Echoing Narratives:
Studies of Intertextuality in Greek and Roman Prose Fiction
ANCIENT NARRATIVE
Supplementum 13
Editorial Board
Gareth Schmeling, University of Florida, Gainesville
Stephen Harrison, Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Heinz Hofmann, Universität Tübingen
Massimo Fusillo, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila
Ruurd Nauta, University of Groningen
Stelios Panayotakis, University of Crete
Costas Panayotakis (review editor), University of Glasgow
Advisory Board
Jean Alvares, Montclair State University
Alain Billault, Université Paris Sorbonne – Paris IV
Ewen Bowie, Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Jan Bremmer, University of Groningen
Stavros Frangoulidis, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki
Ronald Hock, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Niklas Holzberg, Universität München
Irene de Jong, University of Amsterdam
Bernhard Kytzler, University of Natal, Durban
Silvia Montiglio, Johns Hopkins University
John Morgan, University of Wales, Swansea
Rudi van der Paardt, University of Leiden
Michael Paschalis, University of Crete
Judith Perkins, Saint Joseph College, West Hartford
Bryan Reardon, Prof. Em. of Classics, University of California, Irvine
Tim Whitmarsh, Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Alfons Wouters, University of Leuven
Maaike Zimmerman, University of Groningen
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Echoing Narratives:
Studies of Intertextuality
in Greek and Roman Prose Fiction
edited by
Konstantin Doulamis
BARKHUIS PUBLISHING
&
GRONINGEN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
GRONINGEN
2011
Book design: Barkhuis
Cover Design: Nynke Tiekstra, Noordwolde
ISBN 978-90-77922-85-9
Image on cover: Hans Horions, The first meeting of Theagenes and Charicleia, 1649.
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Table of contents
Introduction
K OEN D E T EMMERMAN AND K RISTOFFEL D EMOEN
Less than Ideal Paradigms in the Greek Novel
VII
1
K ONSTANTIN D OULAMIS
Forensic Oratory and Rhetorical Theory in Chariton Book 5
21
M ARIA -E LPINIKI O IKONOMOU
The Literary Context of Anthia’s Dream in Xenophon’s Ephesiaca
49
M ICHAEL P ASCHALIS
Petronius and Virgil: Contextual and Intertextual Readings
73
I AN R EPATH
Platonic Love and Erotic Education in Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe
99
M AEVE O’B RIEN
‘larvale simulacrum’: Platonic Socrates and the Persona
of Socrates in Apuleius, Metamorphoses 1,1-19
123
J.R. M ORGAN
Poets and Shepherds: Philetas and Longus
139
E LIAS K OULAKIOTIS
The Rhetoric of Otherness: Geography, Historiography
and Zoology in Alexander’s Letter about India
and the Alexander Romance
161
S TELIOS P ANAYOTAKIS
The Divided Cloak in the
Historia Apollonii regis Tyri: Further Thoughts
185
VI
TA BL E O F C O NT E N TS
Abstracts of articles included in the volume
201
List of contributors
205
Indices
Index locorum
General index
207
207
208
Introduction
K ONSTANTIN D OULAMIS
University College Cork
This collection of articles originated in the colloquium ‘The Ancient Novel
and its Reception of Earlier Literature’, which was held at University College Cork in August 2007, with funding from UCC’s Faculty of Arts and the
Classics Department. As the conference theme indicates, the purpose of that
two-day event was to explore the reception of antecedent literature in Greek
and Roman narratives, to consider ways in which earlier texts are assimilated
in prose fiction, and to reflect on the implications that this assimilation may
have for our understanding of the works discussed. The colloquium, which
comprised papers on a variety of texts, from the ‘canonical’ Greek romances
and the Roman novels to Alexander’s Letter about India and the Alexander
Romance, gave birth to stimulating discussions, both in and out of conference sessions, in a relaxed yet productive ambience of fruitful academic
exchange, constructive criticism and collegiality, and yielded some interesting conclusions.
The following are some of the main questions that were raised and debated during the colloquium: Is the ancient novel distinctive in its reception
of earlier literary production? To what extent can we talk of a ‘sociology of
reception’? Can intertextuality in the Greek and Roman narratives be used in
order to define a specific type of reader or social model? What role does the
author of a text play in all this? Should emphasis be placed on authorial intent or on textual relations? The revised version of the nine conference papers collected here explore these and other similar broad questions, focusing
on various types of literary echoes in ancient narratives.
Intertextuality1 has been recognised as an important feature of ancient
prose fiction and yet it has only received sporadic attention in modern scholarship, despite the recent explosion of interest in the ancient novels. This
—————
1
This is not the place to discuss the history of intertextuality. For a concise introduction to
intertextual theory, see Allen 2000.
Echoing Narratives, VII–XV
KO NS TA N TI N D O UL A M IS
VIII
may come as less of a surprise if one takes into account that, until recently,
the intertextuality of the genre had too often been associated with the origins
of the novel, which is also pointed out in John Morgan’s and Stephen Harrison’s recent synoptic view of the subject.2
The overall aim of this volume is to make a contribution towards filling
this gap by drawing attention to, and throwing fresh light on, the presence in
Imperial prose fiction of earlier literary echoes. And while one volume is by
no means sufficient to remedy the problem of the relative lack of scholarship
on the topic, nevertheless it is hoped that the present collection of articles
will create scope for debate and will generate greater scholarly interest in
this area. In what follows I shall first outline the argument of each essay by
way of introduction, highlighting some of the main questions raised in each
contribution, and then I shall bring out the link between individual topics and
the overarching theme of this volume.
