RWSC/1978/D.10
JOTEWCVTIO^L..LABOUR ^R^JPZATION
ILO/DANIEA
-
REGIONAL SEMINAR ON WAGE DETERMINATION
FOR CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES
(Kingston, Jamaica, 1 - 7
March
1978)
Background Paper on Surinam© and Labour,
Wage and Price Problems
by
R.E.. Si on
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION
1978.
* * & -.V * ••': ittf?* i: * * * * *
2>. p/-A,fv
41316
"There could be more:
Job-satisfaction, Labour-peace and
Peace in general, if Wealth and Welfare should be distributed
more righteously and honestly everywhere."
Ronald E. Sion
Paramaribo/Suriname, January 1978.
. C O N T E N T S
I
II
Preface
Some general information
about Suriname
III
Labour, wage and price problems
in Suriname
IV
V
Some remarks regarding the 'application
and implementation of wage and
price policies in Suriname
Enclosures:
A.
Division of Labour by Sectors
B.
Minimum Wages in the Private Sector
C. Salary scales in the Public Sector
D.
Annual Wages and Average Annual Wages
E«
Prices Indices
F,
Selected Readings
PREFACE
In connection with the ILO/DANIDA-SEMINAR on Wage
Determination for selected Caribbean countries, which will
be held in Kingston, Jamaica from 1 •• 7 March
1978, it is
a great honour for me to present to you a working paper
dealing with Suriname and Labour, Wage and Price Problems.
Owing to several circumstances e.g. the lack of recent
data, this note will be incomplete in some respect.
This
paper will be outlined as follows:
1.
Some general information about Suriname.
2.
Labour, wages and price problems in Suriname.
(Related to the agenda-items of the seminar).
3.
Some remarks regarding the application and implementation of wage and price policies in Suriname.
I do hope that this note -may really contribute to the
assistance of represented governments and functional groups
in the definition and application of appropriate-
wage
policies consistent with the requirements of economic and
social development, for the benefit ofi the Caribbean countries
in general and particularly of the Republic Suriname.
Paramaribo, January 1978.
R E . Sion
Labour and industrial Relations
Consultant.
1.
SOME GENERAL IN70Ki*L.-\TI0N ABOUS SURINAME
INTRODUCTION
In order to understand the real background of the Socioeconomic problems in Suriname i.e. Labour, wage and price
problems, in my opinion it is ns cessary to have informati i
on the following aspects of the country.
B•1.1
1.
THE LOCATION AND SIZE
2-
THE POPULATION
3.
BRIEF HISTORY / FORM OF THE GOVEREMENT
4-
THE ECONOMY
THE LOCATION
Suriname is situated in South America between the
2nd and 6th degrees North .latitude and the 54th and 58th
degrees West longitude. It lies on the Atlantic Ocean on the
North and borders to thetfest on Guyana, to the East on French
Guyana and to the South on Brazil. The border with Guyana
is formed by the Corantyne :oiver and the border with French
Guyana by the Marowyne river. The border with Brazil lies across
mountain rangesf jungle and cevannes; there are no connecting
roads.
B.1.2
2EE..SIZE
Suriname has ?. land area of about 70,000 square miles.
It is almost five times as big as Holland or one and a i:-ilf
times the island of Cuba or somewhat larger than Florida in the
U.S. of America.
B
•2
THE POPULATION
Suriname has a population of about 385.000 inhabitants.
of whom over one third lies in and around the capital Paramaribo. The population is composed of several ethnic groups.
The original inhabitants are the Amer-indians. First came
Europeans and as a result of the slave trade, negroes from
Africa were imported. After slavery was abolished in 1863,
Chinese, Hindustani (Indians) and Javanese fieldworkers
were brought in. Several Lebanese merchants also settled here.
