; no d e t a i l s ; e r r o r x 1.5
Neutron i r r a d i a t e d Li; He g r o w t h
T r i t i a t e d HzO; He g r o w t h
*
* 0.03 a ;
U n w e i g h t e d A v e T a g e of T e c h n i q u e s
Total Half-life of 'OBe
Author
Tr/(108 a )
Hughes3'
McMillian3'
~ i o u ~ ~
M~Millian~~
Emery34
Ma ki no3'
Ho f m a n n3'
2.0 f
2.5 f
1.55 t
1.71 f
1.6 f
1.48
1.51 t
*
Weighted Average
Table 3
Comment
12.46 f 0.1
12.41 +0.15 -0.25
12.262 i 0.008
12.57 f 0.18
12.31 i 0.13
12.346 f 0.007
12.25 i 0.03
12.323 f 0.008
12.43 f 0.05
12.32 i 0.03
.12.29 i 0.15
12.36 i 0.03
12.38
0.04
Comment
n.u.
0.5
0.3
0.34
0.2
0.15
n o t used; Value revised f r o m 2.9
n o t used; see r e f e r e n c e 33
0.06
accelerator mass spectrometry
1.52 t 0 . 0 5 x
revision of r e f e r e n c e 31
no d e t a i l s ; e r r o r x 1.5
lo6
a;
Recommended Value
Total Half-life of ''C
Author
T,/(a)
~
~~
Libby3'
Mann'
01sson~~
Godwin3
HughesZ
Eella"
Emery3'
Co m mP n t
~~
5568
5780
5780
5680
5730
5730
5660
5736
30
i 50
f
i
65
f 40
i 40
f 50
f
f
30
84
~~
~
Weighted Average of 3 (1949/50) v a l u e s
n o t used, revised, see r e f e r e n c e 2
mass spectrometry, proportional counting
mass spectrometry, proportional counting
n o t used, a v e r a g e of references 1, 38. 39
revision of r e f e r e n c e 1
no details: e r r o r x 1.5
~ _ _ _ _ _
R e c o m m e n d e d V a l u e 5715. i 30. a ;
UnweighQd Average
COMMISSION ON RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES
946
Table 4
Total Half-life of *'A1
T,/(fOg
Author
a)
Rightmire4'
Norris"
Middlet~n~~
Thomas4'
7.1 f 0.3
7.1 f 0.2
7.0 i 0 . 6
7.8 f 0 . 5
R e c o m me nd e d Value
7.1 f 0.2 x
Table 5
Comment
R e v i s e d u s i n g r e f e r e n c e s 42,43
G e L i ; Mass S p e c t r o m e t r y
Mass S p e c t r o m e t r y
not u s e d ; GeLi; v e r i f i e d o t h e r s
los
a;
Weighted Average
Total Half-life of 30Ar
~~
Author
T,/(a)
265 i 30
268 f 8
Z e l d e ~ ~ ~
st oenner'O
~
Recommended Value
Table 6
Tlp
by Kishore4'
Weighted Average
268 f 8. a ;
7-,/(108 a )
Orban"
Gleditsch'l
Ahrensg2
Graf53
Stout54
Floyd"
sawyerS6
~ r a f ~ ~
Spierss8
Fausts9
Sawyerao
Ho u t e r rn a ns"
SmallerB2
DelaneyB3
GOO^^^
~
0.5
11. f
11.6 f
1.48 f
1.29 f
1.54
12. f
12. f
1.18
1.14 i
1.27 f
1.31 f
1.76 f
1.24
1.46 f
11.7
1.34 f
13.4 f
1.36 f
11.3 f
1.44 f
12.2 f
11.7 f
1.46
12.3 f
1.37 i
1.40 f
1.45 f
1.38
12.2 f
1.40 i
1.41 f
12.2 f
11.6 i
1.40
1.31 f
1.13 f
12.3 f
*
*
*
Burchs5
su t t leas
O
Revised 3 7 A r
~~
Total Half-life of 'OK
Author
K
Comment
O
~
~
Bac k e n s t o s s B 8
McNair"
Wetheril17'
Wetheril17'
Kelly7'
Saha73
Feu e r h a k e7'
DeRuytter7'
Egelkraut"
Venkataramaiah"
Gopa18'
cesanas3
Recommended Value
*
*
1.26
f
2.
0.2
0.07
0.08
0.39
1.
2.