In their chapter ‘Less than Ideal Paradigms in the Greek Novel’, Koen
De Temmerman and Kristoffel Demoen look at ways in which well-known
mythological, literary and historical paradigms from earlier literature inform
the characterisation of certain protagonists in the Greek novels, especially in
relation to the construction of sōphrosynē. Concerning the paradigms that
underlie some of the main characters in the novels by Xenophon of Ephesus,
Chariton, and Achilles Tatius, the authors argue that sometimes there is noticeable distance between the original meaning of the paradigm and the meaning that it acquires in the context of its evocation in the narrative concerned.
What is more, the function that the paradigm has for one or more characters
within the story and the way it is understood and interpreted by the reader do
not always coincide either. The chapter concludes that interplay between
Eigenbedeutung and Ernstbedeutung and between the key function and argument function that these paradigms evoke makes problematic an ‘idealistic’ reading of the protagonists and shows that, at least in that respect, the
Greek novels in question may not be as ‘ideal’ as they are often assumed to
be.
Konstantin Doulamis’ chapter ‘Forensic Oratory and Rhetorical Theory
in Chariton Book 5’ is concerned with the use of rhetoric in Chariton’s novel. Examining the rhetorical speeches delivered in the course of the trial episode that dominates the novel’s central book, the author argues for consider—————
2
Morgan – Harrison 2008, 218-236. Their chapter, entitled ‘Intertextuality’, falls into two
parts. The Greek section includes a brief analysis of specific examples from Longus and
Heliodorus on the Greek side of things, while the section devoted to the Roman novel
looks at the literary texture of Petronius and Apuleius.
IN TR O DU C TI ON
IX
able influence from Imperial rhetorical theory upon Callirhoe. This manifests itself not only in echoes of arguments and manoeuvres known from
Classical orations that were canonically prescribed by rhetorical theorists in
Chariton’s time, but also in the structure, argument, and stylisation of the
prosecution and defence speeches in the courtroom scene under discussion.
Chariton’s skilful exploitation of these echoes and of style-markers known
from his contemporary rhetorical prescriptions reinforces characterisation in
his novel and, at the same time, serves to subvert cultural stereotypes of his
time. By alluding in the narrative context of this episode to his subtle but
active engagement with forensic oratory and rhetorical theory, the novelist
appears to be giving a knowing nod to his alert, pepaideumenoi readers, who
would have shared his appetite for (and training in) rhetoric.
Maria-Elpiniki Oikonomou takes a closer look at Anthia’s dream in
Book 5 of Xenophon of Ephesus, which is central to what she sees as a multifaceted, multifunctional episode, and discusses the presentation and treatment of dreams in the Ephesiaca in relation to other texts. After demonstrating that Anthia’s dream is the direct result of the heroine’s mental state and
circumstances at that point in the narrative, the author argues that the passage in question is part of a long tradition of dreams presented in a similar
way in authors earlier than Xenophon (Herodotus, Hippocrates, and Lucretius), in the near-contemporary writer of oneirocritic theories Artemidorus,
and in Xenophon’s (later) fellow-novelist Longus. The essay also brings out
the foreshadowing function of the heroine’s dream, which not only aligns
this passage with Habrocomes’ prognostic dreams that occur earlier in the
narrative but may also be seen as alluding to the presentation and interpretation of two similar dreams in the (probably earlier) novelist Chariton. An
additional function of the episode constructed around Anthia’s dream is to
heighten suspense by deferring the anticipated reunion of the protagonists
shortly before the novel’s happy finale.
Michael Paschalis’ ‘Petronius and Virgil: Contextual and Intertextual
Readings’ examines the presence of Virgilian elements in the Satyrica, considers the contextual significance and intertextual implications of allusions to
Virgil’s Aeneid, and explores the interaction between Homeric and Virgilian
intertexts in Petronius’ novel. Focusing primarily upon chapters 79-99, but
also looking at 100-103, Michael Paschalis shows that Virgilian allusions in
Petronius, far from being merely sporadic echoes in isolated scenes, have a
sustained character. He also argues that, despite Petronius’ interest in Homer, Homeric influence upon the Satyrica is ‘Virgilianised’ in terms of both
language and content, because for Petronius’ audience the Aeneid carried
X
KO NS TA N TI N D O UL A M IS
greater weight and, therefore, constituted a more important and familiar intertext.
Entitled ‘Platonic Love and Erotic Education in Longus’ Daphnis and
Chloe’, Ian Repath’s chapter examines Longus’ reworking of well-known
Platonic dialogues on desire and love, such as the Phaedrus and the Symposium, and brings out an interesting aspect of the intertextual dialogue between Longus and Plato. Focusing on several episodes from Daphnis and
Chloe, Ian Repath argues that various types of allusion, ranging from general
thematic echoes to closer parallels and associations triggered by the use of
specific key-terms, prompt the reader to think of Plato, while certain differences and divergences from the Platonic intertext evoked may be seen as
inviting a humorous, ironic or even cynical reading of Plato. This analysis
adds a new dimension to Longus’ already recognised rich and complex intertextuality.
