Theeffectofpartialsynonymyonsecondlanguagevocabularylearning
„„ƒ•Ž‹ƒ”‡‹ƒ†ƒŽ‡Š
‘Žƒ‹ ͳ
ƒŠ‘‡‹‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒœ˜‹ǡ”ƒ
Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›™ƒ•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–”ƒǦŽ‹‰—ƒŽ
•‡ƒ–‹… •‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ™‘”†• ȋ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ •›‘››Ȍ ‘ •‡…‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡
˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ ‘ –Š‹• ‡†ǡ –™‘ ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡
•‡Ž‡…–‡†Ǥ ‘–Š ‰”‘—’• ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ƒ ’”‡Ǧ–‡•–Ǥ Š‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ‰”‘—’
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡–ƒ—‰Š–•‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‹Žƒ”™‘”†•…‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ„‡‹‰
ƒ†‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ–‹…•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ†…‘–”ƒ•–•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡…‘–”‘Ž
‰”‘—’’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•”‡…‡‹˜‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡™‘”†•”ƒ†‘Ž›™‹–Šƒ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‘ˆ
ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –™‘ ™‡‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› •‹‹Žƒ”
™‘”†•Ǥ ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•– ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’•
™‡”‡…‘’ƒ”‡†—•‹‰ƒ…ƒ•‡–Ǧ–‡•–’”‘…‡†—”‡Ǥ‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡
…‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡ –‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› •‹‹Žƒ” ™‘”†• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡•
–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ•‡…‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ
Keywordsǣ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ•›‘››Ǣ‹–”ƒǦŽ‹‰—ƒŽ•‡ƒ–‹…•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•Ǣ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
1.Introduction
Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘™ Ž‹––Ž‡ †‘—„– –Šƒ– ™‹–Š‘—– ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡ –Š‡ •–‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡™‘”–Š–‡ŽŽ‹‰Ǥ‹˜‡”•ȋͳͻͺͳȌ’—–•‹––Š‹•™ƒ›ǣ
–™‘—Ž†„‡‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘Ž‡ƒ”ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™‹–Š‘—–™‘”†•Ǥ‡…‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ”
ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Š”‘—‰Š•‘‡•›„‘Ž •›•–‡™Š‹…Š™‘—Ž††‡‘•–”ƒ–‡
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡›ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†ǡ„—––Š‹•™‘—Ž†„‡Ž‹‡‡šƒ‹‹‰
–Š‡ •‡Ž‡–ƒŽ ”‡ƒ‹• ‘ˆ ƒ †‹‘•ƒ—” ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘‡ Šƒ† ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›
‡…‘—–‡”‡†–Š‡…”‡ƒ–—”‡Ǥƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•‘–†”›„‘‡•Ǥ–ǯ•ƒŽ‹˜‹‰‰”‘™‹‰
‡–‹–›ǡ…Ž‘–Š‡†‹–Š‡ˆŽ‡•Š‘ˆ™‘”†•ǤȋǤͶ͸ʹȌ
Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‹ˆ ™‡ Šƒ† ‘– –Š‘—‰Š– ƒ„‘—– †‘‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—–
˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ™‡•Š‘—Ž†‘•–…‡”–ƒ‹Ž›†‘•‘‘™Ǥ
ͳ—–Š‘”•ƒ”‡‡„‡”•‘ˆˆƒ…—Ž–›ƒ–ƒŠ‘‡‹‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒœ˜‹ǡ”ƒ
”ƒ‹ƒ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋȌǡ‘ŽǤͳȋʹȌǡʹͲͲ͹ȋ’’Ǥ͹͵ǦͺͺȌ
͹Ͷ
„„ƒ•Ž‹ƒ”‡‹ƬƒŽ‡Š
‘Žƒ‹
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ‹• •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹• ‡ƒ•‹‡” •ƒ‹† –Šƒ †‘‡Ǥ ‘”ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡
—ƒ‹‘—• ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ‘ –Š‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ™‘”†•ǡ ™Š‡ ‹– …‘‡• –‘ –Š‡
‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ǡƒŽŽ–Šƒ–‹•‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›‘–‹…‡†‹•…‘–”‘˜‡”•›Ǥ
˜‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ•– ˆ‡™ †‡…ƒ†‡•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”–—‡• ‘ˆ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› –‡ƒ…Š‹‰ Šƒ˜‡ ™ƒš‡†
ƒ† ™ƒ‡†Ǥ ‡– –Š‡ ‘”‡ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› –‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ‡–Š‘†• Šƒ˜‡ …Šƒ‰‡†ǡ ‹–
•‡‡•ǡ–Š‡‘”‡–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡”‡ƒ‹‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡ǤŠƒ–‹•’ƒ”–Ž›™Š›˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›
–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹••‘‡–‹‡•†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ•ƒ–›’‹…ƒŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ
…›‹…ƒŽ…‘‡–ƒ–‘”‘…‡•ƒ‹†ƒ„‘—––Š‡‘”›ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǣ
Š‡‘”› ‹• ™Š‡ ‘‡ ‘™• ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ „—– ‘–Š‹‰ ™‘”•Ǣ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ‹•
™Š‡‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰™‘”•„—–‘‘‡‘™•™Š›Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡…‘„‹‡†–Š‡‘”›
ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǣ‘–Š‹‰™‘”•ƒ†‘‘‡‘™•™Š›Ǩ
Š‡ˆ‹‰‡”‘ˆ•—•’‹…‹‘ǡ‹–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›’‘‹–•ƒ––‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǡ™Š‘ǡ‹–Š‡
’ƒ•–ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ…Š ƒ …‘•‡•—• ‘ Š‘™ –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š ™‘”†• ƒ† –”‡ƒ–‡†
˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›–‡ƒ…Š‹‰‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–™ƒ•‘”‡‘”Ž‡••”‡‹‹•…‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ›‹‰ǣ
Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ•™‡”• –‘ ƒ› …‘…‡‹˜ƒ„Ž‡ “—‡•–‹‘ǣ ›‘—”
ƒ•™‡”ǡ›ƒ•™‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡…‘””‡…–ƒ•™‡”Ǥ
‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ”‡…‡– ›‡ƒ”• Šƒ˜‡ ™‹–‡••‡† ƒ •—”‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›
–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥˆ–‡”ƒˆ‡™†‡…ƒ†‡•‘ˆ‡‰Ž‡…–ǡ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Šƒ•
”‡…‡–Ž› „‡…‘‡ ƒ ‘„Œ‡…– ‘ˆ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ‹–‡”‡•– ƒ† ‡“—‹”› ƒ‘‰
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ǡ–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǡƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ†
•–‹—Žƒ–‹‰’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ƒ•–‘–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‹‰‘ˆ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ
‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ…‘–”‘˜‡”•›‹•ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ•—…Š’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•Ǥ
‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ …‘–”‘˜‡”•› ‹• –Š‡ •‘Ǧ…ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ‹…‹†‡–ƒŽǯ ˜‡”•—• Ǯ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽǯ
˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ ‘‡ •…Š‘Žƒ”• Ž‹‡ ‡•…Š‡ ƒ† ƒ”‹„ƒŠ– ȋͳͻͻͻȌ Š‘Ž†
–Šƒ–‘™‹‰–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡ‹–…ƒ‘–„‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ƒ––‡”‘ˆ
ƒ› •›ŽŽƒ„—•Ǥ Š‡› •—‰‰‡•–ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ”‡ƒ† ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› •‘ –Šƒ–
–Š‡‹” ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› ‹• ‡š’ƒ†‡† ‹…‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›Ǥ —…‹ ƒ† ‘ƒ†›
ȋͳͻͻͻȌ ‡—‡”ƒ–‡ …‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ‹…‹†‡–ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘˜‡” †‹”‡…–
‹•–”—…–‹‘‹…Ž—†‹‰ǣȋƒȌǤ…‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡȋ„ȌǤ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‹…ƒ…›ǡƒ†ȋ…ȌǤ
„‡‹‰‘”‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”Ǧ…‡–”‡†ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•‡†Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ”‘™‡–ƒŽǤȋͳͻͻͻȌ
ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›
‹–‡• •‡…‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ‘™ ƒ† –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ™‘”†• –Šƒ– …ƒ „‡
”ƒ‹ƒ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋȌǡ‘ŽǤͳȋʹȌǡʹͲͲ͹
͹ͷ
‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ž› –ƒ—‰Š– •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– ‘”‡ ƒ––‡–‹‘ ‡‡†• –‘ „‡ ’ƒ‹† –‘ ‹…‹†‡–ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
Š‡…‘—–‡”Ǧƒ”‰—‡–…‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡Ž‹‡—†œƒǡ‡–ƒŽǤȋͳͻͺͷȌ™Š‘ƒ”‰—‡
–Šƒ– ‹…‹†‡–ƒŽ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‹•
‡š–”ƒ˜ƒ‰ƒ– ‘ˆ –‹‡ǡ Š‡…‡ “—‹–‡ —‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽǤ Š‡ ’”‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š –‘ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Šƒ– ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š ‹•–”—…–‹‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› …‘–”‹„—–‡• –‘ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ȋƒ–‹‘ǡ ͳͻͻͲǢ ‹‡”ƒǡ ͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ ‡ˆ‡””‹‰ –‘ ‘ƒ†›ǯ•
ȋͳͻͻ͹„Ȍ Ǯ–Š‡ „‡‰‹‡”ǯ• ’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǯǡ Š—– ƒ† ‡‰Žƒ” ȋʹͲͲʹȌ …‘…Ž—†‡ –Šƒ–
‡š’Ž‹…‹– ‹•–”—…–‹‘ ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” „‡‰‹‹‰ •–—†‡–• ™Š‘•‡ Žƒ… ‘ˆ
˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ž‹‹–•–Š‡‹””‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡƒ–‹‘ǯ•ȋʹͲͲʹȌƒ••—’–‹‘
‹• –Šƒ– ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› ‰”‘™–Š ‹• •—…Š ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘
–Šƒ– ‹– †‡•‡”˜‡• –‘ „‡ ’Žƒ‡† ˆ‘”ǡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž› …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ƒ† ‘‹–‘”‡†Ǥ
Ž•‘ǡŽŽ‡›ǯ•ȋͳͻͺͻȌ•–—†‹‡•‘ˆ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‹•–‡‹‰–‘•–‘”‹‡•
•Š‘™ –Šƒ– ”‡Ž›‹‰ ‘ ‡ƒ‹‰Ǧˆ‘…—•‡† ‹’—– ȋ‹…‹†‡–ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ȍ ƒŽ‘‡ ‹•
Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ –‘‘ —…Š –‘ …Šƒ…‡Ǥ ƒ”‹‘—• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ† –‡…Š‹“—‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‘Š‡Ž’Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡–Š‘”›–ƒ•‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ
‡ •—…Š •–”ƒ–‡‰› ’”‘’‘•‡† „› ƒ–…Š ƒ† ”‘™ ȋͳͻͻͷȌ ‹• –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ
•‡ƒ–‹…†‘ƒ‹Ǥ‹–Š–Š‹•‡–Š‘†ǡ™‘”†•‹–Š‡•ƒ‡•‡ƒ–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ•—…Šƒ•
™‘”†• ˆ‘” …‘‘‹‰ ‡–…Ǥ ƒ”‡ –ƒ—‰Š– –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ǯbuildǯ
†‘ƒ‹ǡ‹–‹•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–˜‡”„•Ž‹‡establish,found,setupǡƒ†organiseƒ”‡
—•‡†–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–‡’‹•–ƒ”–‹‰ƒ‡™…‘’ƒ›ǡƒ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡–…Ǥ
– ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– •‘‡ ™‘”†• ‹ –Š‹• †‘ƒ‹ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡
™‘”‹‰ ‘ ƒ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ ƒ „”‹†‰‡ǡ ‘” •‘‡ ‘–Š‡” ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ •–”—…–—”‡ǣ build,
construct,erectǡƒ†putupǡ™Š‹Ž‡˜‡”„•Ž‹‡make,produceǡƒ†manufacture
ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ™‘”†• –Šƒ– †‡•…”‹„‡ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ‹‰ ƒ ‡™ –Š‹‰Ǥ
š‡”…‹•‡• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ‹•–”—…–‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• –‘ •—„•–‹–—–‡ ‘‡
™‘”† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ †‘ƒ‹ ˆ‘” ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ ‘” –‘ …Š‘‘•‡ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘
’‘••‹„Ž‡™‘”†•–‘ˆ‹ŽŽƒ„Žƒ‹ƒ‰‹˜‡•‡–‡…‡Ǥ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ
‘Paperwasfirst…inChina(manufactured,constructed)”.
Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ •—…Š ‡š‡”…‹•‡• ‹• –‘ ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š
„‡‰‹‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• •‡‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡† ™‹–Š “—‹–‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰•ǡ ‘”‡
ƒ†˜ƒ…‡† Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ‘ˆ–‡ ‡‡† ‘”‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡‡ƒ”•›‘›•Ǥ‡ƒ”‡”•‘ˆ–‡‰‡–…Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰
‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ™‘”†•ǡ …Š‘‘•‹‰ ‡ƒ‹‰• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ •‘‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡–
͹͸
„„ƒ•Ž‹ƒ”‡‹ƬƒŽ‡Š
‘Žƒ‹
™‘”†ǡ „—– ‘– ƒŽŽǤ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž› ‹•–ƒ‡• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‘–
—…‘‘ƒ‘‰”ƒ‹ƒŽ‡ƒ”‡”•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šǣ
ȗŠ‡„‘š‘ˆ–Š‡„‘‘•™ƒ•Šƒ”†Ǥ
ȗ…‡Š‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡‡™•ǡǥ
ȗ‡‡‡†ƒ•–”‹‰Ǥ
ȗŠƒ†–Š‡…”‡†‹–‘ˆ‹–”‘†—…‹‰ǥ
‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
Š‡ƒ˜›
—’‘
”‘’‡
Š‘‘—”
–—†‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‡–ƒŽ Ž‡š‹…‘ ‘ˆ „‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ• •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– ™‘”†• ƒ”‡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†
‹–‘•‡ƒ–‹…ƒ†’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‡–™‘”•‹•—…Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‡ƒ…ŠŽ‡ƒ”–™‘”†
‹–‡”ƒ…–• ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‡š‹…‘ ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–‹… ƒ†
’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ ƒ›„‡ –Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ™Š› ™Š‡ ™‡ ƒ”‡ –‹”‡†ǡ ™‡
ƒ› ’”‘†—…‡ •Ž‹’• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘‰—‡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š ™‡ Šƒ’’‡ –‘ —––‡” ƒ ™‘”† –Šƒ–
•Šƒ”‡• ƒ› ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹–‡†‡† ™‘”†Ǥ ”‘‹ ȋͳͻ͹͵Ȍ ‰‹˜‡•
‡šƒ’Ž‡• ™Š‡”‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• •—„•–‹–—–‡ ‘‡ „‘†› ’ƒ”– ˆ‘” ƒ‘–Š‡” Ȃ ‘my knee
hurts’™Š‡”‡ankle™ƒ•‡ƒ–Ǥ
•›…Š‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹… †‹•…‘˜‡”‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™ ™‘”†
…ƒ„‡ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”…ƒƒ‡„‡–™‡‡
–Š‡™‘”†ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‘”†•‹–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‹–›’‡•
‘ˆ ‡ƒ‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ™‘”†• ƒ”‡ ǮŠ›’‘››ǯ ȋ…ƒ–Ǧƒ‹ƒŽȌǡ
Ǯƒ–‘››ǯȋ‘Ž†Ǧ›‘—‰ȌǡǮ…‘˜‡”•‡‡••ǯȋ’ƒ”‡–Ǧ…Š‹Ž†ȌǡǮ•›‘››ǯȋˆ”‡‡†‘Ǧ
Ž‹„‡”–›ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š Dz’•›…Š‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‘”†•
Š‡Ž’•—•–‘”‡‡„‡”–Š‡dzȋƒ…‡›ǡͳͻ͸ͷȌǡ‹–‹•–Š‡ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘–”ƒ•–•
–Šƒ–’Žƒ›•–Š‹•”‘Ž‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‡’‹”‹…ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡…‡–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•
†‘ ‘– ƒ…“—‹”‡ •›‘›• ‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ǥ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ
‘˜‡”‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ– ™‘” ˆ‘” •›‘›•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• „‡…ƒ—•‡ •‘‡ ‹–‡• ƒ”‡
•›‘›‘—• ‹ •‘‡ …‘–‡š–•ǡ „—– ‘– ‹ ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ ›‘›• •Šƒ”‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ
—•—ƒŽŽ›˜ƒ”›‹‰‹–‡”•‘ˆ…‘ŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘•‘””‡‰‹•–‡”Ǥ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒargument
…ƒ„‡strong‘”powerfulǡ„—–tea…ƒ‘Ž›„‡strongǤ
Ž–Š‘—‰Š†‹…–‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ž‹•–•›‘›•ƒ•™‘”†•™‹–Š•‹‹Žƒ”‡ƒ‹‰•ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ…–
–Šƒ–‹•ƒ•›‘›ˆ‘”†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ–‹•‡…‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ•›‘›ˆ‘”Ǥ
›‘• ȋͳͻͻͷȌ •–‹’—Žƒ–‡• –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š”‡‡ …‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›
•›‘›‘—•ǡŠ‡…‡‹–‡”…Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ‹–‡•ǣ
ͳǤ ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹”‡ƒ‹‰••Š‘—Ž†„‡‹†‡–‹…ƒŽǢ
ʹǤ –Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡•›‘›‘—•‹ƒŽŽ…‘–‡š–•Ǣ
”ƒ‹ƒ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋȌǡ‘ŽǤͳȋʹȌǡʹͲͲ͹
͹͹
͵Ǥ –Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡•‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘ƒŽŽ†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ǡ
†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡‘”‘Ǧ†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡
Š‡‡••‡…‡‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ”‰—‡–‹•–Šƒ––™‘™‘”†•‹‰Š–‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•
•›‘›‘—•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…ƒ”‡—•–„‡–ƒ‡‘––‘…‘ˆ—•‡–Š‡ǡˆ‘”–Š‡›ƒ›
