Africa
Chapters 21, 22, 23,
& 24
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
2
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
3
Modern
Language
Families
Of Africa
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
4
North Africa
• North Africa stretches from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Red Sea.
• It consists of:
– Egypt
– Algeria
– Libya
– Morocco
– Tunisia
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
5
North Africa
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
6
Natural Environment
• The Sahara is the world’s largest desert.
– Covers 3.5 million square miles (roughly
the size of the U.S.)
– high winds and seas of sand called
erg’s.
• In the Sahara the Nile River runs north to
the Mediterranean through Egypt.
• This creates a vegetated region along the
Nile.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
7
Natural Environment
• Egyptian cotton has become a large part of
the economy.
• Most of Egypt, Algeria, and Libya are desert.
• Tunisia has a milder climate.
• Oil & Natural gas are located in all of North
Africa.
• Libya has the largest reserves
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
8
Sahara
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
9
Nile River
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
10
History & Culture
• By 3000 BC a great civilization grew along the
Nile River and its Delta in Egypt
• Series of kingdoms ruled by monarchs called
Pharaohs.
• Egyptians built great pyramids as monuments
that still stand today.
• Egyptian power weakened and foreigners
(Phoenicians, Greeks, & Romans) began to
control North Africa.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
11
Ancient Egypt
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
12
Pyramids
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
13
Khufu
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
14
Ramesses Temple, Egypt
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
15
Hieroglyphs
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
16
Rosetta Stone
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
17
History & Culture (Cont.)
• 600’s AD Arab armies conquered North
Africa (they brought in the Islamic culture.)
• Cities grew rich selling gold, ivory, spices,
and slaves.
• Until late 1800’s the Ottoman Empire ruled
North Africa.
• 1882 Great Britain took control of Egypt in
order to gain control of the Suez Canal.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
18
History & Culture (Cont.)
• 1952 a group of Egyptian military officers
led a revolution that brought
Independence to Egypt.
• 1962 Algeria gained independence from
France through a war.
• Libya became a socialist republic in 1969
following a military coup by Mu’ammar
Gadhafi.
• Most North Africans are Muslims, but
Jewish & Christian minorities exist.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
19
Cairo
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
20
Ottoman Empire
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
21
Suez Canal
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
22
Suez Canal
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
23
Mu’ammar Gadhafi
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
24
North Africa Today
• Oil & Natural gas are the backbone of the
Algerian & Libyan economies.
• Libya is the only country in North Africa
that does not have a strong farming sector.
– Libya must import 75% of its food
• Tourism is important to Egypt, Tunisia, &
Morocco.
• Islamic fundamentalists believe that
government should be based strictly on
Islam.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
25
West and Central Africa
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
26
West and Central Africa
The Congo and the Niger are two of Africa’s
major river systems.
• The Sahara desert extends into northern
Niger, Mali and Mauritania.
• The Sahel is a semi-arid region along the
southern edge of the Sahara.
• The Sahara is slowly expanding
southward because of a combination of
droughts and a growing population in the
Sahel.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
27
The Congo
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
28
Mountain Gorilla
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
29
Baboon (mandrill )
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
30
Gelada monkeys
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
31
•
•
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
West African black
rhino
32
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
33
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
34
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
35
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
36
Western and Central Africa
• Great kingdoms once ruled large areas of
West and Central Africa. (Ghana, Mali,
Songhai)
• Islam spread to this region among trade
routes.
• European explorers found their way to this area
in the 1400’s while searching for a water route
to Asia.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
37
Western and Central Africa
• The demand for slaves in the world’s colonies
changed the focus of trade from gold to slaves.
• Most slaves came from areas between what are
now Senegal and Angola.
• From the 1500’s to the 1800’s Europeans and
Africans traded at least 10 million slaves through
this area.
• This vastly changed the area in many ways.
– 1. The coastal states that traded slaves for guns got
the upper hand on the interior states.
– 2. It disrupted entire societies and families.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
38
Slavery in Central Africa
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
39
Western and Central Africa
• By the mid 1800’s the slave trade was
coming to an end.