Maeve O’Brien’s essay on Aristomenes’ story in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses 1,3-19 examines the allusions in this episode to the Platonic persona
of Socrates. She argues that, in addition to the obvious allusion evoked by
the name of the Apuleian character Socrates, which is hardly surprising given the novelist’s fascination with the Socratic persona as demonstrated, for
example, in his De deo Socratis, the passage under discussion contains multiple echoes of Platonic works such as the Phaedrus, Symposium, Phaedo,
and Crito. The resemblances between the Apuleian and the Platonic Socrates, which are not limited to the characters’ circumstances and personality
but also extend to their human environment, invite further comparison between the two personae, and, in fact, it is the divergences from one another
which, according to the author, are telling of Apuleius’ intention. She concludes that the juxtaposition of Platonic philosophical discourse with the
entertaining, un-philosophical discourse of the novel, which dominates the
Socrates episode in Apuleius, leads to the reshaping of Socrates into a ghostly image, a revelation that ‘constitutes the first pleasurable step on the road
to true wisdom.’
John Morgan’s ‘Poets and Shepherds: Philetas and Longus’ explores the
significance of the novel’s key-character Philetas as a figure that may be
inscribing the Hellenistic poet Philitas, and considers the implications that an
association between the two would have for our reading of Daphnis and
Chloe. After gathering and presenting the scattered information that has survived about Philitas and his work, John Morgan offers a survey of modern
scholarship on the connection between Philetas and Philitas, before proceeding to explore the complex interplay between Longus and Philitas. He identi-
IN TR O DU C TI ON
XI
fies several areas of possible Philitean influence on Daphnis and Chloe,
exerted both directly and through the medium of Hellenistic and Roman
poetry, in scenes such as Philetas’ first appearance, his eulogy of Eros and
advice about love to Daphnis and Chloe, the story of the invention of the
syrinx, and the transformation of the female cowherd into a wood-dove, and
suggests that specific lexical terms in the Philetas scenes as well as character
names in Longus may also betray Philitean influence. Going beyond merely
identifying possible allusions to Philitas, John Morgan reflects on ways in
which Longus’ intertextuality may advance our understanding of the novelist
and his work.
In ‘The Rhetoric of Otherness’ Elias Koulakiotis draws attention to the
reception of geography, historiography, and zoology in Alexander’s Letter
about India and the Alexander Romance, two closely related, multifaceted
texts that ‘blend the most diverse literary genres and present them as an engaging unity.’ More specifically, the author sets out to investigate whether
human ways of communicating with the ‘Other’ (by which he means mainly
animals and gods) that were already known in Greek societies are also
operative in the exotic world described in the popular, fictional accounts of
Alexander’s deeds in the East on which the article focuses. Special attention
is paid to the themes of hunting, sacrificial ritual, and oracle consultation,
which can help to illuminate aspects of the relationship between humans
with fauna and flora as well as with the divine world.
Concentrating upon the episode of the encounter between Apollonius
and the fisherman, Stelios Panayotakis reflects on the significance of the
‘divided cloak’ motif that marks this scene out. An examination of the terms
tribunarium and sagum, which are used in order to describe the fisherman’s
garment, and of the relation that these bear to various literary traditions, lead
to a consideration of the possible symbolism behind the scene in question.
The author argues that the word tribunarium, with its negative connotations
of a superficial attitude towards the life of a philosopher, serves to undermine the fisherman’s offer of a frugal lifestyle to Apollonius, a lifestyle that
is eventually abandoned by both characters – by Apollonius as soon as he
marries king Archistrates’ daughter a few chapters later, and by the fisherman when he is richly rewarded by Apollonius at the end of the narrative.
In different ways, then, the essays collected here all analyse the interconnection between Graeco-Roman narratives and earlier or contemporary
works, and consider ways in which intertextual exploration is invited from
the readers of these texts. In doing so, they confirm what modern scholars
have already recognised: that the allusive range of all ancient novels is ex-
KO NS TA N TI N D O UL A M IS
XII
tensive.3 This, to a large degree, is a corollary to the dating of these works in
the Roman period and, consequently, to the rich literary production that had
preceded them. The diverse allusive character of the texts studied is reflected
in the variety of approaches adopted by the contributors to this volume,
which are almost as varied as the texts that they set out to analyse. Nevertheless, there are certain questions that are persistently raised in all articles.
First of all, how do we identify an allusion? There are various ways in
which the reader may be prompted to associate a passage with an earlier text.
