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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of the Research
In doing the research, the researcher uses qualitative descriptive method.
Bogdan and Taylor (in Moleong, 2013: 3) define qualitative research as a research
procedure that produce data in form of words description, written or oral, from
people and their behavior that are being observed. Further explanation is offered
by Moleong (2013: 6), who says that qualitative research is used to explain and
understand holistically a phenomenon that is experienced by the subject of the
research in a certain natural context by using various scientific methods, and
describe it in form of words and languages, not numbers and measurements. It can
be inferred that qualitative research is a type of research that observes a
phenomenon, usually human and their behavior, holistically and describes it in
form of word description.
Dantes (2012: 51) defines descriptive research as a research that describes a
phenomenon systematically without adding or reducing any event. It describes
phenomenon as it is. Surakhmad (1994:147) says descriptive method solves a
problem by collecting, classifying, analyzing, and interpreting data.
The researcher describes positive politeness strategy that is employed in the
film entitled “Oliver Twist” by using qualitative descriptive method. The
researcher collects, analyzes, classifies, and interprets positive politeness
strategies that are used by the characters of the film entitled “Oliver Twist” and
also explains the context.
B. Data and Source of Data
Blaxter, Hughes and Tight (2006: 153) state that data are everything which
is found by reading, observing, measuring, asking question, or combination of
these strategies. The description of data can be numerical or verbal and original
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or secondary. The content of data includes questionnaire‟s response, transcript of
recorded data, notes or recorded experience, documents, etc.
According to Moleong (2013: 11), source of data may come from interview,
field notes, photos, videotapes, private documents, memo, etc. Lofland and
Lofland (1984: 47) add that the primary source of data in qualitative research is in
form of words and actions of the research subject, other data source like photos
and other documents are secondary.
The researcher uses film transcript (written document) and the film (video)
to collect the data of the research. The data of the research are the positive
politeness utterances uttered by the characters in the film entitled „Oliver Twist‟.
C. Population, Sample and Sampling Technique
1.
Population
The researcher takes all positive politeness utterances that are uttered by the
characters of the film entitled “Oliver Twist” as the data population in this
research.
2.
Sample
The researcher randomly takes 30 utterances of the characters using positive
politeness from the data population as the data sample of this research.
3.
Sampling technique
To take sample from the data population, the researcher adopts simple
random sampling technique. Using this technique, every population unit has the
same chance to get selected (Blaxter, Huges, and Tight, 2006: 164). Each
utterance is written in a slip of paper and then those slips are mixed, and finally 30
slips are randomly chosen as the sample.
D. Technique of Collecting Data
The data of the research are the positive politeness utterances uttered by the
characters in the film entitled „Oliver Twist‟.
According to Goetz & Le Compte (in Sutopo, 2002: 58), there are two
strategies of collecting data in qualitative research, that is, interactive method and
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non-interactive method. Non–interactive method is chosen by the researcher to
collect the data in this research. The researcher uses film transcript (written
document) and the film (video) as the source of the data of the research. As
Moleong (2013: 11) says the source of data may come from interview, field note,
photos, videotapes, private documents, memo, etc. as long as the data gives the
information to the research.
The researcher takes some steps as the technique to collect data of the
research. The steps are:
1. Watching and replaying the film entitled “Oliver Twist” to understand
the story and the contents of the film.
2. Reading the transcript of the film.
3. Matching the transcribed utterances with the video by using English
subtitle in the film.
4. Taking note on all of the utterances that use positive politeness strategy
in the film transcript.
5. Identifying and classifying each datum based on Brown and Levinson‟s
positive politeness strategy.
6. Taking 30 utterances as the sample of the research.
7. Giving each data sample code.
E. Data Coding
Some codes are given to the data to make the classification and the analysis
of the data become simpler. It is based on the number of datum and the kind of
positive politeness strategy employed in that datum. The format of data coding is
as follow:
1. Number of the datum.
Example: Datum 28
2. Time when the positive politeness utterances employed in the film
(video).
Example: 106
It means that the utterance is happened in 106th minute of the film.
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3. Page where the positive politeness utterances employed in the film
transcript.
Example: 05
It means that the utterance is written in page 5 of the film transcript.
4. Type of positive politeness strategy.
a. Notice, attend to hearer (PP01)
b. Exaggerate (PP02)
c. Intensify interest to the hearer (PP03)
d. Use in-group identity markers (PP04)
e. Seek agreement (PP05)
f. Avoid disagreement (PP06)
g. Presuppose/ rise/ assert common ground (PP07)
h. Joke (PP08)
i. Assert or presuppose speaker‟s knowledge of and concern for the
hearer‟s wants (PP09)
j. Offer, promise (PP10)
k. Be optimistic (PP11)
l. Include both the speaker and the hearer in the activity (PP12)
m. Give (or ask for) reason (PP13)
n. Assume or assert reciprocity (PP14)
o. Give gifts to the hearer (PP15)
For example: Datum 23/089/20/PP04.
It means that the datum is number 23, happens in 89th minute, at page 20 in
the transcript, and using positive politeness strategy number 04, that is, use ingroup identity markers.
