Dole Food Company at the NCRC
Nicholas D. Gillitt, Ph.D.
Director
Dole Nutrition Research Laboratory (DNRL)
Confidentiality Note
Dole Food Company Inc.
Dole Food Company, Inc.
$6.8 Billion Sales
(LTM as of 6/19/2010)
Fresh Fruit
Fresh Vegetables
Packaged Foods
$4.7 Billion (69% of Sales)
$1.0 Billion (15% of Sales)
$1.1 Billion (16% of Sales)
Generates net revenues of $6.8 billion
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Operates in over 90 countries worldwide
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Employs 76,000 people
Dolefil Pineapple Plantation - Philippines
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Murdock’s Vision
Believes in promoting the health
benefits of a diet rich in fruits and
vegetables – as part of a business
strategy and a personal mission.
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A Very Personal Mission…
• Inspiration was a life-change
loss: death of his wife from
cancer when she was 43 years of
age – the same age his mother
also died of cancer.
“We used to eat steak and fried foods and
sweets…we didn’t consider the impact until
Gabriele was diagnosed with cancer. We
tried everything to save her…but to no
avail. That has made me all the more
determined to try and save others.”
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David H. Murdock & the NCRC
Advance scientific discovery
• Bringing together a variety of instruments
and disciplines under one roof.
• Collaboration among top scientists,
researchers and universities.
• Areas of study will be biotechnology,
obesity, cancer, agriculture and medical
devices.
• Collective power of shared knowledge.
• New breakthroughs to market faster than
ever before.
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The NCRC - Where Dole Does Science
Kannapolis, North Carolina
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The NCRC – The Dream…
North Carolina Research Campus
Historic collaboration of eight top research universities, including Duke, NC State and UNC.
A place where life meets science
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The NCRC – The Reality…
300 acres - site of the old Cannon Mills textile operation –
27,000 people worked on this site alone…
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The NCRC – The Reality…
David H. Murdock Core Laboratory
300,000 sq.ft. lab space, houses all the whistles and bells an lab could need!
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The NCRC – The Reality…
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The Model: Academia & Industry
Universities
Businesses
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DNRL – Site Geography
Cannon Village
600 Laureate Way
DNRL: 10,000 sq ft lab/office space
on 2nd floor dedicated to analytical chemistry and
featuring HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS & NMR capability
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Why is Dole at the NCRC?
• "Diets rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer
and other chronic diseases”
SOURCE: Authorized by the National Cancer Institute and
endorsed by the FDA
• "Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain
products that contain some types of dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, may
reduce the risk of heart disease, a disease associated with many factors. .“
SOURCE: FDA Approved Health Claim
• “Second, consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of
many chronic diseases. Specifically, moderate evidence indicates that intake of at
least 2-1/2 cups of vegetables and fruits per day is associated with a reduced risk of
cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke. Some vegetables and
fruits may be protective against certain types of cancer.”
SOURCE: 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
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Is F&V that important to our diet?
• What we should be eating…
7-13 servings F&V / day
2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
• What we are eating…
Only 30% consume 5 or more
CDC 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System (BRFSS)
• According to the CDC about 2.4 million Americans die each year
from any cause…
- Heart Disease: 500,000 (American Heart Association)
- Cancer: 500,000 (National Cancer Institute)
- Diabetes 250,000 (American Diabetes Association)
50% of all deaths occur due to
diseases that have a lifestyle/dietary
dietary component
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What is Dole doing Differently?
We NEED to Convince the 200 million people that are not eating enough
F&V to eat more…
• EDUCATE
- Packaging claims, facts panels etc.
- DNI, Dole.com, newsletters, books
brochures etc.
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What is Dole doing Differently?
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
KEY: Produce exciting science that brings attention to our products
and supports our ongoing educational efforts
Through our work at the NCRC Dole aims to help provide a solid scientific
foundation for the benefits of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables as well as
providing both more nutritious products and better education to our
consumers.
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The Dole Lab…
We have our own cutting edge analytical instrumentation at our disposal
LC-MS/MS
NMR
GC-MS
Nutrition Research Laboratory
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UV/Vis
HPLC
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Chemical Analysis…
Dole scientists are:
•
Measuring the phytochemical content of fruits and
vegetables (inc. peels) as a function of variety, ripening
stage, farming technique etc.