There is as well a small number of Jews of Portuguese descent
(see History). The different racial groups often have maintained their own cultures-*, as a result of which there exists
a varied cultural life. Because of racial mixtures, one
will find people of all -types in Suriname,
The main groups
are however as follows:
Amerindians (3%), Bushnegroes (10%)
Creoles (city negr.oes and mixtures with nagro 30%) , Hindustanis
(37%) , Indonesians (mostly from Java and therefore called
Javanese 16%) , Chinese (2%) , Europeans and other (2%) .
2.
B.3
B. 3 .1
BRIEF HISTORY FORM OF THE GOVERNMENT
BRIEF HISTORY
Suriname was discovered around the turn of the fifteenth
century by the Spaniards. As discoverer, Alonso de Ojeda is
mentioned. There is no certainty however, that he ever set
foot ashore. Suriname afterwards became an English, a French
and a Dutch colony. As it is known there had been slavery for
a long time, in July, 1863 slavery was abolished in Suriname.
As such the day of July 1st has a special meaning for the
Surinamers.
In 1866, the colony obtained a limited degree of suffrage
and the Staten, a chosen representation of the peo-ple, came
into being.
In 1954, Suriname obtained" complete autonomy in its
internal affair as the result of the signing of a Statute and
in accordance with a promise made by Her Majesty Queen Wilhelmina during World war II. Finally, on Nevember 25, 1975,
Suriname became an independent Republic.
B. 3.2
FORM OF THE GOVERNMENT
Suriname like Holland and the Netherlands Antilles*:
was an autonomous part of the Kingdom of Netherlands until it
became fully independent.
The head of the Government is a
President.
Executive power rests with a Council of Ministers led
by a prime Minister. This cabinet must have the backing of
the majority in the Surinamese Parliament. The legislative
Council consists of 39 representatives, chosen directly by
the people through universal suffrage. The Constitution of
Suriname guarantees among other things freedom of religion and
freedom of the press and is based on democratic principles.
Juridicial power rests with the Court of Justice.
B.4
THE ECONOMY
The economy of Suriname is based mainly on mining, industry and agriculture. The importance of the fishing industry
is increasing. Bauxite or alumiriLnm one is the main product.
Millions of tons are exported every year after having been
purified as much as possible.
Since 1965, however, alumina and aluminiim are also
being produced from bauxite, as a result whereof the export
value has increased considerably, This fully integrated
aluminum industry resulted from the production of hydroelectric energy. Because Suriname has large bauxite reserves
and a large hydro-electric potential, the future1looks bright.
3.
The limber industry is also of great importance. Thanks
to large lumber reserves, not only in Suriname but also in the
neighboring countries, the supply of lumber for local industries is practically assured.
Polywood production is of
especially great importance, but other woodproducts like particle-board, paraquet-floors and precut houses are also made.
Lately several small industries were started in Suriname. Their
products not only supply the local market but are exported, as
well.
Agriculture is based mainly on rice, bananas and citrus.
These products are exported mostly to Europe. Suriname benefits
from the fact that it is an associate member of the European
Economic Community (Common Market). Suriname also produces
enough sugar for its own consumption and for the production of
alcohol.
The fishing industry is concentrated mostly on shrimps.
The frozen product is exported in attractive containers. Husbandry supplies a large part of the local market. This is also
the case with poultry. Tourism, although still in an early
stage of development, has a great potential and a great future
as communication with the rest of the world improve.
The country
is interesting because of its natural assets and the composition
of the population with its varied cultural expressions.
3.
LABOUR
WAGE AND PRICE PROBLEMS IN SURINAME
A
INTRODUCTION
In respect of the I L.O„/DANIDA-Seminar on Wage Determination, problems will be dealt in accordance with the following
agenda items:
Minimum Wages
Collective Bargaining
Public Sector r-Jage Determination
Enterprise Level Wage Systems
Price and Income Policies.
In Suriname we also have to face these and other socioeconomic problems i.e. the so-called .labour, wage and price
problems. Since we have to deal with a mixed Economy in our
country, in my opinion these problems could be viewed in the
following context!
