T R A F F I C TIMBER ISLAND
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DECember 2016
The Rosewood and Ebony Trade of Madagascar
Cynthia Ratsimbazafy, David J. Newton and Stéphane Ringuet
TRAFFIC REPORT
TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network,
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Published by TRAFFIC
East/Southern Africa Regional Office
c/o IUCN ESARO
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© 2016 TRAFFIC. Copyright of material published
in this report is vested in TRAFFIC
ISBN: 978-1-85850-412-4
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Suggested citation: Ratsimbazafy, C., Newton,
D. and Ringuet, S. (2016). Timber Island: The
Rosewood and Ebony Trade of Madagascar.
TRAFFIC. Cambridge, UK.
Front cover photograph and credit: Dalbergia
madagascariensis tree in Masoala National Park.
© Julien Noel Rakotoarisoa / MEEF
This publication is made possible by the generous
support of the American people through the United
States Agency for International Development
(USAID). The contents and the views of the authors
expressed in this publication are those of the
writers and do not necessarily reflect the views of
USAID or the United States Government.
TIMBER ISLAND:
Rosewood and Ebony Trade of Madagascar
Cynthia Ratsimbazafy1, David J. Newton1,2 and Stéphane Ringuet3
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This project has benefited from financial support from the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) in the framework of sustainable development approaches in priority
ecosystems (SCAPES) and through a programme entitled “Preserving Madagascar’s Natural
Resources” implemented by a consortium of organizations including the World Wide Fund for
Nature (WWF), TRAFFIC, Conservation International (CI) and the Wildlife Conservation Society
(WCS).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
_________________________________________________
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF MAPS ...................................................................................................................................................vii
PREFACE........................................................................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ix
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................x
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. xiii
1. INTRODUCTION and BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................1
2. METHODS........................................................................................................................................................7
3. RESULTS .........................................................................................................................................................16
3.1. Biological characteristics of Dalbergia and Diospyros species. ...........................................................16
3.1.1. Summary of existing studies ..............................................................................................................16
3.1.2 Role of the species in nature ..............................................................................................................16
3.1.3 Life form characterisitics ....................................................................................................................17
3.1.4. Regeneration potential ......................................................................................................................19
3.1.5. Species distribution and density ......................................................................................................21
3.2. National status of species. .......................................................................................................................22
3.2.1. Habitat and national distribution ....................................................................................................22
3.2.2. Abundance of species at the national level .....................................................................................22
3.2.3. Population trend of species at national level and principal threats .............................................23
3.3. Illegal logging and trade at the national level .......................................................................................25
3.3.1. Scale of logging and associated illegal or unmanaged trade ........................................................25
3.3.2. National precious timber trade ........................................................................................................35
3.3.3. Export of precious timber .................................................................................................................40
3.3.4. Management of precious timber stocks (rosewood and ebony) ..................................................50
3.3.5. Stakeholders involved in logging and illegal trade in Madagascar ..............................................53
3.3.6 Factors underlying illegal harvest and related trade.......................................................................59
3.3.7 Ecological impact of the illegal logging of precious timber ..........................................................61
3.3.8 Socioeconomic impacts of illegal trade of precious timber: rosewood and ebony ....................62
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3.4. Legal framework for precious woods ....................................................................................................67
3.4.1. The hierarchy of legislation in Madagascar ....................................................................................67
3.4.2. Regulation and policy on timber harvest .......................................................................................68
3.4.3. Specific regulations pertaining to rosewood and ebony ...............................................................69
3.4.4. The CITES listing of Dalbergia species and the loophole on palisander at a national level .....69
3.5. Implementation of the legal framework ................................................................................................72
3.5.1. Protection against harvesting ...........................................................................................................72
3.5.2. Harvesting in areas with strong resource tenure or ownership and in protected areas:...........73
3.5.3. Harvest Monitoring ...........................................................................................................................73
3.5.4 Stakeholders involved in the management of Madagascar’s precious timber .............................73
3.5.5 Progress of the CITES Action plan implementation ......................................................................77
3.5.6. Penalization of offences related to rosewood and ebony ..............................................................80
4.DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................84
4.1. Information on timber standing stocks: partial for some species and non-existent for others .....84
.
4.2. Information on illegal logging and related trade is limited, and no information on logging is
available at the species level ...................................................................................................................85
4.3. Lack of transparency in the management of seized stockpiles...........................................................88
4.4. A management system ineffective to ensure sustainable harvest and trade.....................................88
4.5. Inadequate resources to cope: example of Masoala National Park ....................................................89
4.6. Instability & inconsistency of regulatory framework amplifies illegal exploitation & export .......89
4.7. Governance undermined by corruption ...............................................................................................90
4.8. Need to revise Madagascar’s community conservation development model ..................................90
5. RECOMMENDATIONS ...............................................................................................................................92
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................................................................96
ANNEXES .........................................................................................................................................................105
Annex 1: Agenda of the workshop to evaluate the scientific knowledge on precious timber
(22-24 September 2014, Antananarivo) ........................................................................................................105
Annex 2: List of participants in the workshop to evaluate scientific knowledge on precious timber
(22-24 September 2014, Antananarivo) ........................................................................................................106
Annex 3: Questionnaire used in consulting national experts ....................................................................107
Annex 4: List of experts consulted .................................................................................................................109
Annex 5: Matrix of the SAVA and ANALANJIROFO mission (21 January - 4 March 2015) ...............110
Annex 6: Questionnaire given to villagers in vicinity of protected areas, logging sites of precious
timber during the local surveys conducted by TRAFFIC between January and March 2015 ...............110
Annex 7: Recommendations of the NDF workshop organised by TRAFFIC (22-24 September 2014,
Antananarivo). ..................................................................................................................................................111
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Annex 8: List of Dalbergia species having a tree life form and capable of achieving a minimum
exploitable diameter (Species able to achieve a MED are listed in bold ...................................................112
Annex 9a: List of formally described Diospyros species. (Species able to achieve a minimum exploitable
diameter are listed in bold) .............................................................................................................................113
Annex 9b: Lists of “species” not yet formally described as being part of the genus Diospyros. (Species
able to achieve a MED are listed in bold) ......................................................................................................114
Annex 10: Regeneration potential of 28 MED Dalbergia spp. ...................................................................116
Annex 11: Regeneration potential of the 29 formally described MED Diospyros spp. ...........................117
Annex 12: Dispersal efficiency of MED Dalbergia spp. with information on densities .......................117
Annex 13: Dispersal efficiency of described MED Diospyros species with information on densities .118
Annex 14: Characteristics of habitat and national distribution of 28 MED Dalbergia spp. ..................118
Annex 15: Characteristics of habitat and national distribution of MED Diospyros spp. ........................120
Annex 16: The national abundance of described MED Dalbergia spp. ...................................................121
Annex 17: Characteristics of the national abundance of described MED Diospyros spp,......................122
Annex 18: Population trend and principal threats to MED Dalbergia spp. .............................................123
Annex 19: Population trend and principal threats to the known MED Diospyros spp. .........................124
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Examples of literature dealing with problems related to precious timber in Madagascar............5
Table 2: Principal stages of the preparation of the study ...............................................................................8
Table 3: Principal information collected by source type...............................................................................10
Table 4: Summary data on five consultation meetings organized by TRAFFIC between 26 January and
3 March 2015.......................................................................................................................................................12
Table 5: Number of persons encountered during this work by category and affiliation or organizatial
category ................................................................................................................................................................13
Table 6: Summary of existing biological and ecological studies on Malagasy Dalbergia and Diospyros
species (MED species depicted in bold) ..........................................................................................................17
Table 7: Number of Malagasy Dalbergia and Diospyros species for which information is available on
life form and characterictics such as growth habit and on Minimum Exploitable Diameter (MED) ....18
Table 8: The number of stumps resulting from illegal harvsting observed in the Makira Nature reserve
from 2013 through 2015 ....................................................................................................................................31
Table 9: Cost in MGA of timber in the markets of Andravoahangy and Mahazo (Antananarivo)........36
Table 10: Number of processor and volumes of rosewood used annually in the main transformation
regions ..................................................................................................................................................................40
Table 11: Minimum quantitative estimates of the scope of the harvest and export of rosewood ...........43
Table 12: The 20 most heavily traded species of precious timber of Madagascar .....................................44
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Table 13: Inventory data relating to seized and declared stocks of rosewood and ebony (2010-2015)..52
Table 14: Woodcutters' income in MGA depending on their type of contract .........................................54
Table 15: Estimated number of households engaged in activities related to the harvest and export of
precious timber in 2015 .....................................................................................................................................58
Table 16: Principal regulations on the harvest and trade of Malagasy precious wood .............................70
Table 17: Principal international conventions, declarations and resolutions on the conservation of
precious timber, signed or ratified by Madagascar ........................................................................................72
Table 18: Examples of stakeholders and initiatives attempting to combat the illegal harvest and trade of
precious timber ...................................................................................................................................................75
Table 19: Examples of the progress made by Madagascar in implementing the CITES action plan for
Diospyros and Dalbergia ....................................................................................................................................78
Table 20: Offences related to illegal harvest and trade of precious timber: cases heard in the courts of
Antalaha, Maroantsetra and Toamasina (2009-2015) ...................................................................................80
Table 21: Offences relating to the illegal harvest and trade in precious timber: case registered at the
court of Toamasina (2009-2015) ......................................................................................................................81
Table 22: General comments on the different factors affecting harvest management of Dalbergia
species ..................................................................................................................................................................86
Table 23: General comments on factors affecting the management of Diospyros species........................87
Table 24: Recommendation to fill knowledge gaps for NDF making ........................................................92
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Number of Dalbergia species stumps identified in Marojejy National Park (2009-2014) .......28
Figure 2: Number of Diospyros species logs found in Masoala National Park (2010-2014) ....................30
Figure 3: The changing numbers of stumps resulting from illegal logging identified in the new
protected area of CAZ (October 2013-April 2015)........................................................................................34
Figure 4: Palisander sawn wood stock from CAZ awaiting transport to Antananarivo ..........................36
Figure 5: Volumes (m3) of legally logged palisander in CAZ from 2011 to 2014.....................................37
Figure 6: Numbers of timber traders in possession of a licence or not in possession of licence in the
timber markets of Ambodivona and Andravoahangy (Antananarivo) ......................................................38
Figure 7: Volumes (in t) of palisander timber exported from Madagascar (2010-2014) .........................41
Figure 8: Volumes (in t) of rosewood and ebony of formal and informal origin exported from
Madagascar (1998-2014) ...................................................................................................................................42
Figure 9: Price trend along the supply chain(USD/t) ..................................................................................46
Figure 10: Evolution of the price of rosewood logs in China (USD/t) from 2000 to 2014 ......................46
Figure 11: Volumes (/t) and export routes to their countries of destination of Malagasy precious
timber ...................................................................................................................................................................49
Figure 12: Trade flowchart listing stakeholders involved in the Madagascar timber trade .....................57
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Figure 13: Relationship between illegal harvesting of rosewood and lemur traps in the Masoala
National Parks .....................................................................................................................................................61
Figure 14: Relationship between the number of rosewood stumps and illegal encampments in Masoala
National park (2010-2014) ................................................................................................................................62
Figure 15: Trends in the number of non-resident visitors at borders and tourism earnings in USD ....63
Figure 16: Volume of rosewood and ebony seized outside Madagascar from 2011 to 2015 ...................65
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: SCAPES intervention landscapes and the principal districts and villages visited during this
work........................................................................................................................................................................7
Map 2: Locations of cases of illegal harvesting of precious timber in and arround the Marojejy National
Park (2009-2014) ................................................................................................................................................27
Map 3: Illegal harvest of precious timber in Masoala National Park (2010-2015) ....................................29
Map 4: Location of illegal logging areas in the Makira Natural Park (2013-2015) ...................................32
Map 5: Surveys of illegal logging areas in Mananara Biosphere Reserve (2009-2014) .............................33
Map 6: Illegal palisander logging sites in the new protected area of CAZ in 2015 ...................................34
Map 7: Shipping points and deposit locations for illegal rosewood and ebony at Cap Masoala between
2010-2015* ..........................................................................................................................................................47
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PREFACE
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President of the Republic on whom its operating budget also depends.