•
Working with our agronomists to create more nutritious
products
800
Creating new product formulations based on nutrient density
•
Providing information for consumer education
600
[p -Nitrophenol], µmol ml
-1
•
Enzymatic
Activity Determination
400
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
Time, min
Structural
Elucidation
Non-Water Soluble Phenolics
Water Soluble Phenolics
Nutrient
Content
Variation
[Phenolic compounds], GAE mg/100g
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Stage 2
Flesh
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Stage 2
Peel
Stage 4
Flesh
Stage 4
Peel
Stage 7
Flesh
Stage 7
Peel
Post
Stage 7
Flesh
Post
Stage 7
Peel
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Clinical Studies
In addition Dole is actively funding studies that investigate how foods can
directly affect our health…
Athletic
performance and
recovery time
Obesity and overweight
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Blood pressure,
heart disease and
stroke
Diabetes
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The Practicality of Science to Dole
Idea/Need/
Opportunity
Sell
Research
& Validate
Test
Results
Create &
Innovate
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Study 1: Chia Seed and Inflammation
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RESULTS
Pre-Study
70
Pre-Study
40
*
35
40
30
20
*
25
20
15
10
10
5
0
0
Whole Chia Seed
(N=16)
Milled Chia Seed
(N=14)
Pre-Study
Poppy Seed (N=26)
Whole Chia Seed
(N=16)
10-weeks
8
4
7
3.5
6
3
5
4
3
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
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Poppy Seed (N=26)
10-weeks
2
1
Milled Chia Seed
(N=14)
Poppy Seed (N=26)
2.5
2
Whole Chia Seed
(N=16)
Milled Chia Seed
(N=14)
Pre-Study
IL-6 (pg/ml)
CRP (mg/L)
3 x 2 interaction effect, P=0.016
10-weeks
30
50
EPA (µg/ml)
ALA (µg/ml)
60
3 x 2 interaction effect, P=0.002
10-weeks
Whole Chia Seed
(N=16)
Milled Chia Seed
(N=14)
Poppy Seed (N=26)
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PUBLICATION
Dole & ASU Collaboration
• Published July 2012
• Journal of Alternative and
Complimentary Medicine is a
well respected journal with a
reasonable impact factor (1.585
in 2011)
• Press surrounding publication
has been VERY positive
• Study PI David Nieman has
been contacted numerous
times for interviews by websites
magazines etc.
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Science = Products…
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The Practicality of Science
Idea/N
eed/
Opport
unity
NEXT STEPS
Sell
Resea•
rch &
Validat
e
Test
Resul
ts
Creat
e&
Innov
ate
Since chronic chia seed ingestion did
not show any inflammation marker
changes we propose investigating
acute ingestion effects with a
pharmacokinetic study…
STUDY CONCLUSION
•
Milled but NOT whole chia seed increased
plasma ALA (58%) and EPA (39%)
ACTION
•
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Reformulation of product to include milled chia seed
making ALA bio-accessible.
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Hot off the Bench…
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Study 2: Bananas as an Energy Source
So far there are no studies looking at:
1) The effects of banana consumption as an
energy source for physical exertion
2) The countermeasure effects to oxidative stress
and inflammation induced by strenuous
exercise.
One medium banana (~118 g) contains:
• 105 kcal
• 27 g carbohydrate
• 14.4 g sugars = glucose (5.9 grams), fructose
(5.7 grams), and sucrose (2.8 grams)
• 3.1 g fiber (12% DV)
• GI = 52 (low-to-medium rating)
• 422 mg potassium (12% DV)
• 15mg vitamin C (25% DV)
• 1037 ORAC units (μmol Trolox Equivalents)
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Research Design
• Hypothesis: The antioxidant compounds in bananas would reduce inflammation
in cyclists compared to a non antioxidant containing calorie matched control.
• Subjects: 15 male competitive cyclists aged 22 to 45 years.
• Design: Cyclists to receive both banana or calorie matched placebo during a 75
km ride over about 2 hrs in a crossover design with washout period.
• Outcome Measures:
-
Total Phenolics, mg (GAE) 100 calories-1
-
Performance & energy utilization (blood lactate and blood glucose)
Traditional biomarkers of inflammation/oxidative stress and immune function:
plasma cytokines e.g., IL-6, IL-10 etc. TNF-α, blood total leukocytes
(neutrophils and monocytes) and oxidative burst, blood FRAP and ORAC.
Metabolomics (measure all metabolites in the blood)
Total Phenolic Comparison of Bananas and a Calorie
matched Control
80
60
40
20
0
Banana
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Control
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RESULTS
Variable
Banana
Mean HR
166±3.3
Mean RPE
14.6±0.4
14.4±0.3
Weight change
3.3±0.4*
2.4±0.7
Watts (% maximal)
59.4%
61.5%
interaction effect, p=0.258
Banana
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Control
Control
(91% HR max)
163±2.5 (89% HR max)
interaction effect, p=0.178
Banana
Control
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RESULTS
Effect of Supported and Non-Supported Exercise on Plasma IL-10
90
80
Plasma IL-10 (pg/ml)
70
This study
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Pre Exercise
H2O vs 6% CHO
Nieman et al 2005
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Post Exercise
H2O vs 6% CHO
Nieman et al 2005
Pre Exercise
BAN vs 6% CHO
Current Data
Post Exercise
BAN vs 6% CHO
Current data
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RESULTS
Pre-Exerc
1-h Exerc
Post-Exerc
FRAP (ascorbic acid equivalents, µmol/L)
700
Interaction effect, p=0.012
*
600
*
604
575
521
500
510
460
442
400
300
200
100
0
Banana
Banana
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Gatorade
Control
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RESULTS - METABOLOMICS
“Metabolomics” is the measure of all the metabolites found in a body fluid (e.g., whole blood, plasma, urine
etc.). A metabolite is any small molecule that is present in the sample which is not a protein (proteomics).
Each peak on a chromatogram represents a different compound.