One element that may trigger this type of intertextual association is aligning
a character with one or more well-known figures from earlier literature, often through implicit comparison – an association that can be evoked by the
behaviour and general portrayal of that character. Thus, Ian Repath discusses
the evocation of the Platonic Socrates in Longus, which, he argues, is not
without a humorous effect resulting from the ironisation of Socrates. Sometimes, the same character may be tacitly ‘cast’ in more than one role. Michael Paschalis, for example, analyses the way in which Petronius evokes an
implicit comparison of Giton with Odysseus but also with Dido, Iulus, and
Euryalus. And as Koen De Temmerman and Kristoffel Demoen demonstrate,
the assimilation of contrasting characters can sometimes undermine the
evoked earlier paradigm. But setting novelistic characters up against earlier
figures can be more explicit than that. Thus, Maeve O’Brien argues that the
association in the Metamorphoses of the Apuleian Socrates with the Platonic
Socrates, which is instantly triggered by the character’s name, brings about
the ‘reshaping’ of philosophical Socrates, ‘a transformation that leads to
literary pleasure within the context of Apuleius’ novel.’
Then there are also thematic connections residing in the preoccupation of
the authors of narratives with the same ideas as antecedent authors and in the
exploration of themes or the evocation of motifs from earlier literature. Ian
Repath, for example, sees a thematic connection between Longus and Plato
in both authors’ concern with erotic themes and in the emphasis they both
seem to place on beauty and on visually stimulated desire. He also traces,
however, divergences from, and hinted re-writings of, Plato in Daphnis and
Chloe. Michael Paschalis identifies thematic borrowing from Homer in the
episode of the fight between Encolpius and Ascyltus over Giton in the Satyrica. John Morgan discusses the possible links between Longus and the poet
Philitas through the association of the latter, and also of Callimachus, with a
grove and cave setting in Propertius’s third book. Konstantin Doulamis con—————
3
It is now suggested that even Xenophon’s Ephesiaca may be seen as intertextual. See
Doulamis (forthcoming).
IN TR O DU C TI ON
XIII
centrates on the trial theme and on the arguments deployed in the speeches
delivered by Dionysius and Mithridates in Chariton Book 5, which, he argues, echo well-known arguments from Classical forensic oratory. According to Maria-Elpiniki Oikonomou, the presentation of Anthia’s dream in
Xenophon’s Ephesiaca follows a long tradition of dreams represented as
reflective of the mental state and circumstances of the dreamer, which occurs
at least from Herodotus onwards and is also paralleled in Petronius and Longus. And Stelios Panayotakis brings to the fore the possible symbolism
evoked by the association of the ‘divided cloak’ motif, which we find in the
Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri, with other texts, such as Sulpicius Severus’
Life of St. Martin and Apuleius’ Metamorphoses.
In other cases, an earlier text may be evoked by the discourse of characters. There, it is specific lexical terms or the style employed by the speaker
that establish an intertextual connection. Ian Repath, for instance, points out
that the use of the Greek adjective phaidron at Longus 1,5,2 reinforces the
connection with the Platonic Phaedrus. Maeve O’Brien draws attention to
several examples of words evoking Plato in the Socrates episode in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses. Adducing, among other things, linguistic evidence,
Michael Paschalis discusses the Homeric connotations of praeda in the Giton episode and, given the term’s double meaning, considers ways in which
use of this specific term may affect our reading of Petronius. John Morgan,
too, focuses on certain terms in the Philetas episodes in Longus and entertains the possibility that Longus’ lexical choices and interests in these scenes
may reflect those of Philitas the poet, whose possible influence may also be
traced in some of the proper names employed in Daphnis and Chloe. Taking
into account the double meaning of the term mageiros and the associations
of the proper name Andreas with the Greek word for ‘man’, Elias Koulakiotis explores the special significance that may be evoked by the name
and function of Alexander’s cook in the Epistola. Stelios Panayotakis looks
at how the connotations evoked by the terms tribunarium and sagum, which
are used for the fisherman’s cloak in the Historia Apollonii, may affect our
reading of this particular episode. And Konstantin Doulamis argues that, in
the case of an important trial episode in Chariton, it is not merely what Dionysius and Mithridates say but how they say it, in other words the stylistic
categories deployed in their speeches, that colours their discourse and lends
an intertextual dimension to the text.
In thinking about the allusive character of Greek and Roman narratives,
the volume also asks how we might interpret the meaning of an identified
allusion. A point that comes up in almost all of the articles collected here is
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KO NS TA N TI N D O UL A M IS
that intertextuality often functions as a device of characterisation. This is
especially pertinent in Koen De Temmerman’s and Kristoffel Demoen’s
chapter, where it is argued that the connection with earlier mythological
paradigms serves to characterise the protagonists of the Greek novels. Konstantin Doulamis, too, argues that the evocation of well-known models from
Classical forensic oratory and Imperial rhetorical theory serves to reinforce
the cultural identity of the two litigants in the Babylon trial scene, whilst also
putting a playful, ironical spin on the cultural clichés shared by Chariton’s
readers. Ian Repath and Maeve O’Brien examine the way in which assimilation with Platonic characters affects the portrayal of characters in Longus
and Apuleius respectively. Moving along similar lines of enquiry, Michael
Paschalis explores the effect resulting from the connection of Petronian protagonists with Virgilian figures. Elias Koulakiotis considers how representations of the ‘Other’ in the fictional accounts of Alexander’s deeds may impact on Alexander’s image. Maria-Elpiniki Oikonomou argues that the
presentation of Anthia’s dream in Book 5 of the Ephesiaca not only contributes to the heroine’s portrayal, but also plays an important role in the
movement of the plot in Xenophon’s narrative. And taking this general approach a step further, John Morgan suggests that in a genre as self-conscious
and allusive as the ancient novel, possible connections may be identified not
only between characters in the novels and characters in earlier works, but
also between novelistic characters and the authors of earlier works, as is the
case with the character Philetas in Longus who, in certain ways, may be
inscribing the Hellenistic poet Philitas.
