ORIGINAL RESEARCH
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activities by identifying visual restric- is feasible 2, and since the 1950s, many
Human performance under
simulated lunar lighting conditions:
is it possible to walk on the moon?
Received: 2015/03/01;
Accepted: 2016/04/13;
Posted online: 2016/05/09
have been studied and suggested. For
lunar environment we measured walking
instance, in 1959 the “Project Horizon”
time of our participants who completed
intended to establish a fort on the Moon
three walking tasks under lunar simulated
by 19673 . Recently, Japan announced
continuous light, lunar simulated strobe
that they plan to send astronauts to the
base, which will be completed by 2030 4.
walking time with all lighting conditions. Similarly, Russia plans to create a Moon
Illustration by Eloïse Kremer
within our capabilities since the Apollo
era. Even though technology maturation
© 2016 Petros C. Dinas et al. This is an
Open Access article distributed by Hypothesis
under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
to the lunar surface. Within an artificial
We found mean differences between
ABSTRACT Moon colonization has been
*Correspondence: [email protected]
concepts for colonization architectures
light and normal electricity Earth light. Moon by 2020 to start construction of a
Petros C. Dinas1,2*, Sreerekha Suresh1, Subbananthan Thangamani1, and
Alan Zide1
Please cite this article as:
Petros C. Dinas et al. Human performance
under simulated lunar lighting conditions:
is it possible to walk on the moon?
Hypothesis 2016, 14(1): e2,
doi:10.5779/hypothesis.v14i1.472
tions that can affect body mobility due
We conclude that astronauts may have
decreased body mobility during extrave- there is evidence that a Moon colony can
hicular activities under simulated Moon
be built in advance using a glass-like
lighting conditions.
solid structure coated with metal 6,7 to be
and
INTRODUCTION For thousands of years,
decreased the cost for private firms to
humans have gazed upon the stars
potentially colonize the Moon, this has not
wondering what relationship they have to
been developed to date. During the Apollo
Earth. This fascination has driven human-
has
increased
this
capability
base by 2032 5. Among other suggestions
program, lunar surface operational activ- kind to study scientific phenomena, to
protected by radiation 8,9 in order to extend
the colonization period. Also, during a
Moon colonization we can test the ability
of humans to survive with low gravity and
to use the Moon as a facility for space
observation10.
Department of Human Performance in Space,
Space Studies Program 2014, International
Space University, Montreal, Canada and
Strasbourg France.
ities were limited due to luminescence
discover our origin, and to determine
and reflectance lighting issues, which
whether we are the only intelligent species The goal of Moon colonization is nearly
indicate that human body mobility on the
in the Universe 1. For many centuries, within our reach. While we have the tech-
Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education
Health and Wellbeing, University of
Wolverhampton, UK
Moon may be restricted during extrave- discussions have raged about whether nology for the trip to the Moon, building
1
2
hicular activities. We aimed to examine
we can live outside of Earth’s atmo- up the colony habitats and operating in a
human performance on a simulated
sphere either in the space environment or safe and efficient manner creates a whole
Moon environment during extravehicular on another planet. As far back as 1638, new set of challenges to be mastered.
it was predicted that lunar colonization
During the Apollo program, lunar surface
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Human performance under simulated lunar lighting conditions: is it possible to walk on the moon?
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
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Dinas et al.
operational activities were limited due
by astronauts, which may affect their body We anticipate that in order to create a
AIM OF THE STUDY We planned a research
to luminescence and reflectance lighting
mobility during exploration missions12. Moon colony, human body mobility and
study to test the effects of lunar lighting
issues . Some of the astronaut concerns Therefore, during extravehicular activi- vision on the Moon’s surface should be
conditions and impeded depth perception
during this program were the lunar day
ties (EVA) human body mobility and
examined in advance. Humanity aims
on human body mobility in a simulated
washout, lunar night earthshine, sun
vision on the Moon may be affected by
to improve and keep humans’ health in
lunar environment. Individuals’ body
angle reflectance, large shadows and the
the lunar surface and the lighting condi- high standards. Spin-off technology has
mobility was examined by measuring
11
dark sky horizon11. For instance, the astro- tions of the lunar environment as well as
helped to develop devices that are essen- walking time through an obstacle course
nauts reported that the transition across
tial for diagnosis and treatment. As such, under “lunar-like” conditions. We hypoth-
the terminator from the sunlit portion to
the Earth lit portion was rapid, and there
was no time for the eye to adjust to the
Earthshine in order to observe details
on the Moon surface 11. However, sometimes it was possible to observe details
within the shadows of the Earthshine
light11. Furthermore, the transition from
the Earth lit portion of the Moon into the
unlit lunar far side was extremely difficult
and the astronauts could not observe the
gradual decrease of the Earthshine illumination as the terminator was approached11.