“Pre”
“Post”
There are three basic steps to a metabolomics interpretation…
STEP 1: Compare the average metabolic profile from a number of subjects “pre” and “post” intervention to see if the
identified metabolites increase or decrease as a function of that intervention (see blue arrows in above figure).
STEP 2: Assign statistical significance to the changes and list the metabolites that change by more than a certain amount.
STEP3: Identify which metabolic pathways these compounds are involved in and construct a discussion of how the
intervention affected them.
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RESULTS - METABOLOMICS
Intervention (banana vs sports drink): The only identified metabolite that was statistically
significantly different between the banana and sports drink groups was dopamine which is known to
occur naturally in bananas. Dopamine has two known roles in the body:
Neuronal: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in the
sensations relating to motivation, mood, pleasure and
reward. However, its neuronal actions are limited to the
brain and central nervous system. Since dopamine cannot
cross the blood brain barrier dietary dopamine can not
influence this metabolism.
Hormonal: Hormones travel in the circulatory system and
as such can have a wide reaching impact on human
metabolism. Dopamine is linked to two potential hormonal
effects:
Cardiac Function: IV administered dopamine is used
as a heart stimulant. It causes the heart to beat more
powerfully and at a faster rate.
Immunoregulation: White blood cells have dopamine
receptors and in the presence of dopamine can be
either activated or deactivated.
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RESULTS - METABOLOMICS
Exercise (“pre” vs “post”): If we remove dopamine from the statistical analysis there is no metabolic
difference between the banana and sports drinks groups. This allows us to condense the two data sets
into one and look at an overall exercise effect. The following conclusions were reached and are to be
presented at the 2012 annual meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine in San Francisco.
• 103 metabolites identified (56 significant). Score plots from the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) model visualized the global metabolic differences between pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 1-h
post-exercise, indicating a distinct separation between time points.
Blue = “pre”
Red = “post”
Black = “post 1h”
• The shifts in the 15 most significantly different metabolites following supported exercise with bananas or sports
drinks over a 75-km cycling time trial indicated a similar pattern of heightened production of glutathione and
utilization of fuel substrates in several pathways including glycolysis, lipolysis, and amino acid catabolism.
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PUBLICATION
Dole & ASU Collaboration
• Published June 2012
• PLoS one is a well respected
journal with a reasonable
impact factor (4.092 in 2011)
• Press surrounding publication
has been VERY positive
• Dole has built a summer
marketing campaign around
this study positioning bananas
as natures original energy bar
• Nieman has been contacted
numerous times for interviews
by websites magazines etc.
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SUMMER CAMPAIGN
http://www.dole.com/bananas/energy.aspx
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Press from worldwide media coverage
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Clipart from worldwide media coverage
BANANAS vs. SPORTS DRINKS, Equal
Performance, More Nutrients, 1/3 Price!
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NEXT on Doles “Science To Do” List…
• Bananas & Heart Health
Dole/ASU
Effect of 2 bananas a day for 5 weeks on plasma nutrient levels important to heart health, e.g.,
potassium and vitamins B6 and C as well as common heart disease markers, e.g., cholesterol levels
CRP, blood lipids, weight and waist circumference etc.
• Pineapples and Inflammation
Dole/DHMRI
Effect of fresh pineapple on COX-2 mediated inflammation cascades in human cells. Bromelain is an
enzyme found in pineapple which is believed to reduce inflammation. This study will look at the COX2 expression in synoviocytes as a function of bromelin introduction. Dole is developing a
high bromelain pineapple which would allow market differentiation if a scientifically demonstrable
human health benefit could be found.
• Broccoli & Human Health
Dole/DHMRI/NC State
Campus wide effort to investigate the effects of broccoli on human health. This will be the first time a
collective collaborative effort involving Universities, seed producers, growers, marketers and sellers
will be directed at discovering the health benefits of such a commonly eaten commodity vegetable.
• Dole Portabella Vitamin D Powder &
Muscle Function in High School Athletes
Dole/ASU
Effect of Dole vitamin D capsules delivering 1x RDA of vitamin D2 made from portabella mushrooms
on vitamin D status and muscle function and recovery in high school athletes.
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Cont’d…
• Effect of a F&V Juice on Cyclists Undergoing Strenuous
Exercise
Dole/ASU
Effect of 16 fl oz of a freeze dried reconstituted fruit and vegetable cocktail on conventional oxidative
stress and inflammation markers as well as the small molecule blood plasma metabolome of cyclists
under extreme exercise conditions.
• Nutrasorb, A Blueberry/Green Tea Polyphenol Laden Protein
Supplement: Effects on Runners Undergoing Strenuous
Exercise
Dole/ASU/NC State/Rutgers
Effect of a polyphenolic rich blueberry/green tea sorbed protein supplement on conventional
oxidative stress and inflammation markers as well as the small molecule blood plasma metabolome
of cyclists under extreme exercise conditions.
• Dole Portabella Vitamin D Powder & Muscle Function in a
NASCAR pit crew
Dole/ASU
Effect of Dole vitamin D capsules delivering 10x the RDA for vitamin D2 made from portabella
mushrooms on vitamin D status and muscle function and recovery in high school athletes.
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