I would like to thank the editorial board of Ancient Narrative, in particular Gareth Schmeling and Maaike Zimmerman, for their encouragement and
advice, and Roelf Barkhuis and his team for ensuring the smooth publication
of this volume. The bulk of the editing work involved in this project was
carried out in the library of the Hardt Foundation in Vandœuvres, Switzerland, a most wonderful environment in which to work, thanks to two consecutive research grants from the Foundation itself. I would like to express
my sincerest gratitude to the Director and staff of the Hardt Foundation for
their generosity and warm hospitality. The publication of this volume was in
part made possible by a grant from the Research Committee of the College
of Arts, Celtic Studies and Social Sciences, University College Cork, to
whom I am thankful.
IN TR O DU C TI ON
XV
Works cited
Allen, G. 2000. Intertextuality, London – New York: Routledge.
Doulamis, K. (forthcoming). ‘Literary mimesis and Amatory Rhetoric in Xenophon of Ephesus’, in: M. Futre Pinheiro – J.R. Morgan (eds.), Literary Memory and New Voices in the
Ancient Novel: The Intertextual Approach, Groningen: Barkhuis.
Morgan, J.R. – Harrison, S. 2008. ‘Intertextuality’, in: T. Whitmarsh (ed.), The Cambridge
Companion to the Greek and Roman Novel, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
218-236.
Abstracts
Less than Ideal Paradigms in the Greek Novel
K OEN D E T EMMERMAN – K RISTOFFEL D EMOEN
In an examination of earlier literature in the Greek novels, one important
aspect is the novelists’ engagement with paradigms (paradeigmata/exempla). In this article, we discuss a number of paradigms in the Greek
novels, ranging from implicit intertextual allusions or brief comparisons to
fully fledged narratives. We adopt a narratological approach, distinguishing
between the Eigenbedeutung and Ernstbedeutung of paradigms on the one
hand, and between their argument function and key function on the other.
Our discussion points out that the hermeneutical dynamics underlying the
use of these paradigms and the ambiguity involved make problematic the
widely-held idealistic reading of the novelistic protagonists.
Forensic Oratory and Rhetorical Theory in Chariton Book 5
K ONSTANTIN D OULAMIS
This chapter investigates Chariton’s use of rhetoric in Book 5 of his novel
Callirhoe. An examination of the structure, content, and style of the
speeches delivered by Dionysius and Mithridates during the trial in Babylon
brings out the influence of contemporary rhetorical theory upon this novel.
Both addresses contain echoes of Attic orators who were canonically prescribed in the rhetorical treatises of the Imperial period, along with specific
style-markers discussed by ancient rhetorical theorists. The novelist knowingly and self-reflexively alludes to the stylisation of the speeches under
discussion in the narrative context of the trial scene, which, I argue, is primarily aimed for the entertainment of Chariton’s sophisticated, rhetorically
trained reader.
Echoing Narratives, 201–204
202
ABS TR AC TS
The Literary Context of Anthia’s Dream in Xenophon’s Ephesiaca
M ARIA -E LPINIKI O IKONOMOU
Recent decades have seen a fair number of interpretations of dreams in the
ancient novel and in Xenophon of Ephesus in particular. This chapter attempts a fresh reading of Anthia’s dream, the third and final one in the Ephesiaca, by drawing both on ancient dream theory (notably Artemidorus) and
dreams and dream interpretation in non-technical literature. Xenophon is
shown to have constructed, in Anthia’s dream and its aftermath, a multilayered episode which sets up the concluding part of his novel as a culmination of previous events, in a sophisticated dialogue with the earlier Chariton.
Petronius and Virgil: Contextual and Intertextual Readings
M ICHAEL P ASCHALIS
This paper examines Satyrica 79-99 against the backdrop of the Aeneid. It
attempts to show how isolated Virgilian allusions can be bridged into a sustained and meaningful subtext, especially by considering the implications of
each Virgilian intertext. In addition it investigates the interaction between
Homeric and Virgilian allusions: differences in diction and substance, the
reasons for which Homeric scenes and episodes are ‘Virgilianized’, and the
possibility of second-hand Homeric inspiration.
Platonic Love and Erotic Education in Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe
I AN R EPATH
This chapter investigates how Longus’ novel negotiates a relationship with,
and forms a commentary on, the notion of chaste, ‘Platonic’ love, arguing
that the verbal and thematic allusions to Platonic texts which deal with love,
in particular the Phaedrus, constitute a coherent and significant intertextuality. Longus sets his novel in the literary and philosophical world of the
Phaedrus and, with a characteristic blend of humour and seriousness, alludes
to Plato throughout the erotic development of his protagonists. The ignorance that leads to unfulfilling abstinence and the education that results in
the consummation of Daphnis’ and Chloe’s relationship invert Plato’s philosophical ideal and replace it with a novelistic, romantic ideal.