Labour, wage
price and related problems in the public
and private sector.
B.
LABOUR WAGE PRICE AND RELATED PROBLEMS IN THE
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR.
4.
1.
Economic Activities - Production and Productivity
The basic economic activities in Suriname are classified in the following branches viz;
A.
Agriculture, Cattle-breeding and Fishing
b.
Forestry and Processing
c. Mining.. Quarring and Bauxite Processing
d.
Manufacturing
e.
Electricity, Gas and Water.
f.
Construction
g.
Trade, Restaurants and Hotels
h.
Transport, Storage and Communication
i.
Financing, Insurance and Business Services
j.
Other Community, Social and Personal Services
k.
Government.
If we look at the dispersion of the labourforce in
these branches, it is clear that the Government is the
biggest employer.
We have to conclude also that there is
a great amount of unemployment in the country (See enclosure VA).
It is a pity that owing to the lack of relevant dat© we could
not deduce the unemployment rate for the rural and urban areas.
For a sound development policy in the country an
appropriate dispersion of the population in the productive
and non-productive sectors is essential. In Suriname nowadays
this relation could be estimated at 43 ; 53. This implies that
one inhabitant has to provide for about 8 to 10 others, and
since the contribution to the National Income comes from only
one Surinamese the trend in this respect could not be called
favourable at all.
Although Suriname is mainly an agricultural country,
most of its revenue does not come from this sector but from
industry i.e., the bauxite-industry.
There is still a great amount of foreign ownership
in our local industries and, as a result of this, the profits
are for the benefit of the multinationals and not for the
local population.
Owing to the fact that investments largely exceed savings,
Suriname is to a lrage extent dependent on foreign social
and financial support for its development (the so-called
development aid).
Since the scheme of development aid investments has
predominantly been made in the non-productive sector i.e. the
5.
infrastructure^ field,, it should be clear that this aid has
not given the incentive that generally were expected.
In this respect Suriname could be called a consumptive society.
In the long run, however, our economy has to be made
independent from foreign countries, that is, we have to become self reliant or self-supporting.
Therefore there is
a dire necessity to increase production and productivity in
all the sectors of basic economic activities.
2.
Functional Organizations
As already mentioned, Suriname is dealing with a
Mixed Economy in which,, next to the Government, functional
groups, i.e. employees and workers organizations, are playing a predominant role in the socio-economic development of
the country.
a
•
Employees Organization
Although in Suriname we do not have employers organizations as known in European and other Caribbean countries, the
Trade and Industry Association is acting as such. The following will give you a brief view of the history and aims of
this organization.
Twenty-five years ago, on the initiative of a group
of prominent businessmen, the (Suriname) Trade and industry
Association was founded for the purpose of promoting the
development of trade and industry in Suriname. During this
quarter of a century, the Association has tried to attain
and is continuously pursuing this objective by:
Analyzing and discussing matters affecting trado
and industry in Suriname.Providing information and assistance to members of
the Association;
Liaison with the government institutes and
persons in promoting the development of trade
and industry in Suriname;
Representation in official and other committees
whose activities affect the field of trade and
industry.
The(Suriname) Trade and Industry Association is a
member of the Caribbean Employers Confederation.
k•
Workers organizations (Trade Unions)
There are a large number of workers organizations
in Suriname which are mainly organised on an enterprise
basis. The greater part of these have been incorporated
into four Confederations.
6.
These Confederations ares A.VV.S "De Moederbond",
Progressive Werknemers 0 rganisatie (P.W., 0.), Centrale
Landsdienaren Organisatie (C L„0 ), and Centrale 47 (C.47).
Most unions operating in the private sector have
been incorporated into the Moederbond, the P.W.o and C 47,
while the C.L.O.. looks after the interests of civil servants
and semi-official civil servants.