ˆƒ‹Ž –‘ •ƒ–‹•ˆ› ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡Ǧ‡–‹‘‡† …‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ǮŽƒ”‰‡ǯ ‹•
‘–‹–‡”…Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡™‹–ŠǮ„‹‰ǯ‹ǣ
ͳǤ‘—ƒ”‡ƒ‹‰ƒ„‹‰‹•–ƒ‡Ǥ
ȗʹǤ‘—ƒ”‡ƒ‹‰ƒŽƒ”‰‡‹•–ƒ‡Ǥ
—†œƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ƒ˜‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹–”ƒǦŽ‹‰—ƒŽ •‡ƒ–‹… ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒŽŽ‘™
’”‡…‹•‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†—•‡–‘„‡‰‹˜‡‹ƒ‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽƒ†
Š‡…‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ›Ǥ Š‡› •ƒ› ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‡˜‹†‡…‡ –‘ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹† ƒ‡• —•‡ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–‹…
•‹‹Žƒ”‹–›‹ˆ‹†‹‰™‘”†•ˆ”‘‡‘”›ˆ‘”—•‡‹•’‡‡…ŠǤ–—†‹‡•‘ˆ•Ž‹’•‘ˆ
–Š‡–‘‰—‡ƒ†‡„›ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠŠƒ˜‡•Š‘™–Šƒ–ƒ›™”‘‰
™‘”†•ǡ ˆƒ” ˆ”‘ „‡‹‰ ”ƒ†‘ ‹•–ƒ‡•ǡ ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› •Šƒ”‡ •‘‡ ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ
‡ƒ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡†‡†™‘”†Ǥ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ
Šƒ˜‡›„‘‘ƒ†›jigsawǥ‡ƒcrosswordǤ
”‡ƒŽŽ›likeǥhate–‘‰‡–—’‡ƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡‘”‹‰Ǥ
•‡…‘†–›’‡‘ˆ‡˜‹†‡…‡…‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡•’‡‡…Š‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š…‡”–ƒ‹‹†•
‘ˆ„”ƒ‹†ƒƒ‰‡Ǥ–‡•–•‘ˆ”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ•ƒ›‹‰–Š‡™‘”†
–Š‡›ƒ”‡•Š‘™ǡ…‘•‹•–‡–Ž›•ƒ›ƒ‘–Š‡”™‘”†ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡•‡ƒ–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ
ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ canary ”‡ƒ† ƒ• parrotǡ ill ƒ• sickǡ city ƒ• townǡ ƒ† bush ƒ• treeǤ
Š‹•‡˜‹†‡…‡•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡‹†–ƒ‡•ƒ……‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰‹–Š‡™ƒ›‹–
•–‘”‡•ƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡•™‘”†•Ǥ–ƒ›„‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹†•–‘”‡•™‘”†•‹–Š‡‹†
‘ˆ•‡ƒ–‹…•‡–•‡–‹‘‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥˆ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡…ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡
–Šƒ–™‘”†••Š‘—Ž†„‡–ƒ—‰Š–‹•‡ƒ–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ
•‡ƒ–‹…ˆ‹‡Ž†‹…Ž—†‡•™‘”†•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡•‡ƒ–‹…”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ•
ƒ›™‘”†•ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–…ƒ””›–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰Ǯ–ƒŽ‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǯƒ”‡
’”‡•‡–‡† …‘…—””‡–Ž› ǣ chat, chatter, prattle, babble, blab, gossipǢ ‘” ™‘”†•
Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆǮ…ƒ—•‡‘–„‡ƒŽ‹˜‡ǯƒ”‡Ž‹•–‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
„„ƒ•Ž‹ƒ”‡‹ƬƒŽ‡Š
‘Žƒ‹
͹ͺ
kill, murder, assassinate, slay, slaughter, butcher, massacre, execute,
exterminate
‹ŽŽ
—”†‡”
••ƒ••‹ƒ–‡
Žƒ›
Žƒ—‰Š–‡”
—–…Š‡”
ƒ••ƒ…”‡
š‡…—–‡
š–‡”‹ƒ–‡
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
Ϊ
†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž›
„Œ‡…–‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡•–•
„Œ‡…–‹••„…‘†‡‡†–‘†‡ƒ–Š„›ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ‘”’•›†‘ǦŽ‡‰ƒŽ’”‘…‡†—”‡
„Œ‡…–‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ†‡ˆ‡…‡Ž‡••’‡‘’Ž‡
„”—–ƒŽŽ›
‘”ˆ‘‘†
„Œ‡…–—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ‹ƒŽ
–”‡••‡•–Š‡—‰Ž›ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ…–‹‘
›—•‹‰ˆ‘”…‡‘”ƒ™‡ƒ’‘
„Œ‡…–—•–„‡Š—ƒ
•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ’”‡˜‹‘—•†‡…‹•‹‘
ƒ—•‡‘––‘„‡ƒŽ‹˜‡
„Œ‡…–Šƒ•’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ’‘™‡”‘”•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡
—†œƒ‡–ƒŽǤȋ‹„‹†ǤȌ’”‡•‡–™‘”†•‹‰”‹†•Ž‹‡‰”‹†ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•
ƒ†•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•„‡–™‡‡™‘”†•ƒ”‡•Š‘™„›–Š‡•‡ƒ–‹…ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ––Š‡–‘’
‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‹†Ǥ
Ϊ
”‹†ǣ‘”†•ƒ†–Š‡‹”•‡ƒ–‹…ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•
…ƒ”–Š› ƒ† ǯ‡ŽŽ ȋͳͻͻͶȌ ƒŽ•‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– ‘”‰ƒ‹•‹‰ ™‘”†• „› ‡ƒ‹‰
ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡• –Š‡‹” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ Š‡› ’”‡•‡– ™‘”†• ‹ ’ƒ‹”• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ …Ž‘•‡ ‹
‡ƒ‹‰ǡ „—– ƒ”‡ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡” ‹ –Šƒ– ‘‡
™‘”†‹‡ƒ…Š’ƒ‹”‹•’‡Œ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ
”ƒ‹ƒ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋȌǡ‘ŽǤͳȋʹȌǡʹͲͲ͹
•Ž‹Ȁ•‹›
‡ƒȀ–Š”‹ˆ–› ͹ͻ
…—‹‰Ȁ•Š”‡™†
‰‡‡”‘—•Ȁ‡š–”ƒ˜ƒ‰ƒ–
Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ —•‡ –Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–› ƒ• ƒ –‡…Š‹“—‡ –‘ Š‡Ž’ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• Ž‡ƒ”
™‘”†•„‡––‡”„›ƒ‹‰‹–”ƒǦŽ‹‰—ƒŽ…‘–”ƒ•–•Ǥ
‡”›ˆ‘”ƒŽ
‘ˆˆ•’”‹‰
ƒ„‘†‡Ȁ”‡•‹†‡…‡
ƒŽ…‘Š‘Ž‹…†”‹
‡—–”ƒŽ
…Š‹Ž†”‡
Š‘—•‡ȀˆŽƒ–
†”‹
‡”›‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ
‹†•
’Žƒ…‡
„‘‘œ‡
Š‘ƒ•ȋͳͻͺͻȌƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡•–‡ƒ…Š‹‰˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›—†‡”ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–‘’‹…••—…Š
ƒ•ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ †”‹˜‹‰Ǥ  –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˜‡‹ǡ ‹–‹‹†‡• ȋͳͲ͸͵Ȍ ƒ••—‡• –Šƒ–