0.10
0.05
0.07
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.5
0.03
0.2
0.05
0.5
0.01
0.6
0.4
0.03
0.8
0.04
0.015
0.4
0.02
0.3
0.002
0.02
0.2
0.5
0.07
0.06
0.08
0.04
0.01 x 10' a;
Comment - e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e (ec),
b e t a (8-I b r a n c h o r t o t a l d e c a v
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
p-;
not
not
not
j3-;
not
p-;
not
ec;
p-;
ec;
u s e d ; e c ; c l o u d chamber
u s e d ; e c ; GM c o u n t e r
used; e c ; radiogenic
u s e d ; 8 ' ; GM c o u n t e r
u s e d ; @ - ; CM c o u n t e r
u s e d ; t o t a l ; GM c o u n t e r
used; ec; stilbene crystal
u s e d ; e c ; CM c o u n t e r
u s e d ; t o t a l ; i o n c h a m b e r , GM
used; t o t a l ;
u s e d ; t o t a l ; 4n c o u n t e r
u s e d ; t o t a l ; 4n c o u n t e r
used; 8 ; K I crystal
used; @KI crystal
u s e d ; e c ; ion chamber
used; @used; ec
KI crystal
used; ec; N a I crystal
NaI c r y s t a l
used; ec; radiogenic
radiogenic
KI crystal
Nal; stilbene
8-
6-;
6-;
liquid scintillator
s c i n t i l l a t i n g gel
p - ; liquid scintillator
ec; Nal, Csl, K I
8s c i n t i l l a t i n g gel
e c ; Nal
e c ; K I , NaI
@-;
@n o t u s e d ; ,8n o t u s e d ; /3e c : GeLi
Unweighted Average
Total half-lives for selected nuclides
Table 7
947
Total Half-life of '%4n
Author
She 1 i nee'
KayeB5
Hohlfelderaa
Matsudaa7
Ho n d oaa
Woelf ieBe
Heimannso
Weighted Average
Table 8
Author
*
3.8
0.6
3.7 i 0.4
3.7 i 0.2 x 10'
T,/(Io"
Recommended Value
a;
mass s p e c t r o m e t r y ,
activity
activation cross section
63Mn/2aA1 in meteorites
Recommended Value
4.45
4.45
5.8
6.9
6.0
6.15
6.0
6.2
6.2
4.3
4.6
5.0
5.07
4.7
5.0
4.72
5.25
5.82
5.53
5.80
4.77
4.60
5.22
4.72
4.88
4.89
5.56
4.88
a)
Comment
i 1.0
i 0.7
k 0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
+ 0.3 - 0.2
i 0.5
0.2
i 0.2
0.1
i 0.2
f
i
i
i
*
0.08
i
f
i
i
i
i
0.10
0.1
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.06
0.15
0.04
0.06 - 0.10
0.04
0.025
i
i
i
+
f
i
*
0 . 0 5 x 10"
a;
n o t used; Cloud c h a m b e r
n o t used; P u r e 07Sr i n Rb m i c a
n o t used; Geiger c o u n t e r
n o t used; Geiger c o u n t e r
n o t used; Geiger c o u n t e r
n o t used; P r o p o r t i o n a l c o u n t e r
n o t used; S c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r
n o t used;
n o t used; e n r i c h e d 87Rb
n o t used;
n o t used; Geological 87Sr/87Rb
n o t used; Geological 87Sr/87Rb
n o t used; Geiger c o u n t e r
not used; Liquid scintillation counter
n o t used; Geological 87Sr/87Rb
n o t used; 4rr p r o p o r t i o n a l c o u n t i n g
n o t used; 4 n c o u n t i n g
n o t used; S c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r
n o t used; S c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r
n o t used; S c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r
n o t used; S c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r
n o t used; Mass s p e c t r o m e t r y
n o t used;
n o t used; Mass s p e c t r o m e t r y
4n proportional counting
McMullen revised
n o t used
Unweighted Average
Total Haif-life of O2Nb
Author
~
Apt'"
Makino5
Net haw a y e
Weighted Average
Table 10
*
Total Half-life of 87Rb
Orban"
Strassmannsl
Eklunde2
HaxeIs3
Kemmerichs4
~ u r r a n ~ ~
Lewisea
Flintas7
MacG r e g o r s a
Geese-Baehnischse
Fritze"'
Aldrich'''
Libby'"
FlynnIo3
Ovchinnik~va'~~
Rauschlo5
McNair''a
Egel k r a u t i o 7
Beard"'
Leu t z L o 8
Kovach'"
Thode'"
Brink m a n 7 8
McMullen"*
NeumannlL3
Davis"'
Akatsu'"
Table 9
not used
not used
not used
not used
revised;
specific
revised;
revised;
2.