2
In fact, this organization should be independent; however, its operating budget depends on the Ministry responsible for Forests.
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3
The total number of species of vertebrates is estimated at 1162, including notably freshwater fish (143 species), amphibians (244 species),
reptiles (370 species), birds (209 breeding species) and primates (101 species) (cf. Anon., 2014a).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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4
The logging of precious wood in Madagascar goes back to 1899, with the presence of a Malagasy company and an individual foreign
operator established in the south of Masoala to exploit and export the precious timber in this area (Botokely, 1902).
5
Law no. 2014-005 of 19 June 2014 against terrorism and organized cross-border crime.
6
Protocol intended to prevent, suppress and punish people trafficking, in particular of women and children; Protocol against the illegal
trafficking of migrants by land, air and sea; Protocol against the illegal manufacture and trafficking of weapons, their parts, elements and
ammunition.
2
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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7
In the case of export from the country having listed the species in Annex III, an export licence issued by the management body of that
country is required. It is issued only if the specimen has been legally obtained. In the case of export from another country, a certificate of
origin, issued by its management body is required. In the case of re-export, certificate of re-export issued by the country of re-export is
required.
9
The listings bear the annotation #5, indicating that the only parts and products concerned are the "undressed timber, sawn timber and wood
for veneering".
10
The action plan also stipulates other provisions for the attention of the Plant Committee. The importing countries, in particular the
developed countries that are Parties to the Convention and the Secretariat of the Convention.
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
3
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11
12
4
In 1992, CoP8 to CITES had adopted Resolution Conf. 8.3, which was revised – and taken up again in Resolution Conf. 10.3.
Corrected by the Secretariat after the 13th, 14th and 15th sessions of the Conference of the Parties.
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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6
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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13
At present, there are three guides to preparing NDFs, the first prepared by IUCN (Rosser and Haywood, 2002), another by CITES (Rose,
2014) and a third by TRAFFIC (Leaman and Oldfield, 2014).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
7
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8
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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14
Tropicos® is a project of the Missouri Botanical Garden. It concerns a database and a website (http://www.tropicos.org/) on tropical
plants, mainly from the neotropical ecozone (Central and South America). This database is accessible to the public and it is possible to
consult it remotely. It contains over 453 000 images, and the taxonomic and bibliographical data of 4.4 million herbarium specimens
representing more than 1.3 million different species accumulated over the last 30 years. In addition, it contains the data of over 50 000
scientific publications. The database can be consulted using the scientific name and also the popular name in English or Spanish (Anon.,
2015c).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
9
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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FOFIFA, RBG Kew).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
11
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
13
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14
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
15
3. RESULTS
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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16
A list of 130 new or undescribed species has been discovered (Anon., 2013b; Anon., 2014b), this list includes 102 named species
species with some information available on their biology and ecology (cf. Anon., 2013b). The 28 other species are in the process of
being identified or formulated and no information is available yet for these species (P12, C3, personal comment to TRAFFIC, June
2014).
17
The term “undescribed” is used by MBG to characterise the new species, i.e. those species which are not yet accepted by the Malagasy
plant specialists as Malagasy species. Even if information exists on these species, they are currently regarded as new or undescribed
species. Research on undescribed species is in progress with information being updated as research work progresses.
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
19
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18
Certain nurserymen have gone so far as to suggest that without the event of a cyclone, the pollination of rosewood species would not
be possible (Jaosoa Jean Pascal, Chair NGO Ranoala, plant nurseryman in Sambava, personal comment to TRAFFIC, January 2015).
19
If the regeneration rate (RR) is between [0 – 100%], the species has a problematic rate of replenishment and may disappear if the level
of use is high; if the RR stands between [100 – 1000%], the species has an average regeneration potential, with survival certainty if the
environment is not disturbed; if the RR is higher than 1000%, the species has good regeneration potential and its survival is assured
(Anon., 2013b).
20
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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20
This includes the mature individuals with the ability to produce fruit, i.e all trees producing or about to produce seeds.
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
21
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21
The basal area of a tree is defined as the area of a given section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks and stems
at the base this is usually a measurement taken at the diameter at breast height (1.3m or 4.5 ft) of a tree above the ground and includes
the complete diameter of every tree, including the bark. Measurements are usually made for a plot and this is then scaled up for 1
hectare of land for comparison purposes to examine a forest's productivity and growth rate.
22
A small basal area is 2 m3 (Anon., 2010b).
22
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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A small biovolume is 10 m3 (Anon., 2010b; Rakotoarisoa, DBEV, personal comment to TRAFFIC, November 2015).
A small basal area is 2 m3 (Anon., 2010b).
25
A small biovolume is 10 m3 (Anon., 2010b; Rakotoarisoa, DBEV, personal comment to TRAFFIC, November 2015). 25 IUCN.
2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species SurvivalCommission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and
Cambridge, UK.
23
24
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
23
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24
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
25
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26
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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27
The other national parks included in this application are those of Marojejy, Zahamena, Mantadia, Ranomafana, Andringitra, BefotakaMidongy and Andohahela. On 26 June 2007, all these parks (including that of Masoala) were listed in the world heritage list in terms of
the humid forests of Atsinanana (Anon., 2007).
28
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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28
These three villages are regarded as the main ports of exit from the Makira forest (P22, A2; P23, C3, personal comment to TRAFFIC,
much 2015).
29
It should be noted that the woodcutters questioned took part in the illegal felling of rosewood and wish to remain anonymous.
30
“The invasion:” by hundreds of people from the southern part of Makira, between December 2010 and February 2011, was confirmed
by the gendarmerie of the outpost of Rantabe (personal comment to TRAFFIC, March 2015).
30
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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31
One tree =3 to 4 logs 2 m long, 30 cm in diameter and weighing 150 kg (Anon., 2009b; Randriamalala and Liu, 2010).
Rantabe is a Malagasy urban municipality situated in the northern part of the region of Analanjirofo. Its population was estimated at 19
500 inhabitants in 2001 (Anon., 2001).
33
This quantity corresponds to 800 rosewood and ebony tree trunks, given that one tree produces three logs (Wilmé et al., 2009;
Randriamalala and Zhou, 2010; rosewood collectors, woodcutter’s groups, personal comment to TRAFFIC, January and February 2015).
34
The average weight of a rosewood log is 145 kg (rosewood collectors, woodcutter’s groups, personal comment to TRAFFIC, January
and February 2015).
35
Results obtained using SMART (Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool). This software is much more than simply a tool for collecting
and storing data. It is a series of best practices, whose goal is to help Protected Area managers to follow-up, evaluate and appropriately
manage their patrol activities better (Anon., 2015g).
32
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
31
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32
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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:*,#&NLMQF=
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
33
(C6
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36
Didy is a municipality in the Ankeniheny Zahamena Corridor (CAZ).
34
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
@7@7?7,!'&$(*!'-+,!%*,*
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37
With its surface area of 384 000 ha, the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor is one of the largest vestiges of the humid
dense evergreen forest of eastern Madagascar (Anon., 2015i). Conservation International has been rolling out
conservation and local development projects in this area for more than ten years.
38
Palisander trees (Dalbergia spp.) are destined for high-end use, cabinet making, fine luxury joinery, marquetry, luxury
flooring, string instruments, etc. (Rajemison, 2013).
39
One palisander tree 40 cm in diameter can produce three planks (TRAFFIC surveys conducted with the woodcutters of Didy between
20 and 25 April 2015).
40
, 1USD equal to 2500 MGA, (average rates for 2015), this rate is used throughout the report
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
35
$F6'+,!&',!%*!&, %*#,+'&*.' &1& 2':&,&&*!.';
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41
Didy is a rural municipality of 15,000 people located in the Province of Toamasina. It belongs to the Alaotra Mangoro region and the
district of Ambatondrazaka (Anon., 2015j).
36
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
+ !# !#'! " " $
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3000
Volume (m3)
2500
2000
Ambatondrazaka
Amparafaravola
1500
Andilamena
1000
Moramanga
500
0
2011
2012
2013
2014
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
37
-*#.."@*,'#.-3.(,A-3-.'."-/,03)(/.#(.".#',',%.-) (,0)"(!3(
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42
Licence: Professional card issued by the Ministry of Commerce to any operator engaged in a commercial activity
Ebony timber (Diospyros spp.) and rosewood timber (Dalbergia spp.) are sought after for the manufacture of musical instruments,
objets d’art, marquetry and sculpture (Rajemison, 2013).