™‘”†• ™‹–Š •‹‹Žƒ” ‡ƒ‹‰ …ƒ •‘‡–‹‡• „‡ …‘ˆ—•‹‰Ǥ ‡ ’”‡•‡–• •—…Š
™‘”†•‹’ƒ‹”•ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡…‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‡”‡‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ
‘ǯ–•ƒ›ǣ‡remained‹ƒ˜‡”›‰‘‘†Š‘–‡ŽǤ
ƒ›ǣ‡stayed‹ƒ˜‡”›‰‘‘†Š‘–‡ŽǤ
‘ǯ–•ƒ›ǣ‡™ˆ‹‰•Šƒ˜‡stayed‘–Š‡–”‡‡Ǥ
ƒ›ǣ‡™ˆ‹‰•Šƒ˜‡remained‘–Š‡–”‡‡Ǥ
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘”‘—œ‹ȋͳͻͻ͵ȌŠƒ•…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†•‘‡͹ͺͲ™‘”†‰”‘—’•–Šƒ–•Šƒ”‡ƒ…‘”‡
‡ƒ‹‰ „—– †‹ˆˆ‡” ‹ •‘‡ ‘–Š‡” ƒ•’‡…–•ǡ ƒ† Š‘’‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡ •—„–Ž‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ™‹ŽŽ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• –‘ Ž‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ‘”‡
‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
‘ ’—– ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ‹ ƒ —–•Š‡ŽŽǡ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› –‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ƒ†
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ •Š‘™• …‘–”ƒ†‹…–‘”› ˜‹‡™’‘‹–• ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–‹…
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡™‘”†•‘•‡…‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‹Ž‡
•‘‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ƒ†˜‹•‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ…Š‡”• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ’”‡•‡–‹‰ •‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›
”‡Žƒ–‡† ™‘”†• •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› Ž‡•– –Š‡› ™‘—Ž† „‡ …‘ˆ—•‹‰ǡ ‘–Š‡”• ƒ‹–ƒ‹
–Šƒ– –Š‡ …‘…—””‡– ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •—…Š ™‘”†• ƒ† ”ƒ‹•‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ •—…Š •‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• ƒ† …‘–”ƒ•–• …ƒ Š‡Ž’ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† ’”‡˜‡– ˆ—–—”‡ ‹•—•‡ ‘ˆ •—…Š ™‘”†•Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
’”‡•‡–•–—†›ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–”ƒǦŽ‹‰—ƒŽ•‡ƒ–‹…
•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•‘ˆ™‘”†•‘•‡…‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
ͺͲ
„„ƒ•Ž‹ƒ”‡‹ƬƒŽ‡Š
‘Žƒ‹
2.METHOD
2.1.Participants
Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›‹…Ž—†‡†͸ͲƒŽ‡ƒ†ˆ‡ƒŽ‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›•–—†‡–•
ƒ–ƒœ˜‹œƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ™Š‘™‡”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘‰”‘—’••‡”˜‹‰ƒ•–Š‡
‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ† …‘–”‘Ž ‰”‘—’•Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ͸Ͳ •–—†‡–• ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡
—‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ…–‡†ƒ•–Š‡’‡‡”‰”‘—’™‹–Š™Š‘–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–™ƒ•˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†Ǥ
2.2.Instrumentation
Ž–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–Š”‡‡–‡•–•™‡”‡ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†ǣƒ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘–‡•–‰‹˜‡ƒ•–Š‡’”‡Ǧ
–‡•–ǡƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ǧ…Š‘‹…‡˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›–‡•–ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†ƒ•–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–ǡƒ†–Š‡
˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› •—„–‡•– ‘ˆ ƒ ‹…Š‹‰ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’”‘ˆ‹…‹‡…› –‡•– •‡”˜‹‰ ƒ• –Š‡
…”‹–‡”‹‘™‹–Š™Š‹…Š–‘˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–Ǥ
…‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘…‡†—”‡™ƒ•‡’Ž‘›‡†–‘˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–ǡƒ†ƒ…ƒ•‡
–Ǧ–‡•– ™ƒ• —•‡† –‘ …‘’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ† …‘–”‘Ž ‰”‘—’ ‡ƒ• ‹
‘”†‡”–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ
2.3.Procedure
Š‡ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› ‹–‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ •‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› •‹‹Žƒ” ™‡”‡ ‰Ž‡ƒ‡† ˆ”‘
˜ƒ”‹‘—••‘—”…‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰Š‘ƒ•ȋͳͻͺͻȌǡ—†œƒ‡–ƒŽǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǡƒ†—”‘—œ‹
ȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ —– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘‰ Ž‹•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› •‹‹Žƒ” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‘•‡ ™Š‹…Š
‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–• ™‡”‡ Ž‡ƒ•– Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ‘™ ™‡”‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› •‡Ž‡…–‡†Ǥ
–‹ŽŽǡ –‘ ƒ‡ •—”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• †‹† ‘– ‘™ –Š‡ ™‘”†•ǡ ƒ ͷͲǦ‹–‡
–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘–‡•–™ƒ•ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†ȋ•‡‡ƒ’’‡†‹šȌǤŠ‡ǡͳ͵‹–‡•–‘™Š‹…Š
•‘‡ •–—†‡–• Šƒ† …‘””‡…–Ž› ”‡•’‘†‡† ™‡”‡ ”‡‘˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Ž‹•–Ǥ ”‘
ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ™‘”†•ǡ ͵Ͳ ™‡”‡ …Š‘•‡ ƒ† ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–Ǥ
‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ™‘”†• ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š •‘‡ ‘”‡ ™‡”‡ Ž‹•–‡† –‘ „‡ —•‡† ‹
–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ–”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ
Š‡‡š–•–‡’™ƒ•–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ–”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ‘–Š‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽƒ†
