Medical Terminology: Get Connected!
Second Edition
Suzanne S. Frucht
Chapter 13
Obstetrics and
Gynecology
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Learning Objectives
13.1 DESCRIBE the medical specialties of
obstetrics and gynecology.
13.2 UNDERSTAND the function of the female
reproductive system.
13.3 DEFINE obstetrics- and gynecology-related
combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes.
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Learning Objectives
13.4 IDENTIFY the organs treated in obstetrics and
gynecology.
13.5 BUILD obstetrics and gynecology medical
terms from word parts.
13.6 EXPLAIN obstetrics and gynecology medical
terms.
13.7 USE obstetrics and gynecology abbreviations.
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Female reproductive system is vital to
continuation of human race
–
–
–
–
–
Ovaries produce egg cells called ova
Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes
Embryo develops in the uterus
During birth, baby passes through vagina
Breasts secrete milk to nourish newborn
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Ovaries also secrete female sex hormones
– Estrogen
– Progesterone
– Work together to regulate reproductive cycle
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Gynecology
• Branch of medicine that:
– Diagnoses and treats conditions of female reproductive
organs
– Provides general medical care for women
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Obstetrics
• Branch of medicine that specializes in
– Pregnancy
– Childbirth
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Obstetrics and Gynecology Combining
Forms
• amni/o
amnion
• fet/o
fetus
• cervic/o
neck, cervix
• gynec/o
• chori/o
chorion
woman,
female
• colp/o
vagina
• hyster/o
uterus
• embry/o
embryo
• lapar/o
abdomen
• mamm/o
breast
• mast/o
breast
• episi/o
vulva
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Obstetrics and Gynecology Combining
Forms
• men/o
• metr/o
menses,
• ovari/o
menstruation
• salping/o
uterus
• nat/o
birth
• o/o
• oophor/o
egg
ovary
ovary
uterine
(fallopian)
tube
• uter/o
uterus
• vagin/o
vagina
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Additional Combining Forms
• carcin/o cancer
• olig/o
scanty
• cyst/o
• pelv/o
pelvis
• rect/o
rectum
urinary
bladder,
sac
• fibr/o
fibrous
• hem/o
blood
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Suffix Review
• -al
• -algia
• -an
• -ary
• -cele
• -centesis
• -cyesis
pertaining to • -cyte
• -ectomy
pain
cell
surgical
removal
pertaining to
• -genesis produces,
pertaining to
generates
• -genic
producing
protrusion
• -gram
record
puncture to
withdraw fluid • -graphy process of
recording
pregnancy
• -gravida pregnancy
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Suffix Review
•
•
•
•
-ic
-ine
-itis
-logist
• -logy
• -lytic
• -metry
pertaining to
pertaining to
inflammation
one who
studies
study of
destruction
process of
measuring
• -nic
pertaining to
• -oid
resembling
• -oma
tumor, mass
• -osis
abnormal
condition
• -otomy
cutting into
• -para
to bear
(offspring)
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Suffix Review
• -partum
childbirth
• -rrhexis
rupture
• -pexy
surgical
fixation
• -scope
instrument for
viewing
• -plasty
surgical repair • -scopy
• -rrhagia
bursting forth
• -tic
• -rrhaphy
suture
• -rrhea
flow, discharge
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process of
viewing
pertaining to
Prefix Review
• a-
without
• multi-
many
• ante-
before
• neo-
new
• dys-
painful,
difficult,
abnormal
• post-
after
• pre-
before
• primi-
first
• trans-
across
• endo-
within, inner
• intra-
inside
• nulli-
none
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Figure 13.1 Female reproductive system, anterior view.
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Figure 13.2 Full-term pregnancy, fetal structures, lateral view.
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Building Obstetrics and Gynecology
Terms
For each obstetrics and gynecology term introduced
on the next few slides, write the completed term in
your textbook (pg 250).