44
This region is situated in Fianarantsoa province in the centre of the island of Madagascar.
45
Ambositra is a Malagasy urban district, capital of the district of Ambositra, situated in the south-eastern part of the Amoron'i Mania
region.
46
Each household includes a sculptor.
43
38
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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47
Interministerial order no. 003/2009 of 28 January 2009 giving approval for export to 13 rosewood forestry companies of the
SAVA region; Interministerial order no. 38 244/2009 of 21 September 2009 on exceptional export, authorizing named parties to export
on an exceptional basis ebony, rosewood and palisander using the previous inventory; this applied to those operators whose situation was
in order regarding taxation and the forest administration; maximum quota of 25 containers allocated to 42 companies.
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
39
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48
Intsia bijuga (known in Madagascar as “hintsy”) is a very widespread species on the coasts of the islands of the Indian and Pacific
Oceans, including in eastern Madagascar and the Seychelles. In Madagascar, Intsia bijuga wood (“hintsy”) is particularly sought after
for heavy carpentry, construction, notably shipbuilding, parquet flooring, carpentry, doors, furniture, railway sleepers, vats and tanks,
shingles and for decorative purposes. In the mid-2000s there was considerable trade in merbau trees (several species of Intsia, especially
Intsia bijuga and Intsia palembanica) with Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea as the main producers and China, India and the
European Union as the main importers (Anon., 2015k). Denmark and the Netherlands submitted to the 8th Conference of the Parties to
CITES (2-13 March 1992, Kyoto, Japan) a proposed amendment for the listing of the genus Intsia in Annex II (Anon., 1992), a proposal
that was rejected. According to a review of the profiles of some timber-producing and consumer countries (Anon., 2015l), exports of
Intsia bijuga to China are regarded as high risk when they come from Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea or the Solomon Islands.
However, the case of Madagascar was not considered in this review.
49
The listing was done following a proposal from Brazil (cf. CoP8 Prop. 91) at the 8th session of the Conference of the Parties of CITES
(2-13 March 1992, Kyoto, Japan).
40
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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50
Palisander Dalbergia species were harvested in terms of logging permits by mutual agreement (between forest administration and
timber company) until 2001 and then from 2001, the harvest permit is acquired by tender (Rose Razanarisoa, Chairperson of GNEFM,
personal comment to TRAFFIC, October 2014).
51
The volume of ebony represented only 1% of the total (P1, A1; P11, A2, personal comment to TRAFFIC, January 2015).
52
These 52 000 t of precious wood came from 100 000 rosewood trees (and ebony trees), including over 60 000 trees cut down in the
Protected Areas (Anon., 2009b; Randriamalala and Liu, 2010). The value of the illegal trade in rosewood was then estimated at EUR400
000 per day, supplying the international markets (Anon., 2009b).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
41
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53
Formal exports refer to authorized exports for operators preselected by the forest administration between 1998 and 2009. The last
formal export dates back to 2009. Informal exports refer to all exports that were not permitted, fell beyond the authorized volume, or
took place beyond the authorized period.
42
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
43
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54
One woodcutter can fell on average between 3 and 5 trees a day (depending on the density of the trees, the topography, etc.). Working
on the lowest estimate felling of 3 trees per day (the equivalent of one tonne), the wages of the woodcutter come to about USD 15-USD
21 per t.
55
Skidding is a type of forestry operation which consists of transporting the felled trees from where they were cut down to a road or a
place of temporary deposit. This is generally conducted by a group of four people dragging the log across the ground from the site of
harvest to the nearest informal beach loading points or to the nearest road reachable by tracks
44
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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56
Rosewoods (Hong Mu in Chinese) are prized raw materials in the traditional furniture industry, valued for its high quality and its
ability to fulfil technical requirements of certain aesthetic furniture styles. The royal furniture in the Forbidden City Museum tells the old
story of the first shipment of MG timber exported to China after explorer Zhenghe’s visit to Africa nearly 600 years ago. MG rosewood
was once considered a special gift to ancient China from Madagascar.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, rosewood utensils were given
to emperors by dignitaries (Anon., 2010a; Schmidt, 2014; Caramel, 2015; Petera Loyn-Lung, economic operator, personal comment to
TRAFFIC, January 2015). The continued demand for MG rosewood today is proof of the sustained interest in the furniture and art craft
in traditional Chinese culture, which had first blossomed during the Ming Dynasty.
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
45
!-*F6*!,*&$'&, +-(($1 !&:9,;
Price in USD/tonne (x1000)
Forest
Village 1
Village 2
FOB in
Madagascar
Wholesaler
inChina
Retailer in
China
#)&'3"#"41=;<;2"&! (#)1=;<;2&! 1=;<@2)&*-1=;<@
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57
There are, however, seventeen (17) ports: Toamasina, Antsiranana, Nosy Be, Mahajanga, Toliara, Antalaha, Vohémar, Morondava,
Tolagnaro, Port Saint Louis, Morombe, Manakara, Antsohihy, Maintirano, Sainte Marie, Maroantsetra and Antalaha. Only four of them
(Antsiranana, Toliara, Vohémar and Toamasina) have adequate port infrastructures: wharf, deep draft, quayside surfaces, warehouses
and stevedores, enabling commercial operations of loading and unloading of merchandise on the wharf. In seven ports (Nosy Be,
Mahajanga, Morondava, Tolagnaro, Port Saint Louis, Manakara and Mananjary), the commercial operations are done in the harbour by
46
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
.-#(,(,&-)/-.)-"#*,)-1))&)!-=/-."--,.*),.-!(,&&3)().
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."(-%#.)1,-."&)--.,#0,(%-),)-.-: ),#(!.,(--"#**)(.)#!!,
0--&-) ."&!-3)-.EPT:O;PU:O:*,-)(&)''(..)
:,"NLMQF=
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!)0,('(.#(,"(*.',NLLU:."*),.) )"6',1-."*,#(#*&-"#**#(!
*),.="/."),#4.#)(-.."..#',&.)(&3.)2#-.#(!-.)%-(()..) ,-"&3>/.
.#',E#(#-.,#&,,NLLU>LLO) NT(/,3NLLUF=)10,:/.)." #&/,) barge navigation and access to the port with a wharf is achieved by straddling a shallow river. In the other ports, access is limited to the
traditional small boats which ply a regional route or those boats which only require a shallow draft and limited facilities (Maro, 2008).
58
The term “boutre” (dhow) is generic and designates a whole variety of vessels that are quite different from each other. Their common
element is that they are made of wood and equipped with one or two masts, each with a trapezoidal sail, known as “an Arab sail”, similar
to the Latin sail, with the difference that its forward point is truncated. The name of boutre or dhow is also given to little cargo boats of
traditional Arab construction which ply the coastal areas of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean from Madagascar to the Gulf of Bengal.
These are motorized vessels capable of carrying loads of 300 to 500 t, with a very slender wooden hull.
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
47
/."),#.#-.),!/&.2*),..#',: ,-"&3>/..#',1-&-)#(&/#(@2#-.#(!
-.)%-AEPM:M;MR:O:*,-)(&)''(..)
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M:*,-)(&)''(..)
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59
The Lacey Act is an American law adopted in 1900 which protects wildlife from trafficking. The amendment to this law in 2008 to
include plant products was the first prohibition on trade in illegally sourced timber products. In terms of the amended law, it is illegal to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire and purchase, in the framework of international trade or trade between American States,
any plant acquired or marketed in violation of the laws of the United States, of any American State, the tribal territories and foreign
countries. The Lacey Act concerns the entire supply chain. Any illegal activity at any point of the chain means that the product cannot be
legally marketed in the United States. All parties, and not only the party introducing the product into the American market, share equal
responsibility before the law (Anon., 2013e).
60
False documents certifying the legality of Malagasy timber are created in Hong Kong SAR, thus enabling the timber to enter China
(Ndrato Razalamanarina, President of AVG, personal comment to TRAFFIC, April 2015). Changing the certificate of origin is another
technique used (P40, C3, personal comment to TRAFFIC, April 2015).
48
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
!-*>>6'$-%+:9,;&0('*,*'-,+,', !*'-&,*!+'+,!&,!'&'$+1(*!'-+
,!%*
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'.)&'9=;;D5=;<@:"(&#)"#&!(#"# (-&#!,$#&(&'#(&#"
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
49
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!&##"(,$#&(#('(#'#('(!&)"( ((""#!!((#'
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'#--#)(-)'*,#-#(!!(,',#:().",*,)..,'(!,-="-.)%*#&-
1,+/#, .,."*/&#.#)() ,RM((#(!",0-.#(!:&)!!#(!(
2*),.#(!) ,)-1))()(3#(!-,RN="-.)%*#&-,&).#(0,#)/-
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NLML..",+/-.) ."E#,.),.) ),-.)(.,)&:NLML:/(*/&#-",*),.F=
-)(#(0(.),3#(NLMM1-)(/..",)/!"(#(0(.),3'#--#)()''#--#)(3."
#(."#-.,#.) (.&"('0E#,.),.) ),-.)(.,)&-:NLMM:
/(*/&#-",*),.F=."#,#(0(.),31-)(/.3)(-/&.(3.'#(NLMN
E()(=:NLMNF=-)(."-#(0(.),#-:.-1-*,*,3."#,.),.) ),-.)(.,)&) .".),),-#4(&,-.)%*#&-E()(=:NLML;()(=:
NLMM;()(=:NLMNF=
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(%)(-/&.(3,*),.E()(:NLMP F=-*#.."#(0(.),#-:#.#--.#&&# #/&..)"0(
2.-.#'.) -.)%--#4EQQ:N:*,-)(&)''(..)
:3NLMQF=1)
-/!!-.#)(-1,*/. ),1,3-.%")&,-)(-/&.3
#(.",!#)(
2*&#(#(!."#-# #/&.3:('&3:#F )&&)1#(!.")(.,)&'#--#)(-,,#)/.3." ),-.