1.9 i 0.5
10.8
4.5
2.9 i 1.2
3.7 f 0.2
( a )1
~
3 7 i 0.5 x lo7 a ,
Comment
not used
revised
revised
Recommended Value
lZ0I
T,/(1o7
a)
Ka tcof f117
1.72 f 0.09
Russe1118
Emery11s
Kuhry'"
1.56 i 0.06
1.57 i 0.06
1.97 i 0.14
Recommended Value
0
17
3.5 i 0 4
3.9 i 0 5
Total Half-life of
Author
~
1.7 i 0.1 x lo7 a ;
Comment
proportional counter,
mass s p e c t r o m e t r y
No d e t a i l s ; e r r o r x 1 . 5
Liquid s c i n t i l l a t i o n
Unweighted Average
COMMISSION ON RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES
948
Table 11
Total Half-life of lsBLa
Author
Turchinetzi2'
Glover122
DeR~ytterl~~
Ellis'24
Mars01'~~
Cesanae3
Taylor'26
N o r m a n128
M a su d a 129
Weighted Average
Table 12
a)
?',/(10"
1.15
1.13
1.04
1.53
1.23
1.25
1.25
1.03
1.05
2.5
i
f
f
i
f
f
f
f
f
f
0.1
0.04
0.02
0.3
0.16
0.12
0.12
0.04
0.05
0.2
1.06 f 0.04 x 10" a;
not u s e d ; r e v i s e d
not u s e d ; r e v i s e d
not u s e d
not u s e d , r e v i s e d ; G e L i
revised; GeLi
not u s e d ; r e v i s e d : G e L i
r e v i s e d ; GeLi
GeLi
r e v i s e d ; GeLi
not u s e d ; 8 - b r a n c h : r a d i o g e n i c
Recommended Value
Total Half-life of lr7Srn
Author
T,/(10"
1.6
2.0
1.5
0.91
1.5
1.3
0.99
1.25
1.15
1.08
1.13
1.15
1.05
1.04
1.06
a)
f 0.1
i 0.1
f
0.05
i 0.06
f
i
0.03
0.04
i 0.05
f 0.05
f 0.02
i 0.03
f 0.02
1.06 f 0 . 0 2
1.05 f 0.04
Weighted Average
Table 13
Comment
1.06 f 0.02 x 10" a;
Comment
not u s e d ; G e i g e r c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; ion c h a m b e r
not u s e d ; Ion c h a m b e r
not u s e d
not u s e d ; g e i g e r c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; n u c l e a r e m u l s i o n
not u s e d ; n u c l e a r e m u l s i o n
not u s e d ; 4n g e i g e r c o u n t e r
not u s e d
liquid s c i n t i l l a t i o n ;
c o r r e c t e d for w r o n g Sm c o n t e n t .
not u s e d ; ion c h a m b e r
not u s e d
not u s e d ; liquid s c i n t i l l a t o r
not u s e d ; L i q u i d s c i n t i l l a t o r
not u s e d ; I o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r ,
liquid s c i n t i l l a t i o n
97% e n r i c h e d
97.5% e n r i c h e d
Recommended Value
Total Half-life of lTeLu
Author
He~den'~~
Libby'4e
Flammerfeld'4g
ArnoldIso
Dixon''l
Clover152
HerrlS3
M c Nair15'
Brin k m a n 7 e
D~nhoffer'~~
Sakamoto"'
Prodiis6
B~udin'~~
K~rnura''~
Norman1sg
Sguignaleo
Patc het t
Satole2
Recommended Value
?',/(10'~ a)
4.
7.3 f
2.4
2.15 f
4.56 f
2.1 f
2.17 i
3.6 i
3.59 i
2.16 f
5.0 f
3.27 f
3.3 i
3.79 i
4.06 f
3.59 i
3.57 i
3.78 f
2.