…‘–”‘Ž‰”‘—’’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡–ƒ—‰Š––Š‡•ƒ‡™‘”†•„—–‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•Ǥ
Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ‰”‘—’”‡…‡‹˜‡†ƒ…‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡‹•–”—…–‹‘
‘ˆ•‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‹Žƒ”™‘”†•ȋ–Š‡›”‡…‡‹˜‡†™‘”†••—…Šƒ•Ǯ‘„•…—”‡ǯǡǮ˜ƒ‰—‡ǯǡ
ƒ†Ǯƒ„‹‰—‘—•ǯ…‘…—””‡–Ž›ȌǤƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡…‘–”‘Ž‰”‘—’™‡”‡–ƒ—‰Š–
‡šƒ…–Ž› –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ™‘”†•ǡ „—– ™‹–Š ƒ ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ƒ ˆ‘”–‹‰Š– „‡–™‡‡
–Š‡ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› •‹‹Žƒ” Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡•Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡
‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ‰”‘—’ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ†‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ƒ–‹…
•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ†…‘–”ƒ•–•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‘•‡‹–Š‡…‘–”‘Ž‰”‘—’™‡”‡‘–Ǥ
”ƒ‹ƒ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋȌǡ‘ŽǤͳȋʹȌǡʹͲͲ͹
ͺͳ
Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ”‡…‡‹˜‹‰ –Š‡‹” –”‡ƒ–‡–ǡ –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•– ™ƒ•
…‘•–”—…–‡† ƒ† ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†Ǥ •‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǯ ”‡•’‘•‡• ‘ –Š‡
–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘–‡•–ǡƒ͵ͲǦ‹–‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ǧ…Š‘‹…‡–‡•–™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ȋ•‡‡ƒ’’‡†‹š
ȌǤŠ‡‡™Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‡•–™ƒ•–Š‡‰‹˜‡–‘͸Ͳ•–—†‡–•ƒ–Ǯƒœ˜‹œƒ†
‹˜‡”•‹–›ǯ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› •—„–‡•– ‘ˆ ƒ ‹…Š‹‰ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡
’”‘ˆ‹…‹‡…›–‡•–Ǥ
‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–ǡ –Š‡ Ǯ‡ƒ”•‘ ”‘†—…– ‘‡–ǯ
…‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ …‘‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ˆ‘”—Žƒ ™ƒ• —•‡†ǡ ƒ† –‘ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ –Š‡
ȋȂʹͳȌ ˆ‘”—Žƒ ™ƒ• ‡’Ž‘›‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–
–—”‡† ‘—– –‘ „‡ Ǥͻͷ ƒ† Ǥ͹ͺ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ – –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ
’‡”‹‘†ǡ–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–™ƒ•ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†–‘„‘–Š–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽƒ†…‘–”‘Ž
‰”‘—’•Ǥƒ˜‹‰‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡƒ…ƒ•‡–Ǧ–‡•–’”‘…‡†—”‡™ƒ•‰‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š
–‘…‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡–™‘‡ƒ•Ǥ
3.Resultsanddiscussion
Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ† …‘–”‘Ž
‰”‘—’‡ƒ•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘„•‡”˜‡†˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”–™ƒ•͵Ǥͷȋ†ƒ–ƒ‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”
–Š‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‹ƒ’’‡†‹šȌǤ‹…‡–Š‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽ
–Ǧ˜ƒŽ—‡ …Š‡…‡† ‹ –Š‡ –Ǧ–ƒ„Ž‡ ȋ‹•Š‡” ƒ† ƒ–‡•Ȍ ™ƒ• ʹǤͲͲǡ ‹– ƒ› „‡
…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‡‘—‰Š–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡—•–‘”‡Œ‡…––Š‡
—ŽŽ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• ƒ† –‘ •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– –Š‡ …‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡ –‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›
•‹‹Žƒ” ™‘”†• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡• ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ–
•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ”˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–Ž›‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‹–”ƒǦŽ‹‰—ƒŽ•‡ƒ–‹…•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•„‡–™‡‡™‘”†•Ǥ
Š‹•…‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡…‡”–ƒ‹‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”•›ŽŽƒ„—•†‡•‹‰‡”•Ǥˆ–Š‡…‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡
–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ‘ˆ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› †‘‡• ‹†‡‡† ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ –Š‡
•›ŽŽƒ„—• †‡•‹‰‡”• •Š‘—Ž† –ƒ‡ …ƒ”‡ –‘ ‡’Ž‘› •—…Š ƒ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ ˆƒ…–‘” „›
‹…Ž—†‹‰‹–Š‡•›ŽŽƒ„—•–Š‡•‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‹Žƒ”™‘”†•Ǥ
References
‘ƒ†›ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻ͹„ȌǤ L2 vocabulary acquisition through extensive readingǤ ǣ Ǥ
‘ƒ†›ƒ†Ǥ—…‹Ǥȋ‡†•Ȍǡ‡…‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ȋ’’Ǥ
ʹʹͷǦʹͻͲȌǤƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
ŽŽ‡›ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ Vocabulary acquisition from listening to storiesǤ ‡ƒ†‹‰
‡•‡ƒ”…Š—ƒ”–‡”Ž›ǡʹͶȋʹȌǡͳ͹ͶǦͳͺ͹Ǥ
ͺʹ
„„ƒ•Ž‹ƒ”‡‹ƬƒŽ‡Š
‘Žƒ‹
‹–‹‹†‡•ǡǤ Ǥȋͳͻ͸͵ȌǤ Common mistakesinEnglishǤͷ–Š‡†Ǥ‘†‘ǣ ‘‰ƒ
”‘—’Ǥ
ƒ–…Šǡ Ǥ Ƭ Ǥ ”‘™Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ Vocabulary semantics and language educationǤ
ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
—…‹ǡ Ǥ Ƭ Ǥ ‘ƒ†›Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second
languageǤǣǡʹͳǡͳͺͳǦͳͻ͵Ǥ
—–ǡ Ǥ Ƭ Ǥ ‡‰Žƒ”Ǥ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ Current research and practice in teaching