The object of all confederations in the private
sector is primarily to act in the interest of the workers by
collective bargaining and by concluding collective agreements
and other agreements concerning labour and other conditions.
However, there is also an interest in achieving a
greater involvement of Trade unions in the socio-economic
development and growth of the country. The confederations
particularly, have come to realize that their task must be
enlarged beyond the field of income improvement to other
related fields.
Therefore nowadays these confederations ha\e laid
down these objectives in their planning policy, which they
are trying to realize by means of various activities.
c.
The maintenance and strengthening of the organizations and positions of the Confederations and Trade Unionism
in its totality, as a concrete and responsible vanguard
organization of the working classes.
d.
Utilization of the financial and economic potential
at the disposal of the wage earners for the benefit of their
families and society in a wider sense.
e.
The vigorous development of conditions, standards and
organs for general progress, a truly democratic society and
a justified national policy., especially in the fi&ld of
income spreading and control of the cost of living.
If trade unionism is to perform this heavy task
successfully, joint effort and labour "ill be of dire
necessity.
It is therefore most laudable that some years ago
the four Confederations founded the Stitching Samenwerkende
Vakcentrales Suriname (S.S.V.S.) viz, a Trade Union Council
(S.T.U.C.). As a result of this it will be possible for the
Trade Union movement to act as a totality in matters.
The main object of the S„S,V„S. is the promotion of
the wealth and welfare of the working classes. The S.S.V.S.
will reach its aim by means of inter alia;
1.
Financing and running of an Educational Centre
to which an Information Centre and a Printing
Office will be connected.
2.
Foundation of a National Insurance Bank.
7.
3.
3.
The setting up of co-operatives, viz. Consumerr
Productive and credit co-operatives.
4.
The promotion of all other activities in respect of
the main aim of the S„S„V„S„
Minimum Wages
In the wage dtermination process in our country, the
objective of minimum wages is to obtain a justified wage in
order to meet basic needs, i.e. the minimum requirements such
as adequate food, shelter and clothing, household equipment
and furniture and also safe drinking water, sanitation, public
transport, health and educational facilities.
Although in Suriname there is not yet a National Wage
Policy, several governments have made different studies for
particular categories of low wage earners such as domestic
workers and manufacturing workers. It is likely that in respect of the National Wage Policy, machinery for minimum wage
fixing will be built in.
The Ministry of Labour and Housing is now making further
preparations to apply and implement wage policy. In this respect, some time ago the former Minister of Labour and Housing
had installed a tripartiate Advisory Board on National wage
Policy.
Also in this Ministry a special department has been added,
viz.j the wage Department in order to provide the abovementioned
Advisory Board with information concerning wage determination
in the public and private sectors. Later on, this department ;'.
will act as a Wage Advisory Institute to workers and employers
organizations and also for other governmental bodies.
It is clear that up to now minimum wage fixing had not
played any role in the government's wage policy since as
mentioned this policy is not yet introduced.
By means of collective bargaining, to a certain extent,
provisions are made in collective agreements fixing minimum
wages (See enclosure V-B).
Nevertheless there is quite a difference in wage levels
in the industrial sector and also between these enterprises
and the public sector(See enclosure V-C/V-D)
4.
Price and Income Policies
Before introducing and implementing a price and income
policy, in my opinion it is necessary to review the characteristics of the country's economy as a whole. Based on certain
standards of prosperity, including per capita income. Suriname
is considered to be a developing country just like many others.
in the Caribbean.
In this connection the following characteristics should
be mentioned:
a stagnant production
8.
a high rate of unemployment
a low per capita income (as already mentioned)
a high rate of urbanisation
a great wave of emigration (In any case before
Independence).
a disproportionate division of income
high consumptive investment, in general.
an unfavourable trend in the balance of payments
a high cost of living (See enclosure IVE)
the absence of fjocial security schemes for the mass
of the population.
Owing to the relation between these socio-economic
problems and the definition and application of price and income
policies, we have to take in con;s:id eration the impact of these
policies on the overall socio-economic field.