This is probably because the area beyond
the terminator was extremely dark and
the astronauts could not see beyond
this point11. Likewise, previous evidence
suggests that the depth perception of
objects in microgravity is underestimated
the depth perception conditions.
Research about human performance
during EVAs on the Moon is very difficult
given that the environmental conditions
given a possible colonization of the Moon
esized that the lunar simulated lighting
we may take advantage of technology that
conditions and different depth percep-
would be developed for this purpose.
tion will reduce individuals’ body mobility
of the lunar surface cannot be fully simu- RESULTS
as compared to Earth lighting and depth
perception conditions.
lated on Earth . The lunar day is ~644
RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY Human body
hours. Lunar night still has reflected
mobility and vision are key elements for EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We created an
light from Earth called Earthshine. It is
human life. This paper aims to address
obstacle course emulating lunar surface
~76 times brighter than the reflected light
the aspect of human body mobility on a
shadows and depth perception consider-
from a full Moon onto Earth11. Also, the
simulated Moon environment by identi- ations within a 50 m2 basement. Due to
transition from the Earthshine portion of
fying the combination of visual and body
the Moon to the unlighted lunar surface
mobility restrictions due to the lunar not tested. We included seven obsta-
11
safety concerns, extreme inclines were
makes surface features difficult to distin- surface (rocks and craters). This may
cles no more than 30 cm in height, two
guish, as reported by astronauts from
pallets (height 20 cm) and one small
direct future research in the area that
Apollo missions11. Furthermore, the lunar could develop spin-off technology that
surface consists of rocks and craters that
may benefit human health on Earth and/
are difficult to observe during the lunar or predict health problems during a colodaytime 11.
nization of the Moon.
circle (FIGURE 1).
Picture 1 | Positioning of flashlight and seeing
glasses on the head of each participant.
conditions in a completely dark room.
Both continuous and strobe light of the
Fenix TK15 flashlight was adjusted to 400
lumens per square meter for each participant. The room’s electric light was used
to simulate the Earth’s lighting conditions
as a control situation. The “continuous
light” condition represented the luminescence and reflectance lighting issues
A Fenix TK15 flashlight was used and
that Apollo astronauts came across on
adjusted on each participant’s head
the lunar surface11 while the “strobe light”
(PICTURE 1) to simulate the “continuous
represented the backscatter conditions
light” and the “strobe light” lunar of the lunar surface 13 . Finally, we used
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Dinas et al.
as an “Earth light” condition a normal
bulbs simulating Earth’s lighting condi- to familiarize them. An investigator was
lighting room given that our aim was to
tion. During the “normal light” condi- following each participant in every task
compare Earth’s conditions with simu- tion walking task, the participants wore
to prevent any accident. As a precaution
lated Moon conditions. Each participant
neither the flashlight nor the seeing
before and after each task, we checked
wore a pair of seeing glasses (PICTURE 1)
glasses. The weight of the flashlight was
the status of the participants against
that underestimated depth perception
207.2 g including headgear and batteries. dizziness, tiredness and discomfort. The
simulating the space environment only The participants were asked if the head- participants did not display any problem
during the “continuous light” and “strobe
gear and flashlight caused any discom- during the experiment.
light” conditions. In the initial phase, one
fort that would prevent them to walk
investigator measured the distance differ- normally independently of the lighting
ence, by using a tape measure, between
conditions. No discomfort or navigation
seeing an object with and without wearing
problems were reported from the partici-
the seeing glasses to determine the depth
pants. We measured walking time from a
perception that the seeing glasses caused
sitting (start) to a sitting (stop) position
(approximately one meter). Additionally, during each task. There was a 5-minute
the participants reported that they were
break between each walking task to
free from visual, vestibular and body
ensure the eye adaptation from darkness
disabilities; however, their eyesight was
to light14. Additionally, we first examined
not assessed. All participants used the
the “continuous light” and “strobe light”
same pair of seeing glasses.