'#(#-.,.#)(,-/&.#(!#(-#4/,-:(1-.)%-,/'/&.#(!-.#'*---:(##F."
-.)%-,#(!-.)&( ,)',.#(&).#)(-1",."3,#(!"&=
!"!
(NLMM:."/,!.")-)*,.),-")&#(!-.)%*#&-) *,#)/-.#',.)'%
&,.#)() ."#,-.)%-.).") :)'#..#(!.)&,# 31".1)/&"**(.)
-.)%-.".1,&,ES:N:*,-)(&)''(..)
:3NLMPF="#--.*1-
/(,.%( )&&)1#(!."#--/#(!) ,#(()(.",!/&.#)((*(&.#-) ) (-
,&..),)-1))()(3RO=&.")/!"MLQ)*,.),-&,."#,-.)%-E()(=:
NLMMF:)(&3NR) ."'E)/.NQVF1,&.)-/**&3-/**),.#(!)/'(.--*,)) ) &!&#.3E ),#(-.(:,.# #.) ),#!#() ."-.)%-:.,(-*),.&#(),&#--4*--,F) 61
Decree no. 2010-141 of 24 March 2010
Article 2 of this decree stipulates that “henceforth the logging, harvesting, transport, marketing and export of rosewood and ebony are
prohibited”.
63
Ordinance n’2011-001 of 8 August 2011
62
50
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
51
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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64
65
Illegal operators with no supporting documentation to prove the legality of their wood.
This refers principally to extortion of money by intimidation.
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
53
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66
This rids the piece of wood of all or part of its sapwood, reduces its weight and facilitates its layout with other pieces to make a
framework or a structure (http://deshommesetdesarbres.fr/equarissage.html).
54
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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67
Decree no. 38244/2009 of 21 September 2009;
i.e. the export conditions, e.g. packaging (if there is any), the quantity exported in relation to the sum of money paid, etc.
69
According to the information collected by TRAFFIC in the SAVA region, the Chinese buyers were more or less absent between 2013
and 2014, which does not, however, mean that they did not import Malagasy rosewood and ebony, but rather that they trusted their local
partners. From the end of 2014, the quality of the timber exported from Madagascar seemed to deteriorate, which brought the Chinese
back to Madagascar to take care of the selection of wood to be exported to China themselves (P11, A2; P16, C3; P1, A1, personal
comment to TRAFFIC, January 2015).
68
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
55
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70
These local witnesses insisted that they had no information on the name of the boat or the identity of the company. According to these
witnesses (personal comment to TRAFFIC, March 2015), the crews of the vessels transporting the illegal timbers wouldpaint the vessels
before landing, so that the name of the vessel was obscured.
56
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
(%78/% #*%' &'"&'# %&")# )"'&%'!%
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(Delmas, UAFL, SEAL, SAFMARINE)
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Processing industry
Raw timber retailer
International level
Export companies
(Finished products)
Consumer countries
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
57
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71
Cap Est is one of the most important harvest sites (important in terms of harvest volume)
The village of Belalona is situated on route 3B connecting the coastal town of Sambava with Andapa, a small town at the entrance to
the Marojejy National Park. The distance from Belalona to Sambava is 45 km and 62 km to Andapa
(http://www.madacamp.com/Belalona).
73
Unlike the logging of rosewood and ebony, which occurs from time to time, the logging of palisander is permanently ongoing in the
CAZ countryside; consequently, the link between an upsurge in harvest and development of illegal trade remains difficult to establish
(Fidy Andriamananoro, DGF, personal comment to TRAFFIC, October 2014).
74
Stevedores are group of men that loading or unloading timber logs from or into the tracks or vessels
75
Manakambahiny Atsinanana is a rural community situated in the central eastern part of the Alaotra-Mangoro region. It belongs to the
district of Ambatondrazaka
72
58
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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76
The CPI varies on a scale from 0 (country perceived as extremely corrupt) to 100 (country perceived as not at all corrupt). This CPI
classifies countries depending on the perception of the level of corruption.
77
In 2007, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation developed the Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) forming the most complete set of
quantitative data on the state of governance in Africa. Compiled using different sources and in partnership with the experts of a number
of African institutions, IIAG provides an annual evaluation of the state of governance in each of the countries of the continent. It enables
citizens, governments, institutions and actors in the private sector to assess the capacity of the State authorities to provide public goods
and services and the effectiveness of public policies in each of the continent’s countries. The indicators are divided into four main
categories: Security and sovereignty of the law, Civil participation and human rights, Sustainable economic development and Human
development (cf. http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/iiag/press/).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
59
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78
Interministerial mission responsible for regaining control of the illegal exploitation of precious wood.
60
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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79
This average weight was 150 kg between 2005 and 2007 (P36, E1; P37, E1, personal comment to TRAFFIC, March 2015).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
61
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9IGHL;(&)"%-"('(.,-(&,,--",-",D<
-,!(.%)("'-
(.--!--!'-+% (/+'&'-'-!+ "('%&"'",-+-"('! +-(%%(--(
+ "('&"'"&.&(IGQ(-!-(-%+/'.,+(&-!,%()+"(.,-"&+C"<<
62
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
(.-MGG&"%%"('(+IIGGGGD:-!+ "('0(.%-!'",-+".--!,.',(+-!
/%()&'-("'+,-+.-.+,"'-!(&&.',0!+-!+(,0((!'(%%-CM9
H:MI9H:J9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9'.+2IGHLD<2+.+2IGHL9-!
+ "('!+"/'('(-!,.',CM9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9
'.+2IGHLD<
/'.,+(&-!"%% %1)(+-()+"(.,-"&++&"'(.-,"-!+ "('%('(&"
%(0(-!+ "('<
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,--"'-!)"-%(++(9%'"'-!+ "('9(+"'/,-"' "'."%"' !(-%,"'-!
&"'-(.+",-,"-,(-!(.'-+2CH9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9'.+2IGHLD<
#&&#"#!%#!''#(%&'&'#%
)+-+(&'+"!&'-(-"&+-+"$+,'-!"+,,("-,C"%&5$<9IGGPD9&(' -!/","%('(&""&)-(-!",,%-"/(+,--"('',,("-"',.+"-2%",-!
&+$%"'"'(-(.+",&"'IGGP<
-",0(+-!'(-"' -!-(-(.+",&"')+(--+,",
-!&"'-(.+",---+-"('(+ ,+<!'.&+'('=+,"'-/","-(+,"' ,+
-!+(++())2LMQ"'IGGP(&)+0"-!IGGO<!%--+!'+(+2+
(+-(.+",-'.&+,C<" .+HLD<(',*.'-%29-(.+",-+/'.,)%.&&-+(&(.-
KMG&"%%"('-(,%" !-%2.'+HOG&"%%"('.+"' -!,&)+"(<
'-!)+"(IGGL
-(IGHJC(+0!"!-!+",(&)+%/"%%-D9IGGP+&"',-!0(+,--(.+",-2+
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'",",(.+ -(.+",-,+(&/","-"' ,+(%%(0"' -!)(%"-"%",-.+',
'"',.+"-20!"!)+/"%"'-!(.'-+2CHK9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9
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(%7;/%"&"'"(!%#"#"1%&"')&'#%&''#%%&"'#(%&!%""&"
E'.+2-(.'IGHK('%2
%"-.+3124
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"'IGHG9 +".%-.+%)+(.-"('!,+,(',"+%2"'-!+ "('<
.&+(.,+")",)+(/""' ,-)%((,.))%2(+-!",+ "('!/''('"'
/(.+("%% %.-%.+-"/)+"(.,-"&+-+-"/"-",CH9H:JO9H:HM9J9
)+,('%(&&'--(
9'.+2IGHLD<!,"%% %-"/"-",!/"'-.+'.,
"'+,&''-!+(+," '""'-"'+,"'-!)+"(,"(&&("-","'
(-!-!''%'#"+((+ "(',<(+"',-'9-!)+")+$"%( +&(+"-+")%"'
IGHHC'%'#"+((+ "('9.').%",!+)(+-9IGHID9'-!)+"(%"/!"$',+(,
+(&NGGGCJ9D-(IGGGGCODCJO9H:HM9J9)+,('%(&&'--(
9'.+2IGHLD<
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
63
!.,%-!(. !-!+ "('0,)+/"(.,%2%&(,-,%=,.""'-"'((9-!?+(,0((
+",",@",+.)--! +".%-.+%/%()&'-,-+- 2-!-!'/%()2-!+ "('
"'(=()+-"('0"-!-!"'",-+2( +".%-.+"'IGGOCH9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9'.+2IGHLD</+2-"&-!+0,'.),.+ "'"%% %!+/,-'1)(+-(
+(,0((9-!/"%% +".%-.+%%(.+(+0,," '""'-%2+.90"-!-!2(.' )+(.+,(.,"' ('%-+'-"/.,"',,,"'/(%/"' 1)%("--"('(+(,0((<!(,-(
+".%-.+%%(.++&"',-%.'-"%+!IGGP9"<<JGGG9(+*."'-.)%"' -(
+!HLGGG)+2CM)+2D.+"' -!?!2@)+"(,(+(,0((%( "' 9
"<<-0''.+2IGGP')-&+IGHH'-0'&+IGHJ'+.+2
IGHK<-0'IGGP'IGHJ9-!+ "('-!+(+1)+"',+",(+"
,!(+- ,9)+(.-"('!/"' %"',/+%2-!+(. !-!%$('/"%%%(.+(+
CH9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
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)+-(+,'(0'#(2+-"'.-!(+"-2')+(&"''"'-!&"'",-+-"(''&(' -!)().%-"('CH9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9'.+2IGHLD<(0/+9-!&"'
+,('(+-!",,("%)-'",-!-&(,--"&+()+-(+,)+"/-!!+/,-'-+
()+"(.,0((,% %-"/"-29,"&"%+-('2(-!+.,"',,90!"!'%,-!&-(
('.--!"+-"/"-",.'",-.+'"'-!).%"2<.+-!+&(+9-!,()+-(+,+
"&)%&'-"' ,("%'('(&"/%()&'--"/"-","'-!"++,9'(',*.'-%29
-!,("%)-'(-!"%% %-"/"-2+%--()+"(.,-"&+", +.%%2(&"' ,-%",!CH9H:JO9H:HM9J:KH9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
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IGHLD<
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+(&(/&+IGHJ-(-(+IGHL9%(,-(LGGG-(+(,0(('('2(+" "'-"' +(& ,+0+,"3"'/+"(.,%(-"(',"'-!0(+%C" .+HMD<%" !-%2%,,-!'