• During this time West and Central Africa
quit subsistence farming and began
working for wages.
• In 1957 Ghana became independent; by
1976 all African countries in this region
were independent.
• Because rival ethnic groups had to share
power this caused serious political rivalries
in the new countries.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
40
Western and Central Africa
• West and Central African societies are
very diverse.
• Africa has three major cultural influences.
– African cultures
– European cultures
– Islam
• Most of the languages spoken here belong
to the Niger-Congo language family.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
41
Western and Central Africa
• English and French are the lingua franca .
• Islam is the main religion in the Sahel,
however many Christians live in the south.
• Literacy rates are generally very low.
• West and Central Africa is a region of
developing countries.
• Most of these countries depend heavily on
only a few major exports.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
42
Western and Central Africa
• West and Central Africa face many
challenges today:
– Economic development
– Growing population, lack of infrastructure to
support it.
– War and conflicts (Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Liberia, and Sierra Leone)
– Destruction of their natural environment.
– Disease spreads rapidly (HIV and Ebola)
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
43
Ghana
•
•
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
Mali – Dogoon Village
44
The Mosque of Djenne - Mali
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
45
A Pygmy family - Central African Republic
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
46
East Africa
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
47
East Africa
• East Africa’s major river is the Nile, which
flows northward through the Sudan.
• The Nile has two sources:
– The White Nile (from Lake Victoria and
Albert)
– The Blue Nile (starts in the Ethiopian
highlands)
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
48
Where the Blue Nile (bottom) and the
White Nile (top) meet
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
49
Mt Kilimanjaro- Tanzania
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
50
Ngorongoro - Tanzania
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
51
East Africa
• Weather is often unpredictable in East Africa.
• The Serengeti Plain holds many safari animals:
giraffes, lions, wildebeest, and zebras to name
a few.
• The tsetse fly keeps human populations away
from the large savannas that hold these
animals.
– (The tsetse fly carries a disease called sleeping
sickness that only affects humans.)
• East Africa in general is not rich in energy or
mineral resources and most soils (dry lands)
have too much salt and lime to be used.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
52
tsetse fly
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
53
Sunrise on the Serengeti Plain
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
54
East Africa
• By the late 1800’s European countries
scrambled to claim territory in the region.
(Ethiopia stayed mostly independent)
• Europeans created most of the major cities
today and brought hospitals, ports, roads,
and schools to some areas.
• East Africa includes several hundred
ethnic groups, but they can be organized
into three categories according to
language:
– The Nilotic People (Nile area of the Sudan)
– The Cushitic Speakers (Red Sea to the Horn of Africa)
– The Bantu Speaker (Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa)
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
55
East Africa
• Most of the traditional religions of the area are
animist.
• Missionaries from the 1800’s through today have
spread Christianity throughout this region.
• Christianity came to Ethiopia over 1,500 years
ago.
• Boiled sorghum was the main food of the region.
• Sorghum is a grain that can withstand a drought.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
56
Sorghum
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
57
East Africa
• Every country of East Africa is a developing
country
• Subsistence farming is common.
• Depending on the climate the important
crops are:
1. Beans 2. Corn
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
3. Rice 4. Sorghum 5. Wheat
58
East Africa
(Issues and challenges)
Drastic rise in population leading to
widespread poverty.
• High crime rates due to unemployment.
• Unstable governments
• Disease such as cholera, Ebola, malaria
and AIDS kills thousands of East Africans
every year.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
59
East Africa (Issues and challenges)
• Ethnic conflicts and hatred has led to genocide in
some areas.
– Rwanda in 1994 the Hutu tried to wipe out the Tutsi.
Thousands were slaughtered.
– Somalia in the early 90’s different clans fought over
control of grazing rights, ports like Mogadishu, and
food.
– Warlords in the area would withhold supplies sent to
the country’s citizens to feed their armies.
– Darfur in the western Sudan the Janjaweed, a militia
group recruited from the tribes of the Abbala (camelherding Arabs) have been fighting and killing the nonBaggara people (mostly land-tilling tribes) of the
region.