conditions that were in the dark room
Each participant had to complete three
walking tasks on the artificial surface
Figure 1 | Diagram of the obstacle course The dimensions of the room are 5 m X 10 m. The participant starts from a sitting position, steps over obstacles A, B, C and D, steps onto pallet A and steps
into the circle. Then, the participant steps over obstacles E, F, and G, turns 180° and again steps over
obstacles G, F, and E, steps into the circle, steps onto pallet B and takes a sitting position to complete
the course. The walking distance is approximately 42-45 m and is the same for each condition.
in three different lighting conditions –
“continuous light” and “strobe light”
simulating lunar lighting conditions
within a dark room as well as “normal
Earth light” under the room’s 60 watt
and thereafter we examined the “normal
Earth light” condition. Before the experimental runs we instructed every participant to walk normally according to his/
her abilities and not to run or jump over
the obstacles. We briefly showed them
the route under full room electric lighting
REPORTING OF OUTCOMES The baseline
characteristics of the participants can be
found in Table 1. We identified significant
mean differences between performance
during
simulated
“continuous
light”
lunar condition and performance during
simulated “strobe light” lunar condition
as well as between performance during
simulated “continuous light” lunar condition and performance during “normal
Earth light” condition (FIGURE 2). Also,
we identified a significant mean difference between performance during simulated “strobe light” lunar condition and
“normal Earth light” condition (FIGURE 2).
Finally, the analysis of variance revealed
no significant differences in performance
between men and women.
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Dinas et al.
We detected a significant positive asso- well as VO2max and BMI (FIGURE 4B). to Earth’s conditions. It was observed
ciation between age and performance
during
simulated
“continuous
Furthermore, we found a negative associ- from the first space missions that astro-
light” ation between VO2max and performance
TABLE 1: BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICIPANTS
(Values are displayed as mean ± standard deviation)
nauts were not likely to observe objects
lunar condition (FIGURE 3A), as well as a
during simulated “continuous light” lunar on the Moon that are not exposed to
significant positive association between
condition (FIGURE 4C), as well as perfor- direct sunlight15. Also, the reflectance
age and performance during simulated
mance during simulated “strobe light” of the lunar surface is characterized by
“strobe light” lunar condition (FIGURE 3B). lunar condition (FIGURE 4D). No relation- a peaked backscatter in the direction of
MALES (N=17)
FEMALES (N=15)
Age
36.59±11.36
36.13±14.37
was
ship between VO2max and performance
the source15. Backscattering is a reflec-
Height (cm)
176±8
167±10
detected between age and performance
during “normal Earth light” condition
tion of waves, particles, or signals back
Weight (kg)
75±9
57±8
Predicted VO2max (ml kg-1 min-1)
40.47±5.40
45.81±9.80
Body mass index
24.10±2.15
20.57±2.33
Nevertheless,
no
correlation
under “normal Earth light” condition. was detected. The linear regression anal- to the direction from which these waves,
Linear regression analysis revealed that
ysis detected an association between
particles, or signals came. On Earth the
the correlation between age and perfor- VO2max and performance during simu- materials are diffuse reflectors while
mance during simulated “continuous light” lated “continuous light” lunar condition
there are some scattering components15.
Continuous light time (sec)
50.92±22.71
49.99±15.30
lunar condition as well as performance
as well as performance during simulated
Also, in Earth’s atmosphere isotropic illu-
Strobe light time (sec)
44.68±15.07
47.26±23.53
during simulated “strobe light” lunar “strobe light” lunar condition while no
minance can be observed even in shad-
Normal light time (sec)
31.10±4.23
32.69±5.60
condition persists. The linear regression
association between VO2max and perfor- owed areas15. This is completely absent
analysis, however, detected no correla- mance during “normal Earth light” condi- on the Moon, which is why the Apollo
tion between age and performance under tion was detected.
“normal Earth light” condition. Finally, no
correlation was detected between body
mass index (BMI) and performance either
during simulated “continuous light” lunar
condition or during simulated “strobe
light” lunar condition.