OGQ(-!/(%.&(,"3.+,-(($)%"'IGHK9-!-"&+,"3"'"' )(+"'2IGHK
%('(',-"-.-"' NGQ(-!-(-%/(%.&(+(,0(('('2,"3(.-," ,+
"'-!-2+<(0/+9-!"' )(+'#.,-",2,-&"('HJ(/&+IGHL-(
+-.+'+ ((JGGGG+(,0((%( ,,"3"'+!IGHK(+" "'-"' "' ,+
C.-%+9IGHLD-("-,!"',='-"('%"-2"&)(+-+,('-! +(.',-!-? "#$$
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",,-"&--IGG&"%%"('CJ9J9)+,('%(&&'--(
9.%2IGHLD<
64
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
(%7</# (!#%#&*##"#",&-#('&&%%#!8677'#867;
%"#- )%#$"+3122,+3124%$"+3125.
# !$'&/'&#'%#"
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'?'(+&%@-"&,C"<<(.-,"-!)+"(("%% %1)%("--"('()+"(.,-"&+D9(-(+
0(.%,'/+ (HG)-"'-,)+*.+-+,.+"' +(&'<!"," .++(,-(
JGOG)-"'-,)+*.+-+.+"' !)+"((.),.+ "'!+/,-'1)(+-()+"(.,
-"&+9-!&#(+"-2(-!)-"'-,(&"' +(&),-9-!)"'-+("%% %+(,0((
%( "' CMJ9M9)+,('%(&&'--(
9+.+2IGHLD<!","'+,0,.-(
-!)+(%"+-"('()+(,-"-.-"('"'-!/"%% ,,.++(.'"' -!1)(+-',!"))"' ,"-,
CKH9H:HM9J:J9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9'.+2IGHLD<
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&(!"-+%''9(.-('-!"+CJ(.-(HGD(-! "+%, (/+HK&)+(,-"-.-,
.+"' -!)+"(,(!" !-'-"&+1)%("--"('<(0/+9"-","".%--(++"/-'
1-" .+ "/'-! +-'.&+(&" +'-,-!-+'(-+ ",-+"'-!&.'"")%"-",:
'(+!,-!+'',.,()+(,-"-.-,CJ9H9(&&<)+,<4
9'.+2IGHLD<
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,!(+- ,D(.%1)%"'0!2(/+KGQ(-"&+0(+$+,9"')+-".%+,-/(+,-!-&(/
%( ,+(&(+,-,-(-!,,!(+9!/).%&('+2",,,C,.!,-.+.%(,",DCKI9J:
KJ9J:KK9J9)+,('%(&&'--(
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+ "('",/+2!" !OH<(+1&)%9(HGG2(.' &'&(/"' -(),--(.-'A(+,$"-!
)+"(.,-"&+%( ,9-0'IG'JG!/"<!"+)%,((+" "'0+%%('
C&/D9'-,"+(+C(!&+D9''$'C')D9&("$$3(C'-%!D9
',"C'-%!D<
80
These figures were provided by a doctor verbally, but he was not willing to send TRAFFIC an existing written document containing
these statistics.
81
It is difficult to estimate the total number of young people involved in wood cutting, as this number can vary over time. A very rough
estimate by the authors of the total number of these young men for all of the sites (given that some woodcutters move from one site to
another) would be in the order of 2 000 men.
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
65
!.,,(-!","'+,"'-!&(+-%"-2+-&(' .%-,(.%"'%.'2,/+%
-(+,9'&%2;
"D /2%(!(%(',.&)-"('9)+-".%+%2&(' 0((.--+,',-/(+,<.+"' -!
?+(,0((!+/,-@9+(0'+"'&(!"-+%''',%%(.-HGG-"&,&(++-,
(+)+0$OI9NG-"&,&(+(--%,(0!",$2OJCH9H:J9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9IGHLD9'-!&$+,(-!-+"-"('%%(%+.&?-,-,@',%%(.-KG
-"&,&(+("-OKCH9H:J9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9IGHLD<!",%(!(%
.,'.,/"(%'-" !-,90!"!(,"('%%2%-(-!<(',.,!,'
('.-('-!-(-%'.&+(-!,.,2%(!(%(',.&)-"('<
""D "'-,.+"' -+%%"' ',$""' CJ9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9
+.+2IGHLD<
"""D ",,9/+'%"'"' !!,9 +/-2-" .'&%'(.+",!&'-"'-!
(+,-<
"/D --%&'-(,(+,,,("-0"-!-!!+/,-'"%% %-+"')+"(.,-"&+<!",
)!'(&'('&"'%2('+',-!(%%-(+,CK9K:L9K:J9H:H9H9)+,('%
(&&'--(
9IGHLD<(+1&)%9"'-!&.'"")%"-2(&(!"-+%''9
-0'.'')-&+IGHJ9-!+(%%-(+,0+$"%%OL,+,.%-(-!
,--%&'-(,(+-0'(%%-(+,(+-0'(%%-(+,'1)(+-+,CK9K:L9
K:J9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9+.+2IGHLD<
-",++(+-!(",(-!,0((.--+,',-/(+,-(,'-$-(-!"+&"%",
'"-!,',. ,--!--!20+.+""'-!(+,-(+-!+(0'"'-(+"/+,CKI9J:
KJ9J:KK9J9)+,('%(&&'--(
9'.+2IGHLD<)(+-%2'('(-!
/"-"&,>&"%",!/+-((&)%"'(%%(0"' -!-!(-!"++%-"/,CMK9J:ML9
J:MM9J:MN9J:MO9J9)+,('%(&&'--(
9'.+2IGHLD9$'(0"' -!-
-!1)(+-(+(,0(('('2",)+(!""-'(++(+)+",%,+(&&)%(2+,(
-!,0((.--+,',-/(+,CMK9J:ML9J:MM9J:MN9J:MO9J9)+,('%
(&&'--(
9IGHLD<
'"'+,"'-!&(+-%"-2(.%-,!,'(,+/9"')+-".%+"'/"%% ,%(,-(
!+/,-,"-,<CK9K:L9K:J9H9MN9J:MO9J9)+,('%(&&'--(
9
+.+2IGHL
.+"' !?+(,0((!+/,-@9"'+,"'-!+-(,''-+.'2+(&,!((%!,
'+(+--!)+"&+2',('+2,!((%,(/"%% ,%(,-(-!!+/,-'
,!")&'-,"-,<!",!,+,.%-"'-!-&)(++2%(,.+(,!((%,+(.'),-
C&(!"-+%''9&)'/('9-,"'+'DCJ9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9
+.+2IGHLD<
(+IGGP9-!'.&+(&" +'-,"'-!&.'"")%"-2(&(!"-+%'',"-.-"'-!
/""'"-2(,(%+$'/+1IG)()%)+2+CJ9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9+.+2IGHLD<-0'IGGP'IGHH9-!",&.'"")%"-2+(+IGGQ-(
JGGQ"'+,"'&" +'-,'-+")%"' (,&%% +(+2,-(+,9+,'!(-%,OM<.+"' -!
82
Two crates of beer per week outside of the “rosewood harvest” compared with 30 crates per day during the “rosewood harvest”.
One bottle of whisky per week outside of the “rosewood harvest” compared with 10 bottles per day during the “rosewood harvest”.
84
5 litres of rum per week outside of the “rosewood harvest” compared with 30 litres per day during the “rosewood harvest”.
85
The reporters of this information were not sure if there were three collectors or two collectors and a woodcutter as they had some
difficulty in identifying these people who came from outside the village.
86
Outside of the timber logging periods, the municipality of Ambohitralanana has only three groceries, two bars and a hotel.
83
66
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
%(0,,('>,)+"(.,-"&+!+/,-9(/+OGQ(-!&" +'-,0(.%+-.+'-(-!"+)%,
((+" "'90!"%-!(-!+IGQ!(,-(+&"'"'-!1)--"('-!-)+"(.,-"&+
-"/"-",0(.%('-"'.CJ9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9IGHLD<
-0'-(+IGHJ''.+2IGHK9-!"%% %!+/,-"'-!,(%+$'
,-"('(-!$"++$0,(&)'"2-!++"/%(-!(.,',(&" +'-,++"/"' +(&%%(/+ ,+"'-(-!&.'"")%"-",(&(!"-+%'''&)'/('"'
)+-".%+<!,&,'+"(+.++-0'.'')-&+IGHK<!,-&)(++2
&" +-"(',"'+,-!%/%("',.+"-2'+"&"'%-"/"-2"+- "',--!%(%
)().%-"(',9< <"'+,+. 'A(+%(!(%(',.&)-"('&(' (2,9+)( "+%,(+
"'+,"')+(,-"-.-"('<(+1&)%9-0'KGQ'LGQ( "+%,(/+HI2+,( +())(.-(,!((%-((&)+(,-"-.-,)"-0'IGGGG'KGGGGG
CHG=IGDCJ9H9)+,('%(&&'--(
9IGHLD<
###"#!!$'&/+!$ # # %&&%##'&#!!("'&>=45>>
!&#(+"-2(%(%)().%-"(',"'+,(-"&+1)(+-+&.)(+&+,<(&(
-!%(% +,,+((-,(&&.'"-",('+('>%('
(-('29
D"'/(%/"'(+,-&' &'-
,-'-('"-+(&-!,.,-"'%!+/,-()%",'+<!",",-!,"'-!%(%
(&&.'"-2("2,"-.-"'0!+(&&.'"-2'+'-0'LGGGCID
'NLGGCJD)+)%",'+)%'$<!)+"/+",(+"' -(-!