However* as the two main problems in this field, wage
problems as well as price problems could be mentioned.
If we want to grracp the problems of wages more readily,
these should be put in the context of the cost of living and a
distinction must be nr^de between monetary and non-monetary
income.
This has to be done since on the one hand monetary
income refers to the wage rate for a given job or the gross
wages received related to service rendered and on the other
hand non-monetary income refers to social facilities such as;
companies contribution to pensions, medical-care and workers/
education.
Since it is a fact that wage demands are still the
main objective in collective Bargaining, in this connection
we&re mostly concerned with monetary income.
Also, in this respect we will see that the need of
organized labour is to improve the life conditions of the
workers and, as such.- for the wage earners, who expect to
achieve continuously more and better goods and services. It
stands to reason, that in this matter Workers and Employers
Organizations are playing an important role, for these organizations are negotiating in order to conclude Collective and
other Agreements in which this main condition is fixed.
Also collective bargaining has expanded from wage
negotiation to other matte.-c such as job promotion, holiday
adjustment, leave and leave facilities, job security and
workers education.
9.
Through price compensation clauses.- which are fixed in
several Collective Agreements in my country these days, Trade
Unions and Employers are trying to reduce the impact of price
increases. However, it is a pity that most of these regulations
are only valid for the individual enterprise instead of the
industry or national level,, owing to the nature of the
Collective Agreements. The consequence of this system is that
wages in the middle size and large companies are influencing
and even decreasing the standard of living for the enterprises
and rural areas where we have lower incomes. This action has
also stimulated rapid job-turnover and urbanisation.
In contrast to wages, there are some far reaching
government price measures in Surinome. in this connection,
the ruling national price-control-system must be mentioned.
Some years ago, the Government started a price mitigation
scheme.
A Central Import Office viz. Central Importbureau
Suriname (c.I.S.) which is related to the Ministry of Economic
Affairs was founded. The aims of this office are;
1.
-,'.'•
2.
Distribution and selling of essential consumer goods
viz. foodstuffs such as, rice, oil, onions, various
peas, salt beef and salt fish which should be obtainable
by the lower income groups in the society.
To import directly great stocks of the abovementioned
local and foreign consumers goods.
Owing to various circumstances, the proposed aims of
the C I . S . were not satisfactorily met. The new Minister of
Economic Affairs in the second Arron cabinet, the honourable
Mr. Ludwig Zuiverloon, now intends to reorganize this bureau.
An ad.hoc Advisory Board has been installed. It consists
of government representatives as well as representatives of
various functional organizations, viz., the Chamber of Commerce,
Trade and Industry Association, Confederation of Trade Unions,
Confederation of Womens's Organizations, in view of the
importance ttf this matter, this Board hopes to finish this
difficult task very soon.
The main problems which are closely related to the definition and application of wage and price policies could be finally
summarised as follows;
1.
The absence of a statutory minimum wage viz., a
reasonable income for a great number of the working
population adequate to meet basic needs.
2.
Different wage rates of the enterprise level instead
of uniform rates at the industry level- as well as
a disproportionate payment of wages/salaries in the
private and public sectors.
3.
The increasing cost of living caused by;
(a)
the ruling Collective Bargaining System in large
scale enterprises where high wage rates are fixed.
10.
(b)
the openness and dependence of the Suriname
economy with the country importing many expensive
consumer capital goods.
(c)
the lack of production and productivity in the
local industries as well as the increasing
consumption rate.
4.
SOME REMARKS FOR APPLICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WAGE
AND PRICE POLICIES IN SURINAME
;
A-
iNrjwpuc^ioN
For the achievement of objectivity and righteousness
in wage ^determination, income distribution and consumption
matters, it is necessary to adopt soon National flace and Price
Policies in Suriname. As a basic starting-point for these
policies, it has to be considered that the entire population in
general and the working class particularly have to achieve a
rational income adequate to meet basic needs. Anyhow, the aims
of these policies should bo clear and surveyable while correct
measures-should be taken.