ABS TR AC TS
203
‘larvale simulacrum’: Platonic Socrates and the Persona of Socrates
in Apuleius, Metamorphoses 1,1-19
M AEVE O’B RIEN
This essay concentrates on the first episode in Apuleius’ novel, which includes a story about the character Socrates related by his friend Aristomenes.
The Platonic Socrates and also discourse and Socrates (Socrates as a ‘family
man’ and Socrates’ appearance) are discussed in this chapter but always in
the light of how these areas of interest are used and interpreted by Apuleius.
Apuleius’ Socrates is most unlike the Platonic Socrates. It is as if the very
statue or image mentioned by Alcibiades in the Symposium is what Socrates
becomes in the Metamorphoses, and so the phrase larvale simulacrum, ‘a
pale imitation’, which is how Aristomenes describes his friend (Met. 1,6,3),
aptly characterises this Apuleian variation of Socrates.
Poets and Shepherds: Philetas and Longus
J.R. M ORGAN
This paper explores the relationship between the character Philetas in Daphnis and Chloe and the Hellenistic poet Philitas of Kos. Previous approaches
to the question are surveyed and some new connections are suggested. The
point is not to use Longus as a source for expanding our knowledge of Philitas, but to speculate how our reading of the novel would be enriched if we
were to accept Philitas as a hypotext. I suggest that Longus is unlikely to
have been a passive reflector of Philitas. There appears to be a meta-literary
dialogue between the two authors, focussing, among other things, on the
interplay of simplicity and elaboration in poetry.
The Rhetoric of Otherness: Geography, Historiography and Zoology
in Alexander’s Letter about India and the Alexander Romance
E LIAS K OULAKIOTIS
The purpose of Alexander’s Letter to Aristotle is to describe the author’s
journey to India and to present a systematic exposition of the new kinds of
animals found at the edge of the world. It therefore has to do with the communication of his newly acquired knowledge. The aim of this essay is to put
this apocryphal letter in its broader ethnographic context and to discuss the
204
ABS TR AC TS
ways and means that the author uses in order to articulate the substance of
his communication. It is argued that this piece of utopian literature has an
impact on Alexander’s image as drawn in the fictional accounts of his deeds,
and that it has a strong political message as well.
The Divided Cloak in the Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri: Further Thoughts
S TELIOS P ANAYOTAKIS
This paper revisits the episode of Apollonius’ encounter with the fisherman
and the motif of the divided cloak in the Historia Apollonii regis Tyri, and
argues that whereas its comparison with similar episodes from the ancient
novel (Xenophon of Ephesus, Apuleius) and Christian biography (Sulpicius
Severus’ Life of Martin) are misleading, Lucian’s Toxaris offers an interesting thematic parallel. The significance of the Greek loanword tribunarium in
this episode lies in its capacity both to evoke a Greek ‘philosophical’ background and to indicate an idealized way of life which is mere appearance. In
this function tribunarium reinforces the values of rank and riches that prevail
in the narrative.
List of contributors
K OEN D E T EMMERMAN , Ph.D. (2006) in Classics, is a Postdoctoral Fellow of the Research Foundation Flanders (Belgium) (F.W.O.-Vlaanderen) at
the Classics Department of Ghent University. He has published on ancient
rhetoric and Greek novelistic literature (details are listed at http://users.
ugent.be/~kdtemmer) and is currently preparing a monograph on characterization in the ancient Greek novel.
K RISTOFFEL D EMOEN , Ph.D. (1993) in Classics, is Professor of Greek
Literature at Ghent University. He has published mainly on the interplay
between rhetoric, literature and ideology in Late Antiquity and Byzantium,
including Pagan and Biblical Exempla in Gregory Nazianzen (Brepols,
1996), and Theios Sophistes. Essays on Flavius Philostratus’ Vita Apollonii
(Brill, 2009, co-edited with Danny Praet).
K ONSTANTIN D OULAMIS is Lecturer in Classics and Director of the International Summer School of Greek and Latin at University College Cork.
He has been working, and has published, on the ancient novels as well as on
the reception of ancient Greek literature and culture in the works of the Anglo-Irish author George Moore.
M ARIA -E LPINIKI O IKONOMOU read Classics at Swansea and Oxford and
is teaching Classics at Howell’s School Llandaff, Cardiff. She has worked on
Xenophon of Ephesus and is currently preparing an introduction to the Ancient Greek Novel for Bristol Classical Press.
M ICHAEL P ASCHALIS is Professor of Classics at the University of Crete.
He has written on Apuleius, Petronius, Longus, the Alexander Romance, and
the reception of the novel. He co-organizes RICAN and has co-edited the
volumes Space in the Ancient Novel (2002), Metaphor and the Ancient Novel
(2005), The Reception of Antiquity in the Byzantine and Modern Greek
Novel (2005), The Greek and the Roman Novel: Parallel Readings (2007),
and Readers and Writers in the Ancient Novel (2009).