"'
*.,-"(''%%.',+)""'-(-!(&&.'"-",?-+.,-.'@'.,-(++2(.-
)-+(%,OP"'-!+(=&' 2-!%(%(&&.'"-2'% -&' +<
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.',+.,-(.2(",.))%",9&(/%,,-,(+
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'-!+.+%",-+"-('$&!"'2-,"''9-"&+
(&)'",&"'-"'-!+((''-"' '$&!"'2-,"'''&-('+3$<
!",&"'-''"&)+(/,%(%-+',)(+-'+-,,!(+-=-+&#(,(+-!%(%
)().%-"('-!+(. !!" !%2%(.+="'-',"/(',-+.-"('0(+$C
PGD<
90:0
%!*#%#%$%#(&*##&
90:070%%,# & '#""&%
!!"++!2(% ",%-"/,--.-,"' ,+",)2+&"=,!)9,(%%(0,;--!-()
(-!",)2+&"",-!(',-"-.-"('9(%%(02"'-+'-"('%-+-",'%0,9-!(&,-"
%0'"&)%&'-"' + .%-"(',9-!'(+"'',9+,'(++,<--!,(-!
)2+&"+&"'",-+-"/","(',(+ +&'-,-0')+"/-)+-",C'('<9IGGOD<
87
A grassroots community consists of any voluntary group of individuals united by the same interests and obeying the rules of a shared
life. It includes, depending on the case, the inhabitants of a hamlet, a village or a group of villagers. The grassroots community has a
legal personality and operates as an NGO in accordance with the regulations in force (Art. 3 of Law no 96-025 of 30 September 1996 on
the local management of renewable natural resources).
88
Vondron’Olona Ifotony or Local Grassroots Community.
89
These patrols carry out various activities which relate to both antipoaching and anti-bushfires, and also to recording slash and burn
farming, illegal exploitation, mining activities, etc.
90
The term HIMO ("highly labour-intensive public works") used by the International Labour Organization (ILO) designates the methods
which combine light equipment with labour in an optimum mix to ensure quality and minimize costs in creating or refurbishing
infrastructures (Tajgman and Veen, 2000). In Madagascaar, the State construction programmes provide short-term employment at low
wages for qualified and unqualified workers in highly labour-intensive projects such as road construction and rehabilitation of irrigation
infrastructures, reforestation and soil conservation, and allow the poor to earn a minimum wage by enabling the unemployed to join the
labour market (Subbarao, 2003). This terminology has been globally adopted by the “Safety Net” unit of the World Bank and in the strict
sense of the term includes any work which incorporates a heavy labour cost and whose objective is to make a rapid transfer of income to
workers. In practice, this definition has been extended to the State construction programmes, certainly those that are highly labourintensive, but with other goals, longer duration, and other modes of payment (in provisions, for example) (Andrianjaka and Millazo,
2008).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
67
(',*.'-%29'(++(++&.,-+,)-%%-!-1-,(!" !+%/%'--!,&
-"&,!(.%',.+-!"&)%&'--"('(-!,,&-1-,<
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,--.-,(-!,&(+%(0+%/%<%0-%(0+%/%''(-+-'0+" !-,'
(%" -"(',0"-!(.--!&(""-"('(++)%(('-+"-(+2,--.-,--!,&(+!" !+
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% ",%-"/,"-.-"(')'"' ('!(0"-!,'"'2-!.))+%/%,CNH9L:NI9
L9)+,('%(&&'--(
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)+,(',CNH9L:NI9L9)+,('%(&&'--(
9&+IGHLD<(/+'&'-
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-!% ",%-"/!"++!2,!(.%+,.%-"'% %)'%-2<
!1",-'(!"++!2(,--.-(+2'(+&,(',-"-.-,('(-!&(,-"&)(+-'-
.+'-,(-!+.%(%0<
'-!",('-1-9-!)+",%2"'(&)-'",(-!
"+'-(",(-!--'-!'(+&,-!--!2+9+/%"('%2('('"-"('-!-
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+"'''(<MG=HIN(J-(+HPMG%"' 0"-!)+(.+,(+(+,-%+"' '
0"%"+,0,)+(&.% -<
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."'(')'%-",(++!,(% ",%-"(')+-"'"' -((+,-,9!.'-"' 9",!"' '-!
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. .,-HPPN'2"-,"&)%&'-"' +'(<PO=NOI('!+/,-&(%"-",<+-"%L(
-!(+,-!+/,-&(%"-",,-").%-,-!-?)$ ####)"#$ "%$
#%$$$"#$"'$%$%$"*$#) "$"$+
"$#+#+$#"$$"$'-!
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+,@<!,&% ",%-"(',-").%-,-!&'-(+2+*."+&'-(&' &'-)%'(+
%%-"&+!+/,--"/"-",'-!"'"-"('(*.(-(+!,)",,.#--(!+/,-
('-!,",(-!+,.%-,((+,-"'/'-(+2('.-(+-!%( "' )+&"-", +'-
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')+-"!(0/+9"'/'-(+",++,(.+'-"&(',.&"' 9,(+++%2
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+-HPPMC-"('%
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"'(+&-"('('-!,--.,(,)",+&"',,+<!+",'('-"('%,2,-&(
,.+/"%%'(+(+,-1)%("--"('"' ,+CN9I9)+,('%(&&'--(
9
2IGHKD<+-"%L(0'(<PN=GHN+/","' 9,-").%-,"'"-,+-"%JL-!-?$$$'
%$&$")(#$"#$#$$""$"). "&$'"%#$$$
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)"#$"# " ")"#$'"&$")#"#$#@<,)"--!",
+*."+&'-9'(+)(+-('-!"'"' ,(-!"'/'-(+",",/"%%'/+2('(',.%-
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68
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
90:090$%( '#"&$%'""'#%#&*##"#",
!%0,-!- (/+'-!!+/,-'1)(+-()+"(.,-"&+"' ,+%.-.-
-0'.-!(+"3-"('')+(!""-"('<!)+"'")%+ .%-"(',('-!!+/,-'-+(
% ,2)+"(.,0((+)-.+"'%HM%(0<!"+,-% ",%-"('+ +"' +(,0(('('20,()-"'IGGG2(++'(<IGGG=HHOJI''"' -!!+/,-'
1)(+-(+(,0(('('291)-"'-!(+&("'",!(+)+(,,)+(.-,,.!,
+-)+(.-,<!,&(++,.,)'(+-!+2+,'2(',"+-"('())%"-"(',
(+%"',-(%( "'-!'(+-!=,-+'+ "('<!",(++0,,.))%&'-2'(-!+(++
"'IGGJCLHAGJA
('.+2IK-!9IGGJD)+(!""-"' -!1)(+-()+"(.,'
1(-"-"&+'%%+0-"&+<!,0+/%()"'+,)(',-(-!"'+,("%% %
1)(+-(!" !/%.-"&+<
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
69
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70
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
71
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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91
These two missions took place respectively between 19 and 23 January 2015 and 9 and 13 March 2015. The objective of the first
mission was to assess the effisciency of the system in place to detect the illegal shipment of protected species. The second mission aimed
at assessing the progress made by the Government of Madagascar to combat illegal harvesting and export of precisous timber. Following
these missions, the assessment team from ICCWC issued a list of of recommendations for the attention of the Government of
Madagascar (P55, A2, personal comment to TRAFFIC, November 2015).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
77
78
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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Table 19: Examples of the progress made by Madagascar in implementing the CITES action plan for Diospyros and Dalbergia
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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92
These courts were selected because the cases of logging and export of precious wood in the timber production areas which are the subject
of this study are dealt with in these three courts.
80
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
81
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93
Heading VII (Penalties of offences) Section II (Offences and Penalties) of this Decree stipulates, for example, that "whoever shall exploit
forest products, without having been authorised to do so, or without enjoying right of use, shall be penalized by a fine of 50 to 1000 francs
and a prison sentence of between 15 days and 3 months or one of the two penalties alone […]." (Art. 50) or that “the sale and trade
[prohibited] of products arising from special permits, logging licences or rights of usage, shall be punished by a fine of 50 to 500 francs
and in the case of a re-offence, a prison sentence of between 15 days and 3 months […].” (Art. 52).
94
The Agents authorized to take statements can only be appointed after having taken an oath before the Court (Article 48 of the Protected
Areas Code of 7 August 2001).
95
Implementation Decree no. 61-078 uses in the same terms the content of article 45 of Ordinance no. 60-128.
82
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
83
4.
DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION
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84
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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96
Of the 28 species of Dalbergia with MED, information is available only for 15 species (53.5% of the species with MED). Of the 29
species of Diospyros described, information is available for only 41.4% of the species with MED; in total, there is information for 27
species of Dalbergia and Diospyros (47.4% of the total).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
85
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86
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
87
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97
The interministerial committee (consisting solely of representatives of the Ministries) has replaced a steering committee consisting of the
government institutions and environmental civil society.
98
The Ministry of National Defence, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Finance and the Budget, the
Ministry of the Interior, Decentralisation and Public Security, the Ministry of Environment, Ecology, and Forests, the Ministry of
Commerce and Consumption, the Ministry of Tourism, the Ministry of Transport and Meteorology, the Ministry of Culture and Craft and
the State Secretariat to the Ministry of National Defence responsible for the Gendarmerie.