0.10
0.3
0.2
0.35
0.1
0.05
0.06
0.3
0.05
0.5
0.03
0.24
0.05
0.14
0.02
3.6 f 0.1 x 10" a;
Comment
not u s e d ; GY c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; GY c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; GY c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; NaI
not u s e d ; p r o p o r t i o n a l c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; NaI
not u s e d ; r a d i o g e n i c
not u s e d ; Nal
not u s e d ; , N a I , B y c o i n c i d e n c e
not u s e d ; liquid s c i n t i l l a t i o n
not u s e d ; NaI
not u s e d ; liquid s c i n t i l l a t i o n
not u s e d : r a d i o g e n i c
71% e n r i c h e d ; G e L i , Nal
GeL i
54.4% e n r i c h e d ; y y c o i n c i d e n c e
radiogenic
GeLi
Unweighted Average
Total half-lives for selected nuclides
Table 14
Total Half-life of *''Hi
Author
~
~ a)
RiezleriB3
M a c Fa~-lane'~'
4.3.n . u .
2 . 0 i 0.4
R e c o m m e n d e d Value
2.0 i 0.4 x
Table 15
"'
'"
Eber h a r d t
Sakamoto15'
A r d isso n i e 7
N o r m a nla8
c u m m ing'"
>
>
>
>
~
~
natural sample
10.14% e n r i c h e d
lo'
a;
Selected V a l u e
Comment
0.00099
0 . 0 2 3 i 0.007
0.017 f 0.006
0.0000046
0.015 i 0 . 0 0 5
0.021
0.056
0.056
1 2
>
>
>
>
>
R e c o m m e n d e d Value
> 1.2 x 1015 a;
6-
branch
electron capture branch
6- branch
K capture branch
electron capture branch
electron capture branch
electron capture branch
6 - branch
t o t a l ; all b r a n c h e s
Selected V a l u e
Total Half-life of leeOs
?',,/(lo''
Author
a)
Comment
2.0 i 1.1
Viola'70
R e c o m m e n d e d Value
61.27% enriched
lo1'
2.0 i 1.1 x
a;
Selected V a l u e
Total Half-life of le7Re
T,,/(10" a)
Author
Naldrett17'
~ugarman'~~
Dix01-1~~~
s u tt1el7'
Herr'75
Her r178
Walt~n'~~
Naldre t tI7'
Herr178
Ko~ol'~~
Wolf"1
H ir t
Brod~inski'~~
Wattla"
Luck"'
Naldretta
Lind ner'*'
R e c o m m e n d e d Value
Table 18
1 C o m m 0e n t
~,,/(10~~
a)
Eberhard t
B a u m i ngerIB5
Table 17
~
Total Half-life of leoTa
Author
Table 18
949
40.
40. >1000.
>
1.
0.05
0.8
2.1
3.2
0.62
0.79
-
N
Comment
i 10.
70.
-
2.5
i 0.5
i 0.7
+
0.07
1.2
i
0.43 i
0.66 i
0.3
0.45
0.35 5
0,423 +
0.4
0.05
0.13
0.02
0.04
0.013
4.2 i 0.2 x 10"
a;
not u s e d ; g e i g e r c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; g e i g e r c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; p r o p o r t i o n a l c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; g e i g e r c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; r a d i o g e n i c
not u s e d ; r a d i o g e n i c
not u s e d ; g e i g e r c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; g e i g e r c o u n t e r
not u s e d ; r a d i o g e n i c
not u s e d ; g e i g e r c o u n t e r ,
only 1 measurement
not u s e d ; g e i g e r c o u n t e r
radiogenic
not u s e d ; p r o p o r t i o n a l c o u n t e r
not u s e d : low b a c k g r o u n d m e a s u r e m e n t
radiogenic
liquid s c i n t i l l a t o r
mass spectrometry
U n w e i g h t e d Average
Total Half-life of toopt
Hof f m a n r ~ " ~
P o rsc hen'"
M a c Farlane"'
Pet rzha k'"
~raeffe'QO
Kauw'
A1 - B a t a ina
'"
Weighted A v e r a g e
5.
10.
6.9 i 0.5
4.7 f 1 . 7
5.4 5 0.6
22.