vocabularyǤǣǤǤ‹…Šƒ”†•ǡƬǤǤ‡ƒ†›ƒǤȋ†•ǤȌ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›‹
Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ…Š‹‰ǣ  ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ …—””‡– ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ǣ
ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
›‘•ǡǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤLinguisticsemantics:anintroductionǤƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡
‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
ƒƒ”–Š›ǡ Ǥ Ƭ Ǥ ǯ‡ŽŽǤ ȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ English vocabulary in useǤ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ
ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
ƒ–‹‘ǡ ǤǤǤ ȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ Teaching and learning vocabularyǤ ‡™ ‘”ǣ ‡™„—”›
‘—•‡Ǥ
ƒ–‹‘ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ ‡•– ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ‹ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› –‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ ǣ Ǥ Ǥ
‹…Šƒ”†•ǡ Ƭ Ǥ Ǥ ‡ƒ†›ƒǤ ȋ†•ǤȌ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ…Š‹‰ǣ
ƒ ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ …—””‡– ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›
”‡••Ǥ
—†œƒǡǤ‡–ƒŽǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤWordsyouneedǤ‘†‘ƒ†ƒ•‹‰•–‘‡ǣƒ…‹ŽŽƒ
—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ
—†œƒǡ Ǥ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ More words you needǤ ‘†‘ ƒ† ƒ•‹‰•–‘‡ǣ
ƒ…‹ŽŽƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ
Š‘ƒ•ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ Advanced vocabulary and idiomǤ ”‡ƒ– ”‹–ƒ‹ǣ ”‹–‹•Š
‹„”ƒ”›…ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰—‹‰‹—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒǤ
‡•…Š‡ǡǤƬǤƒ”‹„ƒŠ–ǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤIncidentalvocabularyacquisitionǤǣǡ
ʹͳǡͳ͹ͷǦͳͲǤ
”ƒ‹ƒ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋȌǡ‘ŽǤͳȋʹȌǡʹͲͲ͹
ͺ͵
‹‡”ƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ Do reading and interactive vocabulary instruction
makeadifference?AnempiricalstudyǤ—ƒ”–‡”Ž›ǡ͵ͳǡͳʹͳǦͳͶͲǤ
Appendices
AppendixA:ThepreǦtest
Writethemeaningoftheunderlinedwords
ͲͳǤŠƒ–‡–‘’Žƒ›‰ƒ‡•™‹–Šƒ’‡”•‘™Š‘…Š‡ƒ–•Ǥ
ͲʹǤŠ‡™‘—†‹•‘–›‡–Š‡ƒŽ‡†Ǥ
Ͳ͵Ǥ‡’‘Ž‹–‡Ž›”‡ˆ”ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘•ƒ›‹‰™Šƒ–Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆŠ‡”Šƒ–Ǥ
ͲͶǤ—„–”ƒ…–ͳͲˆ”‘ʹͺƒ†ƒ††ͳǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–ǫ
ͲͷǤŽ‡ƒ•‡–‘••‡–Š‡ƒ–…Š‡•Ǥ
Ͳ͸Ǥƒ’–ƒ‹•‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ǡƒ†”‡’”‹ƒ†‡†Š‹ˆ‘”Š‹•‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ
Ͳ͹ǤŠ‡‡•…ƒ’‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•‡…”‡–†‘‘”Ǥ
ͲͺǤ”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ”‡•’‹”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ••ƒ˜‡†–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡
‘–Š‡”™‹•‡†”‘™‡†Ǥ
ͲͻǤǯƒˆ”ƒ‹†‘—”‘’‹‹‘•†‹˜‡”‰‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ˆ”‘ƒ…‘‘•–ƒ”–‹‰
’‘‹–Ǥ
ͳͲǤŠ‡‘Ž†ƒǯ•”—††›…‘’Ž‡š‹‘‰ƒ˜‡ƒ‹ŽŽ—•‹‘‘ˆ‰‘‘†Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ
ͳͳǤŠ‡‹•„ƒ•Šˆ—Žƒ†„Ž—•Š‡•™Š‡•Š‡•’‡ƒ•™‹–ŠƒƒǤ
ͳʹǤŠ‡‰ƒ”†‡•Ž‘’‡•‰‡–Ž›–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ
ͳ͵Ǥ™ƒ––Š‹•”‘‘–‘„‡‡ƒ–™Š‡”‡–—”Ǥ
ͳͶǤ•’”ƒ‹‡†™”‹•–†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†–Š‡–‡‹•’Žƒ›‡”ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡™‡‡•Ǥ
ͳͷǤ‹•ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”•ƒ”‡‹„ƒ†…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ
ͳ͸ǤŠ‡›™‘”Šƒ”†ǡ„—––Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ”‡‘–˜‡”›’”‘†—…–‹˜‡Ǥ
ͳ͹Ǥ‘Ž‘—”ƒ†•‡šƒ”‡Šƒ”†Ž›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–™Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰•‘‡„‘†›–‘ƒŒ‘„Ǥ
ͳͺǤŠ‡ƒ…–‘”†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†Š‹•Ž‹‡•™‹–Š†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ
ͳͻǤ‹••–ƒ–‡‡––‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹…‡™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ•‡˜‹†‡…‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‹Ǥ
ʹͲǤŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‡š…Ž—†‡•‹‹‰”ƒ–•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡…‡”–ƒ‹†‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
ʹͳǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘—‰Ž›ǡ‰ƒ—†›Žƒ’•‹–Š‡”‘‘Ǥ
ʹʹǤˆ‡‡Ž‘–Š‹‰„—–…‘–‡’–ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘–”‡ƒ–…Š‹Ž†”‡•‘…”—‡ŽŽ›Ǥ
ʹ͵Ǥ Š‡ ‹‰”‡†‹‡–• ˆ‘” ƒ …ƒ‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ‹…Ž—†‡ ‡‰‰•ǡ •—‰ƒ”ǡ ˆŽ‘—”ǡ ƒ†
ˆŽƒ˜‘—”‹‰Ǥ
ʹͶǤ  Š‹• ”ƒ‰‡ ƒ– „‡‹‰ ’—„Ž‹…Ž› ’—‹•Š‡†ǡ Š‡ „”‘‡ –Š‡ –‡ƒ…Š‡”ǯ• ˆƒ˜‘—”‹–‡
˜ƒ•‡Ǥ
ʹͷǤŠƒ˜‡ƒ†‹•Ž‹‡ˆ‘”•–—†›‹‰ƒ†™‘—Ž†”ƒ–Š‡”’Žƒ›„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽǤ
ʹ͸ǤŠ‹Ž†”‡™‡”‡–‘”‡–‡†„›Š—‰‡”Ǥ
ͺͶ
„„ƒ•Ž‹ƒ”‡‹ƬƒŽ‡Š
‘Žƒ‹
ʹ͹Ǥ”‹…‡•…‘–‹—‡–‘•Š‘™ƒ—’™ƒ”†–‡†‡…›Ǥ
ʹͺǤŠ‡Šƒ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Š‘’‡‘ˆ’‡”•—ƒ†‹‰Š‹Ǥ
ʹͻǤ–™ƒ••‘‘‹•›‹–Š‡”‘‘–Šƒ–Šƒ†–‘•…”‡ƒ›ƒ‡Ǥ
͵ͲǤǮŠ‡‹••‡†Š‡”™Š‡•Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ǯ‹•ƒƒ„‹‰—‘—••‡–‡…‡Ǥ
͵ͳǤ‘˜‡‘ˆŽ‹„‡”–›‹•’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‹•–”—‰‰Ž‡•ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡…‡Ǥ
͵ʹǤŠ‡”‡•‡‡•–‘„‡ƒ†‡ƒ”–Š‘ˆ‰‘‘†›‘—‰’Žƒ›‡”•ƒ––Š‡‘‡–Ǥ
͵͵Ǥ‡ƒ˜‡‰‡†–Š‡‡‡›’‹Ž‘–ˆ‘”„‘„‹‰ƒŠ‘•’‹–ƒŽǤ
͵ͶǤ Š‡ ‘„‡†‹‡– „‘› †‹† Š‹• …Š‘”‡•ǡ –Š‘—‰Š Š‹• ˆ”‹‡†• ™ƒ–‡† Š‹ –‘ ‰‘
•™‹‹‰Ǥ
͵ͷǤ‘–Š‹‰…‘—Ž††‹‹‹•ŠŠ‡”‡–Š—•‹ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–Ǥ
͵͸Ǥ‹‡”•‰Ž‹†‡ƒ…”‘••–Š‡•‘™Ǥ
͵͹Ǥ‡‡ƒ…‡†Š‡”™‹–Šƒ‰—Ǥ