99
http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Zero-Tolerance-declare-le-ministre,19869.html
http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140210-bois-rose-engagements-president-malgache
http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140907-madagascar-le-trafic-bois-rose-mobilise-politiques
http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/administration-ravelonarivo-rappelle-la-tolerance-zero-40560/
http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2015/01/24/bolabola-le-bois-qui-saigne_4562855_3244.html
88
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
D8E8
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0%+*(.'0!) +!/*+0$2!/1""%%!*0$1)*.!/+1.!/3%0$+*(50!*+""%!./%*,(!K
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0%)!.K%!( /0""_^^**+0+* 10Q+*0%*1+1/R/1.2!%((*!+"0$%/0!..%0+.5+"`acc')`H
$.0!.%6! 52!.5 %""%1(0"%!( +* %0%+*/3%0$.1##! 0!..%*H)*530!.+1./!/
* .%*"((()+/0((0$!5!..+1* K ! 0+0$%/%/(!2!(+" %/+1.#!)!*0+*0$!,.0+"
0$!/!+""%%(/3$+H+*/%+1/+"0$!3!'*!//+"0$!/*0%+*/,,(%! 0+0$!+""!* !./..!/0! H
/!!0$!/)!+""!* !./%*.!/%*#(5+*"% !*0+"0$!%.%),1*%05K
D8F8
%*+!#!+0%!%&%*!*+%0&+ ),#+&)0)$.&)"$'#!!*!###
/'#&!++!&%%/'&)+
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!/,%0!0$!$%!..$5%*(#/5(!#%/(0%+*H0$!%*,.0%!)*#!)!*0+"0$!"+.!/0.5/!0+.H
%*,.0%1(.+"0$!,.!%+1/0%)!./!0+.H !2%0!/".+)0$%/$%!..$5K
0$/!+)!()+/0
+))+*,(!"+.*+. !.0+*!(+.+*0. %0!4%/%0%*# !.!!/+.!2!*)+.!+"0!*H*
+. %**!K+.!4),(!H
*0!.)%*%/0!.%(. !.*+K__fa`S`^^^+"a^0+!.`^^^H,.+$%%0%*#
0$!!4,+.0+".+/!3++ * !+*5* )!)+.* 1)*+Kg`aS^cS
S%+"d
+2!)!.`^^c!*(%*#0$!).'!0%*#* !4,+.0+"/0+'/+"!+*5* .+/!3++ !(.! +""%%((510$+.%/! 3%0$+100$!,.%+..!,!(+"
*0!.)%*%/0!.%(. !.*+K__fa`S`^^^+"a^
0+!.`^^^+),.%/%*#,.+$%%0%+*K
/)!*0%+*! +2!H0$!('+",+(%0%(3%((+"0$!(!#%/(0%2!10$+.%05+*/0%010!/)&+.
+/0(!0+(!#(%),(!)!*00%+*H* %*01.*!*+1.#!/%((!#((+##%*#* 0. !+"3%( ,.+0!0! /,!%!/K
100
15 field officers of the Masoala National Park were recruited in 2010 and 10 others are in progress (P14, C1, personal comment to
TRAFFIC, March 2015).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
89
D8F8B8,+$&#!*#+!&%
. %**!*+K`^__M^^_+"f1#1/0`^__ !(/3%0$,!*(0%!/"+.+""!*!/.!(0!/0+.+/!3++ * !+*5K$%/+*/0%010!/0$!+*(5(!#(.!"!.!*!0+,!*(0%!/%),+/! "+.0$!!4,(+%00%+*
* 0. !+",.!%+1/0%)!.%* #/.* 5!00+ 0!*+ !.!!%),(!)!*0%*#0$%/
. %**!$/!!*!*0! K+*/!-1!*0(5H,,(%(!.!#1(0+.5".)!3+.'+*0$!%//1%*#+"
,!*(0%!/%//0%((0$03$%$ 0!/'+2!.$("!*01.5H%K!K. %**!*+Kd^M_`f+"a0+!.
_gd^K
1.0$!.H$!!4%/0%*#.%)%*(,.+! 1.!.!-1%.!/0$0+*(5.! %0! (3!*"+.!)!*0+""%!./
+"0$!"+.!/0 )%*%/0.0%+**,.!,.!.%)%*( +'!0* 0$00$!$.#!/)1/0!
/1""%%!*0(5.+1/0"+.0$!/!0+! )%//%(!%*+1.0K+3!2!.H%*0$!)&+.%05+"/!/H0$!
.+0!0! .!/0""3$+.!,.!/!*000$!/!*!+"*%* %!*0H10.!*+0,,.+,.%0!(5
.! %0! +""%!./+"0$!"+.!/0 )%*%/0.0%+*H .31,0$!"%./0/00!)!*0+"+""!*!0$1/
.!* !.%*#%0%*2(% K$!+..!0,.+! 1.!%/0$00$!%*%0%(/00!)!*0)1/0!,.!,.! 50$!
.! %0! +""%!./+"0$!"+.!/0 )%*%/0.0%+*1/%*#0$!"0/,.+2% ! 50$!.+0!0! .!
/0""+*!.*! K$%/(,/!%*,.+! 1.!1* !.)%*!/0$!/1!//+".%)%*(,.+/!10%+*/K
1.0$!.H,++.-1(%05+"%*"+.)0%+*+*0%*! %* +'!0/U"+.%*/0*!H$.#!/*+0!4,(%*! +.
,++.(5!4,(%*! V+"0!*(! /0+.!"1/(50$!+1.0/0+,.+/!10!/!K
$!(+3,!*(0%!/%*0$!"+.)+""%*!/* S+.&%(0!.)/%),(!)!*0! 50$!+1.0/+*0$!/%/
+". %**!*+Kd^M_`f+"a0+!._gd^* %0/
),(!)!*0%*#!.!!*+Kd_M^dfH)!*/0$0
%0%/*+0,+//%(!0+$2! !0!..!*0!""!0+*/0'!$+( !./%*2+(2! %*%((!#($.2!/0* 0. !K
*/!/,.+/!10! 50$!+)/%*+1.0H0$!)4%)1),!*(05%),+/! "+.0$!%((!#(
$.2!/0H0.*/,+.0* 0. !+",.!%+1/0%)!.$/*!2!.!4!! ! /%4)+*0$/%*&%(K
D8G8&-)%%,%)$!%0&)),'+!&%
+..1,0%+*((!#! (5.!)%*/0$!)&+."0+.0$01* !.)%*!/0$!!/0(%/$)!*0+"#++ #+2!.**!%* #/.H3%0$*+*!+"0$!,1(%/!0+./%* #/./!!)%*#(5!4!),0
U5.!H`^_aVK$%/+..1,0%+*1* !.)%*!/#++ )*#!)!*0+"0$!,.!%+1/0%)!.0. !".+)
(+((!2!(0$.2!/0/%0!/0$.+1#$0+!4,+.0K
0+1./0((/0#!/+"0$!0. !$%*K1.%*#
0$!%//1%*#+"0!),+..5!4,+.0,!.)%0/H/+)!+""%%(/.!((!#! (5.%! 50%)!.+,!.0+./
%*+. !.0+#!0,!.)%0/H!2!*0$+1#$/0+',%(!2!.%"%0%+*3/*+0..%! +10K+)!+,!.0+./
((!#! (5.%!+""%%(/0+#!0,!.)%//%+*0+!4!! !4,+.0(%)%0/H* 5!0+0$!.0%)!.
+,!.0+./((!#! (5,.+2% !,.%20!2!$%(!/* )+0+.%'!/0+0$!(3!*"+.!)!*0+""%!./
0$0.!/1,,+/! 0++*0.+(0$!0.*/,+.0+"0$!%.0%)!.K
$!+..1,0%+*)50'!0$!"+.)+",+(%0%(%*"(1!*!/+/0+5,//0$!"+.)(,!.)%00%*#
/5/0!).!-1%.! "+.0.*/,+.00%+*+",.!%+1/0%)!.K*"+.!)!*0+""%%(/)500%)!/!
.%! 0+01.*(%* !5!0+0.1'/+.*+!/..5%*#%((!#((+#/K$!*.!#1(0+.52%+(0%+*/
.!"+1* H&1 %%(+..1,0%+*+1./0+,.!2!*0,.+/!10%+** +1*0%(%05H(!2%*#%0%6!*/
3%0$+10(!#(.!+1./!K
D8H8+&)-!**):*&$$,%!+0&%*)-+!&%-#&'$%+$&#
)+*#0$!a^3++ 100!./%*0!.2%!3! 5
%*0$!+1./!+"0$%/3+.'H`f.!/,+* ! 0$00$!('+"%*+)!* 0$!/.%05+"!4,(+%0(!*01.(.!/+1.!/_^_.!0$!)%*.!/+*/
)+0%20%*#0$!)0+#!0%*2+(2! 3%0$0%)!.0.""%'!./K++1*0!./1$,.+(!)/H((0$!
101
For these woodcutters, a large part of the natural forests are protected and their access to the natural resources remains limited to the
sustainable use zones of the Protected Areas (which constitute at most 20% of the total surface area of the Protected Areas). In fact, they
state that their resources, (yams, honey, wood…) are rapidly running out.
90
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
.+0!0! .!)*#!./%* #/.%),(!)!*0%*#(+( !2!(+,)!*0,.+&!0/H%*(1 %*#
0$!+*/0.10%+*+"+))+*%*"./0.101.!H0$!,.+)+0%+*+"%*+)!M#!*!.0%*#0%2%0%!/H
%*+)!)*#!)!*0,%051%( %*#+"0$!(+(,+,1(0%+*_^`H/1/0%*(!1/!+""%.!3++ * 0$!%*0.+ 10%+*+",.+ 10%+*0!$*%-1!/K
$! !2!(+,)!*0,.+&!0/%),.%*%,((50+.! 1!)*M) !,.!//1.!+*"+.!/0.!/+1.!/5
,100%*#%*,(!(0!.*0%2!/0+0$!1*/1/0%*(!!4,(+%00%+*+"0$!/!.!/+1.!/K$! !/%.!0+
!.*)+*!5-1%'(5H3%0$+100++)1$!""+.0* 3%0$2!.5(%00(!.%/'H%/2!.53% !/,.! )+*#
5+1*#,!+,(!,.0%1(.(5%*0$!0+3*/* +"0!*0'!/,.%+.%05+2!.0$! !/%.!"+.! 10%+*K
%0$+10/0.+*#(+( !2!(+,)!*0/5/0!)%*,(!H/0.%0+*/!.20%+*,+(%5U0$0%*(1 !/
,!*(0%!/V3%(()'!(+(,!+,(!)+.!21(*!.(!K+.!+2!.H/0.%0+*/!.20%+*3%((*+0
)%0%#0!0$!.%/'+"(+(,!+,(!!+)%*#%*2+(2! %*%((!#($.2!/0* 0. !+"0%)!.K$%/%/
,.0%1(.(5,!.0%*!*0%*.!/3$!.!5(+*!/$2! !/0.+5! .+,/* %*"./0.101.!H* 3$!.!%*+)!%/.!,(! 5%*2+(2!)!*0%*0$!%((!#(!4,+.0+"0%)!.H/%*0$!/!+",/0
.!#%+*K$%/.!$/!!*/1&!00+/!2!.(5(+*!//%*!`^^^K
102
As for example on income management, the sustainable use of firewood and the introduction of production techniques.
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
91
5.