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Amni/o
• Combining form meaning amnion
• Inner sac surrounding fetus
• Contains amniotic fluid in which fetus floats
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Amni/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– flow of amniotic (fluid)
amniorrhea
– rupture of the amnion
amniorrhexis
amni/o + -rrhexis
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Cervic/o
• Combining form meaning cervix
• Narrow, lower portion of uterus
• Opens into vagina
• Also called neck of the uterus
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Cervic/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– pertaining to the cervix
cervical
– inflammation within the cervix
endocervicitis
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Chori/o
• Combining form meaning chorion
• Outer sac surrounding and protecting fetus
• Forms part of placenta
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Chori/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– cancerous tumor of the chorion
choriocarcinoma
chori/o + carcin + -oma
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Colp/o
• Combining form meaning vagina
• Muscular tube extending from cervix to outside of
body
• Receives penis and semen during intercourse
• Also called the birth canal
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Figure 13.3 Vagina.
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Figure 13.4 Vagina.
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Colp/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– instrument to visually examine the vagina
colposcope
– surgical removal of the vagina
colpectomy
colp + -ectomy
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Embry/o
• Combining form meaning embryo
• Early stage of human development
– From time of fertilization
– Until approximately end of second month of pregnancy
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Embry/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– producing an embryo
embryogenic
– study of the embryo
embryology
embry/o + -logy
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Episi/o
• Combining form meaning vulva
• General term for all female external genitalia
including:
– Labia majora
– Labia minora
– Clitoris
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Episi/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– surgical repair of the vulva
episioplasty
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Fet/o
• Combining form meaning fetus
• Later stage of human development
– From approximately beginning of third month to birth
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Figure 13.4 Photograph showing fetus in the uterus.
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Fet/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– pertaining to the fetus
fetal
– instrument for visually examining the fetus
fetoscope
fet/o + -scope
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-gravida
• Suffix meaning pregnancy
• Gestation is length of time of a pregnancy
• Normal gestation for humans is 40 weeks
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-gravida
• Build a medical term meaning:
– no pregnancies
nulligravida
– first pregnancy
primigravida
– many pregnancies
multigravida
multi- + -gravida
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Gynec/o
• Combining form meaning female
• Build a medical term meaning:
– one who studies the female
gynecologist
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Hyster/o
• Combining form meaning uterus
• Hollow, pear-shaped organ in lower pelvic cavity
– Between urinary bladder and rectum
– Fundus is upper portion between where fallopian tubes
enter
– Body of uterus is largest central region
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Hyster/o
• Hollow, pear-shaped organ in lower pelvic cavity
– Cervix is narrow lowest region that opens into vagina
– Endometrium is inner lining which thickens during the
month and is sloughed off during menstrual period
– Myometrium is thick muscular wall which contracts to
push fetus through birth canal
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Figure 13.6 Uterus.
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Hyster/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– surgical fixation of the uterus
hysteropexy
– ruptured uterus
hysterorrhexis
– process of recording the uterus
hysterography
hyster/o + -graphy
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Lapar/o
• Combining form meaning abdomen
• Build a medical term meaning:
– cutting into the abdomen
laparotomy
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Mamm/o
• Combining form meaning breast
• Collection of glands to produce milk to nourish
infant
• Build a medical term meaning:
– pertaining to the breast
mammary
– surgical repair of the breast
mammoplasty
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Figure 13.7 Breast.
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Mast/o
• Another combining form meaning breast
• Build a medical term meaning:
– breast pain
mastalgia
mast + -algia
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Men/o
• Combining form meaning menstruation
• Period of time during the monthly period when
endometrial lining of uterus is shed
• Appears as bloody flow through cervix and vagina
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Men/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– without menstrual flow
amenorrhea
– scanty menstrual flow
oligomenorrhea
olig/o + men/o + -rrhea
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Metr/o
• Another combining form meaning uterus
• Build a medical term meaning:
– inner uterus inflammation
endometritis
– flow from uterus
metrorrhea
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Nat/o
• Combining form meaning birth
• Build a medical term meaning:
– pertaining to a newborn
neonatal
– who studies the newborn
neonatologist
neo- + nat/o + -logist
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O/o
• Combining form meaning egg
• Refers to ovum
• Cell that carries mother's half of chromosomes
• Combines with sperm to form new human
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O/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– egg cell
oocyte
– produces an egg
oogenesis
o/o + -genesis
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Oophor/o
• Combining form meaning ovary
• Almond-shaped pair of organs located on each
side of uterus
– Connected to uterus by fallopian (or uterine) tube
• Produce ova
– Release of ovum from ovary is called ovulation
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Figure 13.8 Ovary.