Echoing Narratives, 205–206
206
L IS T
O F CO N TR IB U TOR S
I AN R EPATH is lecturer in Classics at Swansea University. He works and
has published on the Greek and Roman novels, the reception of Plato and
Homer in antiquity, and literary aspects of Plato. He is co-editor of
Petronius: A Handbook (2009, Wiley-Blackwell, with J.R.W. Prag), and
of Where the Truth Lies: Fiction and Metafiction in Ancient Narrative
(forthcoming, Barkhuis, with J.R. Morgan). He is a founding member of
KYKNOS, the Swansea and Lampeter Centre for Research in Ancient Narrative Literatures: www.kyknos.org.uk.
M AEVE O’B RIEN lectures in the Department of Ancient Classics, National
University of Ireland Maynooth. She has published articles on Apuleius and
his philosophy and her book Apuleius’ Debt to Plato in the Metamorphoses
(Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press) was published in 2002.
J.R. M ORGAN is Professor of Greek at Swansea University, and Leader of
KYKNOS (the Swansea and Lampeter Centre for Research on the Narrative
Literatures of the Ancient World). He has published extensively on the ancient novels. His commentary on Longus was published in the Aris & Phillips Classical Texts series in 2004.
E LIAS K OULAKIOTIS teaches in the Department of History and Archaeology at the University of Ioannina. His research interests include political,
cultural and intellectual history. His publications include Genese und Metamorphosen des Alexandermythos im Spiegel der griechischen nichthistoriographischen Überlieferung bis zum 3. Jh. n. Chr., Konstanz 2006; ‘La privation du charisme: Idéologie monarchique et rituel magico-religieux dans la
Vie d’Alexandre de Plutarque’, in M.-F. Baslez (ed.), Écritures et mises en
scène des vies dans les religions du monde gréco-romain, (forthcoming).
S TELIOS P ANAYOTAKIS is Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of Crete. His research interests include Greek and Latin fiction, and early
Christian narrative. He is co-author and co-editor of the Groningen Commentary on Apuleius’ Tale of Cupid and Psyche (Groningen 2004), co-editor
of The Ancient Novel and Beyond (Leiden 2003), and is currently preparing
for publication a commentary on the Historia Apollonii regis Tyri (Walter de
Gruyter, Texte und Kommentare).
Indices
Index locorum
Achilles Tatius
1.5.6, 5
2.23.2-6, 8
8.6.7-11, 153
Anth. Plan.
333 (Antiphilus), 193
Apuleius
Met. 1.1.1-2, 129
1.7.2-3, 188
11.3.2, 130
Soc. 165, 125
Artemidorus
1.1, 63
Ausonius
Epigr. 55.1-2 Green, 193
Bion
fr. 13 Gow, 149
Callimachus
P.Oxy. 2079.9-10, 139
Chariton
2.5.11, 14
2.6.1, 14
4.1.2-4, 16
5.5.9, 11
5.6.1-10, 23
5.7.1-10, 24
Epictetus
3.22.4, 194
Epistola Alexandri
1-2, 168
36, 173
41-45, 173
62, 175
73-74, 171, 172
Heliodorus
3.7-8, 6
Historia Apollonii
RA 12.8-26, 187
51.21-23, 196
Longus
Pr. 1, 101
3, 147
3-4, 104
1.4.1-3, 105
1.5.2, 106
1.13.5, 109
1.15.3, 153
1.27.1, 154
2.3.3, 147
2.3-8, 142
2.7, 150
2.7.1, 111
2.8.3-5, 151
2.10, 63
2.15.1-17.2, 142
2.32-37, 142
2.35.1, 155
3.9.5, 114
3.15.1, 115
3.18.3-4, 115
3.33.4-34.3, 154
4.2.3, 107
4.17.3, 118
4.38.2, 142
Lucianus
Tox. 30-31, 192
Petronius
50.5, 74
79.1-10, 77
79-82, 79
83-89, 83
91.1-3, 86
94.1-2, 88
Echoing Narratives, 207–210
208
94.8-15, 90
97-98, 92
frg. 30 Bücheler, 61
Plinius
NH 8.17.44, 163
Plutarchus
Phoc. 18.4, 194
Propertius
1.2.9-14, 148
3.1.1-5, 147
IN D IC ES
4.6.2-3, 143
Ps.-Callisthenes
2.22, 176
Sulpicius Severus
Vit. Mart. 3.1-3, 190
Xenophon
Eph. 1.12, 50
2.8.2, 52
5.1.2, 188
5.8.5-9, 54
General Index
Alcibiades
in Plato’s Symp., 114
Alexander
acts of hybris, 175
Alexander Romance
initiatory character of -, 166
transmission, 164
Alexandrian aesthetic, 148
Alexandrian poetics, 149, 153
Alexandrian scholarship, 153
allegory, 109, 165, 167
allusion
ways of identifying -, xii
Anderson, G., 2
animal and man
in Greek thought, 166
Antisthenes, 194
antithesis, 32
Archibald, E., 187
Aristoteles, 167, 180, 181