6 . 6 5 f 0.28
6.5 f 0.3 x 10" a;
not used
not u s e d ; n u c l e a r e m u l s i o n
0.76% e n r i c h e d s a m p l e
N a t u r a l P l a t i n u m ; ion c h a m b e r
natural + enriched Platinum
not u s e d ; n u c l e a r e m u l s i o n ;
0.76% e n r i c h e d s a m p l e
natural P l a t i n u m
R e c o m m e n d e d Value
COMMISSION ON RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES
950
Table 19
Total Half-life of Oo4Pb
Author
T,/(10"
Ko h m a nl"
Riezler'
2
R e c o m m e n d e d Value
Table 20
Comment
a)
Slight indication of activity
E, = 2 . 6 Mev > available energy
0.3
1.4
Stable
Total Half-life of OloPb
Author
Comment
T,/(a)
Antonoff'g2
Albre~ht"~
J~liot-Curie''~
w a g n erl e e
16.5
22.5
22.
23.
25.
Tobailem'"
'
Mer rit t "
19.40 f 0.35
22.4
f 0.4
Harbottle"'
PateZoo
20.4
23.3
EckelmannZoi
ImrezoZ
R a m thunzo3
Von euntenZo4
HoehndorfZo5
21.4
22.85
21.96
22.2
22.26
R e c o m m e n d e d Value
Table 21
i 0.3
i
0.5
*
0.5
& 0.70
f 0.51
f 1.0
i 0.11
22.6 i 0.1 a;
Unweighted Average
Total Half-life of plOPo
Author
T,/(d)
Sch w eid ler"'
Curiezo7
Dora bia 1skaZ0'
SanieleviciZog
Beamer2I0
Ginnings'l'
Curtis2"
Ei~helberger''~
Comment
136.5
140.
137.6
138.7
138.3
138.39
138.37
138.376
~~
counted 6 years
counted C year
calorimetry, a counting
calorimetry
calorimetry
calorimetry
a counting; revised error
calorimetry; revised error
y
f
i
f
f
i
i
0.6
0.6
0.14
0.14
0.098
0.05
~
R e c o m m e n d e d Value
Table 22
not used; ZnS counting
not used
not used
not used; a counting
not used; ion chamber;
0.7 year counting
not u s e d ; 1/3 year counting
4 n proportional counter,
54 years counting
ion chamber; 3 / 4 year counting
477 proportional counter,
5 years counting
geological
p counting
calorimetry
proportional counter
a spectrometry
f 0.4
138.4 f 0.1 d ,
Weighted Average with Uncertainty Rule
Total Half-life of DnPRn
~~
T, /(d)
Author
Bo t he2I4
~urie"~
Tobailem'"
Marin'"
Robert'"
Shimanskaia"'
Buttzz0
3.825
3.823
3.825
3.8229
3.825
3.83
3.82351
R e c o m m e n d e d Value
Table 23
Comment
i 0.004
i 0.003
f 0.006
f
0,0017
i 0.005
f 0.03
f
0,0017
3.823 f 0.004
d;
revised error
revised error
ion chamber, revised error
Counted 54 T,; revised error
revised error
Calorimetry
N a I ; counted 40 T,; revised error
Weighted Average with Uncertainty Rule
Total Half-life of Oz4Th
Author
T4/(s)
Comment
~~
ToveZz1
Valliz"
Ibo~ski"~
Weaghted Average
1 05 f 0 0 5
1 0 3 f 0 05
1 05 f 0 02
1 0 5 f 0 0 2 s,
Scintillation detector
semi-conductor
a spectrometry
Recornmended Value
Total half-lives for selected nuclides
951
Total Half-life of zzsRa
Table 24
Author
T,/(a)
Watsonzz4
BraddickZz5
CurieZZ8
Ward"'
MeitnerZz8
Gledits~h~~~
Guen
Kohmanz3'
Gor~hkov'~~
S e b a o ~ n ~ ~ ~
Gor~hkov'~~
Martin235
R a m thunZ3'
Weighted Average
Comment
1608.
603.
590.
599.
590.
691.
603.
622.
573.
1617.
1577
1602.
1599.
13
i
12.