DISCUSSION The aim of the present study
was to examine the effects of simulated
lunar lighting conditions and impeded
astronauts were not likely to observe
may have reduced the reaction time of
astronauts came across on the lunar
objects that were not exposed to direct
our participants, decreasing their body
surface11. Indeed, on the lunar surface
sunlight15.
mobility. Correspondingly, the simu- there is no time for the eye to adjust to
Strobe lights can simulate backscatter,
depth perception on human body mobility which significantly increases the reaction
in a simulated Moon environment during
time to visual stimuli13 . This is because
EVAs. We detected that “continuous light” strobe lights flash up to hundreds of
We also identified a negative associa- and “strobe light” simulated lunar condi- times per second and stop the appeartion between maximum oxygen uptake
tions may reduce human body mobility
ance of motion. Therefore, the simulated
(VO2max) and age (FIGURE 4A), as
on an artificial Moon surface compared “strobe light” lunar condition in our study
lated “continuous light” lunar condition
the Earthshine in order to observe details
in our experiment in a fully dark room
on the Moon surface given that the transi-
may have caused difficulties similar to
tion across the terminator from the sunlit
those of the “strobe light” condition. The
portion to the Earth lit portion is rapid11.
“continuous light” simulation in our study In both “strobe light” and “continuous
may represent the luminescence and
light” simulated lunar conditions we also
reflectance lighting issues that Apollo
used seeing glasses that underestimated
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Dinas et al.
depth perception to simulate the impeded
Indeed, previous research has shown that
walking test of patients suffering from
estimation of distance in microgravity. walking at different speeds was used to
chronic airway obstruction reported a
We found that the simulated lunar lighting
avoid a learning effect phenomenon even
learning effect after four identical tests
conditions along with the simulated depth
though the participants walked the same
that improved the performance of the
perception (approximately one meter) path on a treadmill17. In our experiment
participants by 96%19. While in our study
reduced the body mobility of our partici- the lighting and vision conditions were
the participants performed three non-
pants in comparison to the normal Earth
different for each task that was performed
identical tasks, with an improvement
lighting conditions and depth perception. by the participants while we have used
between the first (continuous light) and
Regarding depth perception, our findings
a familiarization phase for them before
second (strobe light) conditions of 9.1%
are in accordance with previous evidence
the experimental process. In this regard, and between the second and third (Earth
that showed that astronauts underesti- our participants undertook the obstacle
mate distances in microgravity .
12
In our study we did not use a random
order of the different lighting conditions
to assess the walking time of the particiFigure 2 | Mean recorded walking time in three different lighting conditions.
pants and therefore, a learning effect
Continuous and strobe lights represent lunar simulated conditions. Normal light represents
might have occurred. A previous task
Earth conditions.
force report of the European Respiratory
* Significant differences between continuous light performance and strobe light performance
(p=0.002)
≠ Significant differences between continuous light performance and normal light performance
Society and the American Thoracic
Society regarding the 6-minute walking
test in patients and healthy individuals
(p=0.001)
reported that more studies are needed to
¥ Significant differences between strobe light performance and normal light performance
confirm a learning effect during repeated
(p=0.001)
measurements of this test16. Generally
speaking, a learning effect in walking time
of repeated measures in humans requires
identical tasks to be performed in a row16.
light) conditions of 30.5%. Furthermore,
course once before the actual measure- the fact that we did not detect either a
ments were taken in order to familiarize
significant correlation or a significant
them with the obstacle course and to
regression between VO2max and “normal
minimize the learning effect in their Earth light” while we detected a signifiwalking performance. Also, a previous
cant correlation and regression between
study suggested that three walks are VO2max and both “continuous light”
needed in the 6-minute walking test in
and “strobe light” conditions strongly
patients and healthy individuals in order indicates that the performance of the
to achieve the best performance due to a
participants was affected by the Moon
learning effect in walking18 . Nevertheless, simulated lighting and depth perception
in our study each lighting condition was
conditions and not by their ability to walk
performed only once, which suggests that
effectively.
it is unlikely for a learning effect to have
affected performance in every lighting
condition. Furthermore, a previous study
examining the performance in a shuttle
We also found that aging may reduce
human body mobility on a simulated
Moon surface. Previous research on
Earth showed a natural decline in body
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Dinas et al.
mobility in older adults 20 while older as previously indicated, older adults
adults during physical actions display
judged distances as farther than younger
different perception of the environment 21. adults 20. This may also have caused
Additionally, people with poor physical
further difficulties in our older partici-
fitness may have lower perceptual judg- pants to complete the simulated Moon
ments 22. This evidence may well explain
our finding that aging may reduce body
mobility in a simulated Moon environment during EVAs. Our participants
showed no balance problems during the
tasks. Nevertheless, previous evidence
on Earth showed that older adults may
have lower performance due to decline
of muscle mass 23 , their mobility24 and
temporary loss of balance 25. This may
Figure 3 | Correlations between age and continuous light performance (Figure 2A) as well
as between age and strobe light performance
also explain the negative correlation we
found between age and body mobility
in both simulated Moon environments,
(Figure 2B). Continuous and strobe light repre-
given that the Moon’s gravity has not
sent simulated lunar conditions.
been addressed in our experiment.