͵ͺǤ‡”’”‹†‡‹Š‡”ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–•‹•Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ
͵ͻǤŠ‡„”‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ„”ƒ…Š—†‡”›ˆ‘‘–ƒŽƒ”‡†–Š‡†‡‡”Ǥ
ͶͲǤ‡…—”•‡†–Š‡’‘‘”™ƒ‹–”‡••™Š‘Šƒ†•’‹ŽŽ‡†•‘—’‘Š‹Ǥ
ͶͳǤŠ‡‘Ž†Žƒ†›…Ž‹„•—’–Š‡•–ƒ‹”•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›Ǥ
ͶʹǤ‘—”Š‡Ž’™ƒ•‰”‡ƒ–Ž›ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡†Ǣ™‡™‡”‡‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”‹–Ǥ
Ͷ͵ǤŠ‡•Š‹˜‡”‡†–Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆ‰‘‹‰‹–‘–Š‡†ƒ”Š‘—•‡ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ
ͶͶǤŠ‡„Ž‘—•‡™ƒ••…‘”…Š‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ•–‘‘Š‘–Ǥ
ͶͷǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡ƒ›†‹•…”‡’ƒ…‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘˜‡”•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”Ǥ
Ͷ͸ǤŠ‡‹•–‘‘‹“—‹•‹–‹˜‡ƒ„‘—–›ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ
Ͷ͹Ǥ‰‘‘†‘–Š‡”™‘—Ž†‘–ƒ„ƒ†‘Š‡”„ƒ„›Ǥ
ͶͺǤŠ‡…ƒ–…”‡’–•‹Ž‡–Ž›–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡„‹”†Ǥ
ͶͻǤ‹‰Š––Š‡’ƒ’‡”™‹–Šƒƒ–…Š–‘‹†Ž‡–Š‡™‘‘†Ǥ
ͷͲǤŠ‡„‘›™ƒ•‡‡™Š‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”„‘›•ƒ†‡ˆ—‘ˆŠ‹Ǥ
AppendixB:ThepostǦtest
Š‘‘•‡–Š‡„‡•–ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ
ͳǤ Š‡ …—– •‘‘ ǥ —’ǡ „—– ‹– Ž‡ˆ– ƒ
•…ƒ”Ǥ
ƒǤ•Ž‘’‡†
„Ǥ…”‹’’Ž‡†
…Ǥ…—”‡†
†ǤŠ‡ƒŽ‡†
ʹǤ‡ǥˆ”‘™”‘‰†‘‹‰Ǥ
ƒǤ‡š…Ž—†‡†
„Ǥ”‡ˆ—•‡†
…Ǥ”‡ˆ”ƒ‹‡†
†Ǥƒ„•–ƒ‹‡†
”ƒ‹ƒ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋȌǡ‘ŽǤͳȋʹȌǡʹͲͲ͹
͵ǤŠ‡ǥ–Š‡„ƒŽŽ–‘–Š‡„ƒ„›Ǥ
ƒǤ–‘”‡–‡†
„Ǥ†™‹†Ž‡
…Ǥ–‘••‡†
†Ǥ…ƒ•–
ͶǤ Š‡‹” ’ƒ–Š• ǥ ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‹ –Š‡
”‘ƒ†Ǥ
ƒǤ•Š”‹‡‡†
„Ǥ–‘”–—”‡†
…Ǥ†‹‰”‡••‡†
†Ǥ†‹˜‡”‰‡†
ͻǤŠ‡Žƒ™›‡”ƒ†‡ƒǥƒ––‡’––‘
…‘ˆ—•‡–Š‡Œ—”›Ǥ
ƒǤ†‘‹ƒ–
„Ǥ•›–Š‡–‹…
…Ǥ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡
†Ǥ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ
ͳͲǤ ‘‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ǥ ˆ”‘
’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
ƒǤ‡š…Ž—†‡†
„Ǥ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†
…ǤƒŽƒ”‡†
†Ǥ…—”•‡†
ͷǤ Š‡ ‰‹”Ž ™ƒ• •‘ ǥ –Šƒ– •Š‡
„Ž—•Š‡†™Š‡ƒ•‡†–‘†ƒ…‡Ǥ
ƒǤ„ƒ•Šˆ—Ž
„Ǥ•Š›
…Ǥ…‘˜‡”–
†Ǥ†‘‹ƒ–
ͳͳǤ‡”ˆƒ…‡‹•˜‡”›ǥǤ
ƒǤ’‡”–‹‡–
„Ǥˆ—–‹Ž‡
…Ǥ—‰Ž›
†Ǥ—•‹‰Š–Ž›
͸ǤŠ‡Žƒ†ǥ–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡•‡ƒǤ
ƒǤ‹†Ž‡•
„Ǥ‰Ž‹†‡•
…Ǥ•Ž‘’‡•
†Ǥ•Žƒ–•
ͳʹǤŠ‡…Š‹Ž†™‡’–™‹–ŠǥǤ
ƒǤ†‹•’ƒ”‹–›
„Ǥ†‘‘
…Ǥˆ—”›
†Ǥ”ƒ‰‡
͹Ǥ‡™ƒ•ǥ„›’‘Ž‹‘Ǥ
ƒǤ…”‹’’Ž‡†
„Ǥ†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†
…Ǥ†‹‰”‡••‡†
†Ǥ•…‘”…Š‡†
ͳ͵ǤŠƒ˜‡ƒǥ‘ˆ”ƒ‹ƒ†ˆ‘‰Ǥ
ͺǤ
˜‡ ‹…‹†‡–• •‡‡‹‰
—‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•
‹‰Š–„‡ǥǤ
ƒǤ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–
„Ǥ’‡”–‹‡–
…Ǥ—•‹‰Š–Ž›
†Ǥ„‹ƒ•‡†
ͺͷ
ƒǤ†‹•Ž‹‡
„Ǥ†‹•–ƒ•–‡
…ǤŠ‘ƒ‰‡
†Ǥ…‘…‡‹–
ͳͶǤ‡‹•ǥ„›ƒ”ƒ…‹‰…‘—‰Š
ƒǤ‡•–‡‡‡†
„Ǥ”‡’”‹ƒ†‡†
…Ǥ–‘”‡–‡†
†Ǥ–‘”–—”‡†
ͺ͸
„„ƒ•Ž‹ƒ”‡‹ƬƒŽ‡Š
‘Žƒ‹
ͳͷǤŠ‡ǥ‹•–‘™ƒ”†Š‹‰Š‡”–ƒš‡•Ǥ
ƒǤ…‘–‡’–
„Ǥ…ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‡
…Ǥ–‡†‡…›
†Ǥ–”‡†
ͳ͸Ǥ Š‡ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‰‹”Ž ǥ ™‹–Š ”ƒ‰‡ ‹ ƒ
–ƒ’‡”–ƒ–”—Ǥ
ƒǤ•Š”‹‡‡†
„Ǥ•…”‡ƒ‡†
…Ǥ‡ƒ…‡†
†ǡ…”‡’–
ͳ͹Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ• Ž‡ˆ– ‹ ƒȀƒ ǥ ’‘•‹–‹‘
„›Š‹•ˆ”‹‡†ǯ•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”
ƒ†Š‡Ž’Š‹Ǥ
ƒǤ”—•–‹…
„Ǥ…‘’Ž‹ƒ–
…Ǥ˜ƒ‰—‡
†Ǥƒ„‹‰—‘—•
ͳͺǤ Š‡ ‘”’Šƒ •—ˆˆ‡”‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ ǥ
‘ˆƒˆˆ‡…–‹‘Ǥ
ƒǤ’”‡Œ—†‹…‡
„Ǥ†‡•–‹›
…Ǥ•…ƒ”…‹–›
†Ǥ†‡ƒ”–Š
ͳͻǤ Š‡› ˆ‘—‰Š– –‘ ǥ –Š‡ ‡‡›ǯ•
‹˜ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”…‘—–”›Ǥ
ƒǤ”‡˜‡‰‡
„Ǥƒ˜‡‰‡
…Ǥ…—”‡
†Ǥ†‡†—…–
ʹͲǤ Š‡ ǥ †‘‰ …ƒ‡ ‘—– ƒ– Š‹•
ƒ•–‡”ǯ•™Š‹•–Ž‡Ǥ
ƒǤ’ƒ•–‘”ƒŽ
„Ǥ…Žƒ†‡•–‹‡
…Ǥ†‘…‹Ž‡
†Ǥ‘„‡†‹‡–
ʹͳǤ Š‡ ‡†‹…ƒŽ „‹ŽŽ• †—”‹‰ ›
•‹…‡••Šƒ˜‡ǥ›•ƒ˜‹‰•Ǥ
ƒǤ†‹‹‹•Š‡†
„Ǥƒ„•–ƒ‹‡†
…Ǥ†™‹†Ž‡†
†ǤƒŽƒ”‡†
ʹʹǤ•–‘”ǥ–Š‡–‘™Ǥ
ƒǤ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†
„Ǥ‡ƒ…‡†
…Ǥƒ„ƒ†‘‡†
†Ǥ†‹•‰—•–‡†
ʹ͵ǤǥŠ‡”ˆ‘”•’‘‹Ž‹‰›’Žƒ•Ǥ
ƒǤ•™‘”‡
„Ǥ…—”•‡†
…Ǥ•…”‡ƒ‡†
†Ǥ…”‡’–
ʹͶǤ‹•…Žƒ••ƒ–‡•†‘ǯ–ǥŠ‹Ǥ
ƒǤ˜ƒŽ—‡
„Ǥƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡
…Ǥ•…‘”…Š
†Ǥ•‡ƒ”
ʹͷǤ…”‡’–ǥ‹–‘„‡†Ǥ
ƒǤƒ˜‡‰‹‰
„Ǥ†‹‹‹•Š‹‰
…Ǥ“—ƒ…‹‰
†Ǥ•Š‹˜‡”‹‰
ʹ͸Ǥǥ›•Š‹”–™Š‡™ƒ•‹”‘‹‰
‹–Ǥ
ƒǤ•…‘”…Š‡†
„Ǥ•‡ƒ”‡†
„Ǥ•Ž‹’’‡†
†Ǥ•…ƒ”‡†
”ƒ‹ƒ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋȌǡ‘ŽǤͳȋʹȌǡʹͲͲ͹
ʹ͹Ǥ Š‡ …”‡™ ǥ –Š‡ •Š‹’ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹–
•ƒǤ
ƒǤ•…ƒ”‡†
„ǤƒŽƒ”‡†
…Ǥƒ„ƒ†‘‡†
†Ǥ†‡•‡”–‡†
ʹͺǤŠ‡…ƒ–ǥ•‹Ž‡–Ž›–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡
‘—•‡Ǥ
ƒǤ…”‡’–
„Ǥ…”ƒ™Ž‡†
…ǤŠ‡ƒŽ‡†
†Ǥ…Š‡ƒ–‡†
ͺ͹
ʹͻǤŠ‹•™‘‘†‹•–‘‘™‡––‘ǥǤ
ƒǤ‹†Ž‡
„Ǥ‹‰‹–‡
…Ǥ•™‡ƒ”
†Ǥ–‘••
͵ͲǤ ƒ”› …ƒ‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ƒǯ•
ǥǤ
ƒǤ‹ŽŽ—•‹‘
„ǤŠ‘ƒ‰‡
…Ǥ†‡•–‹›
†Ǥ†‡ˆ‡”‡…‡
„„ƒ•Ž‹ƒ”‡‹ƬƒŽ‡Š
‘Žƒ‹
ͺͺ
AppendixC:thetablecontainingdataneededforthetǦtest
X X
ͳ
͵Ͳ
ʹͻ
ͷǤͺ͹
ͻǤ͹͹
͵ͶǤͶͷ
ͻͷǤͶͷ
ʹ
͵Ͳ
ʹͻ
ͷǤͺ͹
ͻǤ͹͹
͵ͶǤͶͷ
ͻͷǤͶͷ
͵
͵Ͳ
ʹͺ
ͷǤͺ͹
ͺǤ͹͹
͵ͶǤͶͷ
͹͸Ǥͻͳ
Ͷ
ʹͻ
ʹ͹
ͶǤͺ͹
͹Ǥ͹͹
ʹ͵Ǥ͹ͳ
͸ͲǤ͵͹
ͷ
ʹͻ
ʹ͹
ͶǤͺ͹
͹Ǥ͹͹
ʹ͵Ǥ͹ͳ
͸ͲǤ͵͹
͸
ʹͺ
ʹ͹
͵Ǥͺ͹
͹Ǥ͹͹
ͳͶǤͻ͹
͸ͲǤ͵͹
͹
ʹͺ
ʹͷ
͵Ǥͺ͹
ͷǤ͹͹
ͳͶǤͻ͹
͵͵Ǥʹͻ
ͺ
ʹͺ
ʹͷ
͵Ǥͺ͹
ͷǤ͹͹
ͳͶǤͻ͹
͵͵Ǥʹͻ
ͻ
ʹͺ
ʹͶ
͵Ǥͺ͹
ͶǤ͹͹
ͳͶǤͻ͹
ʹʹǤ͹ͷ
ͳͲ
ʹ͹
ʹ͵
ʹǤͺ͹
͵Ǥ͹͹
ͺǤʹ͵
ͳͶǤʹͳ
ͳͳ
ʹ͹
ʹͳ
ʹǤͺ͹
ͳǤ͹͹
ͺǤʹ͵
͵Ǥͳ͵
Ǧ Y ȋ
X X
Ȍʹ
ȋǦ Y Ȍʹ
ͳʹ
ʹ͸
ʹͳ
ͳǤͺ͹
ͳǤ͹͹
͵ǤͶͻ
͵Ǥͳ͵
ͳ͵
ʹ͸
ʹͲ
ͳǤͺ͹
Ǥ͹͹
͵ǤͶͻ
ͻǤͷͻ
ͳͶ
ʹ͸
ͳͺ
ͳǤͺ͹
ǦͳǤʹ͵
͵ǤͶͻ
ͳǤͷͳ
ͳͷ
ʹ͸
ͳͺ
ͳǤͺ͹
ǦͳǤʹ͵
͵ǤͶͻ
ͳǤͷͳ
ͳ͸
ʹ͸
ͳͺ
ͳǤͺ͹
ǦͳǤʹ͵
͵ǤͶͻ
ͳǤͷͳ
ͳ͹
ʹͷ
ͳͺ
Ǥͺ͹
ǦͳǤʹ͵
Ǥ͹ͷ
ͳǤͷͳ
ͳͺ
ʹͷ
ͳ͹
Ǥͺ͹
ǦʹǤʹ͵
Ǥ͹ͷ
ͶǤͻ͹
ͳͻ
ʹͷ
ͳ͹
Ǥͺ͹
ǦʹǤʹ͵
Ǥ͹ͷ
ͶǤͻ͹
ʹͲ
ʹͶ
ͳ͹
ǦǤͳ͵
ǦʹǤʹ͵
ǤͲͳ
ͶǤͻ͹
ʹͳ
ʹͶ
ͳ͸
ǦǤͳ͵
Ǧ͵Ǥʹ͵
ǤͲͳ
ͳͲǤͶ͵
ʹʹ
ʹʹ
ͳͶ
ǦʹǤͳ͵
ǦͷǤʹ͵
ͶǤͷ͵
ʹ͹Ǥ͵ͷ
ʹ͵
ͳͻ
ͳͶ
ǦͷǤͳ͵
ǦͷǤʹ͵
ʹ͸Ǥ͵ͳ
ʹ͹Ǥ͵ͷ
ʹͶ
ͳͻ
ͳ͵
ǦͷǤͳ͵
Ǧ͸Ǥʹ͵
ʹ͸Ǥ͵ͳ
͵ͺǤͺͳ
ʹͷ
ͳͺ
ͳ͵
Ǧ͸Ǥͳ͵
Ǧ͸Ǥʹ͵
͵͹Ǥͷ͹
͵ͺǤͺͳ
ʹ͸
ͳ͹
ͳ͵
Ǧ͹Ǥͳ͵
Ǧ͸Ǥʹ͵
ͷͲǤͺ͵
͵ͺǤͺͳ
ʹ͹
ͳ͹
ͳʹ
Ǧ͹Ǥͳ͵
Ǧ͹Ǥʹ͵
ͷͲǤͺ͵
ͷʹǤʹ͹
ʹͺ
ͳ͸
ͳʹ
ǦͺǤͳ͵
Ǧ͹Ǥʹ͵
͸͸ǤͲͻ
ͷʹǤʹ͹
ʹͻ
ͳͷ
ͳͳ
ǦͻǤͳ͵
ǦͺǤʹ͵
ͺ͵Ǥ͵ͷ
͸͹Ǥ͹͵
͵Ͳ
ͳͶ
ͳͲ
ǦͳͲǤͳ͵
ǦͻǤʹ͵
ͳͲʹǤ͸ͳ
ͺͷǤͳͻ
σα͹ʹͶ
σαͷ͹͹
X X ȌαͲ
σȋǦ Y ȌαͲ
σȋ X X Ȍʹα͸ͻͷǤͶ͸
™ (Y - Y )2 = 1019.36
σȋ