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Oophor/o
• Secrete female hormones, estrogen and
progesterone
• Build a medical term meaning:
– surgical fixation of the ovary
oophoropexy
oophor/o + -pexy
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Ovari/o
• Another combining form meaning ovary
• Build a medical term meaning:
– pertaining to the ovary
ovarian
– ovary and fallopian tube inflammation
ovariosalpingitis
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-para
• Suffix meaning to bear (offspring)
• Refers to the number of times a pregnancy has
successfully ended with birth of infant
• Build a medical term meaning:
– no births
nullipara
– many births
multipara
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-partum
• Suffix meaning childbirth
• Build a medical term meaning:
– before childbirth
antepartum
– after childbirth
postpartum
post- + -partum
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Salping/o
• Combining form meaning fallopian tube
• Narrow tube that runs from area around each
ovary to upper uterus
• Ovum travels from ovary to uterus through
fallopian tube
• Normal location for fertilization
• Also called uterine tube
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Figure 13.9 Uterine Tube.
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Salping/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– record of the fallopian tube
salpingogram
– pregnancy in the fallopian tube
salpingocyesis
salping/o + -cyesis
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Uter/o
• Another combining form meaning uterus
• Build a medical term meaning:
– pertaining to the uterus
uterine
– pertaining to inside the uterus
intrauterine
intra- + uter + -ine
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Vagin/o
• Another combining form meaning vagina
• Build a medical term meaning:
– pertaining to across the vagina
transvaginal
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
abortion
(AB)
Discharge of embryo from uterus before about 20th
week of gestation; spontaneous abortion
(miscarriage) is unplanned and due to death of
embryo; elective abortion is legal termination of
pregnancy; therapeutic abortion is necessary for
mother’s health
abruptio
placentae
Emergency condition occurring when placenta tears
away from uterine wall prior to birth of fetus; requires
immediate delivery of baby
atresia
Lack of normal body opening; for example,
hysteratresia is closing of cervix, usually from
scarring
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Figure 13.10 Illustration showing the premature separation of the placenta in
abruptio placentae.
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
breast
cancer
Malignant tumor of breast; usually forms in milk
glands or lining of milk ducts
cervical
cancer
Malignant tumor of cervix; some cases caused by
human papilloma virus (HPV), sexually transmitted
virus for which there is now vaccine; regular Pap
smear used for early detection
cesarean
Surgical delivery of baby through incision into
section (CS, abdominal and uterine walls; named for Roman
C-section)
emperor, Julius Caesar, who is said to have been
the first person born by this method
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Figure 13.11 Breast with a malignant tumor growing in the milk gland and duct.
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Figure 13.12 The head of a fetus emerges from the uterus during a cesarean
section.
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
chorionic
villus
sampling
(CVS)
Removal of small piece of chorion for genetic
analysis; may be done at earlier stage of
pregnancy than amniocentesis
conization
Surgical removal of a core of cervical tissue for
biopsy
cystocele
Hernia or outpouching of bladder protrudes into
vagina; can cause urinary frequency and urgency
and block vagina
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
dilation and
curettage
(D&C)
Surgical procedure consisting of widening cervix
and scraping or suctioning out endometrial lining
of uterus; often performed after spontaneous
abortion or to stop excessive bleeding from
other causes
ectopic
pregnancy
Pregnancy occurring outside of uterus, usually in
uterine tubes; growing fetus will rupture uterine
tube requiring a salpingectomy; also called
salpingocyesis
endometriosis
Condition when endometrial tissue appears
throughout pelvic or abdominal cavity; causes
recurring pain and scarring
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Figure 13.13 Illustration of common sites for ectopic pregnancy.
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
endometrial
cancer
Cancerous tumor forms in lining of uterus
fetal
monitoring
Use of electronic equipment placed on mother’s
abdomen or fetus’ scalp to check fetal heart rate
(FHR) and fetal heart tone (FHT) during labor;
normal FHR ranges from 120 to 160 beats per
minute; drop in fetal heart rate indicates fetal
distress
fibrocystic
Benign cysts in breast tissue; not precancerous
breast disease
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Figure 13.14 Illustration showing the stages of endometrial cancer: (A) Stage I–
localized tumor forms in endometrial tissue; (B) Stage II–tumor grows larger
within the uterus;(C) Stage III–tumor spreads to nearby organs; (D) Stage IV–
cancerous tumors appear throughout the body.