Gravity is a key element of human performance, especially for the function of the
musculoskeletal system26. Lack of gravity
or low gravity may cause a decrease of
fat free mass, including cardiac muscle,
that may reduce the ability to move and
therefore, body mobility26. Furthermore,
tasks in our experiment.
We detected an inverse association
between VO2max and age as well as
between VO2max and BMI, which is in
accordance with previous studies 27,28 .
Currently, the minimum requirement of
VO2max given by the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) for
participating in a space mission is 32.9
ml kg-1 min-1 29, which needs further
investigation 29. The average VO2max for
untrained healthy individuals is approximately 35–40 ml kg-1 min-1 for male
and 27–31 ml kg-1 min-1 for female 30,31.
Our participants display an average of
VO2max 40.47±5.40 ml kg-1 min-1 for men
and 45.81±9.80 ml kg-1 min-1 for women.
These values meet both the VO2max
requirements of NASA 29 and the general
population VO2max limits for untrained
healthy individuals 30,31. Given that our
results indicate a negative correlation
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Dinas et al.
between VO2max and human body
programs on Earth have shown that the
mobility in a simulated Moon environ- cognitive ability of adults can be signifiment we reinforce NASA’s suggestion
cantly improved within six weeks 33 . Also,
for further development of the standards
specific exercise programs can be used
for assessing body mobility of astro- to improve the body mobility of potential
nauts 29. Our study refers only to human
Moon inhabitants. These two elements,
performance during EVAs on the Moon. cognitive and physical training, may help
Given that EVAs require space suits
future Moon inhabitants to improve their
against the harmful conditions of space, adaptation in order to be able to overcome
body mobility would also depend on the
visual and performance problems. Given
mobility and functionality of space suits 32. the existing evidence regarding physical
Therefore, space suits would further and cognitive performance 33-36 we anticireduce body mobility during EVAs.
Given our findings and also that the future
Moon inhabitants would be exposed to
Figure 4 | Correlations between maximal oxygen
this Moon environment for extended
uptake (VO2max) and age (Figure 4A); VO2max
periods of time during EVAs, their perfor-
and body mass index (BMI) (Figure 4B); VO2max
mance problems may be even worse than
and continuous light performance (Figure 4C);
VO2max and strobe light performance (Figure
4D). Continuous and strobe light represent simulated lunar conditions.
the acute effects we examined in the
current study. However, Moon inhabitants may improve their body mobility
through adaptations that may occur
during their stay on the Moon surface.
The problem of restricted body mobility
can be addressed by using training
pate that this training period would be no
more than 10 weeks, but would depend on
age and physical fitness. This estimate is
based on previous evidence 33-36 of human
physical and cognitive training under
Earth conditions. However, the length of
this training period focuses only on physical and cognitive performance and does
not take into consideration other aspects
such as psychological preparation and
technical knowledge that the potential
Moon inhabitants should obtain before
moving to the Moon.
programs before potential Moon inhabitVO2
ants move to the Moon. Indeed, learning
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Dinas et al.
While the artificial Moon environment
from the general population, 90.7% of
Sun’s glare at certain angles, and the
challenges exist to performing their [Age (mean: 36.4, standard deviation:
cannot completely represent the actual
our participants were normal weight and
materials on the surface of the Moon. daily surface routines, construction and 12.6), BMI (mean: 22.4, standard devia-
Moon environment, many other factors
therefore, we could not test the effects
Furthermore, the Moon’s gravitational
mining activities. Whether an individual
could not be addressed in our experi- of BMI on body mobility and visual reac- pressure effects on the eye and its corre- is a highly trained astronaut or a civilian
ment. For instance, the shadowed parts
tion times as previously described40. The
lation to operational human body mobility
lunar tourist, Moon surface operations
of the Moon are very black because of
participants performed each task with
as well as the rapid change adaptation of
require a great deal more study to maxi-
the lack of atmosphere 37,38 and therefore, a 5-minute break to ensure eye adapta- humans to extreme lighting conditions
mize performance under these unfamiliar
this environment could not be perfectly
tion from darkness to light. However, this
conditions. Based on our findings we
simulated. Moreover, the experiment was
transition was not tested but based on
confined to Earth lit conditions and the
previous knowledge 14 and therefore, it
combined Earthshine and Sunshine inter- may have affected the performance of
section
38,39
has not been fully simulated. the participants.