• The WHO has estimated the killing between 50,000 and
450,000 since 2003.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
60
Tutsi
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
Hutu
61
Darfur
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
62
Ethiopia
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
63
Kenya
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
64
Sudan
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
65
Southern Africa
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
66
Southern Africa
• Between the coastal plain and the plateau is an
escarpment. (a steep face at the edge of a
plateau)
• Several major rivers flow across this region:
– The Orange River (empties into the Atlantic/ source of
hydroelectricity)
– The Limpopo (Crocodile river, drains into Indian
ocean)
– The Zambezi (major source of hydroelectricity /
Victoria falls located here)
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
67
Southern Africa
• The wettest area is the tropical rain forest region known
as Madagascar which is known for its biodiversity.
• The Namib Desert is located in Namibia and has the
world’s largest sand dunes. (dry and lacks much life)
– In the Namib Desert dew and fog are the most important sources
of water.
• Eastward is the Kalahari Desert where more plant and
animal life can exist because it is not as dry.
• The Kalahari merges into the veld. (African
savannahs/grasslands)
• South Africa has many valuable energy and mineral
resources. (oil, coal, gold, platinum, diamonds, copper)
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
68
The Namib Desert
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
69
Southern Africa
• In 1652 the Dutch set up a settlement at the
Cape of Good Hope. Other Europeans followed
suit.
• They eventually came to think of Africa as their
home as began to call themselves Afrikaners.
• (The language combined words from the Dutch,
African, German and Asian peoples who lived
there)
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
70
Southern Africa
• In the 1800’s the British took control of the
area. This moved the Afrikaners inland.
• From 1899-1902 the Boer War was fought
in this region between the British and the
Boer people over a desire to control
mineral wealth.
• In the end the British gained control of
what is now South Africa.
• Britain granted independence to most of its
remaining colonies during the 1960’s
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
71
Southern Africa
• Both Angola and Mozambique battled
communist regimes until the 1990’s.
• Since 1948 blacks in South Africa were
denied political rights under a policy
known as apartheid (separateness).
• These laws forced blacks to live in
different areas and use different facilities
than whites in South Africa
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
72
Southern Africa
• In 1990 South Africa finally began to change its
politics and end apartheid. (this began with the
freeing of Nelson Mandela)
• In 1994 South Africa held its first free elections
and Nelson Mandela was elected South Africa’s
first black president.
• Southern Africa’s cultural mix reflects its diverse
history.
• Today millions of African’s belong to Christian
churches.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
73
Apartheid
South Africa
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
74
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
75
Nelson Mandela
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
76
Southern Africa
• All of the countries in Southern Africa are
classified as developing countries. (South Africa
is sometimes considered middle income.)
• Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in
the world.
• It consists entirely of traditional farming.
• Farming, whether market economy or
subsistence, is the most wide spread economic
activity.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
77
Southern Africa
• Minerals and oil are becoming increasingly
important to the economics of South Africa.
• South Africa produces more gold than any other
country. (some mines are 13,000 feet below
ground.
• Botswana is one of the world’s leading
producers of diamonds.
• (it has the fastest growing economy in Africa)
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
78
Southern Africa
• South African countries are very dependant on a few
primary exports. (This can be risky because of price
fluctuations)
• Many tourist travel to the wild game parks of Botswana,
Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe to see African
wildlife.
• Greater Johannesburg is the largest sector in southern
Africa (4 million people)
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
79
Southern Africa
(Issues and challenges)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Poverty is the most serious problem facing southern
Africa.
Droughts and floods often strike (More than 1 million
people were uprooted in Mozambique due to flooding
in the year 2000.)
A decrease in air quality in the large cities in a problem.
In some countries in southern Africa more than ¼
(25%) of the population is infected with HIV.
(In Botswana the number is 36% of adults)
Because of AIDS the life expectancy in these countries
is rapidly falling.
Attempts are being made to educate the public by the
South African government, missionary groups, and
private charitable organizations.
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
80
Namibia
Windhoek, Namibia
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
81
Namibia
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
82
Botswana
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
83
Malawi
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
84
Mozambique
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
85
Cape Town, South Africa
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
86
Madagascar
Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24)
87