RECOMMENDATIONS
+)%+ %"%&.#&%"%!&'0)&**'!*.!+ -!.+&+ !**,!%&
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• *.!/!"1* %*#0+"%(%00!0$!!2(10%+** .!/!.$%*0+/0* %*#/0+'/+",.!%+1/
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• $!.!%/*!! 0+"%((0$!#,/%*'*+3(! #!+*%+(+#%($.0!.%/0%/+"0$!$.2!/0! /,!%!/H%*(1 %*#0$!%.$%0005,!H*0%+*( %/0.%10%+*H,+,1(0%+*0.!* /* 0$!0$.!0/
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92
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
"$$$$
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+"0$!/!.!+))!* 0%+*/)+*#/0+),!0!*0*0%+*(+.#*%60%+*/.!/,+*/%(!"+.
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)!)+.* 1)+"1* !./0* %*#+*0$!/$.%*#* !4$*#!+"%*"+.)0%+*U/0.0!#%
%*0!((%#!*!VI%%%V3.!*!//.%/%*#)+*#0$!,1(%I%2V,%051%( %*#I2V+M+. %*0%+*
+"(3!*"+.!)!*0#!*%!/)+*#/00$!2.%+1//%#*0+.5+1*0.%!/0+
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• 0.!*#0$!*%(0!.(* )1(0%(0!.(+M+,!.0%+*3%0$$%*%*0$!".)!3+.'+"$%*M
".%+M+,!.0%+*0+.%/!3.!*!//)+*#$%*!/!+,!.0+./* +*/1)!./+10
%((!#(,.!%+1/0%)!.+.%#%*0%*#".+) #/.K$%/+1( 0'!0$!"+.)+"
),%#*_^a !(%*#3%0$((/,!0/+"%((!#((+##%*#* 0$!.!(0! 0. !+",.!%+1/
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103
China, the main destination for Madagascar’s illegal timber, has launched several campaigns to crack down on the international trade in
African species. These campaigns have focused on different aspects of the illegal trade in wild species (trafficking, international transfers
and illegal processing). With the aid of three telecommunications companies, reminder messages were being sent to Chinese citizens
travelling abroad in order to dissuade them from engaging in illegal hunting, purchasing and transporting of wild species and the products
derived from them (p.40, C3, personal comment to TRAFFIC, June 2014).
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
93
• $*#!0$!/001/+",1(%+.#*%60%+*/3+.'%*#"+.#++ #+2!.**!%*+. !.0+!*/1.!
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104
BIANCO is the independent anticorruption bureau. However, it should be pointed out that its Director General is appointed by the
President of the Republic on whom its operating budget also depends.
In fact, this organization should be independent; however, its operating budget depends on the Ministry responsible for Forests.
105
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
103
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104
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
ANNEXES
Annex 1: Agenda of the workshop to evaluate the scientific knowledge on precious timber (22-24
September 2014, Antananarivo)
Dates and Times
Sessions
Responsables
Reception of participants
Welcoming address
Workshop opening speech
What is CITES? Role of the CITES scientific authority and management
authority
CITES decisions for Madagascar; perspectives of the Plants Committee,
Standing Committee and the Conference of the Parties
TRAFFIC
SG MEEF/ DGF
USAID
CITES scientific authority
and management authority
09h40 – 09h50
09h50 – 10h10
Objectives of the workshop
Results of research on precious timber (Dalbergia spp. and Diospyros spp.)
Julien Rakotoarisoa
MBG
10h10 – 10h45
Overview of the procedures to establish a Non-Detrimental Finding
CITES Scientific Authority
10h45-11h00
11h00 – 11h15
Coffee break
The Malagasy populations of Dalbergia spp. and Diospyros spp.: Summary of
available knowledge
Working groups – Use of NDF guide on the species
Formation of groups and beginning of work
Lunch break
Resumption of group work
Report group by group
Discussion on the differences between the radar charts of each group
22 September 2014
8h30 – 09h00
09h00 – 09h05
09h05 – 09h10
09h10 – 09h40
11h15 – 11h45
11h45 – 12h30
12h30 – 14h00
14h00 – 15h00
15h00 – 15h20
15h20 – 16h00
16h00 – 17h00
Working groups
* Identification of the species exploited by the forestry industry in order to
use them as model species for NDF exercizes
TRAFFIC
Julien Rakotoarisoa
All participants
All participants
All participants
All participants
All participants
* Formation of two working groups, one for the species of the northern
region and the other for the species of the southern region
** Use of the 27 species cited in the working document for prepare the NDF
** Identification of the names of the species depending on their exploitation
location, use of maps to identify the harvest locations. Formulation of radar
charts by each group (maps will be available to mark the harvest areas)
23 September 2014
09h00 – 09h10
09h10 – 10h45
10h45 – 11h00
11h00 – 11h30
11h30 – 12h00
12h30 – 14h00
14h00 – 14h10
Recap of instructions for the working groups
Working groups
Coffee break
Report of the working groups
Presentation of radar charts for each group and plenary discussion.
Finalisation of radar charts
Lunch break
Description of the new task for the working group: research priorities:
identification of the research priorities based on the NDF results illustrated
by radars, the questions which will lead the discussion will be:
Moderator
All participants
All participants
Moderator
* What is the information required?
* How is this information to be obtained?
* Who will be involved in the collection of information?
What will be the timeframe for this research and collection of information?
14h10 – 17h00
24 septembre 2014
09h00 – 12h00
12h30 – 14h00
14h00 – 15h30
15h30 – 16h30
16h30 – 17h00
Working group
All participants
Working groups (finalisation of the action plan)
Lunch break
Working groups (contd.)
Feedback from each working group
Closure
All participants
All participants
All participants
USAID / DGF
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
105
ŶŶĞdžϮ͗>ŝƐƚŽĨƉĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƐĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽŶƉƌĞĐŝŽƵƐƚŝŵďĞƌ
;ϮϮͲϮϰ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϰ͕ŶƚĂŶĂŶĂƌŝǀŽͿ
Noms
Prénoms
Institutions
Fonctions
ANDRIAMBOLOLONERA
ANDRIAMIALISON
ANDRIANARIJAONA
ANDRIANARIVELO
AZIHAR
BOTOVAVY
CAMARA
CHANG KUON
DAULLFUS
NADIA
NEWTON
RABARIJAONA
RABEATOANDRO
RABESIHANAKA
RABESISOA
RAFAEL
RAJEARINTSIRA
RAKOARIMAMONJY
RAKOTOARISOA
RAKOTOARISON
RAKOTOMALALA
RAKOTOSON
RALAMBOMANANA
RAMANANANTOANDRO
RAMANGASON
RAMAROSANDRATANA
RAMBELOARISOA
RANARIVELO
RANDRIAMANAMPISOA
RANDRIAMANANA
RANDRIAMANANORO
RANDRIAMANTENA
RANDRIAMANTSOA
RANDRIANARIFETRA
RANDRIANARIMISA
RANDRIANASOLO
Sylvie
Lanto
Jean Joseph
Soafara N
Saïd Hugues
Dieu Donné
Christian
Alain
André
Ralinivo
David
Romer
Marcellin
Sahondra
Lalaina
Corrine
Fred M
Josette
Solofo E
Fenonirina
Olivia
Georges
Bakoly
Tahiana
Guy Suzon
AV
Gerard
Valencia
Hasina
Dafison José
Fidy José
Fanja Olga
Jean Joseph
Hysaima
Aristide
Harison
MBG
DREEF
DREEF
MBG
DREEF
DREEF
MBG
MEEMF
Consultant Individuel
AVG
TRAFFIC
RGB Kew
MEEMF
DGF
MEEMF
USAID
sg/SCE/EN
DREEF
RBG Kew
DBEV
Banque Mondiale
GNEFM
MFB/DGI/DLFC
ESSA-Forêts
Madagascar Nationa Parks
UNIV Tana
WWF
WWF
Durell
MEEF
MEEF
CUEE/MNP
GNEFM
CAJ/MNP
WCS
CI
RANIVOARISOA
RARINIRINA
RASOAVAHINY
RASOLONIRINA
RATSIMBAZAFY
RAVAOMANALINA
RAZAFIMAMONJY
RAZAFINIMARO
RAZAFINTSALAMA
RAZANARISOA
VIA
Pascaline
Miora Lalaina
Laurette
Ramenason
Cynthia
Harisoa
Nivo
Tantely
Claudie
Rose
Sabine Marie D.
DGE
CITES Flora
MEEF/DCBSAP
DREEF
TRAFFIC
DBEV
DBEV
DREEF
GNEFM
GNEFM
DREF
Coordinatrice de Recherche
Menabe
Anosy
Assistant de projet
DREEF SAVA
DREEF Antsinanana
Représentant permanent
Directeur de Cabinet
Consultant
Responsable de Communication
E/S Africa
Chercheur
SG
Point focal CITES
Cabinet
Legal and Policy Manager
Divisional commissioner of police
DREEF Boeny
Programme Head
Biologist
Environmental specialist
CA
Tax Inspector
Lecturer and researcher
DG
CITES Scientific Authority Flora
Director of Conservation
IFS PC
Programme Coordinator
DCF
DGF
CUEE
Treasurer
CAJ
Research coordinator
Coordinateur of the research on the
species
I/C Flora/DVRN
SP
DCBSAP
DREEF Alaotra Mangoro
Programme Officer
CITES Scientific Authority Flora
Biologist
DREEF Analanjirofo
Chairperson GNEFM
Chairperson
Diana
RAVELOSON
Lovanirina Joël
Consultant TRAFFIC
Freelance consultant
106
TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
109
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
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117
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119
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TRAFFIC Report: Timber Island - The rosewood and ebony trade of Madagascar
DECember 2016
TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network,
is the leading non-governmental organization
working globally on trade in wild animals and
plants in the context of both biodiversity
conservation and sustainable development.
For further information, contact:
The Regional Director
TRAFFIC
East/Southern Africa Regional Office
c/o IUCN ESARO
PO Box 11536, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
Telephone: (27) 12 342 8304/5
Fax: (27) 12 342 8289
Email: [email protected] website: www.traffic.org
UK Registered Charity No. 1076722,
Registered Limited Company No. 3785518.
This document was produced
with the kind support of
is a strategic alliance of