B.
AIMS. 0F_THE_. VJAGE AND PRICE P O L I C I E S
The wage and price policies which should be introduced
must be aimed, at;
(1)
The achievement, the improvement and stabilization
of a righteous income distribution.
(2)
The promotion of job-satisfaction and labour-peace and
thus promotion of production and productivity.
(3)
The maintenance of the real purchasing power of wages and o
other incomes and thus the stimulation of socio-economic development, advance and growth of the population
in general and the working class particularly.
C.
MEASURES T1HICH SHOULD BE TAKEN
The measures which should be taken in connection with
the introduction of National Ttoge and Price Policies in Suriname
could be among others.
1.
The introduction of a National Statutory Minimum
Wage (for all sectors of economic activities) based
on an income adequate for basic needs.- viz., minimum
family requirements as already mentioned.
2.
The periodical fixing of maximum wage rates by
Employers and workers organization recording to
wage rates fixed by the government and through
Collective or other similar Agreements.
3.
Referring to item 2, to adapt, periodically the
government's salaries to the average wage rate
in similar sectors of economic activities in the
private sector.
11.
4.
Referring to item 3, to strengthen the public sector
by improving the functioning of the government's
offices in order to achieve in this sector more
production and productivity.
5.
In connection with the abovementioned items, it
would be necessary to re-organize the structure of
Employers and Workers organizations according to
the required reorganization of the structure of the
enterprises concerned, viz., the sectors of economic
activities.
6.
In respect of item 5, the government has to
continue to render assistance to the organizations
concerned through projects such as, workers
education, workers participation and co-operation
proj ects.
7.
The introduction on a large scale of a saving or
investment ineome for workers in enterprises in
addition to other non-monetary incomes.
8.
Referring to item 7, the stimulation of worker
capital ownership in enterprises.
9.
The adoption of a government fiscal policy to
facilitate the introduction of the income mentioned in item 7.
10. To initiate and to continue adult education projects by the government, to create structural
possibilities for wage increases for .lower income
groups in the enterprises concerned.
11. To stimulate by government information the application and implementation of formal job evaluation
schemes in the enterprises affected by the introduction of the National Wage Policy. The related
measures would have to be fixed by articles cf.Collection or
other similar Agreements.
12 a) The introduction of production and productivity
increasing schemes with a view to import-substitution and eventually the stimulation of exports.
b) The introduction of employment creation projects
in general.
13.
Referring to item 12, the subsidizing of persons and
institutes involved by the government.
14 a) To improve and stimulate government price control
in shops and similar undertakings-viz., price protection for local and foreign or import goods.
b) To realize the reorganization of the Centrale
Import-bureau Suriname (C.I.S ), viz., Central
Import Office., as soon as possible in accordance
with the wish of the new Minister of Economic Affairs.
12.
c)
In connection with subsection 'b' the improvement
of the distribution of the well-known essential
consumers goods to the mass of the population.
15.
To install and/or to make operational several Advisory
Boards on a tripartite basis to de<?l with labour
and/or other Socio-economic matters.
In this respect. the Labour Advisory Board (which has to be
made operational by statutory measures) and the
Socio-economic Advisory Board (which is not yet
installed) could be mentioned.
16.
To coordinate the activities of the Ministries
concerned, in the collection, improvement and
publication of socio-economic data in order to
.- v
have a common data-basis .for the adoption of
government policies inter alia the National wage
and Price Policy.
Finally, we would summarize the following measures
for socio-economic development,- advance and growth in Suriname:
1.
The introduction of a new employment creation projects
as well as the improvement of production and
productivity increasing schemes.
2.
The rapid introduction of National Nc<ge and Price
Policies.
3.
The initiation, adaptation and adoption of labour
and similar socio-economic laws.