9.
i 8.
i 7.
i
i
1599. i 4. a;
not u s e d ; calorimetry
not u s e d ; a current
not used; ion current
not used; number a ' s emitted
not used; calorimetry
not used; growth rate
not used; He production
number a ' s emitted
not used; calorimetry
number a ' s emitted
calorimetry
calorimetry
calorimetry
Recommended
Value
Total Half-life of zz7Ac
Table 25
Author
Tc/(a)
Joliot-C~rie~~~
Hollanderz3'
T~bailem'~~
Shiman~kaya~~~
Robertz4'
Jordan'"
Recommended Value
Table 28
0.3
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.012
2177 f 0 0 2 a,
not used
ion chamber
ion chamber
calorimetry
calorimetry
calorimetry; revised error
Wezghted A v e r a g e w z t h U n c e r t a z n t y R u l e
Total Half-life of zzsRa
Author
Tk/(a)
Comment
6.7
5.7 i 0 . 2
5.75 i 0.03
Mays"5
Weighted Average
Table 27
Comment
21.7
22.0
i
21.6
f
21.2
f
21.6
f
21.773 i
5.75 i 0.03 a;
not used
Recommended Value
Total Half-life of z28Th
Author
T*/(a)
Comment
Meit nerz46
Kirbyz4'
Maysz4'
Mays'"
Jordan248
1
1
1
1
1
Hoppe~'~~
1 9113
Recommended Value
91
910
908
924
9131
0 02
i 0 002
0 004
i
*
f. 0 020
f 0 0020
*
0 0021
1.912 i 0.002 a;
a counting, 2 years
y counting
a counting
Calorimetry, 9 3 years,
Revised error
Revised error
Weighted A v e r a g e w i t h U n c e r t a i n t y R u l e
Total Half-life of z30Th
Table 28
Author
'"
Sod d y
SoddyZ5'
S ~ d d y ~ ~ ~
Curiez5'
S~ddy'~~
Hyde"
Attree13
Meadows14
Weighted. Average
Tk/(1O4 a)
7.42
7.14
7.69
8.23
7.32
7.99
7.61
7.536
i 0.36
i
i
i
f
f
f
0.30
0.25
0.37
0.34
0.14
0.030
7.54 i 0.03 x lo4 a;
Comment
Meadows recalculation
Meadows recalculation
Meadows recalculation
not used
Meadows recalculation
26.4% enriched
12.11% enriched
99.65% enriched
Recommended
Value
COMMISSION ON RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES
952
Total Half-life of =leTh
Table 29
~
~
Comment
KovarikZ5'
~enftle'~~
p i ~ i o t t o ~ ~ ~
M a ~ k l i n ~ ~ ~
1.39
1.42
1.39
1.45
FarleyZBo
Le RouxzB'
1.41 i 0 . 0 14
1.40 i 0 . 0 0 7
Weighted Average
Table 30
"Be
l4c
"A1
39Ar
"K
53Mn
e7Rb
"N b
1291
i 0.03
i 0.05
T,/(1o4
Recommended Value
3H
Na( 1 )
n u c l e a r emulsion
incidental t o neutron
c r o s s s e c t i o n measurement
ion-chamber a s p e c t r o m e t r y
liquid s c i n t i l l a t o r
i 0.07
Recommended Value
a;
Total Half-life of 231Pa
Von GrosseZsZ
Van WinklezB3
KirbyZe4
BrownZe5
Robert
Nuclide
i 0.03
1.40 i 0.01 x 10"
Author
Table 31
~
T,/(1OL0 a )
Author
3.2
3.43
3.248
3.234
3.276
a)
Comment
f 0.3
not used
not used; a counting
calorimetry
a counting
Calorimetry
0.03
i 0.026
i 0.023
i 0.011
f
3.25 i 0.01 h l o 4 a ;
Unweighted Average
Recommended Half-lives and Uncertainties
",/(year)
Nuclide
T,/(year)
Nuclide
1.06 i 0.04 x 10"
1.06 f 0.02 x 10"
3.8 i 0.1 x 10'0
2.0 0.4 1015
> 1.2 x 1015
2.0 i 1 . 1 x 1015
4 . 2 i 0.2 x 10"
6.5 i 0.3 x 10''
stable
22.6 i 0.1
12.32 i 0.03
1.52 i 0.05 x 10'
5715. i 30.
7.1 i 0.2 lo5
288. i 8.
1.26 i 0.01 x 109
3.7 i 0.2 x 108
4.88 i 0.05 x 10"
3.7 i 0.5 107
107
1.7 i 0.1
T,/(year)
138.4 i 0.1 d
3.823 i 0.004 d
1.05 i 0.02 s
1599. i 4.
21.77 i 0.02
5.75 i 0.03
1.912 i 0.002
7.54 0.03 x 104
1.40 0.01 x 10"
3.25 0.01 x 104
*
*
Acknowledgement
This work was carried o u t under t h e auspices of t h e US. Department
of Energy u n d e r C o n t r a c t No. DE-AC02-76CH00016.
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