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F. Technique of Data Analysis
The data are analyzed by using qualitative analysis. Miles and Huberman
(1994: 10-11) state that qualitative analysis needs three current flows of activity,
those are data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/ verification.
1. Data Reduction
According to Miles and Huberman (1994: 10-11), data reduction occurs,
often unconsciously, even before the data are actually collected. It includes the
process of selecting conceptual framework, research questions, and the
approaches of data collection. Data reduction does not mean reducing the number
of data. The data can be reduced and transformed by selecting, summarizing or
paraphrasing, etc. Data reduction is a part of data analysis that sharpens, sorts,
focuses, remove, and organizes the data so the final conclusion can be drawn.
These are steps researcher taken in data reduction of the research.
a. Watching film entitled “Oliver Twist” to understand its story,
context, situation, plot, and circumstances.
b. Reading the film transcription for several times to find positive
politeness strategy that is used by the characters of the film entitled
“Oliver Twist”.
c. Selecting all positive politeness strategy that is used by the
characters of the film entitled “Oliver Twist” as the data.
d. Coding all the collected data.
2. Data Display
The goal of data display is to make the process of analyzing data and
drawing conclusion easier for the researcher. The data are displayed in
configuration as follow
a. Datum Coding
b. The location of the data (page and line)
c. The surroundings (Utterances after and before the datum)
The example of data display is as follow:
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1.
Datum 01/009/03
Minute ninth, page three line 4-6
LIMBKINS : Chimney sweeping is a nasty trade.
MEMBER #4: Young boys have been smothered in chimneys before now.
GAMFIELD : That's because they damp the straw afore they light it in
the chimney... to make them come out again. Damp straw makes smoke.
Smoke sends a boy to sleep, and that's what he wants. Boys is very lazy,
gentlemen. But there's nothing like a good hot blaze to make them come
out in a run. It's humane too. Yes. Because even if they've stuck in the
chimney, roasting their feet makes them struggle to extricate
theirselves. Yes
2.
Datum 01/010/03
Minute tenth, page three line 9-12
MAGISTRATE : I suppose he's fond of chimney sweeping?
BUMBLE
: He dotes on it, Your Worship.
MAGISTRATE : Very well. I will sign the indentures... to make him Mr....
Mr. Gamfield's apprentice. (cont'd) (to Oliver) My boy.
My boy, you look pale and alarmed. What's the matter?
OLIVER
: Please, sir. Please, sir.
3. Display of Data Analysis
Each data is analyzed based on context, positive politeness strategy,
categories of speech acts, and factors influencing the use of positive politeness
strategy. The example of datum analysis is as follow:
4. Datum 04/012/05/PP04
MR. SOWERBERRY : Is that you, Bumble?
MR. BUMBLE
: No one else, Mr. Sowerberry. I've brought the orphan,
Oliver Twist.
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MR. SOWERBERRY : So this is the orphan, is it? Mrs. Sowerberry, will you
have the goodness to come here a moment, my dear?
Oliver Twist... How comes an orphan to have any name at
all?
a. Context description
Mr. Sowerberry agreed Mr. Bumble‟s offer to get an apprentice. The next
day, Mr. Bumble took Oliver to Mr. Sowerberry‟s house. It was already dinner
when Mr. Bumble arrived at Mr. Sowerberrry‟s house. The house is also a coffin
workshop owned by Mr. Sowerberry. There were only three persons in the house,
Mr. and Mrs. Sowerberry and their housekeeper, Charlotte. Mr. Sowerberry was
writing something when they rang the bell and entered the house, Mrs.
Sowerberry was in the kitchen, and Charlotte was in the basement. Mr.
Sowerberry was already waiting for them. It was the first time Mr. Sowerberry
and Oliver met. After took a glimpse on Oliver he asked his wife, Mrs.
Sowerberry, to come and see Oliver.
b. Types of positive politeness strategy
The datum uses in-group identity markers. Mr. Sowerberry uses “My dear”
to address his wife.
c. Categories of speech acts
Locutionary act
: “So this is the orphan, is it? Mrs. Sowerberry, will you
have the goodness to come here a moment, my dear?” (A
request from Mr. Sowerberry to Mrs. Sowerberry to see
the orphan)
Illocutionary act
: Mr. Sowerberry requests Mrs. Sowerberry to come and see
the orphan.
Perlocutionary act
: Mrs. Sowerberry comes to see the orphan.
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d. Factors influencing the use of politeness strategy
Payoff
: Mr. Sowerberry was using in-group identity markers to
minimize the threat to Mrs. Sowerberry positive face. He
used utterance “my dear” to address his wife so that his wife
will conveniently come and respond to his calling.
Relative power
: Mr. Sowerberry was using in-group identity markers
because Mrs. Sowerberry has higher power than Mr.
Sowerberry. Mr. Sowerberry obediently does whatever Mrs.
Sowerberry told him to do and does not want Mrs.
Sowerberry to get angry.
4. Conclusion Drawing
The researcher draws conclusions about positive politeness strategy from
the data. It is obtained after the researcher identifies the context of the utterance,
kind of positive politeness strategy that is used, and the factors that influence the
characters to use positive politeness strategies in the film entitled “Oliver Twist”.