4.
The improvement of data processing on the application of government's policies.
It must be clear that in respect of the operation
of the country's economy- there should be a close co-operation
between government and -.all functional organizations,
particularly Employers and Workers organizations, for the
initiation, adaptation, adoption and implementation of
socio-economic measures.
By doing so, in my opinion a sound base could be
laid for rapid socio-economic development, advance and growth
for the benefit of the entire population in the Republic
of Suriname.
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c.
SAIARY
SCALES
IN
THE
PUBLIC
SECTOR
IN
SURINAME
(SCALES/FUNCTION CATEGORIES)
AS PER JANUARY 1, 1977
SCALE NO.
FUNCTION
AMOUNT
CATEGORIES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
200
212
224
274
328
386
448
514
• Fixed
- 248
- 300
)
)
)
- 356
)
- 416
- 480
)
)
- 543
- 620
)
)
9
10
11
12
13
14
584
658
736
818
904
993
- 696
.- 776
- 860
)
)
)
- 948
)
-1039
-1133
)
)
15
1085 -1230
)
16
17
1181 -1330
)
1280 -1433
)
F. Academic and Research Officers
13
19
20
1331 -1539
1485 -1648
1593 -1760
)
)
)
G. Top Managers of the Ministries.
Source : Staatsbesluit
A. Unskilled Civil Servants
B. Skilled Civil Servants
C. Lower Middle Cadre of Civil
Servants
D. Middle Cadre of Civil Servants
E. Top Middle Cadre of Civil
Servants
11 - 76
Governnent resolution
11 - 76
Paramaribo, Surinane, January, 1978
RES/LR
0
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V.
CONSUMER PRIC3 INDICES
1973 - 1977
(INDEX BASIS _1968/1969.»_i.00}__
YEAR
INDICES
1973
122
1974
143
1975
155
1976
170
1977
107
Source:
Surinane in Vorjelvlucht
(A s t a t i s t i c a l Survey of .Surinane)
Paranaribo/Sur inane, January 1978
RES/IR.
VI
F.
SELECTED
1. Anderson, L. c.s.
READINGS
Labour Economics For Caribbean Trade
Unionist.
(Published by Trade Union Education
I n s t i t u t e (TUEI) ) .
Jamaica and ILO/Danida
Caribbean Project on Workers' Education.
2.
Brahim, A.J. Dr3. e.a.
Symposium-verslag over Lonen en Prijzen Report on a symposium on Wages and Prices
(Published by the Vereniging van Economisten
in Suriname
-VES-, Association of Economy in Suriname)
3. Esajas, Rh. A. Drs.
(Co-ordinator)
Analyse van CAD's in Suriname
(période 1966 - 1979) - Analysis of
Collective Agreements in Suriname.
(Published by: Ministerie van Arbeid en
Volkshuisvesting.
Ministry of Labour and Housing).
4. I.L.G.
Collective Bargaining in INDUSTRIALIZED
MARKET ECONOMIES.
3. I.L.O.
Employment, Growth and Basic Needs.
6. I. L. 0.
Job Evaluation.
7. I. L. 0.
Wages.
8.
Liong A Jin, P.
Sociale Wetgeving (in Suriname)
(Social Legislation in Suriname)
9.
Schaik van, M. Drs,
Loonontwikkeling en Nationaal Loonbeleid Wage development and National Wage Policy.
(Published by: Ministerie van Arbeid
en Volkshuisvesting
- Ministry of Labour and Housing)
10.
Sion, R.E.
Note ota: Socio-Economic development in
Suriname during the period 1964 - 1974.
(Published by: A W S "De Moederbond General Confederation of Trade-Unions in
Suriname).
11.
Stichting ter Bevordering van het Tourisme
in Suriname.
Wat de tourist wil seten over Suriname
- uttgave 1976 -.
(What a tourist wants'rtD know about
Suriname - Issue 1976 - )