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Figure 13.15 Illustration showing the location of a fibrocystic lump in the
adipose tissue of the breast.
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
fibroid
tumor
Benign tumor of fiber-like tissue; the most common
type of tumor in women; grows in the uterus
fistula
Abnormal passageway between two structures;
vesicovaginal fistula is between urinary bladder
and vagina; rectovaginal fistula is between rectum
and vagina
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Figure 13.16 Common sites for the development of fibroid tumors.
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
hemolytic
disease of
the newborn
(HDN)
Condition developing in fetus when mother’s
blood type is Rh-negative and baby’s blood is
Rh-positive; antibodies in mother’s blood enter
fetus’ bloodstream through placenta and destroy
fetus’ red blood cells; causes anemia, jaundice,
and enlargement of spleen; treated with
intrauterine blood transfusion; also called
erythroblastosis fetalis
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
in vitro
Infertility treatment; ova removed from woman are
fertilization (IVF) fertilized by sperm externally; embryos returned to
uterus for development; commonly called test tube
baby
infertility
Inability to produce children; generally defined as no
pregnancy after properly timed intercourse for one
year
ovarian cancer
Cancerous tumor formed within ovary
Papanicolaou
(Pap) smear
Test for early detection of cervical cancer; named after
developer George Papanicolaou, a Greek physician;
cells are removed from cervix by simple scraping and
examined under microscope
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
pelvic
inflammatory
disease (PID)
Chronic or acute infection, usually bacterial, that
ascends through female reproductive tract and
out into pelvic cavity; can result in scarring that
interferes with fertility
placenta
previa
Placenta forms in lower portion of uterus and
blocks birth canal; may require C-section for
delivery
premature
birth
Birth of fetus before 37 weeks of gestation
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Figure 13.17 Illustration of placenta previa showing the placenta growing over
the opening of the cervix.
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Figure 13.18 A premature infant.
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
premenstrual
syndrome
(PMS)
Symptoms that develop just prior to onset of
menstrual period; may include irritability,
headache, tender breasts, and anxiety
prolapsed
uterus
Fallen uterus that can cause cervix to protrude
through vaginal opening
rectocele
Protrusion or herniation of rectum into vagina
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Figure 13.19 Illustration of (A) mild and (B) severely prolapsed uterus.
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Obstetrical and Gynecological
Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
stillbirth (SB)
Birth in which viable-aged fetus dies shortly
before or at time of delivery
tubal ligation
Surgical tying off of uterine tubes to prevent
pregnancy
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Figure 13.20 Illustration show laparoscope being used to perform a tubal
ligation.
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
Abbreviations
AB
abortion
EMB
endometrial biopsy
BSE
breast selfexamination
ERT
estrogen
replacement
therapy
CS, Csection
cesarean
section
FHR
fetal heart rate
CVS
chorionic villus
sampling
FHT
fetal heart tone
Cx
cervix
FTND
full-term normal
delivery
D&C
dilation and
curettage
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
Abbreviations
GI, grav I
first pregnancy
HSG
hysterosalpingography
GYN, gyn
gynecology
IUD
intrauterine device
HDN
hemolytic disease of
the newborn
IVF
in vitro fertilization
HPV
human papilloma
virus
LMP
last menstrual
period
HRT
hormone
replacement therapy
NB
newborn
OB
obstetrics
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
Abbreviations
OCPs
oral
contraceptives
PMS
Pap
Papanicolaou test SB
stillbirth
PI, para I
first birth
total abdominal
hysterectomy –
bilateral salpingooophorectomy
PID
pelvic
inflammatory
disease
TAH-BSO
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premenstrual
syndrome
Combining Forms Match Up
1. colp/o
a. uterus
2. episi/o
b. vulva
3. hyster/o
c. vagina
4. lapar/o
d. abdomen
5. mast/o
e. breast
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