In this regard, we should report that the
depth perception of the seeing glasses we
used to simulate the space environment
was estimated by using a tape measure
and it was found to be underestimated
by approximately one meter. In the
initial phase, one investigator measured
the distance difference between seeing
an object with and without wearing the
seeing glasses. However, this was not
tested for each participant and should be
reported as a limitation. The gravitational
differences between Earth and Moon
could not be simulated. Additionally,
even though we recruited participants
should also be addressed.
Given that our participants were recruited
from the general population, we may
need to explore the physiological differences between well-trained astronauts
DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
and individuals from the general popu-
Human colonization of the Moon will
lation during space missions. Therefore,
likely include a wide range of individ- our findings should be considered during
uals. Therefore, future research should
planning space missions for commercial
examine the lunar lighting and surface
reasons and/or entertainment. Finally,
conditions on a wider age and BMI range. we suggest that future studies should
Depth perception attenuation due to
examine the chronic effects of lunar
minimal or no atmosphere as well as a
lighting and depth perception conditions
dark horizon should be included in future
conclude that astronauts may decrease
their body mobility under simulated
Moon lighting conditions during EVAs.
However, the latter could be mitigated if
the future Moon habitants have an opportunity for training before they move to the
Moon. We also conclude that aging may
negatively affect body mobility under
simulated Moon lighting conditions,
while this performance may depend on
the fitness level of each individual.
METHOD The study conformed to the
tion: 2.8)].
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We calculated the
VO2max of each participant based on
previous prediction equations 41 using
height in cm and age as the predictive variables. Non-parametric tests were used
throughout. We used Wilcoxon signedrank tests to assess mean differences
between “continuous light” performance,
“strobe light” performance and “normal
Earth light” performance. Kruskal-Wallis
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used
to assess mean differences between
men and women. We examined the associations between age, VO2max, BMI,
“continuous light” performance, “strobe
light” performance and “normal Earth
light” performance using Kendall’s tau-b
on astronauts. This will test the ability of
standards set by the Declaration of
correlation coefficient. Linear regression
studies. Additionally, several other condi- individuals to improve their body mobility
Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics
was used to identify whether the associa-
tions on the Moon should be examined— under moon-like illumination.
Board of the Human Performance in
tions detected by the correlation analysis
for instance, the different Sun/Earth/
Space Department within the Space
persist. All analyses were conducted with
Studies Program 2014, International
PASW Statistics (version 18; SPSS Inc.,
Space University. We obtained written
Chicago, IL, USA) and a p≤0.05 level of
consent from 17 males and 15 females
significance.
Moon phase angles, the terrain slope
angle lighting, the minimum surface illumination, the extreme magnitude of the
CONCLUSIONS As humankind continues
to reach for the stars and eventually
inhabit other celestial bodies, many
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Human performance under simulated lunar lighting conditions: is it possible to walk on the moon?
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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
procedures for the safe conduct of activ- 75959612.html
Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society
MoonTelescope/
The authors declare no conflicts of
ities at the launch complex and test 6 Monitor TS. Lunar Dirt Factories? A look at 11 Eppler DB, Johnson LB. Lighting Constraints technical standard: field walking tests in
interest.
facilities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Mr. Alan Zide is a Senior Technologist
The authors would like to thank Ms. Tricia
at National Aeronautics and Space
Larose, the Chair of Human Performance
Administration
in Space Department during the “Space
300 E St SW, 9Q76 Washington D.C.
how regolith could be the key to permanent out-
on Lunar Surface Operations. Space Center
chronic respiratory disease. Eur Respir J. 2014
posts on the moon 18-6-2007. Available from:
Houston, Texas: National Aeronautics and
Dec;44(6):1428-46.
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