Asianic oratory, 37
Ausfeld, A., 166
Baldwin, B., 75
Bierl, A., 53
Biraud, M., 12
Bowie, E.L., 145
Cairns, F., 144
Callimachus
Aetia, 139
Callirhoe, 9, 11
~ Helen and/or Penelope, 11
Chaereas, 15
~ Patroclus, 15
characterization
Anthia, 66
Chaereas, 3
Dionysius, 42
in Greek novel, 2
Mithridates, 43
Charicleia, 6
Chariton
rhētoros hypographeus, 29
Cizek, A., 166
clausulae, 36
Clitophon, 6
collective imagination, 161
Collignon, A., 73, 80, 81
Connors, C., 75
Conte, G.B., 73
Cyclops theme
in Satyrica, 93
Cynicism, 195
Dalmeyda, G., 55
Danek, G., 100
Daphnis ~ Theocritus
Chloe ~ Philitas?, 158
De Jong, I.J.F., 57
Di Marco, M., 146
diēgēsis, 24, 42
dilogia, 35
Diogenes, 194
Dionysos, 170, 178, 180
dream theory
enhypnion, 63
in Antiquity, 62
oneiros, 63
IN D IC ES
Du Quesnay, I.M. de M., 144
ekphrasis, 83, 148, 154
elenchōn apaitēsis, 32
emulation, 102
Encolpius
~ Aeneas, 75
Engelmann, R., 152
epic intertexts
in Petronius, 76, 82
epilogos, 24
Epistola Alexandri
transmission, 164
ethnographic interests
in Greek literature, 164
Eumolpus, 83
Euripides, 178
exempla, 1, 6
Fedeli, P., 93
Fernández Garrido, R., 57
Fusillo, M., 7
Gärtner, H., 55
Giangrande, G., 56
Giton
~ Ganymedes, 87
Gnathon
an ‘anti-Socrates’, 119
Greek loanwords
in Latin texts, 185
Gunderson, L., 165
Habermehl, P., 84, 88
Habrocomes
~ Hippolytus, 53
Hägg, T., 55
Hanson, J.A., 189
Harmon, A.M., 193
Helena, 14
helpful fisherman
in myth and literature, 187
Hermes, 181
Herrmann, F.-G., 111
Historia Apollonii
dating of -, 191
Hunter, R., 103, 107, 145
imitation, 102
intertextuality
complex - in Longus, 154
device of characterisation, xiv
Longus ‘correcting’ Theocritus, 157
stylistic - , lexical -, xiii
thematic connections, xii
‘window allusions’, 143
itineraria, 168
Jouanno, C., 166
καθαρότης, 36
Kay, N.M., 194
Kortekaas, G.A.A., 191, 195
La Penna, A., 80
lamprotēs, 43
Lana, I., 191
liminality, 170
locus amoenus, 101
Longinus
On the Sublime, 43
Longus
groves in -, 147
intertexts in -, 141
lexical interests of -, 153
pastoral names in -, 154
Philetas ~ Philitas ?, 142
scene-setting in D&C, 108
subverting Platonic intertext, 112
sustained Platonic
intertextuality, 120
Lycophron
Alexandra, 85
lysis, 24
MacAlister, S., 53, 55
Merkelbach, R., 55, 165
mirabilia, 169
Morgan, J.R., 76, 109
names
Homeric - in Petronius, 81
pastoral - in Longus, 154
narrative
‘interlace technique’, 57
fictional travel -, 166
first-person account, 168
‘object-centered story’, 188
narrator in Longus
ironisation of -, 103
Nisus and Euryalus, 80
Oldfather, W.A., 194
Ovidius
and Virgil, 74
Panayotakis, C., 76
paradoxography, 166
209
210
paragraphē, 28, 33
paraklausithyron, 152
paraskeuē, 26
Parthenius, 140
Paschalis, M., 177
Perry, B.E., 2
Petronius
Cyclops theme in Sat.-, 93
Homeric names in Sat., 81
Wooden Horse theme in Sat.-, 94
Pfister, F., 166
pharmakon
discourse as -, 130
Philitas, 139
‘corrected’ in Longus?, 157
in Roman poetry, 140
pisteis, 23
Pizarro, J.M., 188
Plastira-Valkanou, M., 56
Plato’s Phaedrus
in lit. of 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D., 101
prayer
in forensic oration, 29
prooimion, 23
prose rhythm, 36
in Chariton, 40
prosōpopoiia, 44
Pseudo-Callisthenes, 165
reader
demands on - in Xenophon, 70
Reitzenstein, R., 150
rhetoric
Asianism, 37, 44
rhetorical theory
in Chariton, 32
IN D IC ES
Riese, A., 189, 195
Rimell, V., 84
Ring, M., 195
Robins, W., 191
Rohde, E., 2
Romm, J., 166
saccus, 195
sagum (or sagus), 195
saphēneia, 42
σαφήνεια, 36
Schmeling, G., 195
Smith, S.D., 3
Socrates
in Phdr., 127
in Phdr. and Symp., 102
in Pl. Crito and in Apul. Met., 132
sōphrosynē, 4, 13, 27, 53, 104, 172
Spanoudakis, K., 140, 147
syntomia, 42
syrinx
Pan’s invention of the -, 152
Theocritus
and Philitas, 144
debt to Philitas, 147
Thomas, R.F., 146
tribunarium, 186, 193
Tsitsikli, D., 195
Wallisch, R., 100
Weinstock, F., 55
Welser, M., 185
Whitmarsh, T., 111, 146
Wooden Horse theme
in Satyrica, 94
Zeitlin, F.I., 73, 81, 84, 94