Chapter 4
Organization and
Regulation of
Body Systems
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4.1 Types of Tissues
• A tissue is composed of specialized cells of the
same type that perform a common function.
*Four primary tissues make up the body:
A. ___________ tissue—binds and supports the
body.
B. Muscle tissue—moves the body and its parts.
C. Nervous tissue—receives stimuli and conducts
nerve impulses.
D. ___________ tissue—covers body surfaces and
lines the cavities of the body.
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4.1 Types of Tissues
A. Connective Tissues:
• _________ Connective tissue:
*Loose fibrous connective tissue—supports epithelium and
many internal organs.
*________ tissue—a type of loose connective tissue with large
cells that store fat.
*Dense fibrous connective tissue—contains many collagen
fibers like _______ and __________.
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4.1 Types of Tissues
Connective Tissues cont.
• ___________ Connective tissue:
* _________ cartilage—has a white translucent appearance
and found in the nose & ends of long bones.
* ________ cartilage—more flexible & found in the outer ear.
* ____________—found between the vertebrae in the
backbone.
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4.1 Types of Tissues
Connective Tissues cont.
• ______—rigid connective tissue.
*Compact bone—hard mineralized matrix that gives
strength to bone.
*Spongy bone—large spaces filled with red marrow.
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4.1 Types of Tissues
Connective Tissues cont.
• Fluid connective tissue:
*Tissue fluid (lymph)—plays a role in fluid, ion, and pH balance
within the body.
*Blood—consists of formed elements and _____.
• RBC—transports oxygen to body cells.
• WBC—fight infection, some are phagocytic and others
combine with foreign substances to inactive them.
• __________—cell fragments necessary for clotting of the
blood.
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4.1 Types of Tissues
B. Muscle Tissues:
*Skeletal muscle—
voluntary muscles
attached to the bones.
*Smooth muscle—
___________ muscles
making up the walls
of the internal organs.
*________ muscle—
involuntary muscles
found only in the heart.
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4.1 Types of Tissues
C. Nervous tissue—sensory input, integration of data,
and motor output.
*Neuron—nerve cell made up of _________, a cell body, and
an ______.
*Neuroglia—cells that support and nourish neurons.
a. Microglia—engulf bacterial & cellular debris.
b. __________—provide nutrients to neurons.
c. Oligodendrocytes—form myelin, which speed
impulse transmission.
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4.1 Types of Tissues
D. Epithelial tissue:
*Simple epithelia—a single layer of cells classified
according to cell types.
a. ________ epithelium—flattened cells forming
the lining of blood vessels and alveoli.
b. ________ epithelium—cubed shaped cells lining
the kidney tubules and glands.
c. _________ epithelium—rectangular cells in
columns lining the digestive tract.
*Stratified epithelia—layers of cells piled one on top
of the other. Where is it found?
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4.1 Types of Tissues
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4.2 Integumentary System
• Integumentary system—made up of the _____,
hair, nails, ___________ _______, and sweat
glands.
*Epidermis—stratified squamous epithelium
composed of keratinocytes and melanocytes.
*Dermis—dense fibrous connective tissue containing
sensory receptors, blood vessels, & glands.
*Subcutaneous layer—loose connective tissue and
adipose tissue, which stores fat.
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4.2 Integumentary System
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4.2 Integumentary System
• Accessory Organs of the Skin:
*Nails—sheets of hard keratinized cells forming a
protective covering for the fingers and toes.
*_______ ____________—found in the dermis
sebum is released to lubricate the hair.
*_______ _________—play a role in modifying body
temperature and have ducts that lead to a pore at
the surface of the skin.
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4.3 Organ Systems
A. Organ Systems:
• ___________ System—largest single organ of the
body that has a protective function, synthesizes
vitamin D, collects sensory data, and helps regulate
body temperature.
• Cardiovascular System—transports nutrients & O2 to
cells and transports wastes away from cells; also
defends against disease.
• _________ System—immunity, defends against
disease, absorbs fats, & drainage of tissue fluid.
• Digestive System—ingestion & digestion of food,
absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste materials.
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4.3 Organ Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Respiratory System—gaseous exchange at lungs &
tissues and helps control pH balance.
________ System—eliminates metabolic wastes and
helps control fluid & pH balance.
Skeletal System—internal support & protection and
production of blood cells.
Muscular System—moves body & internal organs and
produces body heat.
_______ System—receives sensory input, integrates, &
initiates motor output.
Endocrine System—produces hormones for regulation of
body tissues.
___________ System—production of gametes & sex
hormones and nurtures offspring.
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4.3 Organ Systems
B. Body Cavities:
1. Ventral body cavity (coelom)—largest cavity located
on the front side of the body.
a. Thoracic cavity—encloses & protects the heart
and lungs.
----------__________ (breathing muscle)----------------b. Abdominal cavity—below the diaphragm and
encloses the stomach, liver, spleen, intestines,
reproductive organs, and urinary organs.
2. Dorsal body cavity—smallest cavity located on the
backside of the body.
a. Cranial cavity—protects the brain.
b. Vertebral cavity—protects the spinal cord.
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4.3 Organ Systems
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4.3 Organ Systems
C. Body Membranes:
1. Mucous membranes—line body cavities that open
DIRECTLY to the outside of the body.
ex. Tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and
reproductive systems.
**________ cells—secrete mucus for protection &
keeps membranes from drying out.
2. Serous membranes—line body cavities that DO
NOT open directly to the outside of the body.
ex. Thoracic and abdominal cavities.
**Serous fluid—lubricates and reduces friction
between moving layers of tissue.
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4.3 Organ Systems
Body Membranes cont.
3. Synovial membranes—line movable ______
cavities of the skeleton.
ex. Ball-&-socket joints, hinge joints, & pivot joint.
**Synovial fluid—lubricates the ends of long bones
so that they can move freely.
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4.4 Homeostasis
• ____________—relative constancy of the body’s
internal environment.
A. Two parts of the internal environment:
1. Blood—delivers O 2 and nutrients to the tissues
and carries CO 2 & wastes away.
2. Tissue fluid—medium through which substances
are exchanged between cells and blood.
B. All systems of the body contribute to homeostasis
but especially:
1. The ________ system is able to bring about rapid
responses to any changes in the internal
environment.
2. The ____________ system brings about responses
that are slower to occur but have lasting effects.
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4.4 Homeostasis
Human Systems Work Together
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4.4 Homeostasis
C. Negative feedback—primary homeostatic
mechanism that keeps everything at normal levels.
1. Two components at work:
a. Sensory component—detects a change in the
internal environment.
b. Control center—brings about an effect to return
conditions back to normal again.
ex. Regulation of body temperature.
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4.4 Homeostasis
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4.4 Homeostasis
D. Positive feedback—a mechanism that brings
about an ever greater change in the same
direction.
* Positive feedback mechanisms are useful under
certain conditions, such as during birth.
* Positive feedback mechanism can be harmful, as
when a fever causes metabolic changes that push
the fever still higher.
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